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Nutrients Dynamics and Uptake/Remobilisation in Sediment UNESCO-IHE INSTITUTE FOR WATER EDUCATION Multi-criteria analysis of options for urban sanitation and urban agriculture -Case study in Accra (Ghana) and in Lima (Peru)- N.K. De Silva MSc Thesis MWI 2007-01 April 2007 Multi-criteria analysis of options for urban sanitation and urban agriculture -Case study in Accra (Ghana) and in Lima (Peru)- Master of Science research by N.K. De Silva Supervisor Prof. Gary Amy Mentors Dr. Elisabeth von Münch Dr. Adriaan Mels Examinations Committee Prof. Gary Army Dr. Elisabeth von Münch Dr. Adriaan Mels This research is done for the partial fulfillment of requirements for the Master of Science degree at the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands Delft April 2007 The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this research study do neither necessarily reflect the views of the UNESCO-IHE, Institution for Water Education, nor of the individual members of the MSc committee, nor of their respective employers. Dedication to My loving parents Abstract The Millennium Development Goal 7 (Ensure environmental sustainability), target number 10 (halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation) was introduced to encourage better solutions for water and sanitation problems in developing countries. The SWITCH (Sustainable Water management Improves Tomorrows Cities’ Health) project, funded by the European Union, aims to provide a sustainable, healthy, and safe urban water system to the people. This research was conducted under sub-theme 4.1 of the SWITCH project (eco-sanitation and decentralised wastewater management in an urban context). Accra in Ghana is a “demonstration city” in the SWITCH project; Lima in Peru is a “study city”. The objective of this research, which was limited to a desk top study, was to find out the most suitable sanitation system for urban and peri-urban areas (considering urban agriculture) by using a multi-criteria analysis for comparing options. The case study was carried out for urban and peri-urban areas in Accra (Ghana) and in Lima (Peru) with the main focus being on the Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA). The main water-related problems identified in Accra are lack of access to safe sanitation especially in poor areas, pollution of water bodies due to inadequate treatment and poor sanitation, and polluted wastewater use in urban agriculture. Law rainfall, not sufficient water for human use, and competition between water users are the main identified water-related problems in Lima. The existing sanitation systems in urban and peri-urban areas in Accra and Lima are bucket latrines, pit latrines, flush toilets, and open defecation. The improved sanitation coverage for the urban population in Ghana was 13% in 2004 and 67% for the urban population in Peru. The main urban agricultural systems identified in both cites are irrigated vegetable farming, backyard farming, livestock farming, and aquaculture farming, while especially Lima urban farmers are also practising hydroponics technology. People commonly use untreated wastewater for urban agriculture in both cities. The main constrains identified for development of urban agriculture are access to land, water, and lack of finance for fertiliser. Ecological sanitation (ecosan) can play an important role to ensure safe and comfortable sanitation at low cost and to provide fertiliser and safe water (treated greywater) for urban agriculture. The detailed analysis of sanitation systems was carried out for only Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) because of the lack of available data for Lima. The available low-cost sanitation options for AMA were short-listed to Option 1 (VIP-ventilated improved pit latrine with down-stream processing) and Option 2 (UDD-urine diversion dehydration toilet, double vault with the down-stream processing). The population to be covered in this design is 265,000 (this is 16% of the total population in AMA who engage in urban agriculture) and the average household size is 4.5 (assume one toilet per household). i In order to do a cost estimate, a concept design was developed for both options which covers all parts the sanitation system (i.e. toilet, transport from toilet to treatment plant/ storage, treatment, transport from treatment plant/storage to farm, and reuse). According to the results of the financial model, the capital cost for Option 1 is € 27 per capita whereas the capital cost for Option 2 is € 39 per capita. The difference is mainly due to costs in Part A (toilet), which is for € 354 for a VIP toilet and € 447 for a double- vault UDD toilet. The NPV for Option 1 is € 10.5 million and for Option 2 it is € 13.5 million (12% discount rate, 10 year project lifetime). A multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was carried out for both options to determine the best solution concerning social, technical, economic, environmental, health, and institutional aspects by five experts in the field. From the analysis results, Option 2 (UDD) obtained higher scores than Option 1 and hence more desirable for AMA. The MCA used a number of indicators per aspect, which different for each part of the system; Weighting of each aspect could also be adjusted by the experts, who had to give scores from 1 to 5 for each indicator. It seems that Accra and Lima are not on the track to meet the MDG target for sanitation coverage. The common constraints found for achievement of MDG targets are lack of finance (for people and government), lack of technology, lack of political will, and insufficient land. Ecosan approaches could play a major role in achieving MDG targets (1, 2, 5, 8, 10, and 11) at lower cost than conventional sanitation systems. Main recommendations from this thesis include carrying out conceptual design with more specific detail for every part of the sanitation components (Part A to E), cost estimation with accurate quantities and costs especially for the toilet itself and urine storage, and designing and cost estimation for greywater management systems. ii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the Dutch Ministry of International Cooperation and European Union, which are financing the WaterMill Project and SWITCH project respectively for providing me a Scholarship for studying the Master of Science degree programme in Sanitary Engineering UNESCO-IHE in Netherlands. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my mentor Dr. Elisabeth von Münch for her invaluable excellent guidance, support and encouragement to complete this work. I would like to extend my gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Gary Amy and to my mentor Dr. Adriaan Mels for their overall supervision of my work. My appreciation and thanks also goes to Dr. Peter van der Steen and Mariska Ronteltap for their great support. Furthermore, I like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to Sampson Ouro- Kwateng and my colleagues S. Ibrahim and Isabella Lunani for their support for data collection in Accra, Ghana. My appreciation also goes to Jaime Vargas for translating Spanish documents to English, Alicia Roman and Victor Yangaliquintanilla who helped me to collect data from Lima, Peru and Oswell Katooka and Kennedy Mayumbelo for filling MCA tables. A special gratitude should be made to my employer Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau, Sri Lanka for granting leave to me to follow the MSc programme and my sincere thanks goes to Mr. Nihal Perera – DGM, Structural Design Unit for his support on advanced studies. I would like to thank the staff of Urban Water and Sanitation, Student Affairs department and other staff members of UNESCO-IHE for their help during my stay in the Netherlands and everything related to my living condition and my study. I would like to thank my Sri Lankan colleagues in UNESCO-IHE for taking care of me during my stay in Netherlands. Further, I would like to acknowledge my friends in UNESCO-IHE and especially the friends from Sanitary Engineering specialization, for wonderful time we spent together and for sharing our knowledge. In deep and more importantly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my beloved parents and sisters for their continuous support, encouragement during my stay in Netherlands. Finally, I would like to extend my grateful thanks to all who support me in many ways. iii iv Table of Contents Abstract..............................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................iii Table of contents...............................................................................................................v List of abbreviations.........................................................................................................ix List of figures...................................................................................................................xi List of tables...................................................................................................................xiii 1.0H Introduction ..........................................................................................1337H 1.1.1H Background....................................................................................................... 1338H 1.1.1.2H MDGs and this research project ............................................................... 2339H 1.1.2.3H SWITCH project and this research project............................................... 2340H
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