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Tales of Shit: Community-Led Total Sanitation in Africa

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Tales of Shit: Community-Led Total Sanitation in Africa 61 participatory learning and action Tales of shit: Community-Led Total Sanitation in Africa Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) – formerly The International Institute for PLA Notes and RRA Notes – is published twice a year. Environment and Development (IIED) Established in 1987, it enables practitioners of is committed to promoting social justice participatory methodologies from around the world to and the empowerment of the poor and marginalised. It share their field experiences, conceptual reflections, also supports democracy and full participation in and methodological innovations. The series is informal decision-making and governance. We strive to reflect and seeks to publish frank accounts, address issues of these values in Participatory Learning and Action. For practical and immediate value, encourage innovation, further information contact IIED, 3 Endsleigh Street, and act as a ‘voice from the field’. London WC1H 0DD, UK. Website: www.iied.org We are grateful to the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the UK This work is licensed under the Creative Department for International Development (DfID) for Commons Attribution-Non- their continued financial support of PLA. Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. We would also like to thank Plan USA, Plan UK, Recipients are encouraged to use it freely for not-for- UNICEF East and Southern Africa Region, and also profit purposes only. Please credit the authors and the Irish Aid, for providing financial support that enabled PLA series. To view a copy of this license, visit the participants and the editorial team to travel and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0 or participate in the CLTS writeshop. The views send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105, USA. the views of the funding organisations or the employers of the authors. We welcome contributions to PLA. For information and guidelines, please see the inside back cover. Participatory Learning and Action 61 © IIED, 2010 Subscribe Order no: 14573IIED Subscriptions are free to the South. For more Cover illustration: Regina Faul-Doyle information please contact: Research Information Design and layout: Smith+Bell Ltd., Grenville Court, Britwell Road, Burnham, SL1 Printed by: Park Communications Ltd, London 8DF, UK. Email: [email protected] Website: www.researchinformation.co.uk Guest editors: Petra Bongartz, Samuel Musembi Musyoki, Angela Milligan and Holly Ashley. Purchase back issues Editors: Holly Ashley, Nicole Kenton, and Please contact Earthprint Ltd., PO Box 119, Stevenage, Angela Milligan. SG1 4TP, UK. Email: [email protected] Strategic Editorial Board: Nazneen Kanji, Cath Long, Website: www.earthprint.co.uk Jethro Pettit, Michel Pimbert, and David Satterthwaite. Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) is an umbrella International Editorial Advisory Board: term for a wide range of approaches and Oga Steve Abah, Jo Abbot, Jordi Surkin Beneria, methodologies, including Participatory Rural Appraisal L. David Brown, Andy Catley, Robert Chambers, (PRA), Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), Participatory Louise Chawla, Andrea Cornwall, Bhola Dahal, Learning Methods (PALM), Participatory Action Qasim Deiri, John Devavaram, Charlotte Flower, Research (PAR), Farming Systems Research (FSR), and FORCE Nepal, Ian Goldman, Bara Guèye, Méthode Active de Recherche et de Planification Irene Guijt, Marcia Hills, Enamul Huda, Vicky Participative (MARP). The common theme is the full Johnson, Caren Levy, Sarah Levy, Zhang Linyang, participation of people in the processes of learning PJ Lolichen, Ilya M. Moeliono, Humera Malik, about their needs and opportunities, and in the action Marjorie Jane Mbilinyi, Ali Mokhtar, Seyed Babak required to address them. Moosavi, Neela Mukherjee, Trilok Neupane, Esse In recent years, there has been a number of shifts Nilsson, Zakariya Odeh, Peter Park, Bardolf Paul, in the scope and focus of participation: emphasis on Bimal Kumar Phnuyal, Giacomo Rambaldi, Peter sub-national, national and international decision- Reason, Joel Rocamora, Jayatissa Samaranayake, making, not just local decision-making; move from Madhu Sarin, Daniel Selener, Anil C Shah, Meera projects to policy processes and institutionalisation; Kaul Shah, Jasber Singh, Marja Liisa Swantz, greater recognition of issues of difference and power; Cecilia Tacoli, Peter Taylor, Tom Wakeford, Eliud and, emphasis on assessing the quality and Wakwabubi, and Alice Welbourn. understanding the impact of participation, rather than simply promoting participation. Participatory Learning and Action reflects these developments and recognises the importance of analysing and overcoming power differentials which work to exclude the already poor and marginalised. 1 Contents Editorial ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Glossary of CLTS acronyms, terms and definitions ........................................................................................................9 International glossary of shit....................................................................................................................................................................15 Theme issue abstracts........................................................................................................................................................................................19 THEME SECTION: TALES OF SHIT: COMMUNITY-LED TOTAL SANITATION IN AFRICA 1. Overview: Tales Of Shit: Community-Led Total Sanitation in Africa Petra Bongartz, Samuel Musembi Musyoki, Angela Milligan and Holly Ashley ......27 2. Scaling up CLTS in sub-Saharan Africa Sophie Hickling and Jane Bevan..............................................................................................................................................51 PART I: COMMUNITY-LEVEL PROCESSES 3. Freeing the imagination: innovations in CLTS facilitation in Zimbabwe Herbert Kudzanai Chimhowa ......................................................................................................................................................65 4. Walking down the forbidden lane: 'shit talk' promotes sanitation Mariama Munia Zombo ....................................................................................................................................................................73 5. From amazzi to amazi: it’s not a water problem Terry A. Wolfer and Robin W. Kloot......................................................................................................................................81 6. Breaking shit taboos: CLTS in Kenya Buluma Bwire ..................................................................................................................................................................................................91 7. CLTS in East Africa: a path to child and youth empowerment? Cathy Shutt ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................97 2 61 PART II: MANAGEMENT/ORGANISATIONAL CHANGES 8. Participatory development approaches need participatory management! Ashley Raeside ..............................................................................................................................................................................................109 9. Adopting CLTS: is your organisation ready? Analysing organisational requirements Jean-François Soublière ..................................................................................................................................................................119 PART III: GOING TO SCALE 10. Revolutionising sanitation in Zambia: scaling up CLTS Giveson Zulu, Peter Harvey and Leonard Mukosha ..................................................................................131 11. Challenging mindsets: CLTS and government policy in Zimbabwe Samuel Rukuni ..........................................................................................................................................................................................141 12. Scaling up CLTS in Kenya: opportunities, challenges and lessons Samuel Musembi Musyoki ..........................................................................................................................................................149 13. Shit travels fast: towards a global CLTS network Petra Bongartz ..............................................................................................................................................................................................157 PART IV: TIPS FOR TRAINERS 14. A note for trainers, facilitators and those commissioning CLTS training Samuel Musembi Musyoki ..........................................................................................................................................................169 15. Triggering: an extract from the Handbook on Community-Led Total Sanitation Kamal Kar with Robert Chambers ....................................................................................................................................179 16. Let’s write! Running a participatory writeshop
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