The Americas and the New World Order
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The Americas and the New World Order The Americas and the New World Order: Selected Essays on Latin America and Global Politics Edited by Joshua Hyles The Americas and the New World Order: Selected Essays on Latin America and Global Politics Edited by Joshua Hyles This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Joshua Hyles and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3932-6 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3932-7 TABLE OFCONTENTS List of Figures........................................................................................... viii Section One: Perceptions & Power: Cultural Perceptions & Soft Power in the Americas Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2 American Knight, American Crusader: The Creation of Colonial Heroes Joshua Hyles, Baylor University Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 23 Indulgence & the Concept of Time in the Automobile Industry in Nuevo León, in Contrast with the Republic of Korea Alejandra Judithrza, Huerta Universidad Ruizespaevo Autónoma León de Nu Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 39 Symbolic Spaces: Adapting and Adopting Structures of International Power & Authority Janet Adamski, Claire Rebekah Phelan, Wood, University andary of M Hardin-Baylor Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 50 President Arias’ Use of Soft Balancing: Costa Rica and the United States Mucia Flores, Drake University School of Law Section Two: Waves of People, Waves of Change: Migration & Immigration in the Americas Chapter Five .............................................................................................. 62 The Last of the Dons: The Decline of the Spanish-Speaking Californios following the Mexican-American War Todd Bernhardt, Boise State University ChapterSix ................................................... ............................................. 75 Spacism: Re-Contextualizing & Restructuring Forced Migration Studies Jason Boan, of University Texas San Antonio vi Table of Contents Chapter Seven ............................................................................................ 87 Legacies of HemisFair: Urban Renewal and Mexican-Americans in San Antonio Dylan O’Hara, University of Texas San Antonio Section Three: Battlegrounds: Crime & Terrorism in the Public Eye Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 108 Is Mexico’s Democracy Under Threat? Effects of Fear & Corruption in Mexico James A. Norris, Texas A&M International University Chapter Nine ............................................................................................ 130 #Radicalization: Effect of Social Media on Recruitment to Jihadist Groups Kanika Varma, University of Texas at Austin Section Four: Trading Power: Commodities and Economics in the Americas and Beyond Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 156 Sweet Relations: Analysis of New World Sugar Cultivation Madeline Clay, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 166 The Siege of Havana and the Future of Cuba Regan Murr, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 176 Ecuador’s Financial Relationship with China under the Correa Administration Christian Rodas, Ohio University Chapterirteen Th ...................................................................................... 206 China in Latin America: Economic Soft Power & Taiwan Lawson Sadler, Baylor University The Americas and the New Worldvii Order Section Five: Eastern Impact: Political Change & Independence in Asia Chapterurteen Fo ..................................................................................... 218 Does Socialism Bring Equality? The Impact of Socialism in Asia David Bomar, Concordia University Texas Chapterfteen Fi ........................................................................................ 228 The Implausibility of a Kurdish State Jared Martin, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor LIST OFFIGURES 1. Chart 2.1: Hofstede’s Dimensions 2. Chart 2.2: Globe Study: South Korea and Mexico 3. Table 2.1: Authors and Dimensions for Time and Indulgence 4. Table 2.2: Quantitative Instrument 5. Table 2.3: Reliability Analysis 6. Chart 2.3: Survey Results for “Time” 7. Chart 2.4: Survey Results for Indulgence 8. Table 2.4: Pearson Correlations 9. Figure 6.1: Migration Concept Map 10. Chart 8.1: Mexico. Percent Choosingr Crime, Narco-Trafficking, o Lack of Security 11. Chart 8.2: Mexico. Percent Statingry Current Level of Crime is Ve Much a Threat 12. Table 8.1: 2012. Family and Own goSafety Compared to Five Years A 13. Chart 8.3: 2012. Percent Claiming Police Solicited a Bribe 14. Table 8.2: Frequency Table of Satisfactioncy with the Way Democra Works in Mexico 15. Table 8.3: OLS Regression on Satisfactiony with the Way Democrac Works in Mexico 16. Table 8.4: OLS Regression on Democracy as a Preferred Form of Government 17. Appendix 8.1 18. Chart 9.1: Increase in NumberActivity of Arrests for Islamic Terrorist in the E.U. 19. Chart 9.2: Increaseber of inRadical the Num Twitter users 20. Table 9.2: Result from Model 2 21. Table 9.3: Result from Model 3 22. Table 9.4: Result from Model 4 23. Chart 9.2: Arrestsc Terrorism for Islami in Austria 24. Chart 9.3: Arrests for Islamic Terrorism in Belgium 25. Chart 9.4: Arrests for Islamic Terrorism in France 26. Chart 9.5: Arrests for Islamic Terrorism in Germany 27. Chart 9.6: Arrests for Islamic Terrorism in Italy 28. Chart 9.7: Arrestsrrorism for Islamic in the Netherlands Te 29. Chart 9.8: Arrests for Islamic Terrorism in Spain The Americas and the New Worldix Order 30. Chart 9.9: Increaser of Female in the Foreign Numbe the Fighters in E.U. 31. Figure 9.1 32. Figure 9.2 33. Table 11.1: Loans from China to Ecuador 34. Table 11.2: Ecuador’s Oil-for-Loan Deals with China SECTION ONE: PERCEPTIONS & POWER: CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS & SOFT POWER IN THE AMERICAS CHAPTERONE AMERICANKNIGHT , AMERICANCRUSADER : THEC REATIONCOLONIAL OF HEROES JOSHUAHYLES BAYLORUNIVERSITY For over two centuries,ns have addressed historiaf the the concept o American hero. Which are the quintessentialan hero or qualities an Americ icon must possess? Which shortcomingsl of that and flaws guarantee denia same hero status? Those who writehora American of history enjoy a plet candidates for study, includingefore those even individuals made famous b the “founding fathers.” Two ofities, these pre-revolutionary personal William Penn and John Smith, survivea much- to the present, albeit in altered form, in film, legend,iner. and Thosethe occasional oatmeal conta concerned with writing history,h though (including Penn and Smit themselves), bearor the responsibility figures’ or enduring infamy. f fame How writers ande storytellers portrayed the havVirginia Quaker and the colonist, particularly overcentered the past upon century, has been a study relationships. In discussing these relationships,ed there are many well-document avenues upon whichhistory the writer can travel. ingof the After read available materialsmost popularon both, respective theries of catego association becomeh men apparent. are judged Botaction on their inter with their families, their forayseir dealings into matters of the heart, th with political colleaguesonal quests, andction their pers in self-refle their own writings, and their treatmentir world. of the Indians who shared the From these multiple interactions, the most enduring and dynamic relationship of all emerges—thatrians between who the hero and the histo form, mold, and write their respectivew historians stories. By exploring ho over the past century have dealt, one with can these associative spheres develop both a pictureese two men of who were thven and, more perhaps e importantly, who Americans want them to be. American Knight, American Crusader3 Fathers and Sons William Penn’s history is inexorably linked to his father. Most histories and biographies of erPenn on beginhis with at least one chapt father, Admiral William Penn.graphers One of Penn’s most meticulous bio and eloquent apologists, William that Admiral I. Hull, is quick to point out Penn’s naval triumphs, particularlye Dutch at his victory in 1665 over th the Battle of Lowestoft,primary reason is the iamthe wasyounger Will ever granted a charter 1 toIn colonizeHull’s biographies Pennsylvania. there is never a doubt that Williamowed a deep Penn, for better or worse, debt to his father’s glory. An lsford’sentire work, Mabel Richmond Brai The Making of William Penn, concentrates on the asymmetric relationship between the gifted and glorious father and the upstart son. The admiral, already born to aCaptain seafaring family (his father was Giles Penn,