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Innover Pour Les Services D'assainissement En Zone Tropicale

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Innover Pour Les Services D'assainissement En Zone Tropicale N°d’ordre NNT : 2019LYSE1035 THESE de DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LYON opérée au sein de IRSTEA Ecole Doctorale 206 (Ecole Doctorale de Chimie de Lyon) Spécialité de doctorat : Génie des procédés appliqué à la gestion de l’environnement Soutenue publiquement le 20/03/2019, par : Rémi Lombard-Latune Innover pour les services d’assainissement en zone tropicale : approche technique par filtres plantés de végétaux et accompagnement par modélisation participative Devant le jury composé de : Rousseau Diederik, professeur, Université de Ghent, Rapporteur Wisniewski Christelle, professeur/HDR, Université de Montpellier, Rapporteur Daniele Stéphane, professeur, directeur de l’école doctorale de Chimie de Lyon, examinateur Guérin-Schneider Laetitia, chercheur/HDR, UMR G-Eau Irstea, Examinatrice Gillot Sylvie, directrice de recherche, DAS Ecotechnologies Irstea, Examinatrice Oswald Marc, enseignant chercheur/Dr, Istom, Examinateur Molle Pascal, directeur de recherche/HDR, UR Reversaal Irstea, Directeur de thèse Demay Sébastien, chef de projet, AFD, Invité Le Guennec Bernard, chef de projet partenariat Outre-Mer/Dr, AFB, Invité Le Jallé Christophe, directeur adjoint, Programme Solidarité Eau, Invité 2 « L’eau c’est la vie, l’assainissement c’est la dignité » Déclaration de Johannesburg, Sommet mondial pour le développement durable, 2002. « Je suis ému par le fait qu'un enfant meurt toutes les deux minutes et demie d'une maladie liée à la défécation en plein air. Ce sont des morts silencieuses, qui ne sont pas évoquées dans les médias, ne font pas l'objet d'un débat public. Il ne faut pas rester silencieux plus longtemps. » Jan Eliasson, Vice-Secrétaire général des Nations Unies, 2014 3 Innover pour les services d’assainissement en zone tropicale : approche technique par filtre plantés de végétaux et accompagnement par modélisation participative Résumé Les Objectifs de Développement Durable visent d’ici 2030 un « accès pour tous à des services d’assainissement et d’hygiène adéquats, en mettant fin à la défécation à l’air libre ». Un service d’assainissement peut-être défini par ses composantes techniques et sociales, et leurs interactions. Dans l’optique de proposer des pistes d’améliorations des services d’assainissement en zone tropicale, les travaux de cette thèse ont porté à la fois sur des infrastructures de traitement et sur l’implication de l’ensemble des acteurs dans la définition du service. L’analyse croisée des contextes des départements d’outre-mer (DOM) français et du Sénégal a permis d’identifier des contraintes qui pèsent sur le secteur de l’assainissement en zone tropicale. Du point de vue des infrastructures de traitement, ces contraintes nous ont amenées à proposer des procédés issus de la famille des Filtres Plantés de Végétaux (FPV) comme solutions à priori pertinentes. Cette thèse présente leurs adaptations à la zone tropicale, en détaillant les choix retenus pour le dimensionnement, la conception des filtres et le choix des végétaux. Une centaine de campagnes de suivi ont été réalisées sur 7 stations pilotes en tailles réelles, à travers les 5 DOM. Les résultats montrent que malgré une plus grande compacité, le dimensionnement proposé permet de conserver des niveaux de traitement au moins comparables à ceux observés en climat tempéré. Compte tenu des contraintes climatiques et organisationnelles en milieu tropical, une analyse de leur résilience à des perturbations et de leur fiabilité de traitement a été réalisée par une étude statistique sur les données produites par l’auto-surveillance réglementaire. Elle montre que les FPV sont également plus fiables que les procédés de traitement conventionnel les plus répandus pour les petites collectivités. Ce qui s’explique à la fois par la barrière physique que représente ces procédés de cultures fixées sur support fin ainsi que par des besoins en entretien plus réduits. Le deuxième axe de recherche part du constat d’un manque de concertation entre acteurs au moment de la planification de l’assainissement, étape qui préside à la construction du système d’assainissement. En particulier, les utilisateurs, leurs besoins et leurs contraintes sont très peu et mal pris en compte. La modélisation d’accompagnement pourrait permettre de créer à la fois un support (le modèle) permettant de discuter des choix techniques et de leurs conséquences, ainsi que le cadre dans lequel les différents acteurs pourraient échanger leurs points de vue et trouver un consensus soutenable. Un processus de modélisation d’accompagnement a été conçu et mis en place sur la planification de l’assainissement dans 2 zones (urbaine et rurale) du Sénégal. Il nécessitait, pour proposer des scénarios viables, d’intégrer une part non négligeable de connaissances expertes. Centré sur les populations, ce processus a permis la création d’un premier modèle générique sur l’accès à l’assainissement qui prend la forme d’un jeu de rôle. La pertinence de tels outils dans la caractérisation des besoins des usagers a été évaluée. Par ailleurs, l’attention a été portée sur l’acceptation par les usagers du service proposé et sa traduction en volonté de contribution. Mot clés : Département d’Outre-Mer, filtres plantés de végétaux, modélisation d’accompagnement, objectifs de développement durable, Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH). 4 Innovation for sanitation services in tropical area: technical approach by French vertical flow treatment wetland, and support through companion modeling Abstract Sustainable Develoment Goals aim by 2030, to « achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation », by « using safely managed sanitation services ». Sanitation service can be defined by its technical and social components, and their interactions. This thesis focuses on both treatment infrastructures and involvement of all the stakeholders into service definition. Cross analysis of French Overseas Territories (FOT) and Senegal contexts, has identified common constraints that weigh on sanitation sector in tropical areas. From treatment infrastructure point of view, these constraints lead to suggest treatment wetlands systems and particularly French vertical-flow treatment wetland (FS-VFTW) to easier sludge managment, as a relevant solution. Their adaptation for tropical climate is the subjet of the first axis of our work. It aimed at defining their adaptation in terms of design, plant choices and defining the treatment wetlands type to implement according to outlet requirements. A hundred of 24h sampling campains were performed on 7 full scale demonstration plants, accross the 5 FOTs. Results show that despite more compacity, the proposed design allows maintaining performances at least similar to those observed in temperate climate. Due to climatic and organizational constraints inn tropical climate, a statistical analysis has been done to point out the resilience and reliability of the systems based on regulatory selfmonitoring data. It highlights the fact that FS-VFTWs are more reliable than most of the conventional treatment processes when applied for small size communities. Their physical barrier (filter) and their lower maintenance requirement explain this observation. The second axis of our research is based on an observed lack of consultation between stakeholders during the sanitation planning phase, which is responsible for the construction of the sanitation system. In particular, the users, their needs and their constraints are poorly and badly taken into account. Companion modeling approach could create both a support (the model) for discussing technical choices, as well as the framework within which the stakeholders could exchange points of view and find a sustainable consensus. Such a process has been developed and implemented for sanitation planning in 2 areas (urban and rural) of Senegal. Focused on household population, this process has led to create a generic model for sanitation access, embodied as a role playing game, which include a significant part of expert knowledge. The relevance of such tools in the characterization of user needs has been evaluated. In addition, attention was paid to users' acceptance of the proposed service and its translation into a willingness to contribute. Keywords: Companion modelling, French Overseas Territories, treatment wetland, Sustainable Development Goals, Water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH). 5 Cette thèse a été réalisée au sein de l’unité de recherche Reversaal (réduire, réutiliser et valoriser les effluents urbains) du centre Irstea de Lyon-Villeurbanne : 5, rue de la Doua, CS 20244, F - 69 625 Villeurbanne Mon poste ainsi que les actions dans les DOM ont été financés par l’Agence Française pour la Biodiversité. Le projet Planissim au Sénégal a été financé sur fonds EuropAid par le gouvernement du Sénégal dans le cadre du programme d’appui aux initiatives de la société civile (PAISC). 6 Remerciements A Laure, Marceau et Leïla … Pour tout ce temps et cette énergie que vous m’avez donnés ! A Pascal, pour la disponibilité, la clarté des explications, les points de vue … décidemment, je n’arrive pas à savoir qui chez toi est le meilleur, le scientifique ou l’humain ? A Thomas, pour m’avoir mis sur la voie … A Marc, pour m’avoir aidé à remettre le cap au Sud, A Nils, source intarissable d’inspiration, au cas où tu trouves le temps de lire ceci … A Christelle Wisniewski et Diederik Rousseau, qui ont accepté d’être rapporteurs, ainsi qu’à tous les membres du jury, pour vous prêter à l’exercice d’évaluer ces travaux à cheval sur plusieurs
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