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Headmark 094 25-1 January-March 1999 ournal Jof the Australian aval institute Volume 25 Number One January/March IW9 >fcS ; B I I AUSTRALIAN NAVAL INSTITUTE INC. The Australian Naval Institute was formed and incorporated in the ACT in 1975. The main objectives of the Institute are: • to encourage and promote the advancement of knowledge related to the Navy and maritime profession; and • to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas concerning subjects related to the Navy and the maritime profession. The Institute is self-supporting and non-profit-making. Views and opinions expressed in the Institute's publications are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Institute or the Royal Australian Navy. The aim is to encourage discussion, dissemination of information, comment and opinion and the advancement of professional knowledge concerning naval and maritime matters. The membership of the Institute is open to: • Regular Members. Regular membership is open to members of the RAN, RANR, RNZN, RNZNVR and persons who, having qualified for regular membership, subsequently leave the service. • Associate Members. Associate membership is open to people not qualified to be Regular Members, who profess an interest in the aims of the Institute. • Honorary Members. Honorary Membership is awarded to people who have made a distinguished contribution to the Navy, the maritime profession or the Institute. FRIENDS OF THE AUSTRALIAN NAVAL INSTITUTE The corporations listed below have demonstrated their support for the aims of the Institute by becoming Friends of the Australian Naval Institute. The Institute is grateful for their assistance. LOPAC ADI Limited STN Atlas Thomson Marconi Sonar STYLE GUIDE The editorial guidelines for articles are that they are: 1. in electronic format (e-mail or disk); letters to the editor will be accepted in any format 2. in MS Word; and 3. either 250-400 words (letters and illumination rounds), 1500-2000 words (smaller articles) or 3000-5000 words (feature articles). We can support black and white photography and diagrams but please supply originals or electronic copies. Colour plates are limited within the journal and will normally be reserved for feature articles. Editor's e-mail: [email protected] phone: 02 6268 8585 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute ISSN 0312 — 5807 Volume 25 Number 1 January/March 1999 CONTENTS 4 Editorial 5 Amphibious Operations Doctrine - Commander A.K. Whittaker - RAN 8 Military Sea Lift - The role of HMNZS Charles Upham - Commander Richard Jackson - RNZN 10 Unarmed Prophets: Amphibious Warfare in Australian Military Cover — Arm\ Blackhawk Helicopters provided Thought HMAS Tohnik and 2 RAR with air support for Exercise Initial Landing 99 - Michael Evans - Land Warfare Studies Centre 20 Breaking the Spears: HMAS TOBRUK'S Involvment in Truce Monitoring Operations in Bougainville - Commander A.K. du Toit - RAN 24 A Navy Perspective of the Rise of Amphibious Capability 27 HMAS Protector and SMS Emden - Commander Robin Pennock - RAN (Rtd) Rack Cover - HMAS Tohnik at anchor preparing to 30 The Battle of Yalu unload vehicles. - Graham Wilson 37 New Zealand's Defence Equipment Apology Decisions 1. The author of "People... the last to be considered" in our last edition was CMDR - Commander Richard Jackson - RNZN Jackson RNZN, not CORE McCaffrie as annotated. 39 President's Report - 1999 AGM 2. Mr Bill Reeve's surname was incorrectly written 42 A Force for All Seasons as Reave. - Lieutenant Commander John Robinson RAN PO BOX 80 49 Amphibious Warfare and the ADF Campbell ACT 2600 - Maritime Command Designed, typeset and printed by NCP 51 Book Review 22 Pirie Street, Fyshwick ACT 2609. Phone (02) 6280 7477 January/March 1999 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Editorial Amphibious Warfare n the current political and social climate of our Unarmed Prophets 'traces the historical outline of an region it would not be beyond the realms of alternate strand of military thought' - that of Ipossibility that the ADF needs to provide force amphibious capability. This article is followed by one overseas. If that particular force required elements of prepared by Commander W. Johnston that outlines the Armour, Artillery and Aviation to support Infantry RAN perspective of the rise of amphibious warfare. elements how would we get it there? If the Navy was The two articles read in parallel present an interesting tasked today, we have one asset that could provide the balance of opinion that show Army and Navy are service. Would that be sufficient for even a low-level working well together in rejuvenating the ADF commitment? amphibious lift capability. Is the Navy adequately preparing for likely scenarios Lieutenant Commander John Robinson. RAN has or are they preparing for "blue water" conflicts that provided an article that encourages the concept of a would have been relevant twenty years ago? Are we total ADF force capability. The common thoughts pursuing a naval strategy at the expense of a maritime behind both Dr Evans' and LCDR Robinson's articles strategy? Are Navy strategists and planners paying lip establishes the most up-to-date planning basis not service to a maritime strategy by maintaining a token only in the Navy, but also in the ADF. sea lift capability? Clearly a much larger force is required to deploy (and land) the sort of land forces Commander Richard Jackson from the New Zealand Australia might want to have available to give some Navy has provided a kiwi perspective on the meat to the bones of a maritime strategy. Are force amphibious capability of the RNZN. Military Sea structure planners driving strategy by maximising the Lift uses the conversion of HMNZS CHARLES level of the more "glamorous" surface combatant UPHAM to make comment on the NZDF amphibious force at the expense of the amphibious workhorse? policy. This edition of the journal will give you an insight Having spoken at length on doctrine and the into Amphibious Warfare and its part in our maritime development of an amphibious capability strategy. This aspect of warfare crosses service Commander du Toil details the involvement of boundaries more directly than any other and as such HMAS TOBRUK in recent operations in stimulates some interesting discussion. There are a Bougainville. This is a "been there" article that places number of articles from both the Navy and Army sides into perspective the doctrine and development issues of the house along with contributions from New discussed in previous articles. Zealand. There is also an article on New Zealand equipment The first article in the JANI's Amphibious Warfare purchases provided h\ Commander Jackson and an edition is a useful setting piece by Commander Andy historical section. Whittaker, the Deputy Director Doctrine at the ADF The April June edition is currently under Warfare Centre. If you have any doubts on what development and will deal with the relevance of Amphibious Warfare actually is - this article will surface ships in the modern battlefield. This theme is leave von in no doubt. The article sets the 'sheet of sure to promote some healthy discussion. Any articles music' firmly on the music stand. on this topic or any other you would like to see in the Doctor Michael Evans, the research Historian with the Journal would be welcome. Land Warfare Study Centre, presents a historical development of amphibious capability in Australia. ANDREW BEWICK January/March 1999 Journal of the Australian Naval Institute Amphibious Operations Doctrine by Commander A. K. Whittaker, RAN he term Amphibious Operations evokes in Modern amphibious concepts many people images of troops storming the Tbeaches of Iwo Jima and Normandy "Saving Contemporary defensive capabilities have rendered Private Ryan" style. However, modern amphibious the World War II amphibious tactic of storming operations are far removed from the practices of the heavily defended beaches unlikely to succeed without past and aim to manoeuvre forces in the littoral area unreasonable cost. Amphibious operations should from a seaward approach, avoiding the enemy's therefore be focused where adversaries' defences arc defences and the inherent attrition of a direct assault. weakest, or indeed, non-existent. They should be The Australian Defence Force has recently reviewed conducted at a time and place that will enable the its amphibious operations doctrine to keep pace with maximum build-up and application of combat power international developments in amphibious warfare before the enemy has time to react. and to cater for the introduction of the two new The amphibious task force has significant inherent Landing Platforms Amphibious, HMA Ships Mdiioo/'d and Kanimhla. advantages. It has operational mobility and can poise at sea. Its flexibility in ship to shore manoeuvre can An overview of the new doctrine follows in this disguise the intended location of landing and produce article which summarises the content of the soon to be diversions and deceptions. This creates uncertainty in published Australian Defence Force Publication 12 - the enemy and can lead to the incorrect positioning of Amphibious Operations. Of note is the replacement defensive forces. Amphibious operations would often of the term Amphibious Tactical Lodgement (ATL) be supported by. or in conjunction with, airborne with the term Amphibious Assault which includes the operations which can exacerbate the enemy's two categories 'assault on a potentially hostile shore' and 'assault on a hostile shore.' The term ATL was uncertainty. unique to the ADF and the adoption of the term
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