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The Joint Force After Huntington Issue 81, 2nd Quarter 2016 The Joint Force after Huntington Fighting Ebola Defense Entrepreneurship JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY ISSUE EIGHTY ONE, 2 ND QUARTER 2016 Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 81, 2nd Quarter 2016 http://ndupress.ndu.edu Gen Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., USMC, Publisher MajGen Frederick M. Padilla, USMC, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Production Editor John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Copyeditor Erin L. Sindle Book Review Editor Dr. Frank G. Hoffman Art Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Printing Office Advisory Committee COL Michael S. Bell, USA (Ret.), Ph.D./College of International Security Affairs; LTG Robert B. Brown, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; Brig Gen Christopher A. Coffelt, USAF/Air War College; Col Keil Gentry, USMC/Marine Corps War College; BGen Thomas A. Gorry, USMC/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; Col Steven J. Grass, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Brig Gen Darren E. Hartford, USAF/National War College; Col Brian E. Hastings, USAF/Air Command and Staff College; RADM P. Gardner Howe III/U.S. Naval War College; LTG William C. Mayville, Jr., USA/The Joint Staff; MG William E. Rapp, USA/U.S. Army War College; LtGen Thomas D. Waldhauser, USMC/The Joint Staff; RDML Brad Williamson/Joint Forces Staff College Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Stephen D. Chiabotti/ School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; COL Joseph J. Collins, USA (Ret.)/ National War College; Mark J. Conversino/Air War College; Thomas P. Ehrhard/Office of the Secretary of Defense; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Bryon Greenwald/Joint Forces Staff College; Col Thomas C. Greenwood, USMC (Ret.)/Office of the Secretary of Defense; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Mark H. Jacobsen/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.)/The Joint Staff; Kathleen Mahoney-Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Thomas L. McNaugher/Georgetown University; Col Mark Pizzo, USMC (Ret.)/ National War College; James A. Schear/Office of the Secretary of Defense; LtGen Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.) Printed in St. Louis, Missouri, by Cover 2 images (top to bottom): “America’s Arctic Warriors” use teamwork to drag ahkio sled loaded with over 300 pounds of gear during annual U.S. Army Alaska Winter Games at Fort Wainwright, January 2016 (U.S. Army/John Pennell); Marine with 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit engages targets during desert survival and tactics course while training with 5th Overseas Combined Arms Regiment in Djibouti (U.S. Marine Corps/Steve H. Lopez); U.S. Air Forces in Europe Band during Fasching parade, February 2015, in Ramstein-Miesenbach, Germany (U.S. Air Force/Timothy Moore) About the Cover In this Issue Gunner’s Mate 2nd Class Arlan Mecham instructs Sailor firing M240 machine gun during live-fire Forum exercise on fantail of USS John C. 2 Executive Summary Stennis (CVN 74), Pacific Ocean, August 29, 2015 (U.S. Navy/ 4 Crafting and Managing Jonathan Jiang) Effects: The Evolution of the Profession of Arms By James G. Stavridis, Ervin J. Rokke, and Terry C. Pierce 10 Errors in Strategic Thinking: Anti-Politics and the Macro Bias By Celestino Perez, Jr. 19 Strategy 2.0: The Features Joint Doctrine Next Generation 76 Cheap Technology 129 Interorganizational By Margaret M. Polski Will Challenge U.S. Cooperation III of III: The Tactical Dominance Joint Force Perspective 26 Rediscovering the Art of By T.X. Hammes By James C. McArthur, Cara Allison Strategic Thinking: Developing Marshall, Dale Erickson, E. Paul 21st-Century Strategic Leaders 86 The Missing Lever: A Joint Flowers, Michael E. Franco, George By Daniel H. McCauley Military Advisory Command for H. Hock, George E. Katsos, Luther Partner-Nation Engagement L. King, William E. Kirby, William M. Mantiply, Michael E. McWilliams, 34 Strategic Agility: Theory By Kevin D. Stringer and Practice A. Christopher Munn, Jeffrey K. 92 Back to Basics on Hybrid Padilla, Elmer L. Roman, Raymond E. By Charles H. Jacoby, Jr., Vanzwienen, and Jeffrey P. Wissel with Ryan L. Shaw Warfare in Europe: A Lesson from the Balkans 140 Thoughts on Force Protection By Christopher J. Lamb and By Richard E. Berkebile JPME Today Susan Stipanovich 43 Sustaining the “New 148 Joint Doctrine Update Norm” of Jointness 102 Economic Development in By Case Cunningham, Patrick Counterinsurgency: Building Joint Force Quarterly is published by the National a Stable Second Pillar Defense University Press for the Chairman of the Donahoe, Mike Jernigan, Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman’s flagship and Michael Riggins By Patrick H. Donley joint military and security studies journal designed to inform members of the U.S. Armed Forces, allies, and 48 The Future of Senior 112 Defense Entrepreneurship: other partners on joint and integrated operations; national security policy and strategy; efforts to combat Service College Education: How to Build Institutions for terrorism; homeland security; and developments in Heed the Clarion Call Innovation Inside the Military training and joint professional military education to transform America’s military and security apparatus By Charles D. Allen and By James Hasik to meet tomorrow’s challenges better while protecting Edward J. Filiberti freedom today. All published articles have been vetted through a peer-review process and cleared by the 54 Officers Are Less Intelligent: Recall Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review. What Does It Mean? NDU Press is the National Defense University’s 118 If We Fight Joint, Shouldn’t cross-component, professional military and academic By Matthew F. Cancian Our History Reflect That? publishing house. By David F. Winkler The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are those of the Commentary contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense or any other agency of 62 Fighting Ebola: An Interagency Book Reviews the Federal Government. Collaboration Paradigm 124 Counterinsurgency in Crisis Submissions and Communications JFQ welcomes submission of scholarly, independent By Ross F. Lightsey Reviewed by F.G. Hoffman research from members of the Armed Forces, security policymakers and shapers, defense analysts, 70 Harnessing the Influence of 125 Clausewitz academic specialists, and civilians from the United Senior Enlisted Leaders States and abroad. Submit articles for consideration Reviewed by John T. Kuehn to ScholarOne, available at https://mc04. By Paul Kingsbury manuscriptcentral.com/ndupress. Or write to: 126 Superforecasting Editor, Joint Force Quarterly Reviewed by Michael J. Mazarr NDU Press 260 Fifth Avenue (Building 64, Room 2504) Fort Lesley J. McNair Washington, DC 20319 Telephone: (202) 685-4220/DSN 325 Email: [email protected] JFQ online: www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jfq/jfq.htm 2nd Quarter, April 2016 ISSN 1070-0692 President Kennedy, President Eisenhower, and military aides at Camp David, Maryland, April 22, 1961 (Robert L. Knudsen/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration) Executive Summary n a previous career, I was a strategic- them to use maps with more familiar but planning is everything. There is and operational-level planner. One U.S. terrain including Gettysburg and a very great distinction because when I of the many quotations I learned other Civil War venues. It seems that you are planning for an emergency you early on was from one of World War planning for the last war is not some- must start with this one thing: the very II’s great leaders who himself was an thing new. Unknowingly, the planners’ definition of ‘emergency’ is that it is effective staff officer, General Dwight first intuition to use European battle- unexpected, therefore it is not going D. Eisenhower. Speaking at a gather- grounds was correct; a few years later to happen the way you are planning” ing of American business leaders well the maps selected were dead center on (remarks at the National Defense Exec- into his second term as President, Ike the battlefields of 1914–1918, but in utive Reserve Conference, November related a story about a group of officers Ike’s view, the skills they developed in 14, 1957). Later, as a planner, I told my who were working out how to employ the planning effort were more import- teammates that planners learn to plan, large formations before the Great War ant than the plans they produced. He and then plan to plan again. Nothing broke out. These officers were using felt so strongly about the value of the was ever fixed because a plan was only maps of the central terrain in Europe, planning process that he told these a reflection of the information available but their superiors at Leavenworth told industrialists, “Plans are worthless, at the time. The key to success was 2 Forum / Executive Summary JFQ 81, 2nd Quarter 2016 how well planners learned from their In researching how the military Services T.X. Hammes warns us of the poten- experiences. This constant renewing is develop strategists, M.M. Polski offers tial for significant threats to our major essential for developing the minds of a close look at what success the Services weapon systems from increasingly easy those involved than whether the plan have had in this effort. Daniel McCauley to obtain technologies. Seeing a require- would be useful. next helps us focus on strategic thinking ment for a new organizational structure For me, teaching the next generation as the key to the development of the next requirement based on recent part- of leaders in the national security world generation of strategic leaders. Virtually ner-nation engagements, Kevin Stringer has served to reinforce Ike’s wisdom. every study and article on how to deal suggests that the Defense Department Planners plan and then plan again.
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