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Home , Osman I, Ottoman Turks

MONGOLS, TURKS AND MUGHALS

THE GUNPOWDER KINGDOMS MAP OF THE REGION

• – was the old Eastern Roman Empire. • Religion - Greek Orthodox Christians.

• The – Religion Muslim. OSMAN AND THE

• 1300 AD – built his empire in modern day . • The Ottoman Empire is named for Osman. • The Ottomans were the 1st to use gunpowder and cannons as Osman I – founder of the Ottoman Empire weapons. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• Leaders were called = overlord or “one with power.” • They were tolerant of other religions. • Ghazis or princes followed a strict code of Islamic conduct and were allowed to raid the territories of “infidels.” THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• The Ottoman Empire was a family that ruled for 600 years. • They were tolerant rulers and they allowed communities to follow their own religious laws, practices and customs.

The Great of , THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• It was forbidden to enslave another Muslim. • The Turks held a “boy levy” or gathering. Christian boys between the ages of 10 – 20 were selected to serve as special slaves of the Ottoman A devshirme Empire. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• In , the boys converted to , were made eunuchs, educated and given training in the martial arts. The top performers became an elite guard of foot soldiers in the service of the known as the .

MEHMET II - THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• 1453 – Mehmet II or Mehmet the Conqueror assembled a force of 125 ships and 100,000 soldiers armed with his janissaries, gunpowder and the 1st cannons to assault the Byzantine capital of . THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE FALLS TO MEHMET II

• What evidence of a “Gunpowder Kingdom” do you see in this painting? THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE FALLS TO MEHMET II

• 1453 -The Byzantine Orthodox Christians in the East held out for 5 weeks, but finally, the Ottoman Turks broke through. • The city was sacked and Hagia Sophia was turned into a Muslim mosque. MEHMET II - OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• Mehmet II was an able ruler. He was tolerant of all peoples. • He re-built the city of Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. • Istanbul became a multi-cultural nexus of people, cultures, and religions. MEHMET II - OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• However, the Ottoman Turks now blocked the from the East. This prompted European nations to search for an all-water route to the East. SULEIMAN I- OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• Suleiman I, or Suleiman the Lawgiver, was one of the more famous and capable Turkish rulers. • He was known for his military successes, the splendor of his court and his cultural achievements. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE – REVIEW

Can you name the top 3 rulers of the Ottoman Turks? Which one took Constantinople? Which one is known for his wisdom and laws? Which one is the Ottoman Empire named for? THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE – FALLS

• After 600 years of rule, during – 1914 – 1918, the Ottoman Turks sided with the (the German side), against the Allies. • The Central Powers lost, and the Ottoman Empire fell. TIMUR THE LAME OR TAMERLANE

• 1400’s - Turkish rule was interrupted by an Islamic fundamentalist named Timur the Lame or Tamerlane. • He claimed to be of the bloodline of Genghis Khan. • He believed the Turkish sultans were too tolerant of Hindus. TIMUR THE LAME OR TAMERLANE

• Tamerlane swept in New Delhi, India, and slaughtered over 100,000 Hindus. • He replaced the Great Laws of Genghis Khan with sharia – a belief in the moral code and religious law of Islam. • Islam was firmly established in N. India. TIMUR THE LAME OR TAMERLANE

• Why might Tamerlane’s Empire practice the religion of Islam? • Which regions might Tamerlane go to war with and why? TIMUR’S DESCENDANTS – THE MUGHAL RULERS OF N. INDIA - BABUR

• 1200 – 1500 AD - 17 brutal campaigns were fought between Hindus and Muslims. Muslim Sultans treated Hindus as conquered people. • Finally, in 1526, Babur, a more tolerant descendant of Timur, defeated the sultan of Delhi. • Babur was the 1st Mughal Emperor. Babur, 1st Mughal Emperor MUGHAL RULERS OF INDIA – AKBAR THE GREAT

• 1560’s - He was the “Great One,” - known for his tolerance of other religions and his wisdom. • He did not overtax the Hindus. • He ruled a unified India of over 100 million people. His country was larger than all European nations – Akbar the Great combined. above MUGHAL RULERS OF INDIA – SHAH JAHAN

• Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan, took the throne by killing all his rivals. • He had 2 passions – building, and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. • When she died, he built her a tomb that was to be “as beautiful as she was.” Shah Jahan • It was the Taj Mahal. MUGHAL RULERS OF INDIA – SHAH JAHAN AND THE TAJ MAHAL

• Described as Islamic art and architecture in India- the Taj Mahal. • It took 22 years to build. 20,000 workers toiled daily on the world’s most famous tomb. Over 1,000 elephants brought in white marble, and over 28 precious stones for the design. INDIA AND IMPERIALISM

• By the 1600’s, the Dutch, Portuguese, French and British all wanted control of the valuable spice trade coming out of India. • By the 1850’s, Great Britain gained control of India and made it the “Jewel in their crown.” Mohatama Gandhi, • India would not be free pictured here, will lead India’s move for freedom again until 1947. from the British.