DOCSLIB.ORG

The Oxford History of Modern War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Oxford History of Modern War THE OXFORD HISTORY OF MODERN WAR CHARLES TOWNSHEND Editor OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS THE OXFORD HISTORY OF MODERN WAR the editor CHARLES TOWNSHEND is Professor of International History, Keele University. THE OXFORD HISTORY OF MODERN WAR edited by CHARLES TOWNSHEND 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 2000 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (makers) The text of this volume first published 1997 in The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War First issued as The Oxford History of Modern War 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquiror British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0–19–285373–2 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset by Cambrian Typesetters, Frimley, Surrey Printed in Great Britain by Cox & Wyman Ltd. Reading, Berkshire PREFACE The aim of this book is to provide a history not merely of modern warfare but of modern war as a whole. It is an attempt to go beyond military history. Violent conflict is as old as humanity, but modern war is different. Somewhere between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries an historic change took place in the military power of European states. The first result was to end for ever the vulnerability of Europe to invasion and conquest from Asia. The symbolic turning-point was the defeat of the Ottoman besiegers of Vienna in 1683. Thereafter the military balance shifted further until, in the nineteenth century, the West came to dominate the world. This shift cannot be understood in purely military terms. It was part of a complex process of social and economic moderniza- tion. War is more than military operations. Modern war, above all, came to enlist every aspect of life. This enlargement has altered the way historians write about war. Traditional military history has evolved into a broader and deeper approach to the relationship be- tween war and society. The contributors to this book have aimed to draw together recent interpretative studies to provide as clear a view as possible of this complex relationship. The book is divided into two parts, the first offering an account of the historical development of war since the time of the Renaissance in Europe, the second pro- viding overviews of a number of vital dimensions which have com- bined to create the characteristic modern structure of war. The final chapter addresses the question whether this distinctively modern form of war will survive into the twenty-first century. CONTENTS list of plates ix list of contributors xi Part I: The Evolution of Modern War 1. Introduction: The Shape of Modern War 3 charles townshend 2. The Military Revolution I: The Transition to Modern Warfare 20 john childs 3. The Military Revolution II: Eighteenth- Century War 40 jeremy black 4. The Nation in Arms I: The French Wars 55 alan forrest 5. The Nation in Arms II: The Nineteenth Century 74 david french 6. Imperial Wars: From the Seven Years War to the First World War 94 douglas porch 7. Total War I: The Great War 117 john bourne 8. Total War II: The Second World War 138 richard overy viii Contents 9. Cold War 158 philip towle 10. People’s War 177 charles townshend Part II: Elements of Modern War 11. Technology and War I: to 1945 201 martin van creveld 12. Battle: The Experience of Modern Combat 224 richard holmes 13. Sea Warfare john b. hattendorf 245 14. Air Warfare richard overy 262 15. War and the People: The Social Impact of Total War mark roseman 280 16. Women and War jean bethke elshtain 303 17. Against War adam roberts 317 18. Technology and War II: Postmodern War? martin van creveld 341 further reading 361 chronology 373 index 381 LIST OF PLATES 1. Napoleon at the Battle of Wagram, Vernet © ND-Viollet 2. Penetrating power of guns K. Macksey, Technology in War, 1986, Grub Street, Syndics of Cambridge University Library 3. The Great Siege of Namur, 1695 The Royal Collection © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 4. Casualties of the American Civil War National Archives W&C # 253 165-SB36 5. French mounted infantry in Morocco, 1912 6. War 1918 style IWM Q10711 7. Soviet infantry operating with T-34 tank 8. A Balloon Site, Coventry, Dame Laura Knight Imperial War Museum, London 9. Boer fighters caught crossing a railway British Library 10. The machine-gun National Archives 127-N-A187837 11. Troops, Saipan landing, 1944 Bara-King/National Archives 127 GW1303 83261 12. Still from 1930s film Things to Come London Films/United Artists (courtesy Kobal) x List of Plates 13. Soviet pilot Alexander Pokryshkin Pictorial Press 14. Civilians leaving burning city of Königsberg, 1945 Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz 15. American women campaigning, 1922 FPG International/Robert Harding Picture Library 16. Atomic explosion over Bikini, 1946 Bara-King/National Archives 80G402822 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Jeremy Black is Professor of History at the University of Exeter. His 33 books include Why Wars Happen (1998); War and the World 1450–2000 (1998); Warfare in the Eighteenth Century (1999); and Britain as a Military Power 1688–1815 (1999). War—Past, Present and Future will appear later this year. John Bourne is Senior Lecturer in Modern History at the University of Birmingham. He is the author of Patronage and Society in Nineteenth Century England (1986); Britain and the Great War 1914–1918 (1989). John Childs is Professor of Military History at the University of Leeds. He is the author of The Army of Charles II (1976); The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution (1980); Armies and Warfare in Europe 1648–1789 (1982); The British Army of William III, 1689–1702 (1987); The Nine Years War and the British Army 1688–1697: The Operations in the Low Countries (1991). Jean Bethke Elshtain is Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics at the University of Chicago. She is the author of Public Man, Private Woman (1981); Women and War (1987); Just War Theory (1992). Alan Forrest is Professor of Modern History at the University of York. He is the author of The French Revolution and the Poor (1981); Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (1989); Soldiers of the French Revolution (1990); The Revolution in Provincial France (1996); and editor of Reshaping France: Town, Country and Region during the French Revolution (1991). David French is Professor of History at University College London. He is the author of British Economic and Strategic Planning, 1905–1915 (1982); British Strategy and War Aims, 1914– 1916 (1986); The British Way in Warfare 1688–2000 (1990). John B. Hattendorf is Ernest J. King Professor of Maritime History at the Naval War College, Rhode Island. He is the author of England in the War of the Spanish Succession: A Study of the English View and Conduct of Grand Strategy, 1702–1712 (1987); and editor of Maritime Strategy and xii List of Contributors the Nuclear Age (1982); Maritime Strategy and the Balance of Power (1989); The Limitations of Military Power (1990). Richard Holmes is Professor of Military and Security Studies at Cranfield University and Brigadier TA at Headquarters Land Command. He is author of The Little Field-Marshal: Sir John French (1981), The Road to Sedan: The French Army, 1866–70 (1984); Firing Line (1985); [with John Keegan] Soldiers: A History of Men in Battle (1985); Riding the Retreat (1995); The First World War (1999). In 1996 he presented War Walks on BBC TV. He is currently editing The Oxford Companion to Military History. Richard Overy is Professor of History at King’s College, London. He is the author of The Nazi Economic Recovery 1932–38 (1982); Goering: The Iron Man (1984); The Air War 1939–1945 (1980); The Road to War (1989); Why the Allies Won (1996). Douglas Porch is Professor of National Security Affairs at the US Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. He is the author of Army and Revolution: France 1815–1848 (1974); The March to the Marne: The French Army, 1871–1914 (1981); The Conquest of Morocco (1983); The Conquest of the Sahara (1984); The French Foreign Legion (1991). Adam Roberts is Montague Burton Professor of International Relations, Oxford University; author of Nations in Arms: The Theory and Practice of Territorial Defence (2nd edn., 1986); editor of The Strategy of Civilian Defence (1967); Documents on the Laws of War (3rd edn., 2000); Hugo Grotius and International Relations (1990); and United Nations, Divided World (2nd edn., 1993).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FEEFHS Journal Volume VII No. 1-2 1999
    FEEFHS Quarterly A Journal of Central & Bast European Genealogical Studies FEEFHS Quarterly Volume 7, nos. 1-2 FEEFHS Quarterly Who, What and Why is FEEFHS? Tue Federation of East European Family History Societies Editor: Thomas K. Ecllund. [email protected] (FEEFHS) was founded in June 1992 by a small dedicated group Managing Editor: Joseph B. Everett. [email protected] of American and Canadian genealogists with diverse ethnic, reli- Contributing Editors: Shon Edwards gious, and national backgrounds. By the end of that year, eleven Daniel Schlyter societies bad accepted its concept as founding members. Each year Emily Schulz since then FEEFHS has doubled in size. FEEFHS nows represents nearly two hundred organizations as members from twenty-four FEEFHS Executive Council: states, five Canadian provinces, and fourteen countries. lt contin- 1998-1999 FEEFHS officers: ues to grow. President: John D. Movius, c/o FEEFHS (address listed below). About half of these are genealogy societies, others are multi-pur- [email protected] pose societies, surname associations, book or periodical publish- 1st Vice-president: Duncan Gardiner, C.G., 12961 Lake Ave., ers, archives, libraries, family history centers, on-line services, in- Lakewood, OH 44107-1533. [email protected] stitutions, e-mail genealogy list-servers, heraldry societies, and 2nd Vice-president: Laura Hanowski, c/o Saskatchewan Genealogi- other ethnic, religious, and national groups. FEEFHS includes or- cal Society, P.0. Box 1894, Regina, SK, Canada S4P 3EI ganizations representing all East or Central European groups that [email protected] have existing genealogy societies in North America and a growing 3rd Vice-president: Blanche Krbechek, 2041 Orkla Drive, group of worldwide organizations and individual members, from Minneapolis, MN 55427-3429.
    [Show full text]
  • Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory Pictures in a Time of Defeat: Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901
    Hwang, Yin (2014) Victory pictures in a time of defeat: depicting war in the print and visual culture of late Qing China 1884 ‐ 1901. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18449 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. VICTORY PICTURES IN A TIME OF DEFEAT Depicting War in the Print and Visual Culture of Late Qing China 1884-1901 Yin Hwang Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the History of Art 2014 Department of the History of Art and Archaeology School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 2 Declaration for PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person.
    [Show full text]
  • Muzejski Dokumentacijski Centar, Zagreb 2008. INFORMATICA MUSEOLOGICA Adresa Uredniπtva / Editor’S Office 39 (1-4) 2008
    INFORMATICA MUSEOLOGICA Muzejski dokumentacijski centar, Zagreb 2008. INFORMATICA MUSEOLOGICA Adresa uredniπtva / Editor’s Office 39 (1-4) 2008. Muzejski dokumentacijski centar, Ilica 44, Zagreb, Hrvatska ISSN 0350-2325 Museum Documentation Centre, Ilica 44, Zagreb, Croatia tel. + 385 1 48 47 897 faks + 385 1 48 47 913 URL: http://www.mdc.hr e-mail: [email protected] Za izdavaËa / For Publisher Viπnja Zgaga [email protected] Urednica / Editor Lada Draæin-Trbuljak [email protected] Redakcijski odbor / Editorial Board mr. Lucija Benyovsky, Nada Beroπ, Markita FranuliÊ, Vlasta Gracin, mr. Æeljka JelaviÊ, dr. Ljiljana Koleπnik, Æeljka Kolveshi, mr. Dubravka PeiÊ »aldaroviÊ, Nada Premerl, Jadranka Vinterhalter, dr. Æarka VujiÊ, Viπnja Zgaga, Lada Draæin-Trbuljak Lektorica / Language Advisor Zlata BabiÊ Prijevod saæetaka / Translation Graham McMaster Fotografija na naslovnici / Cover photograph: Dizajn, prijelom i priprema za tisak / Design, layout and prepress pinhead ∑ Igor Kuduz / Ivan KlisuriÊ Prednja naslovnica / Front cover * Bivπa Tvornica duhana Zagreb, Dizajn standarda prijeloma izraen 2001. / Publication redesign, 2001 uskoro nova adresa Hrvatskog povijesnog muzeja. / The former cavarpayer Zagreb tobacco factory will soon become the new address of the Tisak / Printed by Croatian History Museum. Kerschoffset, Zagreb ∂ Fototeka Hrvatskog povijesnog muzeja, Zagreb; Naklada / Printing run Snimila: Ivana Mora AsiÊ 600 Straænja naslovnica / Back cover Tekstovi predani u tisak / Texts handed for printing KuÊa terora, Budimpeπta, Srpanj 2009. Maarska. / The House of Terror, Budapest, Hungary. Svezak izlazi za 2008. / Issued printed for year 2008 ∂ Fotografija je preuzeta iz / The photography is taken from: Za struËne podatke i miπljenja odgovaraju autori / The authors are responsible for their data and options The Best in Heritage 4, Dubrovnik.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BRITISH ARMY in the LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 By
    ‘FAIRLY OUT-GENERALLED AND DISGRACEFULLY BEATEN’: THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 by ANDREW ROBERT LIMM A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. University of Birmingham School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law October, 2014. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The history of the British Army in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is generally associated with stories of British military victory and the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington. An intrinsic aspect of the historiography is the argument that, following British defeat in the Low Countries in 1795, the Army was transformed by the military reforms of His Royal Highness, Frederick Duke of York. This thesis provides a critical appraisal of the reform process with reference to the organisation, structure, ethos and learning capabilities of the British Army and evaluates the impact of the reforms upon British military performance in the Low Countries, in the period 1793 to 1814, via a series of narrative reconstructions. This thesis directly challenges the transformation argument and provides a re-evaluation of British military competency in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Old, Unhappy, Far-Off Things a Little Learning
    1 Old, Unhappy, Far-off Things A Little Learning I have not been in a battle; not near one, nor heard one from afar, nor seen the aftermath. I have questioned people who have been in battle - my father and father-in-law among them; have walked over battlefields, here in England, in Belgium, in France and in America; have often turned up small relics of the fighting - a slab of German 5.9 howitzer shell on the roadside by Polygon Wood at Ypres, a rusted anti-tank projectile in the orchard hedge at Gavrus in Normandy, left there in June 1944 by some highlander of the 2nd Argyll and Sutherlands; and have sometimes brought my more portable finds home with me (a Minie bullet from Shiloh and a shrapnel ball from Hill 60 lie among the cotton-reels in a painted papier-mache box on my drawing-room mantelpiece). I have read about battles, of course, have talked about battles, have been lectured about battles and, in the last four or five years, have watched battles in progress, or apparently in progress, on the television screen. I have seen a good deal of other, earlier battles of this century on newsreel, some of them convincingly authentic, as well as much dramatized feature film and countless static images of battle: photographs and paintings and sculpture of a varying degree of realism. But I have never been in a battle. And I grow increasingly convinced that I have very little idea of what a battle can be like. Neither of these statements and none of this experience is in the least remarkable.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Britain and Naval Arms Control: International Law and Security 1898-1914
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Great Britain and Naval Arms Control: International Law and Security 1898-1914 by Scott Andrew Keefer A thesis submitted to Department of International History of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International History, London, December 30, 2011 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgment is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99,939 words. 2 Abstract: This thesis traces the British role in the evolution of international law prior to 1914, utilizing naval arms control as a case study. In the thesis, I argue that the Foreign Office adopted a pragmatic approach towards international law, emphasizing what was possible within the existing system of law rather than attempting to create radically new and powerful international institutions. The thesis challenges standard perceptions of the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 which interpreted these gatherings as unrealistic efforts at general disarmament through world government, positing instead that legalized arms control provided a realistic means of limiting armaments.
    [Show full text]
  • Frederick the Great Before Leuthen<E>
    Volume 2. From Absolutism to Napoleon, 1648-1815 Frederick II (“the Great”) on the Eve of the Battle of Leuthen (November 28 and December 3, 1757) On the eve of the battle of Leuthen, Frederick’s situation seemed desperate, and he dispatched the following message to Minister Finckenstein. It was one of several “military testaments” to his risk-embracing warfare. The dramatic address to his officers, reported in an 1802 publication, is characteristic of Frederick’s rhetoric and mentality. On December 4, 1757, Frederick attacked the Austrians and their allies at Leuthen, where his forces prevailed on the battlefield, despite his adversaries’ considerable numerical advantage. November 28, 1757 [ . ] I have issued orders to my Generals concerning all matters which must be done after the battle, whether the fortune of it be good or evil. For the rest, as concerns myself, I wish to be buried at Sans Souci, without display or pomp, and at night. I desire that my body should not lie in state, but that I should be taken there without ceremony and buried at night. As to public affairs, the first thing should be that an order should be issued to all Commanding Officers to swear allegiance to my brother. If the battle is won, my brother is nevertheless to send a messenger to France to carry the news, and at the same time, to negotiate terms of peace, with full powers. My will is to be opened, and I discharged my brother of all the money legacies in it, because the desolate condition of his finances will make it impossible for him to fulfill them.
    [Show full text]
  • Aleutian World War II National Historic Area 2012 Calendar
    AleutiAnAleutiAn World World WAr WAr ii ii nAtionAlnAtionAl Historic Historic AreA AreA 2012 calendar uring World War II the remote Aleutian Islands, home to the Unanga^x Alaska Affiliated Areas � (Aleut people) for over 8,000 years, became one of the fiercely contested 240 West 5th Ave � battlegrounds of the Pacific. This thousand- mile- long archipelago saw the first Anchorage, Alaska 99501 � invasion of American soil since the War of 1812, a mass internment of American (907) 644-3503 civilians, a 15- month air war, and one of the deadliest battles in the Pacific Theatre. Ounalashka Corporation This Page: “High above, over a true D P.O. Box 149 � ‘home of the brave,’ the floating folds of In 1996 Congress designated the Aleutian World War II National Historic Unalaska, Alaska 99685 � the Star Spangled Banner symbolize the American way of life to soldiers in training Area to interpret, educate, and inspire present and future generations about for the battles that will bring freedom to the history of the Unangan and the Aleutian Islands in the defense of the Visitor Information (907) 581-1276 an unhappy, wartorn world, Fort Knox, United States in World War II. In a unique arrangement, the Aleutian World Visitor Center (907) 581-9944 Kentucky.” June 1942. Library of Congress, War II National Historic Area and visitor center are owned and managed by LC-USW36-4. the Ounalashka Corporation (the village corporation for Unalaska) and the National Park Service provides them with technical assistance. Through this Front Cover: “Crash Landing” (P-38, Adak Below: Commander Innis entering Aerology cooperative partnership, the Unangax are the keepers of their history and Island) by Ogden Pleissner.
    [Show full text]
  • The Decisive Battles of World History Course Guidebook
    Topic Subtopic History Military The Decisive Battles of World History Course Guidebook Professor Gregory S. Aldrete Uniiversityy of WWisconsin–Green Bay PUBLISHED BY: THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-2299 Phone: 1-800-832-2412 Fax: 703-378-3819 www.thegreatcourses.com Copyright © The Teaching Company, 2014 Printed in the United States of America This book is in copyright. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company. Gregory S. Aldrete, Ph.D. Frankenthal Professor of History and Humanistic Studies University of Wisconsin–Green Bay rofessor Gregory S. Aldrete is the Frankenthal Professor of History and Humanistic Studies Pat the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. He received his B.A. from Princeton University in 1988 and his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1995. His interdisciplinary scholarship spans the ¿HOGVRIKLVWRU\DUFKDHRORJ\DUWKLVWRU\PLOLWDU\KLVWRU\DQGSKLORORJ\ Among the books Professor Aldrete has written or edited are Gestures and Acclamations in Ancient Rome; Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome; Daily Life in the Roman City: Rome, Pompeii, and Ostia; The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life: A Tour through History from Ancient Times to the Present, volume 1, The Ancient World; The Long Shadow of Antiquity: What Have the Greeks and Romans Done for Us? (with Alicia Aldrete); and Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery (with Scott Bartell and Alicia Aldrete).
    [Show full text]
  • FALL of MARATHAS, 1798–1818 A.D. the Position of Marathas in 1798 A.D
    M.A. (HISTORY) PART–II PAPER–II : GROUP C, OPTION (i) HISTORY OF INDIA (1772–1818 A.D.) LESSON NO. 2.4 AUTHOR : PROF. HARI RAM GUPTA FALL OF MARATHAS, 1798–1818 A.D. The Position of Marathas in 1798 A.D. The Marathas had been split up into a loose confederacy. At the head of the Maratha empire was Raja of Sitara. His power had been seized by the Peshwa Baji Rao II was the Peshwa at this time. He became Peshwa at the young age of twenty one in December, 1776 A.D. He had the support of Nana Pharnvis who had secured approval of Bhonsle, Holkar and Sindhia. He was destined to be the last Peshwa. He loved power without possessing necessary courage to retain it. He was enamoured of authority, but was too lazy to exercise it. He enjoyed the company of low and mean companions who praised him to the skies. He was extremely cunning, vindictive and his sense of revenge. His fondness for wine and women knew no limits. Such is the character sketch drawn by his contemporary Elphinstone. Baji Rao I was a weak man and the real power was exercised by Nana Pharnvis, Prime Minister. Though Nana was a very capable ruler and statesman, yet about the close of his life he had lost that ability. Unfortunately, the Peshwa also did not give him full support. Daulat Rao Sindhia was anxious to occupy Nana's position. He lent a force under a French Commander to Poona in December, 1797 A.D. Nana Pharnvis was defeated and imprisoned in the fort of Ahmadnagar.
    [Show full text]
  • WAB Forum Template
    WAB FORUM SUPPLEMENT SEVEN YEARS WAR 1756 – 1763 AD Games Workshop, the Games Workshop logo, Warhammer, Warhammer Historical Wargames and the Warhammer Historical Wargameslogo are trademarks of Games Workshop, Ltd WAB Forum 1 v 0.1 WAB FORUM SUPPLEMENT SEVEN YEARS WAR 1756 – 1763 AD - able to reform into a Square INTRODUCTION - can choose to reform as charge reaction, Ld-test needed, -1 if attacked in flank, -2 in rear - in case they are charged in the flank and a Battalion Gun is attached, simply ignore the gun and it’s crew LINE CAVALRY - count as open order - may add rank bonus up to +1 SPECIAL RULES - able to perform an order MUSKETS BATTALION GUN (75pts) - range 24”, S3, S4 at short range Counts as Light Cannon (see below) but must be attached to a Line - one rank may fire Infantry unit (left or right flank). Must move like the unit, but is unable to - if not moved last turn two ranks may shoot (salvoe), but no further fast march. Cannot move and shoot. Must stay at one flank of the unit. salvoe including next round, enemy units have to make a panic test Have to shoot at the same target as the unit, but normal cannon immediately if they have casualtiesfrom the salvoe restrictions apply. The battalion gun is able to perform a Canister Shot as charge reactionif the unit the gun is attached at will be attacked. ORDERS Each character model enables one line infantry or line cavalry unit with a CHARACTERS EQUIPMENT successful Ld-test to have extra movement or a reform before the Characters may have the equipment of the unit they join at the start of the normal movement phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Ordnance Markings
    IAPANLS )RDNAN( MARKING KEY CHARACTERS for Essential Japanese Ordnance Materiel TABLE CHARACTER ORDNANCE TABLE CHARACTER ORDNANCE Tanks 1* Trucks MG Cars 11 Rifle Vehicles Pistol Carbine Sha J _ _ Bullet Grenade 2 Shell (w. #12) 12 Artillery Shell Bomb (w. #18) (W. #2) Rocket Dan Ryi Cannon !i~iI~Mark Number and 13~ Data on Bombs Howitzer Mortar H5 Go' 1 Metric Terms Explosives 14 Ammunition (Weight & Dimension) Yaku Sanchi Miri 5 Type 15 Aircraft Shiki . Ki Year 6 16 Metals Month Nen Getsu Tetsu Gasoline Fuze 7 ~Fuel Oils 17 Cap Lubricating Oils Train Yu Kan Primer Shell Case Airplane Bomb 8 Bangalore Torpedo 18 (w. #2) Grenade Launcher Complete Round To' Baku 9 (o) Unit or 9 (Organization 19 Factory He) Gun Sho Mines 10 Torpedo (Aerial) 20 n Arsenal Rai Sho RESTRICTED Translation of JAPANESE ORDNANCE MARKINGS AUGUST, 1945 A. S. F. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE WASHINGTON, D. C. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Table of Contents PAGE SECTION ONE-Introduction General Discussion of Japanese Characters........................................... 1 Unusual Methods of Japanese Markings....................................................... 5 SECTION TWO-Instructions for Translating Japanese Markings Different Japanese Calendar Systems......................................................... 8 Japanese Characters for Type and Modification............................................ 9 Explanation of the Key Characters and Their Use....................................... 10 Key Characters for Essential Japanese Ordnance Materiel.......................... 11 Method of Using the Key Character Tables in Translation............................ 12 Tables of Basic Key Characters for Japanese Ordnance................................ 17 SECTION THREE-Practical Reading and Translation of Japanese Characters Japanese Markings Copied from a Tag Within an Ammunition Box.......... 72 Japanese Markings on an Airplane Bomb.................................................... 73 Japanese Markings on a Heavy Gun...................................................
    [Show full text]