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Development of an Improved Arborloo to Promote Sanitation in Rural Environments

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Development of an Improved Arborloo to Promote Sanitation in Rural Environments Development of an Improved Arborloo to Promote Sanitation in Rural Environments Table of Contents IV. Executive Summary …………………………………………………………….…….. 3 Date of Project Report …………………………………………………………….. 3 EPA Agreement Number ………………………………………………………….. 3 Project Title ………………………………………………………………………. 3 Faculty Advisors………………………………………………………………….. 3 Student Team Members…………………………………………………………… 3 Project Period …………………………………………………………………….. 3 Description and Objective of Research …………………………………………… 3 Summary of Findings ……………………………………………………………… 4 Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………... 6 Proposed Phase II Objectives and Strategies ……………………………………… 6 Publications/Presentations ………………………………………………………… 7 Supplemental Keywords ………………………………………………………..… 7 Relevant Websites ………………………………………………………………… 7 V. Body of the Report …………………………………………………………………….. 8 A. Summary of Phase I Results …………………………………………………… 8 A1. Background and Problem Definition ………………………….……… 8 A1.1. Relevance and Significance to the Developing World …….. 8 A1.2. Relationship to People, Prosperity and the Planet …………. 9 A1.3. Implementation of the P3 Project as an Educational Tool … 9 A2. Purpose, Objective, Scope ……………………………………………. 10 A3. Data, Findings, Outputs, Outcomes ………………………………….. 10 A3.1. Literature review of Barriers to Sanitation ………………… 10 A3.2. Prototype Base Designs ……………………………………. 12 A3.2.1. Concrete Arborloo Base ………………………….. 13 A3.2.2. Plastic Arborloo Base ……………………………. 14 A3.2.3. Lifecycle Environmental Impacts ………………… 15 A3.3. Wind Testing ……………………………………………….. 15 A3.4. Social and Business Assessment……………………………. 17 A4. Discussion, Conclusion, Recommendations…………………………... 17 A5. Assurance that Research Misconduct has not Occurred ……………… 17 B. Proposal for Phase II …………………………………………………………… 19 B1. P3 Phase II Project Description ………………………………………. 19 B1.1. Project Description, Novelty and Evaluation ………………. 19 B1.2. Overall Sustainability of Proposed Project …………………. 21 B1.3. Educational and Teamwork Aspects of the Proposal ………. 21 B2. Quality Assurance Statement …………………………………………. 22 B3. Project Schedule ………………………………………………………. 22 1 B4. Partnerships …………………………………………………………… 23 C. References ……………………………………………………………………… 24 VI. Support Letters………………………………………………………………………... 28 VIII. Budget Justification ………………………………………………………………… 32 IX. Relevance and Past Performance …………………………………………………….. 34 X. Resumes ……………………………………………………………………………….. 35 XI. Current and Pending Support …………………………………………………………. 66 2 IV. Executive Summary NCER Assistance Agreement Project Report Executive Summary Date of Project Report: March 25, 2014 EPA Agreement Number: SU835514 Project Title: Development of an Improved Arborloo to Promote Sanitation in Rural Environments Faculty Advisors: Brian K. Thorn, Ph.D. Sarah A. Brownell Industrial and Systems Engineering Multidisciplinary Senior Design Program Kate Gleason College of Engineering Kate Gleason College of Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester Institute of Technology Student Team Members: (all are at the Rochester Institute of Technology) Pedro Cruz Kevin Gebo Victoria Snell Sustainable Engineering Sustainable Engineering Industrial and Systems Eng. Anthony DeLeo Evan Burley Mac Keehfus Industrial and Systems Eng. Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Samuel Svintozelsky John Wilson Patrick Morabito Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Michael Coffey Nathan Conklin Greg Hyde Industrial and Systems Eng Industrial and Systems Eng Industrial and Systems Eng Joseph Rojano Katie Bentley Lori Liebman Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Airin OConnor Jonathon Eppolito Raymond Zheng Marketing/Management Marketing/Management Mechanical Engineering Project Period: 8/15/2013 – 8/14/2014 Description and Objective of Research: Nearly half of the people living in developing regions still lack improved sanitation. Even though increased access to improved sanitation is called out as a United Nations Millennium Development Goal, progress has been spotty. For instance, in Haiti sanitation coverage actually declined between 1990 and 2010, from 24% to 17%. The overall objective of the work performed for this project is to refine the design of an outdoor latrine system (the “arborloo”) in order to make it suitable as a commercial product in rural areas of developing countries. Widespread adoption of such devices could dramatically improve the sanitation of rural 3 communities and the health of their residents. In addition, local manufacture and maintenance of the arborloos can provide economic opportunities to the residents of these rural communities. The work undertaken in the course of this project included the following: A systematic literature review on sanitation implementation case studies was performed. The cases were evaluated to identify barriers to adoption and sustained use of sanitation technologies. Results from this review informed the system designs that followed. Two multidisciplinary teams of engineering students designed a total of four prototype arborloo bases and tested them according to engineering requirements that they developed from an assessment of customer. One team focused on the development of inexpensive and lightweight concrete bases while the other team worked to develop an inexpensive plastic base. Each team followed the engineering design process including activities of project planning, needs assessment, writing engineering requirements, functional decomposition, brainstorming, feasibility analysis, development of a complete design drawing package with bill of materials, writing test plans, and construction and testing of prototypes against specifications. Each team was able to complete a process based lifecycle assessment of their prototype designs. These assessments describe the environmental impacts that arise across the lifespans of the bases as currently designed. The results from these lifecycle assessments serve as baselines, and enable the identification of opportunities to improve the environmental performance of the bases in subsequent trials. As they moved through the design process, the student teams also managed risks, tracked problems and documented their work on RIT’s Edge website throughout the year-long course. A multidisciplinary design team worked to develop a wind testing protocol that could be used to test the robustness of the arborloo structure to the high wind conditions prevalent in rural areas of Haiti. They followed the same design and documentation procedures as the teams described above. A faculty/student team from RIT was able to travel to Haiti and work in support of this project. The team met with our Haitian partner organization to conduct a series of focus groups related to the social and economic acceptability of the arborloo with local community organizations. They were also able to retrieve information about the preferences of local residents for various arborloo design characteristics like color and shape. Summary of Findings: Literature review of case studies: A total of 53 reports were reviewed to help identify barriers to adoption and sustained use of sanitation technologies in developing environments. The cases were divided into sanitation projects that achieved their goals of improving sanitation and those that did not achieve the stated goals or that achieved them but with unacceptable risks. All cases were examined to determine the critical issues that impacted the success of implementation. The review suggested that slow expansion of sanitation coverage globally is not simply due to lack of attention, but is also impacted by unaddressed social, economic, technical and environmental 4 barriers. Factors that prevented implementation strategies from succeeding generally fell into two categories: Technical failures including the malfunction of the technology related to infrastructure deficiencies and the design being ill-suited to the environment in which it was applied. User-acceptability related failures such as lack of adoption, discontinued use and misuse of the technology related to social and economic issues. This review led to the drafting of a series of guidelines for designing and deploying improved sanitation systems in developing environments (see body of report). These guidelines served as basic reference material for the design and development work that followed. Concrete base prototyping: A multidisciplinary engineering design team was charged with the task of developing an improved concrete arborloo base. The team developed and prioritized potential customer needs, and evaluated various concrete formulations and concrete base designs against those customer needs. The team’s concrete mix experiments culminated with the development of a concrete mix that uses material locally available in Haiti to ensure strength while being much lighter than standard concrete. The recipe blends Portland cement, sand, broken coconut shells, waste Styrofoam, Glenium (a performance enhancing water reducer), and coconut fibers for reinforcement. Plastic base prototyping: A multidisciplinary engineering team was charged with the task of developing and prototyping a plastic base system suitable for arborloos. The team examined currently available solutions (bread crates, plastic milk crates) that could be modified for use as an arborloo base. In addition, they explored processes for forming plastics into new shapes. The team constructed prototypes of both types. The “deckloo” is a prototype constructed from
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