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Japanese Romanization Table

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Japanese Romanization Table Japanese Romanization System Tables of roman/kana equivalents based in part on both Kenkyusha’s table (in p. xiii for 4th edition) and on the American National Standard System standard. Word Reading The reading of Japanese words follows standard Japanese language usage, insofar as this can be determined from standard Japanese dictionaries unless specific reading is indicated on the piece. A current modern reading is preferred to an obsolete one, except where the usage of standard authorities has established a particular reading for a particular name or book title. The characters 日本 are romanized as Nihon unless the usage of standard authorities has established a particular reading; e.g., Dai Nippon Teikoku, Nippon’ichi, Nippon eitaigura, etc. If there are various readings, the reading that appears most frequently in dictionaries is used. Variant readings may be added as cross references in bibliographic and authority records based on the cataloger’s judgment. Capitalization 1. Personal Names: (a) Capitalize each word of a personal name, except the particle no. Sugawara no Takasue no Musume 菅原孝標女 (b) Capitalize title and terms of address, except when consisting of a single character or kana for san, sama, chan, kun, etc., that is hyphenated following a personal name. (See more examples in Word Division 4,(b),(3)) Kōbō Daishi 弘法大師 Naikaku Sōri Daijin Tanaka Kakuei 内閣総理大臣田中角栄 but Okiku-san お菊さん naikaku sōri daijin (as a generic noun) 内閣総理大臣 2. Place Names: Capitalize each word of a geographic name. Yokohama 横浜 Nihon Rettō 日本列島 Yūraku-chō 有楽町 Taiheiyō 太平洋 Bōsō Hantō 房総半島 Tōyō 東洋 3. Corporate Names: Capitalize each word of a corporate name, except particles and conjunctions. Sensō o Kirokusuru Kai 戦争を記録する会 Nihon Rikugun 日本陸軍 Chuō Kōron Shinsha 中央公論新社 but Chuō kōron (journal title) 中央公論 4. Documents and Publications: (a) Capitalize the first word of the title of a publication (book, periodical, series, etc.) Tsurezuregusa 徒然草 Chūō kōron 中央公論 (b) Capitalize the first word of the name of a document (law, regulation, etc.). Rōdō kumiaihō 労働組合法 Rōdō iinkai kisoku 労働委員会規則 5. Historical Events and Periods: (a) Capitalize each word of the name of a historical event, except particles and conjunctions. Dainiji Sekai Taisen 第二次世界大戦 Niniroku Jiken 二・二六事件 Meiji Ishin shi 明治維新史 Sekigahara no Tatakai 関ヶ原の戦い (b) Capitalize the first word of the name of a historical period. Jōmon jidai 縄文時代 Rikuchō jidai 六朝時代 Heianchō 平安朝 Shōwaki 昭和期 6. Peoples, Languages and Areas of Study Derived from Proper Ｎames: Capitalize names of peoples, languages and areas of study derived from proper names. Nihonjin 日本人 Amerikajin アメリカ人 Nihongo 日本語 Nihongaku 日本学 Eigo 英語 7. Religions and Sects: Capitalize names of religions and sects. Bukkyō 佛教 Kirisutokyō キリスト教 Shintō 神道 Zenshū 禅宗 Jōdo Shinshū 浄土真宗 8. Structures, etc.: Capitalize names of structures, etc. Takamatsuzuka Kofun 高松塚古墳 Narita Kūkō 成田空港 Hibiya Kōen 日比谷公園 Eigenji Damu 永源寺ダム 9. Derivatives of Proper Names: Lowercase words derived from names of places or religions, when the derived words are no longer considered to be proper names. When the derivative is formed by the suffix of a single character following a proper name, the proper name is capitalized and the suffix is lowercased and follows a hyphen. (See Word Division, 4. Proper Names, Exceptions) nihontō 日本刀 nihonshu 日本酒 nihonga 日本画 butsuga 佛画 washitsu 和室 wafuku 和服 yōshu 洋酒 kutaniyaki 九谷焼 kokutani 古九谷 kanji 漢字 kanpō 漢方 kan'yaku 漢薬 zendera 禅寺 zensō 禅僧 kirisutosha キリスト者 rōmaji ローマ字 but Taiwan-sei 台湾製 Punctuation 1. Transcribe a centered point (・) used for dividing words as a comma if it makes the meaning of romanized words clear. Chūgoku Shikoku no mingei 中国・四国の民芸 Pōru Kurōderu ポール・クローデル Matsumoto Seichō, Yamamoto Shūgorō shū 松本清長・山本周五郎集 For such a center point appearing between numbers, see Word Division, 5. Numerals. 2. Transcribe brackets (「 ... 」, 《…》, 〈…〉) used in the manner of quotation marks (“ ... ”) as quotation marks. Diacritic Marks 1. Transcribe the macron ( ˉ ) over the letters a, i, u, e, and o to indicate a long vowel pronunciation. bīdoro ビードロ shinpojūmu シンポジウム rōdō 労働 ōkami 狼 onēsan お姉さん okāsan お母さん otōsan おとうさん dō iu koto ka どういうことか 2. Transcribe the apostrophe ( ' ) between syllables when the first syllable ends with the letter n and the following syllable begins with the letter a, i, u, e, o, and y and when it is necessary to separate romanization. Nagai Ken'ichi 長井憲一 Shin'etsu 信越 hon'yaku 翻訳 Man'yō 万葉 shin'ainaru 親愛なる san'okuen 三億円 shin'uchi 真打 Word Division 1. Sino-Japanese (on) Compounds: A compound means a word consisting of two or more Chinese characters (kanji), or of Chinese characters and kana, or of kana alone, whether established by dictionary usage or not. (a) Write binary compounds as single words. ichigen ikkō 一言一行 Rikuchō jidai 六朝時代 Nihon kokusei jiten 日本国政事典 kokumin shugi 国民主義 Indo tetsugaku shiyō 印度哲学史要 Tōyō Gakkai 東洋学会 Keiō Gijuku Daigaku Keizai Gakubu 慶応義塾大学経済学部 Tōkyō Daigaku Kyōyō Gakubu 東京大学教養学部 (b) Trinary, derived, and other compounds. (1) Write trinary and derived compounds as single words as long as they contain no more than one binary or trinary compound. keizaiteki 経済的 seibutsugaku 生物学 jinseikan 人生観 yuibutsuron 唯物論 kenkōhō 健康法 daijinbutsu 大人物 daiōjō 大往生 jibika 耳鼻科 koseibutsugaku 古生物学 hōshakaigaku 法社会学 For a word beginning with such characters as 新, 旧, etc., consult any current dictionary to determine whether it is part of a word or is a prefix to the following word or words (see Word Division, 3. Prefixes, Suffixes, etc. (a)). If it is appropriate, apply the provisions of (2) below. shinkansen 新幹線 kyūtaisei 旧体制 (2) Write trinary pseudo-compounds formed by the addition of a single character as single words. gōshisō 業思想 kakusensō 核戦争 kakukazoku 核家族 ryōseikatsu 寮生活 shinkenchiku 新建築 daijiten 大辞典 daihatsumei 大発明 chōtaikoku 超大国 zenchūshaku 全注釈 If, however, a single character is enclosed within brackets used as quotation marks, transcribe the brackets as quotation marks. “jin” shisō 「仁」思想 “kaku” ronsō 「核」論争 (c) Write single characters in succession constituting a pseudo-compound as one word. todōfuken 都道府県 shikuchōson 市区町村 shichōson 市町村 shinōkōshō 士農工商 ishokujū 衣食住 (d) Hyphenate grouped compounds involving phonetic changes. jochū-bōkō 女中奉公 bungei-dokuhon 文芸読本 gōshi-gaisha 合資会社 kabushiki-gaisha 株式会社 but In proper names, romanize as Kabushiki Kaisha (e.g., Nissan Jidōsha Kabushiki Kaisha). (e) Hyphenate one or more single-character modifiers having a common substantive. shō-chūgakkō 小・中学校 shō-chū-kōtō gakkō 小・中・高等学校 shō-chūkibo kigyō 小・中規模企業 jō-gesuidō 上・下水道 nō-san-gyoson 農山漁村 chū-kinsei 中・近世 chū-kinsei 中近世 nō-kō-kōgyō 農・工・鉱業 bun-shi-tetsugaku 文・史・哲学 Meiji sanjūshichi-hachinen 明治三十七・八年 When single character modifiers form a binary or trinary compound, however, follow 1(a) or 1(b) above. chūshō kigyō 中小企業 Bunri Gakubu 文理学部 rikagaku jiten 理化学辞典 dōshokubutsu jikken 動植物実験 2. Native Japanese (kun and jūbakoyomi or yutōyomi) compounds (a) Nouns (1) Write compound nouns as single words. wareware 我々 wagahai 我輩 kirisame 霧雨 teashi 手足 yamatodamashii 大和魂 mizusakazuki 水盃 ukiyoe 浮世絵 chanoma 茶の間 chanoyu 茶の湯 yononaka 世の中 hinode 日の出 kokoroarigao 心有顔 iyagarase 嫌がらせ kogirei 小綺麗 rikutsudōri 理屈通り Write separately modifiers which are not part of compounds. waga hokori 我が誇り waga musuko わが息子 waga machi 我が町 waga kyōdo 我が郷土 In case of doubt, prefer the separate form. waga kuni 我国 (わが国) waga ko 我が子 waga tomo 我友 (わが友) chichi haha (as opposed to “fubo” for on-reading) 父母 ani imōto 兄妹 are kore あれこれ (2) Write separately a kun single character word modifying a compound. onna ekaki 女絵かき aji jiman 味自慢 koto gassō 琴合奏 mizu shigen 水資源 kome sōdō 米騒動 otoko aite 男相手 but bureimono (a kun single character modified by a compound) 無礼者 (b) Verbs (1) Write simple and compound inflected verbs, with their auxiliaries, as single words. shihaisuru 支配する doraibusuru ドライブする yomiuru 読み得る nashienai なし得ない kansuru 関する omoidasu 思い出す (2) Write verbs separately from adverbs or inflected adjectives and verbs. dō kangaeru どう考える sō suru そうする kō naru こうなる tsuyoku naru 強くなる utsukushiku naritai 美しくなりたい ikite ita 生きていた kaette kuru 帰って来る yatte miyō やって見よう itadaite ikimasu 戴いていきます (3) Write honorific auxiliaries or potential auxiliaries, dekiru and dekinai, separately from other parts of the verb. ookuri itashimashō お送り致しましょう odekake asobashimasu ka お出掛け遊ばしますか gaman dekiru ka 我慢出来るか gaman dekimasen 我慢出来ません (c) Adjectives. Write compound inflected adjectives as single words. bimyōnaru 微妙なる ikanaru 如何なる miryokuaru 魅力ある teikōnaki 抵抗なき dōdōtaru 堂々たる osorubeki 恐るべき ayamatta sahō, ayamariyasui sahō誤った作法・誤りやすい作法 (d) Adverbs and conjunctions. Write compound adverbs and conjunctions as single words. tokuni 特に narabini 並に tomoni 共に tsuini 遂に ikani 如何に suguni 直ぐに matawa 又は aruiwa 或いは (e) Particles. Write particles separately from other words and from each other. kōfuku e no michi 幸福への道 E wa dare ni de mo kakeru 絵は誰にでも描ける Sō iu hon o yomu no ga tanoshii そういう本を読むのが楽しい anata to watashi to あなたとわたしと kumo no ue ni 雲の上に anata no tame ni あなたの為に nonki na ojisan nonki ni kamaeru 呑気な小父さん呑気に構える yunīku na sonzai ユニークな存在 ureshii na うれしいな nan darō ka 何だろうか sarari to さらりと 3. Prefixes, Suffixes, etc. (a) Write separately a single-character prefix modifying on or kun compounds following it. zen shushō enzetsushū 前首相演説集 ko shachō kaikoroku 故社長懐古録 shin okurigana 新送りがな shin shokuminchi shugi 新植民地主義 kyū dōtokuritsu 旧道徳律 kyū dojin shakai 旧土人社会 Dai jinmei jiten 大人名事典 shō bungaku jiten 小文学辞典 chō senshinkoku 超先進国 chō genjitsu shugi 超現実主義 han sensō undō 反戦争運動 han sensōron 反戦争論 kaku jidai 各時代 kaku todōfuken 各都道府県 kaku musan seitō 各無産政党 hi bunkateki 非文化的 hi sabetsu shakai 非差別社会 ichi toshokan'in 一図書館員 ichi kinen shashin 一記念写真 (b) Hyphenate a single character modifying, or modified by, foreign words generally written in katakana. shō-enerugī 省エネルギー kaku-enerugī 核エネルギー datsu-enerugī 脱エネルギー shō-ene 省エネ enerugī-gen エネルギー源 karorī-hyō カロリー表 irasutorēshon-teki イラストレーション的 If the foreign word in katakana together with a single character is a long- established word or a corporate name, however, romanize it as one word.
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