MAROON-X: an Earth-Finder Spectrograph for the Gemini Observatory

MAROON-X: An Earth-Finder Spectrograph for the Gemini Observatory

Current Team: Andreas Seifahrt, Julian Stürmer, Ben Montet, Megan Bedell, Adina Feinstein Former Contributors: Leonardo dos Santos, Emily Gilbert, Katrina Miller, Zachary Robertson, Adam Sutherland Primary science driver: RV follow-up of transiting, temperate, and terrestrial planets that are feasible targets for atmospheric New Radial Velocity Instrument spectroscopy. for M Dwarfs at Gemini-N

Goal: σ = 1 m s-1 in <30 min for late M dwarfs out to 20 pc (V=17.0).

Approach: A highly-stabilized, fiber-fed spectrograph covering 500 – 900 nm at R=80k with simultaneous calibration feed and pupil slicing.

Currently: Final integration and lab testing ongoing, commissioning as a visiting instrument will begin in just a few months. JWST GMT

TMT JWST GMT

TRAPPIST-1b simulated JWST observations

TMT

Morley+ 2017 JWST GMT

Simulated O2 detection for a transiting Earth with the ELT

TMT

Snellen+ 2013 JWST GMT

A statistical sample is needed to answer the fundamental questions about terrestrial exoplanets: • Does the bulk composition of small planets vary with stellar type? • Can terrestrial planets around other stars form and retain atmospheres? • What is the water content of terrestrial exoplanets? TMT • What are the surface conditions on terrestrial exoplanets? • Are there signs of life on terrestrial exoplanets? Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

NASA Explorer Mission, 2018 – 2020

Searching 200,000+ bright stars over 85% of the sky

Will discover hundreds of transiting sub- Jovian size planets ideal for further characterization TESS launch April 28, 2018 Why an optimized instrument on a large telescope?

TESS Yield Simulations

Sullivan+ 2015 capability of existing MAROON-X discovery space Based on Kepler statistics from instruments Dressing & Charbonneau 2015 NB: Typical V-K for a late M dwarf = 6 MAROON-X spectral bandpass

Simulations based on theoretical spectra validated against real data See also: Reiners+ 2010, 2018; Quirrenbach+ 2010; Rodler+ 2011; Bottom+ 2013

Kiwispec R4-100 spectrograph

Blue arm as built Red arm efficiency measurements -- overall efficiency >10% expected -- pending MAROON-X blue camera image format

sky fiber engineering data 3x sliced stellar spectra

simultaneous calibration

simulated data Echelle++ open source simulator Stürmer+ 2019 Data reduction and radial velocity analysis

Open source python pipeline will automatically deliver reduced and calibrated spectra and precision radial velocities for every exposure.

wobble algorithm Bedell+ submitted, arXiv:1901.00503 Kiwispec R4-100 spectrograph

1.2m 2.1m

Design mostly described in Barnes+ 2012, SPIE First light in the lab September 2016 Wavelength calibration: stabilized Fabry-Perot etalon Astro Etalon ThAr Wavelength calibration: stabilized Fabry-Perot etalon Wavelength calibration: stabilized Fabry-Perot etalon

Astro Etalon 13 cm/s/day drift typical exposure time duration

temperatures

Stürmer+ 2017 Radial velocity precision tests

Solar telescope for feeding 24hr stability test Sun-as-a-star light Atmospheric characterization with MAROON-X

phase variation secondary eclipse

“Cross Correlation Spectroscopy” or “High Dispersion Spectroscopy” – Snellen+ 2010 Atmospheric characterization with MAROON-X Abundance Weighted Cross Section MAROON-X bandpass

Bandpass also contains neutral and even ionized metals like Fe, Ti, and Ca – see Kitzmann+ 2018, Hoeijmakers+ 2018 Figure courtesy Mike Line MAROON-X status

• What is already at the telescope? Environmental control chamber and front-end unit

• What is finished in the lab? Spectrograph with red and blue cameras integrated, calibration system, red and blue science grade detector systems, beta version of pipeline

• What is remaining? Integration of science grade detectors, integration of pupil slicer, final lab stability tests with solar telescope, packing and shipping of the instrument

• When is commissioning and first science? Commissioning could begin as early as March, first science is aimed for July, community proposals will be invited beginning in 2020A Thanks to our generous sponsors and past and present team members!!! For an overview see: Seifahrt+ 2018, arXiv:1805.09276, and references therein --extra slides-- Microlens-array based pupil slicer and double scrambler Environmental control chamber in the Pier Lab

Project lead Andreas Seifahrt Postdoc Julian Stürmer

Thanks to John White, Eduardo Tapia, and Alison Peck! Installation completed July 2018 Installation at Gemini-North

Front-end unit installs at the position of NIRI/NIFS

Front-end unit commissioned on the telescope in December 2018 ~30m fiber run from telescope to pier lab Front-end unit installation at Gemini-N in December 2018