Universidade De Lisboa Faculdade De Letras Área De Artes, Literaturas E Culturas

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Universidade De Lisboa Faculdade De Letras Área De Artes, Literaturas E Culturas UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS ÁREA DE ARTES, LITERATURAS E CULTURAS DESCRIÇÃO SISTÉMICO-FUNCIONAL DA GRAMÁTICA DO MODO ORACIONAL DAS ORAÇÕES EM NYUNGWE Sóstenes Valente Rego DOUTORAMENTO NO RAMO DE CONHECIMENTO DE LINGUÍSTICA Especialidade de Linguística Geral 2012 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS ÁREA DE ARTES, LITERATURAS E CULTURAS DESCRIÇÃO SISTÉMICO-FUNCIONAL DA GRAMÁTICA DO MODO ORACIONAL DAS ORAÇÕES EM NYUNGWE Sóstenes Valente Rego Tese orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Carlos A. M. Gouveia DOUTORAMENTO NO RAMO DE CONHECIMENTO DE LINGUÍSTICA Especialidade de Linguística Geral 2012 ii Descrição sistémico-funcional da gramática do modo oracional das orações em nyungwe © Sóstenes Valente Rego, Faculdade de Letras da UL, Universidade de Lisboa. A Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa e a Universidade de Lisboa têm licença não exclusiva para arquivar e tornar acessível, nomeadamente através do seu repositor institucional, esta tese, no todo ou em parte, em suporte digital, para acesso mundial. A Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa e a Universidade de Lisboa estão autorizadas a arquivar e, sem alterar o conteúdo, converter a tese ou dissertação entregue, para qualquer formato de ficheiro, meio ou suporte, nomeadamente através da sua digitalização, para efeitos de preservação e acesso. iii iv A todos os anyungwe discriminados na sua própria terra por não falarem a língua oficial única. Às hienas de Tete tão badalados e odiados seres eternos protagonistas de mitologias, feitiços, magias… v vi AGRADECIMENTOS Um trabalho desta índole e envergadura, envolve sempre, directa ou indirectamente, muitas pessoas. Mesmo correndo o risco de omitir algumas, sinto-me na obrigação moral de, através deste meio, publicamente fazer os devidos agradecimentos. Queria, pois, em jeito de uma profunda gratidão, destinar os meus primeiros agradecimentos àqueles que estão na base deste trabalho. E são muitos. Desde logo, agradeço aos meus mizimu , ‘espíritos dos ancestrais’, que foram incansáveis, insistindo-me nos sonhos e nos pensamentos para que, volvidos tantos anos de dedicação exclusiva à língua, cultura e linguística portuguesas, dedicasse também a minha atenção, ao estudo da língua, cultura e linguística nyungwes e através delas ao estudo do seu povo. Fui eleito pelos mizimu para realizar esta nobre missão de descrever a gramática da língua nyungwe . Foi para mim uma grande honra e tenho muito orgulho nisso. Reconheço ter tido sobre os meus ombros uma grande responsabilidade, pelo que dei o melhor de mim para merecer essa confiança. Agora, mais terrenamente, não poderia esquecer nunca de em primeiro lugar agradecer à Prof.ª Doutora Margarita Correia que, apesar de se ter mostrado indisponível para ser minha orientadora por não trabalhar com a teoria linguística envolvida, se comprometeu a contactar o Prof. Doutor Carlos Gouveia, especialista na matéria. Faltam-me palavras para agradecer ao meu orientador, Prof. Doutor Carlos A. M. Gouveia. Ainda assim, queria agradecer-lhe a sua permanente disponibilidade para atender as minhas solicitações e para rever textos meus para esta dissertação e não só, o constante apoio, quer sugerindo leituras, quer emprestando livros seus. Foi para mim uma constante fonte de ideias, perspectivas e argumentos. Estar-lhe-ei sempre em dívida. Esta dissertação está-lhe irremediavelmente ligada, embora o seu conteúdo e forma sejam da minha inteira responsabilidade. À Luzia Moniz, minha camarada irmã da imigração, uma mulher très engagée , agradeço a amizade, a camaradagem, a fraternidade, os afectos, as cumplicidades, os convívios, as empatias, a frontalidade, a assertividade, os debates, o encorajamento. Com ela, aprendi muito. Ao meu conterrâneo e amigo, Diogo Mawanda, nyungwe assumido como eu, agradeço-lhe o ter-me possibilitado partilhar a mesma língua, a mesma cultura, os mesmos deuses, o mesmo chão, o mesmo Zambeze, as mesmas hienas, os mesmos crocodilos, coisas que nos nossos dias, em Portugal assim como em Moçambique, dificilmente se conseguem. Mawanda é um grande entusiasta do meu trabalho de investigação sobre a língua nyungwe e grande cultor e promotor também de tudo que se relacione com o nyungwe . A outro manyungwe , Inácio Repolho Masaza, o único que me conseguiu convencer a cortar o meu rasta , agradeço a insistência, os estímulos já na fase final deste trabalho. À Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), agradeço a Bolsa de Investigação com a referência SFRH/ BD/ 28353/ 2006, que me permitiu, durante qautro anos: pagar propinas e outras despesas inerentes à minha formação na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa (FLUL) e no Instituto de Linguística Teórica e Computacional (ILTEC) e fazer face às minhas despesas correntes. Foi o oxigénio de que os atletas necessitam para lograrem algum sucesso em competições desportivas muito exigentes, como é o caso. O Instituto de Linguística Teórica e Computacional (ILTEC), minha instituição de acolhimento, acolheu-me efectivamente. Senti-me como se estivesse em minha casa. Foi onde passei a maior parte do meu tempo nestes últimos anos. Tive excelentes condições físicas, materiais, psicológicas para realizar as minhas pesquisas. Desde a Direcção do ILTEC até ao restante pessoal, passando pelos meus colegas investigadores, todos, de uma maneira ou de vii outra, foram de extrema prestabilidade e sempre me acudiram nas minhas incessantes solicitações de ordem linguística e de ordem computacional. O ILTEC proporcionou-me umas das raras oportunidades de trabalhar em equipa, num ambiente multidisciplinar e multicultural, onde colhi boas experiências. Do ILTEC não posso deixar de destacar alguns colegas e amigos: a Presidente do Instituto, Prof.ª Doutora Maria Helena Mira Mateus, a Prof.ª Doutora Margarita Correia, o meu orientador, Prof. Doutor Carlos Gouveia, o Tiago Freitas – que me iniciou no Multimedia Annotator (ELAN), um produto da Language Archiving Techonology , e nas gravações de voz através do telemóvel –, o Roberto Carlos Assis, a Marta Alexandre, o Will Martinéz, o Mário Martins, o Pedro Morais, o José Pedro Ferreira, a Mafalda Mendes, o Nuno Carvalho; cada um deles, de uma ou de outra maneira, deu o seu contributo para este trabalho. Na etapa final do trabalho, contei com a preciosa colaboração dos meus amigos Luísa Ramos de Carvalho, Frank Ulrich Seiler, Raja Litwinoff e Sílvia Barbosa, que me ajudaram na formatação final do texto. Por tudo, estou profundamente grato. Permito-me finalmente agradecer a Sisito Matete, meu alter ego , que sempre me acompanhou e que me serviu de amparo nos momentos de fraquejo. Também lhe devo ter chegado até aqui. Esta tese de Doutoramento representa as vidas que eu não vivi para dar vida a esta outra vida. E uma vez que ela aqui está, não tenho dúvidas de que ganhei mais uma vida. viii RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objectivo descrever o funcionamento do Modo Oracional da língua nyungwe . Esta descrição linguística baseia-se no modelo sistémico- funcional, concebido e desenvolvido por Michael Halliday. Neste modelo, a língua é encarada como um sistema semiótico com vários sistemas integrados e interligados. Esta descrição centra-se mais precisamente no Modo Oracional e tem em conta os diferentes contextos sociais e culturais em que as orações declarativa, interrogativa, interrogativa modulada e imperativa (e os seus diversos desdobramentos) são usadas. Embora todas as línguas naturais tenham um sistema do Modo Oracional, cada uma pode apresentar as suas especificidades que a distingue das outras. Nesta descrição, procura-se descrever as características gerais e as funções linguísticas básicas do Modo Oracional do nyungwe , salientando as semelhanças e dissemelhanças, com particular destaque para os seus padrões e realizações estruturais específicas. Os tipos de oração da língua nyungwe descritos apontam para a existência de uma ordem flexível dos constituintes frásicos e para a ausência de Finito, tal como é encarado no inglês, língua que serviu de modelo devido ao seu elevado número de descrições do ponto de vista da Gramática Sistémico-Funcional. As funções de Finito são redistribuídas nos vários morfemas integrados no Predicador, tornando-o num elemento estruturante e no mais rico recurso da lexicogramática nyungwe , com potencial para gerar vários significados interpessoais, diversas variações semânticas e uma multiplicidade de funções, com particular destaque para os complementos e adjuntos clíticos, respectivamente Complementos-clíticos e Adjuntos-clíticos, na senda do conceito de Caffarel. Todos os exemplos e argumentos apresentados neste trabalho são baseados em textos orais autênticos e actuais recolhidos no ano de 2009. Palavras-chave : Nyungwe , Modo Oracional, Orações, Predicador, morfema. ix x ABSTRACT This work aims at describing Mood in the Nyungwe language. The description is based upon the Systemic-Functional Model, as thought of and developed by Michel Halliday. Under this model, language is taken as a semiotic system with several integrated and intertwined systems. Being a description of Mood, the present work is focused on declarative, interrogative, modulated interrogative and imperative clauses, and their several subtypes, taking into account the different social and cultural contexts in which they can be used. Although all natural languages have a Mood system, each can have its own particularities, setting it apart from others. This description aims at pinning down the general traits and functions of Nyungwe Mood, pointing out similarities and
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