Was Suleiman?
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Selim I–Mehmet Vi)
CHRONOLOGY (SELIM I–MEHMET VI) Years of Sultan Important dates reign 1512–1520 Selim I Conquest of Egypt, Selim assumes the title of Caliph (1517) 1520–1566 Süleyman Vienna sieged (1529); War with Venice (1537–1540); Annexation of Hungary (1541) 1566–1574 Selim II Ottoman navy loses the battle of Lepanto (1571) 1574–1595 Murad III Janissary revolts (1589 and 1591–1592) 1595–1603 Mehmed III War with Austria continues (1595– ) 1603–1617 Ahmed I War with Austria ends; Buda is recovered (1604) 1617–1622 Osman II Janissaries murder Osman (1622) 1622–1623 Mustafa I Janissary Revolt (1622) 1623–1640 Murad IV Baghdad recovered (1638); War with Iran (1624–1639) 1640–1648 İbrahim I War with Venice (1645); Assassination of İbrahim (1648) 1648–1687 Mehmed IV Janissary dominance in Istanbul and anar- chy (1649–1651); War with Venice continues (1663); War with Austria, and siege of Vienna (1683) 1687–1691 Süleyman II Janissary revolt (1687); Austria’s occupation of Belgrade (1688) 1691–1695 Ahmed II War with Austria (1694) 1695–1703 Mustafa II Treaty of Karlowitz (1699); Janissary revolt and deposition of Mustafa (1703) 1703–1730 Ahmed III Refuge of Karl XII (1709); War with Venice (1714–1718); War with Austria (1716); Treaty of Passarowitz (1718); ix x REFORMING OTTOMAN GOVERNANCE Tulip Era (1718–1730) 1730–1754 Mahmud I War with Russia and Austria (1736–1759) 1754–1774 Mustafa III War with Russia (1768); Russian Fleet in the Aegean (1770); Inva- sion of the Crimea (1771) 1774–1789 Abdülhamid I Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774); War with Russia (1787) -
The Aegean Expeditions of Bayezid Ii (H. 903-906/1498-1500) (The Conquest of Lepanto, Modon, Koron, and Navarino)
THE AEGEAN EXPEDITIONS OF BAYEZİD II (H. 903-906/1498-1500) (THE CONQUEST OF LEPANTO, MODON, KORON, AND NAVARINO) E M E L E SÎN * The detailed sources, distinct from the Ottoman chronicles and naval histories, to vvhich references vvill be made, are mainly the follovving: A biography of Bâyezîd II, Târîkh-i Sultân Bâyezîd, 1 to be shortly mentioned as the Târîkh is an anonymous manuscript, vvritten in the reign of Selim I (H. 918-26/1512-20). The vvork is illustrated vvith paintings, of equally unknovvn artists, apparently familiar vvith the related topography. The Târîkh, 2 as vvell as other documents3 narrate that Bâyezîd II ordered the construction of fortifications, on the sea-shores and the frontier regions, and planned expeditions, along the Black Sea and Aegean sea, then called in Turkish Jezâ’ir (the Islands). In the latter area, the Sultan vvanted to dis- mantle the strongholds of Mora (Morea) from vvhere attacks and landings on Ottoman soil vvere started. Hovvever, the Ottoman fleet had to be first strengthened. Nevv ships vvere built by the renovvned sailor ghâzî (combatant for the faith) Kemal Re’îs. 4 It should be noted, in brackets, that the translation of the term ghâzî, as pirate, is erroneous. The Ottoman ghâzîs, on land and sea, vvere semi-religious fraternities o f vvarriors, vvho, in the vvords of the oath taken at the * Dr. Emel Esin is historian of art, especially of Turkish medieval Central Asian Art. 1 Ms R. 1272 of the Topkapu Palace Museum Library, fol. 63 (the biog raphy was vvritten under Selim I). -
Florentine and Ottoman Women of the 14Th-16Th Centuries, a Comparative
For more resources, visit the CMES Website For more educational resources, visit the CMES Outreach Website `FLORENTINE and OTTOMAN WOMEN OF THE 14th - 16th CENTURIES - - A COMPARATIVE CURRICULUM UNIT Louise Forsyth Poly Prep Country Day School Teach Ottoman Empire Travel Seminar 2009 Length: One to two periods (forty-five to ninety minutes) Level: high school (9-12) When best to use it: at the end of the Italian Renaissance unit in European or world history classes or while studying the early Ottoman Empire Aims: . to evaluate what the Renaissance meant for Italian women, particularly in Florence . to provide a comparison to the conditions of European women with non- European women . to have students examine stereotypical images of Eastern and Western women . to expose students to the social history of the early Ottoman Empire . to introduce students to a variety of issues that are barely touched upon in most textbooks (sumptuary laws, European slavery, prostitution, etc.) . to have students use primary and secondary sources as the basis for learning Lessons: The following materials may be used in one of two ways. A. The teacher can make a handout of the documents and give students a homework assignment, along the lines of the sample assignment at the end of this packet. The next day student responses can be the basis for class discussion. B. Use the documents for in-class activities on Italian and Ottoman women. See below. USING THE DOCUMENTS IN CLASS [minimum: 45 minutes] Introduction: (5 minutes) • Introduce the topic by eliciting student images of the general differences between the lives of Western Christian women and (Ottoman or Turkish) Muslim women. -
Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940
Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940 Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 978-90-04-37574-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/21/2019 10:36:34AM via free access Open Jerusalem Edited by Vincent Lemire (Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée University) and Angelos Dalachanis (French School at Athens) VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/opje Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 978-90-04-37574-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/21/2019 10:36:34AM via free access Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940 Opening New Archives, Revisiting a Global City Edited by Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire LEIDEN | BOSTON Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 978-90-04-37574-1 Downloaded from Brill.com03/21/2019 10:36:34AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC-ND License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. The Open Jerusalem project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) (starting grant No 337895) Note for the cover image: Photograph of two women making Palestinian point lace seated outdoors on a balcony, with the Old City of Jerusalem in the background. American Colony School of Handicrafts, Jerusalem, Palestine, ca. 1930. G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/mamcol.054/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dalachanis, Angelos, editor. -
Historia Scribere 13 (2021)
historia scribere 13 (2021) The Beginnings of an Empire. The Transformation of the Ottoman State into an Empire, demonstrated at the example of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and accomplishments Vera Flatz Kerngebiet: Neuzeit eingereicht bei: Yasir Yilmaz, MA PhD und Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Ehrenpreis eingereicht im: WiSe 2019/20 Rubrik: Seminar-Arbeit Abstract The Beginnings of an Empire. The Transformation of the Ottoman State into an Empire, demonstrated at the example of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and accomplishments The following seminar paper deals with Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and the processes that turned an Ottoman principality into the Ottoman Empire. Starting with Sultan Mehmed’s II appointment in 1444, important practic- es such as the nomination of a grand vizier changed significantly. Moreover, Mehmed II built a new palace which reflected the new imperial self-percep- tion, a new code of law was installed, and the empire was centralised. All these developments become especially visible in the life of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha Angelovic. The paper examines secondary literature as well as contem- porary sources of Kritobolous and Ibn Khaldun. Sources on Mahmud Pasha’s life are rare and need to be analysed with caution as his posthumous legend influenced the production of literature about his life. 1. Introduction Mahmud Pasha Angelovic, born at the beginning of the 15th century in a town in Ser- bia, became one of the most influential grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire. How did that happen? In 1453, Mehmed II conquered Constantinople and made it the capital of one of the biggest empires of the early modern period. -
Jo in T Crisis Committees
TMUN JOINT CRISIS COMMITTEES GOVERNMENT THE SULTAN AND THE IMPERIAL COUNCIL To a larger extent than the kings of contemporary Western governments, the Sultan is central to the Ottoman system.1 His theoretical powers are absolute; he is the only one authorized to pass binding laws, and, as commander in chief of all armies and appointer of his own government, he can enforce them (McCarthy 109).2 In practice, the Sultan’s powers are checked by the people around him: having spent his life within the walls of theTopkapi palace, he relies on bureaucrats and scribes to inform him; he is influenced by members of his harem, who are politically savvy and leverage their close relationship with him; and he must consider the interests of powerful institutions, such as the Janissaries.3 Perhaps wary of these interests, Mahmud II has so far presented himself as conservative and pious.4 However, he is gradually filling government posts with people loyal to him, suggesting hemaybe consolidating power.5 J The Sultan’s authorityS is acted upon by hisImperial Council--the central government O E I N of the Ottoman Empire.E It is composed mainly of viziers, and headed by the Grand Vizier, who TT T I 6 C represents the Sultan’s interests in the council. Other members of the Imperial Council have R I MM SIS CvariedO over time, but for the purpose of this committee, all delegates will be considered part of the Imperial Council. 1 Justin McCarthy, The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923(New York: Routledge, 2013), 107. -
Turkomans Between Two Empires
TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) A Ph.D. Dissertation by RIZA YILDIRIM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara February 2008 To Sufis of Lāhijan TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by RIZA YILDIRIM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Halil Đnalcık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. -
Cesifo Working Paper No. 6586 Category 2: Public Choice
6586 2017 July 2017 Activated History – The Case of the Turkish Sieges of Vienna Christian Ochsner, Felix Roesel Impressum: CESifo Working Papers ISSN 2364‐1428 (electronic version) Publisher and distributor: Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research ‐ CESifo GmbH The international platform of Ludwigs‐Maximilians University’s Center for Economic Studies and the ifo Institute Poschingerstr. 5, 81679 Munich, Germany Telephone +49 (0)89 2180‐2740, Telefax +49 (0)89 2180‐17845, email [email protected] Editors: Clemens Fuest, Oliver Falck, Jasmin Gröschl www.cesifo‐group.org/wp An electronic version of the paper may be downloaded ∙ from the SSRN website: www.SSRN.com ∙ from the RePEc website: www.RePEc.org ∙ from the CESifo website: www.CESifo‐group.org/wp CESifo Working Paper No. 6586 Category 2: Public Choice Activated History – The Case of the Turkish Sieges of Vienna Abstract We study whether long-gone but activated history can shape social attitudes and behavior even after centuries. We exploit the case of the sieges of Vienna in 1529 and 1683, when Turkish troops pillaged individual municipalities across East Austria. In 2005, Austrian right-wing populists started to campaign against Turks and Muslims and explicitly referred to the Turkish sieges. We show that right-wing voting increased in once pillaged municipalities compared to non-pillaged municipalities after the campaigns were launched, but not before. The effects are substantial: Around one out of ten votes for the far-right in a once pillaged municipality is caused by salient history. We conclude that campaigns can act as tipping points and catalyze history in a nonlinear fashion. -
The Empire Is Back
KNOWLEDGE FROM THE EMPIRE IS BACK TEXT: JEANNETTE GODDAR The Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire are long gone – but in many European cities, they are still very much alive. 58 In Vienna, for example, remem- brance of the times when the city was besieged by the Turks is fostered, while the tens of thou- ment park. To put it another way: in liberation from the Turks. Today, the sands of Viennese citizens of most cases, it is not the capital of place is marked by a plaque, with the Turkish origin are ignored. At the Austria that people are shown in their following inscription in Latin: “Once, Max Planck Institute for the first encounter with this city, but the Maria came to save us from suffering Study of Religious and Ethnic hub of the Habsburg dynasty, which at the hands of the Turks. Proud stone came to an end just over a hundred figures expressed the gratitude of Diversity in Goettingen, a team years ago. However, such city tours their city.” led by Jeremy F. Walton is studying also take them past reminders – some the way in which former empires of them more visible, some less – of There is more to this story: a number of are treated today. the two sieges of Vienna by the Otto- buildings in Vienna are decorated man Empire. In 1529 and 1683, Otto- with shimmering golden “Turkish man troops stood on the outskirts of cannonballs” that symbolize the the capital of the Danube Monarchy. Ottoman bombardment of the city. Visitors to Vienna are keen to tour the They were unsuccessful in their There are stone sculptures showing city in one of the many traditional and attempts to seize the city, but to this Ottoman horsemen, a park called comfortable horse-drawn carriages day, the story is firmly anchored in “Tuerkenschanzpark” (Turkish that solicit customers all day long Austrian historiography. -
A Look to Cash Waqfs As an Indicator of Ottoman Financial Mentality
Munich Personal RePEc Archive A Look to Cash Waqfs as an Indicator of Ottoman Financial Mentality Bulut, Mehmet and Korkut, Cem Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University 2019 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/94784/ MPRA Paper No. 94784, posted 04 Jul 2019 06:26 UTC A Look to Cash Waqfs as an Indicator of Ottoman Financial Mentality1 Mehmet Bulut* Cem Korkut** ABSTRACT In spite of the fact that the waqfs have existed with the history of humankind and are helpful in all social communities, they have a different and important place in Islamic societies. The waqfs have made assistance and solidarity between individuals organized and institutionalized. Especially in Islamic societies, a great importance has been attached to waqfs. The waqfs that helped institutionalize the concept of infaq met many needs of the community. One of the Islamic states where the waqfs are very active was the Ottoman Empire. The size of the waqf services in the Ottomans expanded so much that, besides the human services, waqfs for injured birds and sick animals were established. The fact that the waqfs are so widespread in the state has made it possible to refer the Ottoman Empire as a waqf civilization. One of the waqf types operating in the Ottoman Empire was the cash waqfs (CWs) which had cash money as capital. The CWs operated its capital with various Islamic finance methods. Revenues from the operating money were used in the direction of waqf purpose. The CWs provided the vital necessities of the society such as education and religion in the period they were active in the Ottoman Empire. -
The Reign of Violence
CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE REIGN OF VIOLENCE The celalis c. I 5 50-I 700 --.... -- Oktay Ozel odern historiography depicts Ottoman history in the late sixteenth and early M seventeenth centuries as a period of crisis, generally associated with the eelali rebellions which occurred primarily in Anatolia and, to a lesser extent, northern Syria. l Discussion of eelali causes has centred largely around sixteenth-century political fiscal and economic-demographic developments. Recently added to the argument has been the agency problem of the predatory state, the nature of the overall transforma tion that the empire and society experienced in parallel with the eelali movements throughout the seventeenth century, and climatic changes. The present essay reassesses the issue in the light of new findings based on recently explored sources. It examines internal demographic, economic and political dynamics and conditions, as well as conjunctural factors in the I 590S which led marginalized groups within rural society, primarily the peasant masses, into a violent reaction in the form of banditry and rebel lion. A reconstruction of the historical context and causes is followed by discussion of the destructive character of [he eelali movements and its consequences in Anatolia, and of the nature of this violence as a phenomenon within Ottoman social history. The central argument of the essay is that the political-level analysis of the eelalis falls far short in understanding both the peculiarities of the historical process which prepared the ground for the eelali movements and [he extent of destructive violence throughout the seventeenth century. Banditry and occasional rebellions continued, transforming rural society, the economy and the ecological environment as well as leaving a legacy of institutionalized violence which became an inherent characteristic oflater Ottoman Anatolian society. -
The Place of the Young Turk Revolution in Turkish History
THE PLACE OF THE YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION IN TURKISH HISTORY. Prof. Dr. sı.. AKŞİN •• i. Introduciioa J'be Turu in History: The Turks of Turkeyarepan of the Tuılcic.pcoples who. back in history. were once concentrated in Central Asia. Central Asia can be roughly described as the region to the north and the north-west nf the China Wall. The China Wall was built to koopthe namadie peoples -ineloding the Tuikic peoples- out of China. The Wall also roughly corresponded to the frontler of feıtile iand wbere agriculture could be practised. In Centtal Asia the tand was generally not suitable for qriculıure. but could sustain the animal hents of the nomads. The fmt "state" of the Turlcicpeoples was the Empiıe of the Hmıs. for which the apprOximate dates 220 BC-216 AD are given. But whether or not this formatian can be considered a state or empire in the proper sense of the word is not clear. because the Hmıs did not use the written word. Probably this fonnatian was a coofederation of tribes. raiher' than a state. The same can probobly he said for the Göktürks (552-745). though at the end of their primacy they hegan to use writing. The third important poIitical formation of the Turkic peoples was the Uygur State (745-940). By the end of the 8th century. two important developments took place among the Turkic peoples. 1) A great number of them hegan to move west, Lo Transoxania and contiguous regions and 2) they began to . adopt Islam. It seems that the proces of Islamization was a rather loog.