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Captain America and the Struggle of the Superhero This Page Intentionally Left Blank Captain America and the Struggle of the Superhero Critical Essays Captain America and the Struggle of the Superhero This page intentionally left blank Captain America and the Struggle of the Superhero Critical Essays Edited by ROBERT G. WEINER Foreword by JOHN SHELTON LAWRENCE Afterword by J.M. DEMATTEIS McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina, and London ALSO BY ROBERT G. WEINER Marvel Graphic Novels and Related Publications: An Annotated Guide to Comics, Prose Novels, Children’s Books, Articles, Criticism and Reference Works, 1965–2005 (McFarland, 2008) LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Captain America and the struggle of the superhero : critical essays / edited by Robert G. Weiner ; foreword by John Shelton Lawrence ; afterword by J.M. DeMatteis. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7864-3703-0 softcover : 50# alkaline paper ¡. America, Captain (Fictitious character) I. Weiner, Robert G., 1966– PN6728.C35C37 2009 741.5'973—dc22 2009000604 British Library cataloguing data are available ©2009 Robert G. Weiner. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover images ©2009 Shutterstock Manufactured in the United States of America McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Box 6¡¡, Je›erson, North Carolina 28640 www.mcfarlandpub.com Dedicated to My parents (thanks for your love, and for putting up with me), and Larry and Vicki Weiner (thanks for your love, and I wish you all the happiness in the world). JLF, TAG, DW, SCD, “Lizzie” F, C Joyce M, and AH (thanks for your friend- ship, and for being there). Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamilton, Sitting Bull, Patrick Henry, Paul Revere, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Mother Jones, the Grateful Dead, Dred Scott, Tim Leary, William S. Burroughs, Neal Cassady, Ken Kesey, Robert Hunter, John Perry Bar- low, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Nathan Hale, Crazy Horse, Crispus Attucks, Tecumseh, Ben Franklin, Harriet Tubman, Samuel Adams, Albert Parsons, Red Cloud, Robert Anton Wilson, and Aaron McGruder (all strong believers in Free- dom and Liberty). Everyone who has held the first office, but especially John Adams, Harry S Tru- man, Abraham Lincoln, Millard Fillmore, John Tyler, Woodrow Wilson, FDR, Andrew Jackson, Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, James Monroe, Thomas Jef- ferson, George Washington, James Madison, William Henry Harrison, Theodore Roosevelt, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, John Quincy Adams, and B.H. Obama. J.M. DeMatteis, Frank Robbins, Sal Buscema, Avi Arad, Steve Englehart, Steve Gerber, Gary Friedrich, J. Kirby, J. Simon, J. Steranko, S. Lee, A. Ross, J. Romita, R. Thomas, A. Schomburg, Erich Von Stroheim, Pink Floyd, Terry Gilliam, Mike Nelson, Joel Hodgson, Kevin Murphy, Christopher Lee, Peter Cushing, Joe Que- sada, Boris Karloff, Daniel Burnham, Clark Gable, Cary Grant, Louise Brooks, Sir Ernest Shackleton, Sir Mick Jagger, Townes Van Zant, H.R. Giger, Sir Alfred Hitch- cock, Al Jolson, Roger Stern, Otto Binder, Mike Ploog, Ian Fleming, Clara Bow, Sir Roger Moore, Daevid Allen, Mark Waid, Led Zeppelin, Mark Grunewald, Sir Sean Connery, Ed Brubaker, Steve Epting, Mike Zeck, Paul Neary, Jeph Loeb, Kyle Baker, Robert Morales, and everyone who has ever written, drawn, inked, worked on, or loved a Captain America comic (you are the makers of magic). All those who are or have been in the U.S. armed services, and have fought or died for the cause of freedom and democracy. And lastly, all Sentinels of Liberty, whoever you may be. v This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments A toast to: The good Captain, Bucky, the Falcon, the Avengers, Rick Jones, the Young Allies, the All Winners Squad, Invaders, Liberty Legion, Kid Commandos, and to all of the Sentinels. Special thanks to: My friends and family who have supported me over the years. A work like this is not usually done by just one person. All of the peer reviewers, editors, and others who encouraged and contributed to this work. John Shelton Lawrence for his enthusiasm for this project, and J.M. DeMat- teis for believing in this project and being wonderful to work with! The Texas Tech Library and its wonderful staff, including the late Carol Roberts. Document delivery for being my lifeblood: Conni Kitten, Susan Hidalgo, Con- stance Renee Benton, Jennifer Hatchet, Dulcinea Almager, Christina Gonzales, Penny Morava, and Kory Young. My excellent colleagues in the IS department: Jake Syma (thanks for the good conversations), Donnell Callender, Cynthia Henry, Carye Syma, Sandy River, Innocent Awuf Awasom, Esmeralda Rodriguez, and Minerva Alaniz (the mentor god)! Laura Heinz (for giving me a chance and believing in me), Shelia Hoover (thanks for the conversations—you rock), Jon R. Hufford, Tom Rohrig and Brian Quinn (you three have put up with my many questions and have been patient and exceptional to work with), Jack Becker (who has been my mentor and has great patience), Louise Sanders (the lifeblood of the department), and Arlene Paschal (us newbies have to stay together). I hope I have not missed anyone in the organiza- tion, but thank you one and all. Larry Scott, Dan Watkins, Y. Chandler, Frank Plemmons, Heather E. Rush- ing, the Louise Hopkins Underwood Center for the Arts, Linda Whitebread, Chris Caddel (the Maestro), Julie Storey, Kathrin Dodds, Payton Ware, Sara Peso White (the best-dressed and one of the loveliest women on the planet), Karen Wiley, Janie Hemmings, Lubbock’s Arts Alliance, Harry Grubb, Snapper Carr, Bernie Rosen- thal, Sharon Carter, TAG, Southwestern Popular Culture Association, Sally Sanchez, Ken Dvorak, Peter Rollins (for inspiration), and Philip Heldrich. Dr. Cynthia J. Miller, aka ordinary Chick (you are awesome, and thanks for vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the phone calls), the lovely Sara Dulin for her friendship, support, and putting up with me, Dr. Elizabeth Figa (thank you for mentorship, and for teaching me how to teach and your friendship; you’ve become a great friend), the celestial Alicia Hol- ston (thanks for your friendship and those many nights talking), and the charm- ing Dr. Jorgelina Orfila (thank you for your friendship). John Cline, Joe and Geraldine Ferrer (I wish you all the happiness in the world on your journey together), Anthony Quigley (see, I did not forget you this time), Scott and Tom, Peter Laverity, Tim Janson, Michael Rhode, Kurt Amacker and Mania, John Rhett Thomas and the Masterworks Ezboard, Joe Gulick, Lubbock Sketch Club, Will Terrill, Star Books and Comics, Robert Mora, and anyone who has ever been my friend. Director James Leonard, Leah Stuhltrager and Dam Stuhltrager Gallery, and Lazarus, for working with me on helping officially document their Captain Amer- ica DVD project. And my little furred friends who always have a yahoo whenever I walk through the door: Shelia, Zowie, Princess, Remy, Sunshine, LeRoy (my best buddy), and Poncho, who warms my heart. This book is dedicated to anyone who has ever loved a prairie dog. Table of Contents Acknowledgments. vii Key to Abbreviations . xi Foreword by John Shelton Lawrence. 1 Introduction by Robert G. Weiner . 9 GENERAL HISTORY O Captain! My Captain! Christopher J. Hayton and David L. Albright . 15 WORLD WAR II Madmen, Morons, and Monocles: The Portrayal of the Nazis in Captain America John E. Moser . 24 The Invaders and the All-Star Squadron: Roy Thomas Revisits the Golden Age Mark R. McDermott . 36 Graphic Imagery: Jewish American Comic Book Creators’ Depictions of Class, Race, Patriotism and the Birth of the Good Captain Nicholas Yanes. 53 RACIAL ISSUES Not Just Another Racist Honkey: A History of Racial Representation in Captain America and Related Publications Ora C. McWilliams . 66 Weakness Is a Crime: Captain America and the Eugenic Ideal in Early Twentieth-Century America Brian E. Hack. 79 PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILES Sixty-Five Years of Guilt Over the Death of Bucky Robert G. Weiner . 90 Captain America, Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome, and the Vietnam Era Shawn Gillen . 104 ix xTABLE OF CONTENTS COMPARISONS OF CAPTAIN AMERICA WITH OTHER CHARACTERS The Historical Value of Bronze Age Comics: Captain America and the Haunted Tank Nicholas D. Molnar . 116 The Ultimate American? Jackson Sutliff . 121 The Alpha and the Omega: Captain America and the Punisher Cord Scott . 125 Captain America and Captain Britain: Geopolitical Identity and “the Special Relationship” Jason Dittmer . 135 History of the Marvel Zombies and Colonel America among the Marvel Zombies Mark R. McDermott . 147 POLITICAL INTERPRETATIONS AND THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN AMERICA “Captain America Must Die”: The Many Afterlives of Steve Rogers David Walton . 160 Stevie’s Got a Gun: Captain America and His Problematic Use of Lethal Force Phillip L. Cunningham. 176 A Genealogy of Evil: Captain America vs. the Shadows of the National Imagined Community Christian Steinmetz. 190 LITERARY INTERPRETATIONS The Man Behind the Mask? Models of Masculinity and the Persona of Heroes in Captain America Prose Novels Mike S. DuBose . 204 GUIDES A Selected Webography: FanFiction Freedonia Paschall. 215 A Selected Filmographic Essay Cord Scott and Robert G. Weiner . 218 A Selected Bibliographic Essay: Academic Literature Jason Dittmer and Robert G. Weiner. 227 Afterword by J.M. DeMatteis . 241 About the Contributors . 245 Index . 247 Key to Abbreviations A.I.M.: Advanced Idea Mechanics ASC: All Select Comics AW: All Winners (Also known as All Winners Comics) CA: Captain America CAC: Captain America Comics CBW: Captain Britain Weekly PWJ: Punisher War Journal S.H.I.E.L.D.: Supreme Headquarters, International Espionage, Law-Enforcement Division ToS: Tales of Suspense U.S.A.: United States of America USA: USA Comics xi This page intentionally left blank Foreword by John Shelton Lawrence If you seek an essential Captain America, a warrior dependably cheerful and as patriotic as the flag itself, this book will disappoint. The old Captain, now age sixty-seven, intermit- tently hibernated, and recently dead, has been an unstable character.
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