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Japanese Romanization Table

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Japanese Romanization System Tables of roman/kana equivalents based in part on both Kenkyusha’s table (in p. xiii for 4th edition) and on the American National Standard System standard. Word Reading The reading of Japanese words follows standard Japanese language usage, insofar as this can be determined from standard Japanese dictionaries unless specific reading is indicated on the piece. A current modern reading is preferred to an obsolete one, except where the usage of standard authorities has established a particular reading for a particular name or book title. The characters 日本 are romanized as Nihon unless the usage of standard authorities has established a particular reading; e.g., Dai Nippon Teikoku, Nippon’ichi, Nippon eitaigura, etc. If there are various readings, the reading that appears most frequently in dictionaries is used. Variant readings may be added as cross references in bibliographic and authority records based on the cataloger’s judgment. Capitalization 1. Personal Names: (a) Capitalize each word of a personal name, except the particle no. Sugawara no Takasue no Musume 菅原孝標女 (b) Capitalize title and terms of address, except when consisting of a single character or kana for san, sama, chan, kun, etc., that is hyphenated following a personal name. (See more examples in Word Division 4,(b),(3)) Kōbō Daishi 弘法大師 Naikaku Sōri Daijin Tanaka Kakuei 内閣総理大臣田中角栄 but Okiku-san お菊さん naikaku sōri daijin (as a generic noun) 内閣総理大臣 2. Place Names: Capitalize each word of a geographic name. Yokohama 横浜 Nihon Rettō 日本列島 Yūraku-chō 有楽町 Taiheiyō 太平洋 Bōsō Hantō 房総半島 Tōyō 東洋 3. Corporate Names: Capitalize each word of a corporate name, except particles and conjunctions. Sensō o Kirokusuru Kai 戦争を記録する会 Nihon Rikugun 日本陸軍 Chuō Kōron Shinsha 中央公論新社 but Chuō kōron (journal title) 中央公論 4. Documents and Publications: (a) Capitalize the first word of the title of a publication (book, periodical, series, etc.) Tsurezuregusa 徒然草 Chūō kōron 中央公論 (b) Capitalize the first word of the name of a document (law, regulation, etc.). Rōdō kumiaihō 労働組合法 Rōdō iinkai kisoku 労働委員会規則 5. Historical Events and Periods: (a) Capitalize each word of the name of a historical event, except particles and conjunctions. Dainiji Sekai Taisen 第二次世界大戦 Niniroku Jiken 二・二六事件 Meiji Ishin shi 明治維新史 Sekigahara no Tatakai 関ヶ原の戦い (b) Capitalize the first word of the name of a historical period. Jōmon jidai 縄文時代 Rikuchō jidai 六朝時代 Heianchō 平安朝 Shōwaki 昭和期 6. Peoples, Languages and Areas of Study Derived from Proper Ｎames: Capitalize names of peoples, languages and areas of study derived from proper names. Nihonjin 日本人 Amerikajin アメリカ人 Nihongo 日本語 Nihongaku 日本学 Eigo 英語 7. Religions and Sects: Capitalize names of religions and sects. Bukkyō 佛教 Kirisutokyō キリスト教 Shintō 神道 Zenshū 禅宗 Jōdo Shinshū 浄土真宗 8. Structures, etc.: Capitalize names of structures, etc. Takamatsuzuka Kofun 高松塚古墳 Narita Kūkō 成田空港 Hibiya Kōen 日比谷公園 Eigenji Damu 永源寺ダム 9. Derivatives of Proper Names: Lowercase words derived from names of places or religions, when the derived words are no longer considered to be proper names. When the derivative is formed by the suffix of a single character following a proper name, the proper name is capitalized and the suffix is lowercased and follows a hyphen. (See Word Division, 4. Proper Names, Exceptions) nihontō 日本刀 nihonshu 日本酒 nihonga 日本画 butsuga 佛画 washitsu 和室 wafuku 和服 yōshu 洋酒 kutaniyaki 九谷焼 kokutani 古九谷 kanji 漢字 kanpō 漢方 kan'yaku 漢薬 zendera 禅寺 zensō 禅僧 kirisutosha キリスト者 rōmaji ローマ字 but Taiwan-sei 台湾製 Punctuation 1. Transcribe a centered point (・) used for dividing words as a comma if it makes the meaning of romanized words clear. Chūgoku Shikoku no mingei 中国・四国の民芸 Pōru Kurōderu ポール・クローデル Matsumoto Seichō, Yamamoto Shūgorō shū 松本清長・山本周五郎集 For such a center point appearing between numbers, see Word Division, 5. Numerals. 2. Transcribe brackets (「 ... 」, 《…》, 〈…〉) used in the manner of quotation marks (“ ... ”) as quotation marks. Diacritic Marks 1. Transcribe the macron ( ˉ ) over the letters a, i, u, e, and o to indicate a long vowel pronunciation. bīdoro ビードロ shinpojūmu シンポジウム rōdō 労働 ōkami 狼 onēsan お姉さん okāsan お母さん otōsan おとうさん dō iu koto ka どういうことか 2. Transcribe the apostrophe ( ' ) between syllables when the first syllable ends with the letter n and the following syllable begins with the letter a, i, u, e, o, and y and when it is necessary to separate romanization. Nagai Ken'ichi 長井憲一 Shin'etsu 信越 hon'yaku 翻訳 Man'yō 万葉 shin'ainaru 親愛なる san'okuen 三億円 shin'uchi 真打 Word Division 1. Sino-Japanese (on) Compounds: A compound means a word consisting of two or more Chinese characters (kanji), or of Chinese characters and kana, or of kana alone, whether established by dictionary usage or not. (a) Write binary compounds as single words. ichigen ikkō 一言一行 Rikuchō jidai 六朝時代 Nihon kokusei jiten 日本国政事典 kokumin shugi 国民主義 Indo tetsugaku shiyō 印度哲学史要 Tōyō Gakkai 東洋学会 Keiō Gijuku Daigaku Keizai Gakubu 慶応義塾大学経済学部 Tōkyō Daigaku Kyōyō Gakubu 東京大学教養学部 (b) Trinary, derived, and other compounds. (1) Write trinary and derived compounds as single words as long as they contain no more than one binary or trinary compound. keizaiteki 経済的 seibutsugaku 生物学 jinseikan 人生観 yuibutsuron 唯物論 kenkōhō 健康法 daijinbutsu 大人物 daiōjō 大往生 jibika 耳鼻科 koseibutsugaku 古生物学 hōshakaigaku 法社会学 For a word beginning with such characters as 新, 旧, etc., consult any current dictionary to determine whether it is part of a word or is a prefix to the following word or words (see Word Division, 3. Prefixes, Suffixes, etc. (a)). If it is appropriate, apply the provisions of (2) below. shinkansen 新幹線 kyūtaisei 旧体制 (2) Write trinary pseudo-compounds formed by the addition of a single character as single words. gōshisō 業思想 kakusensō 核戦争 kakukazoku 核家族 ryōseikatsu 寮生活 shinkenchiku 新建築 daijiten 大辞典 daihatsumei 大発明 chōtaikoku 超大国 zenchūshaku 全注釈 If, however, a single character is enclosed within brackets used as quotation marks, transcribe the brackets as quotation marks. “jin” shisō 「仁」思想 “kaku” ronsō 「核」論争 (c) Write single characters in succession constituting a pseudo-compound as one word. todōfuken 都道府県 shikuchōson 市区町村 shichōson 市町村 shinōkōshō 士農工商 ishokujū 衣食住 (d) Hyphenate grouped compounds involving phonetic changes. jochū-bōkō 女中奉公 bungei-dokuhon 文芸読本 gōshi-gaisha 合資会社 kabushiki-gaisha 株式会社 but In proper names, romanize as Kabushiki Kaisha (e.g., Nissan Jidōsha Kabushiki Kaisha). (e) Hyphenate one or more single-character modifiers having a common substantive. shō-chūgakkō 小・中学校 shō-chū-kōtō gakkō 小・中・高等学校 shō-chūkibo kigyō 小・中規模企業 jō-gesuidō 上・下水道 nō-san-gyoson 農山漁村 chū-kinsei 中・近世 chū-kinsei 中近世 nō-kō-kōgyō 農・工・鉱業 bun-shi-tetsugaku 文・史・哲学 Meiji sanjūshichi-hachinen 明治三十七・八年 When single character modifiers form a binary or trinary compound, however, follow 1(a) or 1(b) above. chūshō kigyō 中小企業 Bunri Gakubu 文理学部 rikagaku jiten 理化学辞典 dōshokubutsu jikken 動植物実験 2. Native Japanese (kun and jūbakoyomi or yutōyomi) compounds (a) Nouns (1) Write compound nouns as single words. wareware 我々 wagahai 我輩 kirisame 霧雨 teashi 手足 yamatodamashii 大和魂 mizusakazuki 水盃 ukiyoe 浮世絵 chanoma 茶の間 chanoyu 茶の湯 yononaka 世の中 hinode 日の出 kokoroarigao 心有顔 iyagarase 嫌がらせ kogirei 小綺麗 rikutsudōri 理屈通り Write separately modifiers which are not part of compounds. waga hokori 我が誇り waga musuko わが息子 waga machi 我が町 waga kyōdo 我が郷土 In case of doubt, prefer the separate form. waga kuni 我国 (わが国) waga ko 我が子 waga tomo 我友 (わが友) chichi haha (as opposed to “fubo” for on-reading) 父母 ani imōto 兄妹 are kore あれこれ (2) Write separately a kun single character word modifying a compound. onna ekaki 女絵かき aji jiman 味自慢 koto gassō 琴合奏 mizu shigen 水資源 kome sōdō 米騒動 otoko aite 男相手 but bureimono (a kun single character modified by a compound) 無礼者 (b) Verbs (1) Write simple and compound inflected verbs, with their auxiliaries, as single words. shihaisuru 支配する doraibusuru ドライブする yomiuru 読み得る nashienai なし得ない kansuru 関する omoidasu 思い出す (2) Write verbs separately from adverbs or inflected adjectives and verbs. dō kangaeru どう考える sō suru そうする kō naru こうなる tsuyoku naru 強くなる utsukushiku naritai 美しくなりたい ikite ita 生きていた kaette kuru 帰って来る yatte miyō やって見よう itadaite ikimasu 戴いていきます (3) Write honorific auxiliaries or potential auxiliaries, dekiru and dekinai, separately from other parts of the verb. ookuri itashimashō お送り致しましょう odekake asobashimasu ka お出掛け遊ばしますか gaman dekiru ka 我慢出来るか gaman dekimasen 我慢出来ません (c) Adjectives. Write compound inflected adjectives as single words. bimyōnaru 微妙なる ikanaru 如何なる miryokuaru 魅力ある teikōnaki 抵抗なき dōdōtaru 堂々たる osorubeki 恐るべき ayamatta sahō, ayamariyasui sahō誤った作法・誤りやすい作法 (d) Adverbs and conjunctions. Write compound adverbs and conjunctions as single words. tokuni 特に narabini 並に tomoni 共に tsuini 遂に ikani 如何に suguni 直ぐに matawa 又は aruiwa 或いは (e) Particles. Write particles separately from other words and from each other. kōfuku e no michi 幸福への道 E wa dare ni de mo kakeru 絵は誰にでも描ける Sō iu hon o yomu no ga tanoshii そういう本を読むのが楽しい anata to watashi to あなたとわたしと kumo no ue ni 雲の上に anata no tame ni あなたの為に nonki na ojisan nonki ni kamaeru 呑気な小父さん呑気に構える yunīku na sonzai ユニークな存在 ureshii na うれしいな nan darō ka 何だろうか sarari to さらりと 3. Prefixes, Suffixes, etc. (a) Write separately a single-character prefix modifying on or kun compounds following it. zen shushō enzetsushū 前首相演説集 ko shachō kaikoroku 故社長懐古録 shin okurigana 新送りがな shin shokuminchi shugi 新植民地主義 kyū dōtokuritsu 旧道徳律 kyū dojin shakai 旧土人社会 Dai jinmei jiten 大人名事典 shō bungaku jiten 小文学辞典 chō senshinkoku 超先進国 chō genjitsu shugi 超現実主義 han sensō undō 反戦争運動 han sensōron 反戦争論 kaku jidai 各時代 kaku todōfuken 各都道府県 kaku musan seitō 各無産政党 hi bunkateki 非文化的 hi sabetsu shakai 非差別社会 ichi toshokan'in 一図書館員 ichi kinen shashin 一記念写真 (b) Hyphenate a single character modifying, or modified by, foreign words generally written in katakana. shō-enerugī 省エネルギー kaku-enerugī 核エネルギー datsu-enerugī 脱エネルギー shō-ene 省エネ enerugī-gen エネルギー源 karorī-hyō カロリー表 irasutorēshon-teki イラストレーション的 If the foreign word in katakana together with a single character is a long- established word or a corporate name, however, romanize it as one word.
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    In Christopher Brown and Qianping Gu and Cornelia Loos and Jason Mielens and Grace Neveu (eds.), Proceedings of the 15th Texas Linguistics Society Conference, 150-169. 2015. The degree of the speaker’s negative attitude in a goal-shifting comparison Osamu Sawada∗ Mie University [email protected] Abstract The Japanese comparative expression sore-yori ‘than it’ can be used for shifting the goal of a conversation. What is interesting about goal-shifting via sore-yori is that, un- like ordinary goal-shifting with expressions like tokorode ‘by the way,’ using sore-yori often signals the speaker’s negative attitude toward the addressee. In this paper, I will investigate the meaning and use of goal-shifting comparison and consider the mecha- nism by which the speaker’s emotion is expressed. I will claim that the meaning of the pragmatic sore-yori conventionally implicates that the at-issue utterance is preferable to the previous utterance (cf. metalinguistic comparison (e.g. (Giannakidou & Yoon 2011))) and that the meaning of goal-shifting is derived if the goal associated with the at-issue utterance is considered irrelevant to the goal associated with the previous utterance. Moreover, I will argue that the speaker’s negative attitude is shown by the competition between the speaker’s goal and the hearer’s goal, and a strong negativity emerges if the goals are assumed to be not shared. I will also compare sore-yori to sonna koto-yori ‘than such a thing’ and show that sonna koto-yori directly expresses a strong negative attitude toward the previous utterance.
  • Writing As Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-Language Literature

    Writing As Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-Language Literature

    At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2021 Reading Committee: Edward Mack, Chair Davinder Bhowmik Zev Handel Jeffrey Todd Knight Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2021 Christopher J Lowy University of Washington Abstract At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Edward Mack Department of Asian Languages and Literature This dissertation examines the dynamic relationship between written language and literary fiction in modern and contemporary Japanese-language literature. I analyze how script and narration come together to function as a site of expression, and how they connect to questions of visuality, textuality, and materiality. Informed by work from the field of textual humanities, my project brings together new philological approaches to visual aspects of text in literature written in the Japanese script. Because research in English on the visual textuality of Japanese-language literature is scant, my work serves as a fundamental first-step in creating a new area of critical interest by establishing key terms and a general theoretical framework from which to approach the topic. Chapter One establishes the scope of my project and the vocabulary necessary for an analysis of script relative to narrative content; Chapter Two looks at one author’s relationship with written language; and Chapters Three and Four apply the concepts explored in Chapter One to a variety of modern and contemporary literary texts where script plays a central role.
  • Legacy Character Sets & Encodings

    Legacy Character Sets & Encodings

    Legacy & Not-So-Legacy Character Sets & Encodings Ken Lunde CJKV Type Development Adobe Systems Incorporated bc ftp://ftp.oreilly.com/pub/examples/nutshell/cjkv/unicode/iuc15-tb1-slides.pdf Tutorial Overview dc • What is a character set? What is an encoding? • How are character sets and encodings different? • Legacy character sets. • Non-legacy character sets. • Legacy encodings. • How does Unicode fit it? • Code conversion issues. • Disclaimer: The focus of this tutorial is primarily on Asian (CJKV) issues, which tend to be complex from a character set and encoding standpoint. 15th International Unicode Conference Copyright © 1999 Adobe Systems Incorporated Terminology & Abbreviations dc • GB (China) — Stands for “Guo Biao” (国标 guóbiâo ). — Short for “Guojia Biaozhun” (国家标准 guójiâ biâozhün). — Means “National Standard.” • GB/T (China) — “T” stands for “Tui” (推 tuî ). — Short for “Tuijian” (推荐 tuîjiàn ). — “T” means “Recommended.” • CNS (Taiwan) — 中國國家標準 ( zhôngguó guójiâ biâozhün) in Chinese. — Abbreviation for “Chinese National Standard.” 15th International Unicode Conference Copyright © 1999 Adobe Systems Incorporated Terminology & Abbreviations (Cont’d) dc • GCCS (Hong Kong) — Abbreviation for “Government Chinese Character Set.” • JIS (Japan) — 日本工業規格 ( nihon kôgyô kikaku) in Japanese. — Abbreviation for “Japanese Industrial Standard.” — 〄 • KS (Korea) — 한국 공업 규격 (韓國工業規格 hangug gongeob gyugyeog) in Korean. — Abbreviation for “Korean Standard.” — ㉿ — Designation change from “C” to “X” on August 20, 1997. 15th International Unicode Conference Copyright © 1999 Adobe Systems Incorporated Terminology & Abbreviations (Cont’d) dc • TCVN (Vietnam) — Tiu Chun Vit Nam in Vietnamese. — Means “Vietnamese Standard.” • CJKV — Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. 15th International Unicode Conference Copyright © 1999 Adobe Systems Incorporated What Is A Character Set? dc • A collection of characters that are intended to be used together to create meaningful text.
  • Characteristics of Developmental Dyslexia in Japanese Kana: From

    Characteristics of Developmental Dyslexia in Japanese Kana: From

    al Ab gic no lo rm o a h l i c t y i e s s Ogawa et al., J Psychol Abnorm Child 2014, 3:3 P i Journal of Psychological Abnormalities n f o C l DOI: 10.4172/2329-9525.1000126 h a i n l d ISSN:r 2329-9525 r u e o n J in Children Research Article Open Access Characteristics of Developmental Dyslexia in Japanese Kana: from the Viewpoint of the Japanese Feature Shino Ogawa1*, Miwa Fukushima-Murata2, Namiko Kubo-Kawai3, Tomoko Asai4, Hiroko Taniai5 and Nobuo Masataka6 1Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 2Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 3Faculty of Psychology, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi, Japan 4Nagoya City Child Welfare Center, Aichi, Japan 5Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya Central Care Center for Disabled Children, Aichi, Japan 6Section of Cognition and Learning, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan Abstract This study identified the individual differences in the effects of Japanese Dyslexia. The participants consisted of 12 Japanese children who had difficulties in reading and writing Japanese and were suspected of having developmental disorders. A test battery was created on the basis of the characteristics of the Japanese language to examine Kana’s orthography-to-phonology mapping and target four cognitive skills: analysis of phonological structure, letter-to-sound conversion, visual information processing, and eye–hand coordination. An examination of the individual ability levels for these four elements revealed that reading and writing difficulties are not caused by a single disability, but by a combination of factors.
  • The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China: the Disparity Between Archeological Discovery and the Documentary Record and Its Explanation

    The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China: the Disparity Between Archeological Discovery and the Documentary Record and Its Explanation

    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 175 December, 2006 The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China: The Disparity between Archeological Discovery and the Documentary Record and Its Explanation by Zhou Jixu Center for East Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Chinese Department, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies.
  • Does Romaji Help Beginners Learn More Words?

    Does Romaji Help Beginners Learn More Words?

    Yoshiko Okuyama 355 CALL Vocabulary Learning in Japanese: Does Romaji Help Beginners Learn More Words? YOSHIKO OKUYAMA University of Hawaii at Hilo ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of using Romanized spellings on beginner- level Japanese vocabulary learning. Sixty-one first-semester students at two uni- versities in Arizona were both taught and tested on 40 Japanese content words in a computer-assisted language learning (CALL) program. The primary goal of the study was to examine whether the use of Romaji—Roman alphabetic spellings of Japanese—facilitates Japanese beginners’ learning of the L2 vocabulary. The study also investigated whether certain CALL strategies positively correlate with a greater gain in L2 vocabulary. Vocabulary items were presented to students in both experimental and control groups. The items included Hiragana spellings, colored illustrations for meaning, and audio recordings for pronunciation. Only the experimental group was given the extra assistance of Romaji. The scores of the vocabulary pretests and posttests, the types of online learning strategies and questionnaire responses were collected for statistical analyses. The results of the project indicated that the use of Romaji did not facilitate the beginners’ L2 vocabulary intake. However, the more intensive use of audio recordings was found to be strongly related to a higher number of words recalled, regardless of the presence or absence of Romaji. KEYWORDS CALL, Vocabulary Learning, Japanese as a Foreign Language (JFL), Romaji Script, CALL Strategies INTRODUCTION Learning a second language (L2) requires the acquisition of its lexicon. How do American college students learn basic L2 vocabulary in a CALL program? If the vocabulary is written in a nonalphabetic L2 script, such as Japanese, is it more efficient to learn the words with the assistance of more familiar Roman-alphabetic symbols? This experimental study explored these questions in the context of Japa- nese CALL vocabulary learning.