Beginning Japanese for Professionals: Book 1
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Morphological Clues to the Relationships of Japanese and Korean
Morphological clues to the relationships of Japanese and Korean Samuel E. Martin 0. The striking similarities in structure of the Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic languages have led scholars to embrace the perennially premature hypothesis of a genetic relationship as the "Altaic" family, and some have extended the hypothesis to include Korean (K) and Japanese (J). Many of the structural similarities that have been noticed, however, are widespread in languages of the world and characterize any well-behaved language of the agglutinative type in which object precedes verb and all modifiers precede what is mod- ified. Proof of the relationships, if any, among these languages is sought by comparing words which may exemplify putative phono- logical correspondences that point back to earlier systems through a series of well-motivated changes through time. The recent work of John Whitman on Korean and Japanese is an excellent example of productive research in this area. The derivative morphology, the means by which the stems of many verbs and nouns were created, appears to be largely a matter of developments in the individual languages, though certain formants have been proposed as putative cognates for two or more of these languages. Because of the relative shortness of the elements involved and the difficulty of pinning down their semantic functions (if any), we do well to approach the study of comparative morphology with caution, reconstructing in depth the earliest forms of the vocabulary of each language before indulging in freewheeling comparisons outside that domain. To a lesser extent, that is true also of the grammatical morphology, the affixes or particles that mark words as participants in the phrases, sentences (either overt clauses or obviously underlying proposi- tions), discourse blocks, and situational frames of reference that constitute the creative units of language use. -
English Pronunciation in Virginia
English Pronunciation in Virginia A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Virginia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for mavww-»~mn the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy -—wu_.<.=.- gr r-i ~ 7' - ‘ By EDWIN FRANCIS SHEWMAKE Alumni Professor of English in Davidson College _ ' UV; “Vtw ‘z 7 , ul’.m.‘;tl=-frmmfi.flmfiwuz_;_-I .- u~ 33915 . ._..,. PREFACE —. This study of English pronunciation in Virginia was accepted in 1920 by the faculty of the University of Virginia as a doctoral disserta- tion. That part dealing with the dialectal pronunciation of 0:4 and of i, was published in slightly modified form in Modern Language Notes, XL, 489 E., for December, 1925. The editor of the N ates has kindly given permission for the use of the article here. The author would thank all those who have in any way assisted or encouraged him in this undertaking. Especially does he wish to record his indebtedness to Professors John Calvin Metmlf and James Southall Wilson of the University of Virginia, Professor Percy W. Long of Harvard University, and Professor George Philip Krapp of Columbia University, all of whom have given valuable suggestions and advice. Thanks are also due to several editors and publishers for permission to use certain material for purposes of quotation and summary. The titles of books and periodicals used in this way appear in the text, with specific references to volumes and pages. E. F. S. Davidson, North Carolina. November, 1927. .-r.. .. _. .i 4.. ..._......_.__..4.-. .. >»~e~q—.«+.~vym oOpr-r 3-,, - A“. -
The Languages of Japan and Korea. London: Routledge 2 The
To appear in: Tranter, David N (ed.) The Languages of Japan and Korea. London: Routledge 2 The relationship between Japanese and Korean John Whitman 1. Introduction This chapter reviews the current state of Japanese-Ryukyuan and Korean internal reconstruction and applies the results of this research to the historical comparison of both families. Reconstruction within the families shows proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan (pJR) and proto-Korean (pK) to have had very similar phonological inventories, with no laryngeal contrast among consonants and a system of six or seven vowels. The main challenges for the comparativist are working through the consequences of major changes in root structure in both languages, revealed or hinted at by internal reconstruction. These include loss of coda consonants in Japanese, and processes of syncope and medial consonant lenition in Korean. The chapter then reviews a small number (50) of pJR/pK lexical comparisons in a number of lexical domains, including pronouns, numerals, and body parts. These expand on the lexical comparisons proposed by Martin (1966) and Whitman (1985), in some cases responding to the criticisms of Vovin (2010). It identifies a small set of cognates between pJR and pK, including approximately 13 items on the standard Swadesh 100 word list: „I‟, „we‟, „that‟, „one‟, „two‟, „big‟, „long‟, „bird‟, „tall/high‟, „belly‟, „moon‟, „fire‟, „white‟ (previous research identifies several more cognates on this list). The paper then concludes by introducing a set of cognate inflectional morphemes, including the root suffixes *-i „infinitive/converb‟, *-a „infinitive/irrealis‟, *-or „adnominal/nonpast‟, and *-ko „gerund.‟ In terms of numbers of speakers, Japanese-Ryukyuan and Korean are the largest language isolates in the world. -
Writing As Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-Language Literature
At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2021 Reading Committee: Edward Mack, Chair Davinder Bhowmik Zev Handel Jeffrey Todd Knight Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2021 Christopher J Lowy University of Washington Abstract At the Intersection of Script and Literature: Writing as Aesthetic in Modern and Contemporary Japanese-language Literature Christopher J Lowy Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Edward Mack Department of Asian Languages and Literature This dissertation examines the dynamic relationship between written language and literary fiction in modern and contemporary Japanese-language literature. I analyze how script and narration come together to function as a site of expression, and how they connect to questions of visuality, textuality, and materiality. Informed by work from the field of textual humanities, my project brings together new philological approaches to visual aspects of text in literature written in the Japanese script. Because research in English on the visual textuality of Japanese-language literature is scant, my work serves as a fundamental first-step in creating a new area of critical interest by establishing key terms and a general theoretical framework from which to approach the topic. Chapter One establishes the scope of my project and the vocabulary necessary for an analysis of script relative to narrative content; Chapter Two looks at one author’s relationship with written language; and Chapters Three and Four apply the concepts explored in Chapter One to a variety of modern and contemporary literary texts where script plays a central role. -
Japanese Ordnance Markings
IAPANLS )RDNAN( MARKING KEY CHARACTERS for Essential Japanese Ordnance Materiel TABLE CHARACTER ORDNANCE TABLE CHARACTER ORDNANCE Tanks 1* Trucks MG Cars 11 Rifle Vehicles Pistol Carbine Sha J _ _ Bullet Grenade 2 Shell (w. #12) 12 Artillery Shell Bomb (w. #18) (W. #2) Rocket Dan Ryi Cannon !i~iI~Mark Number and 13~ Data on Bombs Howitzer Mortar H5 Go' 1 Metric Terms Explosives 14 Ammunition (Weight & Dimension) Yaku Sanchi Miri 5 Type 15 Aircraft Shiki . Ki Year 6 16 Metals Month Nen Getsu Tetsu Gasoline Fuze 7 ~Fuel Oils 17 Cap Lubricating Oils Train Yu Kan Primer Shell Case Airplane Bomb 8 Bangalore Torpedo 18 (w. #2) Grenade Launcher Complete Round To' Baku 9 (o) Unit or 9 (Organization 19 Factory He) Gun Sho Mines 10 Torpedo (Aerial) 20 n Arsenal Rai Sho RESTRICTED Translation of JAPANESE ORDNANCE MARKINGS AUGUST, 1945 A. S. F. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE WASHINGTON, D. C. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Table of Contents PAGE SECTION ONE-Introduction General Discussion of Japanese Characters........................................... 1 Unusual Methods of Japanese Markings....................................................... 5 SECTION TWO-Instructions for Translating Japanese Markings Different Japanese Calendar Systems......................................................... 8 Japanese Characters for Type and Modification............................................ 9 Explanation of the Key Characters and Their Use....................................... 10 Key Characters for Essential Japanese Ordnance Materiel.......................... 11 Method of Using the Key Character Tables in Translation............................ 12 Tables of Basic Key Characters for Japanese Ordnance................................ 17 SECTION THREE-Practical Reading and Translation of Japanese Characters Japanese Markings Copied from a Tag Within an Ammunition Box.......... 72 Japanese Markings on an Airplane Bomb.................................................... 73 Japanese Markings on a Heavy Gun................................................... -
Countable Nouns and Classifiers in Japanese
Countable Nouns and Classifiers in Japanese Yasutada Sudo University College London [email protected] Outline: §1 Argue against the view that the semantics of nouns is (partly) responsible for obligatory classifiers in Japanese. (I don’t have much to say about other obligatory classifier languages) §2 Pursue the alternative idea that classifiers are required because of the numerals. 1 Against the (Popular) View on Nouns and Classifiers in Japanese • Nominals in classifier languages like Japanese have the following properties: ˝ Cannot combine directly with numerals; classifiers are obligatory (we’ll talk about excep- tions). (1) ⼀*(輪)の 花 ichi-*(rin)-no hana one-CL-GEN flower ‘one flower’ ˝ No (obligatory) number-marking, e.g. the same noun as (1) is used in the following exam- ples. (2) 五輪の 花 (3) たくさんの 花 go-rin-no hana takusan-no hana five-CL-GEN flower a.lot-GEN flower ‘five flowers’ ‘a lot of flowers’ ˝ (Bare nouns can denote kinds; Krifka 1995, Chierchia 1998a,b) • Popular view on the semantics of nouns and classifiers:1 ˝ The denotations of nouns in obligatory classifier languages are incompatible with ‘counting’, and hence incompatible with direct modification by numerals. ˝ The function of classifiers is to turn such denotations into countable ones. Conse- quently, CL+NP is semantically compatible with a numeral. • NB: This is independent from the issue of mass vs. count noun denotations. It is widely be- lieved by now that obligatory classifier languages make a semantic mass/count distinction in nouns, contra Denny 1986, Lucy 1992 (see Bale & Barner 2009, Inagaki & Barner 2009, Li, Dunham & Carey 2009, Doetjes 2012, among many others; See also the data in §§1.2–1.3). -
Applicant Preparation Guide for the Post Entry-Level Test Battery
APPLICANT PREPARATION GUIDE FOR THE POST ENTRY-LEVEL TEST BATTERY PREPARING FOR THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE AND CLOZE EXAMS There are many different types of tests. Two kinds of tests that most of us are familiar with are achievement tests and aptitude tests. Achievement tests measure what you know about some specific thing. A final exam in college is an example of an achievement test. In a final exam, the student is evaluated on how well he or she has mastered the curriculum of the class. Aptitude tests are quite different; they are tests for determining the probability of a person's success in some activity in which he or she is not yet trained. A college entrance test, such as the SAT, is an example of an aptitude test. In reality, achievement tests and aptitude tests occupy the end points of a continuum of test type for all tests are a little of each. It is important to know the distinction between the two types of tests is because, in general, you can study to improve your score on an achievement test, but there is only a limited amount of study and preparation that you can do for an aptitude test. The POST Test-Battery is primarily a language aptitude test. As such, there is some improvement in test score that can be achieved by preparation, but how you do on the test is primarily determined by how much language skill you presently possess. Language skills develop over a lifetime and tend to be very stable. Noticeable improvement in language skills typically takes a prolonged, intense effort. -
CH.5 Establishment of Trademark Rights
PART 2. SUBSTANTIVE TRADEMARK LAW CHAPTER 5: ESTABLISHMENT OF TRADEMARK RIGHTS CHAPTER 6: TRADEMARK SUBJECT MATTER CHAPTER 7: TRADEMARK ENFORCEMENT CHAPTER 8: TRANSFER OF TRADEMARK RIGHTS CHAPTER 9: DURATION AND EXHAUSTION OF TRADEMARK RIGHTS CHAPTER 5. ESTABLISHMENT OF TRADEMARK RIGHTS SECTION 1: REGISTRATION-BASED DOCTRINE AND USE-BASED DOCTRINE I. Registration-based Doctrine Defined Trademark rights are established two different ways. When trademark rights have been established based on a formal registration, the rights as granted are said to be "registration-based." When trademark rights are established based on actual use, the rights that are effectively granted are said to be "used-based." (See Amino, page 118; Shibuya, page 1; Toyosaki, page 349; and Ono-Sodan, page 8). In some systems, actual use is a requirement at the time of trademark registration.1 These systems are still called use-based systems, even though registration is sought or obtained. On the other hand, there are systems in which registration is permitted based only on an intent to use without a showing of actual use at the time of registration (for example, this is the case under English, German, and even Japanese law). These systems are strictly registration -based. (See Tikujyo-Kaisetsu, page 990; and Mitsuishi, page 11. Toyosaki Older Version, page 68 discusses the registration-based system, and Tikujo-Kaisetsu modified that explanation slightly at page 734 of 1986 version.) There are two types of registration: registration in which effective rights are granted (German trademark law) and registration in which effective rights are presumptively granted (England and the U.S.). Previously, when presumptive rights are granted upon registration even when there is no use of the trademark (England), the system was considered to be use-based. -
Open Steinle Cory Kanyecriticism.Pdf
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION ARTS & SCIENCES “I THOUGHT ABOUT KILLING YOU”: CONSIDERING THE UTILITY OF RHETORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICAL APPROACHES TO KANYE WEST’S YE CORY N. STEINLE SPRING 2020 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for baccalaureate degrees in Communication Arts and Sciences and Labor and Employment Relations with honors in Communication Arts and Sciences Reviewed and approved* by the following: Bradford Vivian Professor of Communication Arts & Sciences Thesis Supervisor Lori Bedell Associate Teaching Professor in Communication Arts & Sciences Honors Adviser * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. i ABSTRACT This paper examines the merits of intrinsic and extrinsic critical approaches to hip-hop artifacts. To do so, I provide both a neo-Aristotelian and biographical criticism of three songs from ye (2018) by Kanye West. Chapters 1 & 2 consider Roland Barthes’ The Death of the Author and other landmark papers in rhetorical and literary theory to develop an intrinsic and extrinsic approach to criticizing ye (2018), evident in Tables 1 & 2. Chapter 3 provides the biographical antecedents of West’s life prior to the release of ye (2018). Chapters 4, 5, & 6 supply intrinsic (neo-Aristotelian) and extrinsic (biographical) critiques of the selected artifacts. Each of these chapters aims to address the concerns of one of three guiding questions: which critical approaches prove most useful to the hip-hop consumer listening to this song? How can and should the listener construct meaning? Are there any improper ways to critique and interpret this song? Chapter 7 discusses the variance in each mode of critical analysis from Chapters 4, 5, & 6. -
In Because of Mr. Terupt by Rob Buyea Content
Content Questions Question Answer Pg # In Because of Mr. Terupt by Rob Buyea What grade does Mr Terupt teach? 5th grade 1 What month does Because of Mr. Terupt start? September 1 What kind of teacher is the best hope to get? Brand-new 1 Which character first narrates BOMT? Peter 1 What grade is Peter entering? Fifth 1 What is the name of the rookie teacher? Mr. Terupt 1 Where does Peter go to get out of doing work? The bathrooms 1 Where are the bathrooms located? Right across the hall 1 What did Peter's brother say you would have to clean the A tooth brush 2 toilets with if you got caught plugging them with toilet paper? Who is the pirncipal? Mrs. Williams 2 What are the two nicknames Mr. Terupt wanted to give Peter Mr. Peebody Pee-er 2 for using the restroom? What table did Peter sit at? Number Three 3 Who sat right next to Peter? Marty 3 What is the name of the school where Mr Terupt teaches? Snow Hill School 4 What was the name of the school? Snow Hill School 4 What state does the book take place? Connecticut 4 What color hair does Mr.s Williams have? Brown 4 Who is Jessica's Mom? Julie Whiteman 4 Two part question: What is the name of Jessica's new school Snow Hill School AND Mrs. Williams. 5 and who is the principal? Where is Jessica from? California 5 Where is Jessica's dad? California 5 What does Jessica's dad do? Write plays 5 1 Content Questions Question Answer Pg # In Because of Mr. -
Two-Words.Pdf
TWO WORDS by Isabel Allende Copyright © 1989 by Isabel Allende https://fortheloveofshortstories.wordpress.com/2016/09/01/two-words/ She went by the name of Belisa Crepusculario, not because she had been baptized with that name or given it by her mother, but because she herself had searched until she found the poetry of "beauty" and "twilight" and cloaked herself in it. She made her living selling words. She journeyed through the country from the high cold mountains to the burning coasts, stopping at fairs and in markets where she set up four poles covered by a canvas awning under which she took refuge from the sun and rain to minister to her customers. She did not have to peddle her merchandise because from having wandered far and near, everyone knew who she was. Some people waited for her from one year to the next, and when she appeared in the village with her bundle beneath her arm, they would form a line in front of her stall. Her prices were fair. For five centavos she delivered verses from memory, for seven she improved the quality of dreams, for nine she wrote love letters, for twelve she invented insults for irreconcilable enemies. She also sold stories, not fantasies but long, true stories she recited at one telling, never skipping a word. This is how she carried news from one town to another. People paid her to add a line or two: our son was born, so-and-so died, our children got married, the crops burned in the field. Wherever she went a small crowd gathered around to listen as she began to speak, and that was how they learned about each others' doings, about distant relatives, about what was going on in the civil war. -
Introduction to Japanese Computational Linguistics Francis Bond and Timothy Baldwin
1 Introduction to Japanese Computational Linguistics Francis Bond and Timothy Baldwin The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the Japanese language, and natural language processing (NLP) research on Japanese. For a more complete but accessible description of the Japanese language, we refer the reader to Shibatani (1990), Backhouse (1993), Tsujimura (2006), Yamaguchi (2007), and Iwasaki (2013). 1 A Basic Introduction to the Japanese Language Japanese is the official language of Japan, and belongs to the Japanese language family (Gordon, Jr., 2005).1 The first-language speaker pop- ulation of Japanese is around 120 million, based almost exclusively in Japan. The official version of Japanese, e.g. used in official settings andby the media, is called hyōjuNgo “standard language”, but Japanese also has a large number of distinctive regional dialects. Other than lexical distinctions, common features distinguishing Japanese dialects are case markers, discourse connectives and verb endings (Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyujyo, 1989–2006). 1There are a number of other languages in the Japanese language family of Ryukyuan type, spoken in the islands of Okinawa. Other languages native to Japan are Ainu (an isolated language spoken in northern Japan, and now almost extinct: Shibatani (1990)) and Japanese Sign Language. Readings in Japanese Natural Language Processing. Francis Bond, Timothy Baldwin, Kentaro Inui, Shun Ishizaki, Hiroshi Nakagawa and Akira Shimazu (eds.). Copyright © 2016, CSLI Publications. 1 Preview 2 / Francis Bond and Timothy Baldwin 2 The Sound System Japanese has a relatively simple sound system, made up of 5 vowel phonemes (/a/,2 /i/, /u/, /e/ and /o/), 9 unvoiced consonant phonemes (/k/, /s/,3 /t/,4 /n/, /h/,5 /m/, /j/, /ó/ and /w/), 4 voiced conso- nants (/g/, /z/,6 /d/ 7 and /b/), and one semi-voiced consonant (/p/).