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Imagining Rūm in Mamluk Cairo ʿabd Al-Bāsiṭ Al-Malaṭī and the Ottoman Domains

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Imagining Rūm in Mamluk Cairo ʿabd Al-Bāsiṭ Al-Malaṭī and the Ottoman Domains IMAGINING RŪM IN MAMLUK CAIRO ʿABD AL-BĀSIṬ AL-MALAṬĪ AND THE OTTOMAN DOMAINS PRERENDERUNICODE{ÁŹŊ}INTOPREAMBLE] PRERENDERUNICODE{ÄŃ}INTOPREAMBLE] by ÖMER FARUK İLGEZDİ Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University August 2020 IMAGINING RŪM IN MAMLUK CAIRO ʿABD AL-BĀSIṬ AL-MALAṬĪ AND THE OTTOMAN DOMAINS Approved by: Asst. Prof. Ferenc Péter Csirkés ................................................. (Thesis Supervisor) Asst. Prof. Yusuf Hakan Erdem ................................................. Assoc. Prof. Derin Terzioğlu ...................................................... Date of Approval: August 18, 2020 Ömer Faruk İlgezdi 2020 c All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT IMAGINING RŪM IN MAMLUK CAIRO ʿABD AL-BĀSIṬ AL-MALAṬĪ AND THE OTTOMAN DOMAINS ÖMER FARUK İLGEZDİ HISTORY M.A. THESIS, AUGUST 2020 Thesis Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Ferenc Péter Csirkés Keywords: Mamluk-Ottoman Relations, The Fifteenth Century, Abd al-Basit al-Malati, Bayezid II, Patronage This thesis is a study of a neglected late Mamluk scholar and historian Abd al-Basit b. Khalil b. Shahin al-Malati with a special focus on the image of the Ottomans and their patronage in his historical works and especially his biographical dictio- nary. Al-Malati depicts the Ottoman sultans as generous patrons of knowledge and portrays the contemporary Ottoman ruler Bayezid II as a scholar-king. The present thesis attempts to introduce al-Malati and his oeuvre, contextualize his historical works, also searching for how he learned about the Rumi sultans. Informal networks between these two regions played a significant role in al-Malati’s description of Ot- toman patronage. By informal networks here, we mean al-Malati’s encounters with various scholars, merchants, emigres, and captives from the Ottoman lands outside the formal channels of diplomacy and scholarly activities. The thesis also contextu- alizes al-Malati’s observations about Rumi scholars and Bayezid II’s patronage and argues that al-Malati’s trouble with contemporary Mamluk patronage led him to adopt a pro-Ottoman attitude amid the power struggle between the Mamluks and the Ottomans in the eastern Mediterranean. Building on these points, the study also seeks to problematize the idea that the Ottoman lands were marginal to Islamic learning before the Ottoman conquest of Greater Syria and Egypt in 1517. A care- ful study of al-Malati and his environment suggests that Ottoman scholarly life was appreciated in Mamluk scholarly circles in the late fifteenth century, already before the Ottoman expansion into the Arab lands. iv ÖZET ABDÜLBÂSIT EL-MALATÎ’NİN ESERLERİNDE OSMANLI TAHAYYÜLÜ ÖMER FARUK İLGEZDI TARİH YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ, AĞUSTOS 2020 Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Ferenc Péter Csirkés Anahtar Kelimeler: Memlük-Osmanlı İlişkileri, On Beşinci Yüzyıl, Abdübasıt el-Malati, II. Bayezid, Patronaj Bu çalışma bir geç Memlük dönemi alim ve tarihçisi olan Abdübasıt el-Malati’nin eserlerindeki Osmanlı sultanlarının, devlet adamlarının ve Osmanlı entelektüel pa- tronajının yansımalarına dair bir incelemedir. Müellif genel olarak Osmanlı sultan- larını alimlerin cömert hamileri, dönemin hükümdarı II. Bayezid’i ise patronajının yanı sıra bir alim-sultan olarak tasvir etmektedir. Hakkında kapsayıcı bir çalışma bulunmayan el-Malati’nin eserleri, içerikleri ve siyasi bağlamları bakımından ince- lenecek ve müellifin Osmanlı sultanları ve onlarla ilişkili alimler hakkında ne tür yollarla bilgi edindiği irdelenecektir. Kahire ve İstanbul arasındaki gayriresmi ağlar el-Malati’nin Osmanlı tasavvurunda önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Burada gayriresmi ağlardan kastımız, müellifin Rum diyarından çeşitli alim, tüccar, sığınmacı ve esir- lerle diplomatik ve ilmi müesseselerin resmi kanallarının dışında geliştirdiği kişisel ilişkilerdir. El-Malati’nin Osmanlı tasavvurunu tarihsel bağlamında incelemenin ardından tez, müellifin Memlük topraklarındaki mevcut patronajdan memnun ol- madığı için Osmanlı yanlısı bir tutum izlediğini öne sürmektedir. El-Malati ve yakın çevresinin incelenmesiyle birlikte çalışmamız, Osmanlı hakimiyeti altındaki Diyar-ı Rum’un, 1517’de Arap vilayetlerinin ele geçirilmesinden önceki dönemde Memlük topraklarında ikamet eden alimlerin gözünde entelektüel canlılık bakımından görece önemsiz bir konumda olduğu kanısını tartışmaya açmayı önermektedir. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my teacher and advisor Ferenc Péter Csirkés, who has contributed significantly to my intellectual make-up with his vast knowledge of the historian’s craft in the last three years. His guidance, support, patience, and encouragement have been extraordinary. I feel incredibly fortunate to have been his student. To me, he will always be a source of inspiration. I doubt I shall ever write anything without imagining that he will read it. I am indebted to Hakan Erdem, who has shown an interest in my work and spared his time to discuss my questions. He was untiring in his careful reading of my thesis and providing his precious criticism. I have been extremely fortunate to have attended his seminars in which we enjoyed the first-hand experience of the intricacies of Ottoman sources. My special thanks are also due to Derin Terzioğlu, who has been a model as a scholar and teacher since I was an undergraduate student. She spared her hours not only to read my chapters and provide her invaluable feedback but also to mentor me in every stage of my journey in the last five y ears. She was also kind enough to let me audit her classes in Boğaziçi after I embarked on my studies at Sabancı University. This thesis would be much the poorer without Abdurrahman Atçıl’s support. I am particularly grateful to him for his invaluable and much-needed suggestions. He always took the time to discuss my ideas, and he has offered constant support throughout my MA. I also would like to express my gratitude to my teachers Tülay Artan, Halil Berktay, and Akşin Somel. They made my journey as a student of history a great experience. I was lucky enough to attend their insightful courses at Sabancı University, and to feel their academic and emotional support, especially at critical moments. We also had a great cohort in Sabancı; each one of them is dear to me. I am also grateful to Zahit Atçıl, who has guided me both intellectually and per- sonally in the last five years. He has always given his time and thoughtfulness and provided additional support through his good humor and open office door. The breadth of his intellectual curiosity drew me back to the field of history when I was planning to change my major. I have been trained in Ottoman history, and it was stressful to write about Mamluk vi history and sources. In this regard, I am particularly thankful to Büşra Sıdıka Kaya, who has been astonishingly generous with her time to share her knowledge of Mam- luk sources. Her support was indispensable. On a similar line, my gratitude goes to Muhammet Enes Midilli and İsa Uğurlu for providing their invaluable insights. I am indebted to Nail Okuyucu, the person who introduced me to ,Abd al-B¯asit. al-Malat.¯ı. I am thankful to him for his generosity. Hereby, I also would like to commemorate al-Malat.¯ı, rahimahullah. I see a sort of continuity between what he had done in his historical works and what I did in the thesis. My special thanks are also due to Guy Burak, İlker Evrim Binbaş, Cemal Kafadar, Özgür Kavak, Oscar Aguirre-Mandujano, and Himmet Taşkömür, who kindly accepted to meet, listened to my findings and provided their invaluable insights. I have been lucky in friendship, too. Special thanks go to my beloved friends Ahmet Melik Aksoy, Arif Erbil, and İbrahim Kılıçarslan, with whom I spent many happy hours, for the years of companionship and laughter. They have been especially central to my life and intellectual formation over the past few years. My study has also benefited from conversations with my new friends and colleagues, both intellectually and emotionally. Sincere thanks go to Anıl Aşkın, Mehmet Emin Güleçyüz, and Faruk Akyıldız. I am also grateful to my dear friends Mert Şen, Y. F. Enes Yalçın and Erkin Bulut for providing the technical support for LaTeX. Without their help, this thesis would not have been submitted. Reha Ermumcu and Ekrem Arslan helped me to obtain two essential books from Beirut, and Muhammet Yasir Şahin enabled me to get a crucial manuscript copy from Alexandria, without which this thesis could not have been written. I also would like to thank the staff of the distinguished libraries: the Süleymaniye Library and ISAM (Center for Islamic Studies). During my MA years, I have financially benefitted from the generous scholarship of the AYP Project of ISAM. I am thankful to the directors of the institution, especially to Tuncay Başoğlu, Eyüp Said Kaya, and İbrahim Köse. I am also grateful to ISAR (Istanbul Foundation of Research and Education) where I was introduced to the Classical Arabic texts and received solid training. Both institutions offered me intellectual homes in İstanbul. Last but certainly not least, my sincere thanks are due to my family. My parents have been unreservedly supportive of my career path. I also thank my brothers Ahmet and Yusuf for their humor and strength. Above all, I am eternally thankful to my wife, Ayşenur, whose support was unwavering in every stage of my studies. Without her friendship, I would not have survived this process. Lastly, it goes without saying that all the errors and
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