1) 3acaistiiCtoit
,
IAPTER FOCUS flEWfl48HSTOllY his chapter describes Reconstruction, the period following the Civil War, in which Richmond,Virginia,likethe Tefforts were made to rebuild the southern states. In Wimshington,the nation’s leaders Southingeneral,facedan argued bitterly over how best to reunify the nation. In the South, meanwhile, African enormousrebuildingtask Americans began exercisi,ig their newly wonfreedom, and southerners worked to rebuiii/ followingthe CivilWar. the regions eConomy. Government In what ways did the South The iimv iiiily i1L4or3?page at the end o/tlns chapter explores the COiiiit’CliOti politicalinstitutions need betweenblackvotingrights,whichAfricanAmericanswomi t IarimigRecomistrimci’ion, to be “rebuilt”as well? anti black representation in Congress today. 378 trnie T warehouses, of em effort owed farm grown ruins, as restore involved gram At The changed the reached roads. of
7
i SECTION : Reconstruction. the southern (Tharleston, journalist The Civil he nation—especially Physical sol(lieis or was to women, of It aftermath and Compare Describe Explain government rebuild Key start streets.” Soul southern
Preshieiitiai had into repair desolation, fiu federal War family forever carried Johnson. Terms of h devoured r shipping of families l)eaI1
r was PREVIEW Toll their described and American how Reconstruction, of the the the weed—wild South of states remained the governments fl out War / its by damage helped Define: newly lives the 01 condition Reconstruction straggliiw ‘l’he of largest ma i and farmland, and m the from had Civil to vacant the Carolina: the and in Presidents. 1863 1863 tincoln Reconstruction freed wharves, Reconstruction them. the farms. Reconstruction; destroyed 9,00() battlegroti to war. War. gardens, once—gracious unscarred South—had casualty. how 1 of 865 the Union home. houses, it slaves the farm was l’he controversial the miles South to “A of plans South two plan federal buildings, clear is 1 of A nd I deserted began 877 changes lardly of city known by of north and grass- of thirds of been wid— in Iro pardon. that rail and city the the Lincoln the of to to a
Reconstruciio Act 1864 Wade-Davis The and and and brothers, generation third out soldiers, farm wounded. 364,000 African destroy permanently Southerners’ ifl made was they Each people region countless thousands cities In (1) made ment resume During headings heading, Organizing farm of Human property of had group orphans; with were Black all southern addition, three soldiers, Americans. one lay put received up machinery; livestock; and the of faced Many participation slow smoldering. starting scarred fifth list southerners. Toll forth of of had civilian of southern Hardships you Reconstruction brides Information the three husbands. miles at homes including economic its plunged of ng, plans 11w the food least section of bridges, own its The in their Chapter of major became 1865 Freedmen’c Bureau work deaths. healthy (;ivil mind adult North’s the and two roads. to 1 and in men Some hardships ‘he South 70 new 1’he allow the in As more activity. canals, created The animals groups key property War value percent. shelter, survivors or white a era, widows. were Factories, you Union. Children postwar lives 4 men—fat chart. body. facts. southern million lost decision than destroyed the North 1 of read, and men. of and 1865 ends Civil As in killed southern and however federal Beneath resulted 260,00() people. 38,000 a levees; • slaves, South War ports, list fears. freed were hers, were poor One states one lost Section or the to a govern plan Johnsons 1865- Reconstruction each main to 1 379 Richard opposed secession. He sold the plantation to his son Thomas, a Confederate supporter, so the Confederacy would not seize it. At the war’s end, Richard’s northern connections saved White Hall from being seized by the federal govern
ment. In 1865 Richard bought White Hall hack from Thomas and put him in charge of the rebuilding effort. The White Hall plantation had suffered considerable damage. But more shocking to I’homas was the attitude of the plantation’s freed slaves. ‘1hey were unreliable, he reported; they refused even to speak to him. Ihomas brought in a Union colonel to tell the freedmen that they would be wise to trust Arnold and agree to work for pay. But, Thomas said, one slave spoke up and “said Inthe finaldays ofthe CivilWar,LincolnvisitedRichmond, they had made up their minds never Virginia,the capturedConfederatecapital.Inthis paintinghe to work fur me again.” is shownbeinggreeted bywar-wearyresidentsofthe city. Yet throughout the South, some freed Economics How does the painting show the damage that slaves chose to continue working for their for Richmond suffered during the war? mer masters, Amos Morel and his wife, Cretia, did stay on to help rebuild the plantation. By
the early I870s, White I lall was one of the inadequate. Now, alter a lifetime of forced largest rice plantations in the South. labor, many found themselves homeless, job less, and hungry. (2) Plantation owners. Planters lost slave labor worth about $3 billion. In addition the Most southerners accepted the war’s outcome Captured and Abandoned Property Act of and focused on rebuilding their lives. In 1863 allowed the federal government Washington, however, peacetime launched Liti !ki3I to seize $100 million in southern new battles so fierce that some historians call plantations and cotton. With worth Reconstruction an extension of the Civil War. less Confederate money, some farm— l’he full of the Confederacy and the end of What temporary and ers could n t affurd to hire workers. slavery raised tough questions. I low and permanent changes others had to sell their property to when should southern states be allowed to did the CivilWarbring to southern life? cover debts. resume their role in the Union? Should the (3) Poor white soiiihcriicrs. Many South be punished fur its actions, or be for white laborers could not flnd work any given and allowed to recover quickly? Now more because of the new job competition from that black southerners were free, would the freedmen. Poor white families began migrating races have equal rights? lfso, how might those
to frontier lands such as Mississippi and lixas rights be protected? 1)id the Civil War itself to find new opportunities. point out a need for a St ron ger federal government? The Changing Plantation ‘l’he history of one 1\t stake were basic issues concerning the southern plantation illustrates the complex nations political system. Yet it was not even issues brought about by the war and its after clear which branch of government had the math. In 1824, Richard Arnold bought a rice authority to decide these matters. plantation near Savannah, Georgia, which he On these key questions, the Constitution called White Hall. The Arnolds were among was silent. The Framers had made no provi 36(),00() white northerners who lived and sions for solving the problems raised by the worked in the South in 1860. Civil War,
380 hapter13 • Sectioni
F
people Therefore
Davis plan
its The
restructuring goal licans,
fought a warned
to
ganization not
al
Reconstruction
Americans,
postwar
their states
constitutions
in
resume tional
war southerners accept
military
iPercent
take ness
early
was future,
Lincoln’s group among the the strive
achieve
the
own,
his
authority.
The
Much
make
Congress,
Lincoln Lincoln’s
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
prisoners.
forgiving
as
of group, nation’s
right,
an
secession
of
as
state
convention
Act.
executive to
too federal
on
true
believed
a
Lincoln
It
It
full
stricter that
ourselves,
States
It
over
era
of December
Radical oath
and
crime, Reconstruction
—Lincoln’s
permitted the
to
and the
as
offered
of
the
lenient.
denied
to
had Among
Plan congressmen
finish
participation
equality. in wounds.
God Plan
cherish
who
set Nor
Lincoln
Lincoln’s
known
Congress.”
laws
Union,
to
of
to
policy
of
plan
Radicals
the
his
could
had
sworn
government
Reconstruction
plan
had
The to
charity With
gives
a
that
duties—to
Republicans the
the
With however,
and
allegiance
only
for
had a
give
society
did
in
Second
any
tone pardons .
a
pardon,
each
not
its moral
1863, begun
. did
work
as South: . Second
just,
July with on
. Reconstruction.
us
the
allegiance
as “should .
then
since Republican
for
killed
and
after malice
to
Confederate
a
it voting
provisions,
opposition
been
no insisted
to
of
state
slavery.
threat not do and
we the all;
all
1864
from in
Civil
when “readmit”
see
to
Inaugural
should
postwar
leave
forgiveness
hold
all road
10
issue
to
obey
in
to
the with Inaugural
are
an African
a
toward
constitutional.
to
officials
viewed
require guarantee
the
Radical saw which
lasting
Congress percent
confine
plan,
rights
to all
Lincoln’s
the
official
to his War
in;
hold
Union.
he that
firmness political
right,
elections
map
congression
and the
to
Confederate of
Mczrclz
be
own came
none’
it
planning
proposed
Union
who leadership
may the
bind a
peace,
Address:
had
American
Lincoln’s
the
Lincoln’s
southern
Union.
The
required
let to
the constitu
of execute,
Address,
slavery.
Repub
forgive
a himself
and
for
for
Wade-
passed would
in
party. with us
up
voters
black
main
black
from reor
view,
been total
1865
plan
new
and
and
the
the
to
as
a
who
but
Although Amendment.
alone, to
Johnson
spirit
resume abolish
percent
stitutional provisions:
t allegiance
Johnson I)uring the
his Congress poor Tennessee
planters Vice
Presidential Democratic Congress
first help tailor. Johnson’s
North
time Wilkes was
As
Reconstruction
nation than willingly
Lincoln
ex-Confederate future Today, most States
Until
all
own
discussed
Presidential
was (4) When
(3)
(1)
(2) Johnson
Lincoln’s
as
only
President,
murdered
of
asked slave a
the white
of
he
of
Confederate
governor, Carolina,
loyalty
He into
Congress Congress
month
States Booth.
participation
It
those
allegiance
States
plan the let
It and
his
more
as
often
slavery,
mid-1900s, pardoned
borne
Lincoln’s
permitted
officially to
after
as
learned
was
Johnson
pardoned owner
southern
convention
the Lincoln’s
year.
grief
voters,
southerners. wife
him
found
the
for a
Reconstruction,
had
in
and
were eight hopes
Plan
issued
could
generous
bill
1)emocrat.
Andrew
The
after
arms
was men
remains
lasted in
secession. on
the
the
then
Johnson
Reconstruction Union.
and
and
personally.
and
from
to
requirement).
a
die
strong to
a
13,000
the
required
it recess
months,
leaders,
now
Ten
took
assassination
South. With
April
previous
came to
typical
profound
running
each
his
swear
against
pardons
in
then
its
in
southerners read
only
later
senator
in
denied
Republican
take ratify
in
(without
Johnson.
the
Congress.
the
politics
to
a
second
in
Percent
He
grew
office voter
session southerners.
four
state
Chapter pocket to
session
14,
hold
and that
His the until
Hoping
entered
the
an
Union.
Lincoln’s
South:
to
in
the
Johnson
a
served
mate
chapter, In
or
pardons
to
the
oath
included up violent
hands
support
1865,
plan,
to
hatred
void
to
South. they
write
reality in
five
into
United
elections
inauguration. those
throughout
reflected Born
veto.
1865
Lincoln’s
Plan
l)ecember. t
of plunged
Johnson
to
hold
in
who April
party
Thirteenth
remain
the of
months. politics
the
to
Tennessee
had
secession,
known
become
chaos.
of
1864.
with
by
pursued past
end
Lincoln poor
13
of
former among
United
a
attract death,
a
States.
swore
chose
never
1865,
these
John
Con
one
and
rich and was differ
Reconstruction How
less
Main
the
the the 11)
•
in in
as
in a Section did from Johnson’s
Lincoln’s? Ides 1 plan 381 Freedom opened new opportunities for African Americans, such as forming choirs (top left), preaching (above), and getting an edu f:ie Paste Preetozti Freedom to Own Land Black leaders knew cation (right). 1 that emancipation—physical freedom—was Culture Why As politicians debated, African Americans cele only a start. True freedom would come only do you think brated their new freedom. No longer were they with economic independence, the ability to get northerners mere property, subject to the whims of white ahead through hard work. volunteered to slave owners. Freed people urged the federal govern teach at freed The feeling was overwhelming. ment to redistribute southern land. ‘I’hey mens schools? “Everybody went wild,” said Charles Ames, a argued that they were entitled to the land that (;corgia freedman. “We all felt like horses. slaves had cleared and fhrrned for generations. We was free. Just like that, we was free.” A Virginia freedman put it this way: “We Hooker T. Washington, a future leader in have a right to the land where we are located. black education, was nine years old when the For why?I tell you. Our wives,our children, our news came: “IWJe were told that we were all husbands, have been sold over and over again to free and could go when and where we pleased. purchase the lands we now locate upon; fbr that My mother, who was standing by my side, reason we have a divine right to the land.” leaned over and kissed her children, while tears Proposals to give white-owned land to of joy ran down her cheeks.” freedmen got little political support. t Instead, small—scale,unofficial land redistribution took Freedom of Movement During the war, place. For example, in 1871 Amos Morel, the enslaved people had simply walked away from freedman who stayed on at the White Hall the plantations upon hearing that a northern plantation, used his wages to buy more than army approached. “Right off colored folks 400 acres of land. He sold pieces to other freed started on the move,” said James, a freed cow men and later bought land for his daughter. hand from Texas,“They seemed to want to get closer to freedom, so they’d know what it was a like—like it was place or a city.” tIn 1865, Union general WilliamTecumseh Sherman Many freed people took to the roads look had set up a land-distribution experiment in South ing for family members who had been torn Carolina. He divided confiscated coastal lands into 40- from them by slavery.Not all were successful in acre plots and gave them to black families. Soon the fInding loved ones, but many joyful reunions South buzzed with rumors that the government was going to give all freedmen “fortyacres and a mule.” did occur. In addition, many couples who had Sherman’s project was highly successful. However, been forbidden to marry under slavery now President Johnson eventually returned much of the found each other and got legallymarried. land to its original owners, forcing the freedmen out.
382 Chapter 13 • Section 1 Freedom to Worship In their struggle to sur themselves and one anoth vive, African Americans looked to each other er. Between 1865 and 1870, for help. New black organizations arose black educators founded throughout the South. The most visible were thirty African American churches. African Americans throughout the colleges. South withdrew from racially mixed congrega Near the White Hall tions to form their own churches. They also plantation, two former started thousands of voluntary groups, includ slaves purchased property ing mutual aid societies, debating clubs, drama in 1870. There they creat societies, and trade associations. ed a center of education and vocational training Freedom to Learn Historians estimate that in for African Americans. 1860, 90 percent of black adults were illiterate, partly because many southern states had The Freedmen’s Bureau banned the educating of slaves. lb help black southerners One supporter of black education was adjlist to freedom,Congress Charlotte Forten, a wealthy black woman from created the Freedmen’sBu - r Philadelphia. In I862, afer Un ion troops reau in March 1865, just / , occupied Port Royal, South Carolina, Forten prior to Lincoln’s death. went there to teach. She observed: It was the first major federal relief agency in United States history. Thischild AMERICAN ‘I never before saw children The Freedmen’s Bureau lacked strong sup proudly so eager to learn. Comingto port in Congress, and the agency was largely displays school is a constant delight and recreation to dismantled in 1869. Yet in its short existence clothes and them. . . . Manyof the grown people [also] are the bureau gave out clothing, medical supplies, a book fur desirous of learningto read. It is wonderful how and millions of meals to 1)0th black and white nished by the a people who have been so long crushed to the war refugees. More than 250,000 African Freedmen earth .. can have so great a desire for knowl American students received their first fbrmal Bureau. edge, and such a capabilityfor attaining it.’ educat ion in bureau schools. —Charlotte lOit’,i For a time, the bureau also distributed confiscated Confederate land to firmers, Help came from several directions. White Ilowever, when President Johnson ret urned teachers, often young women, went south to these properties to their white owners, black start schools. Some freed people taught farmers again Ibund themselves landless.
SECTION REVIEW
that time line, in your opinion, had the great 1.. Key Terms Define: (a) Reconstruction; est long-term importance? Explain your rea (b) pardon. soning. Relevance it 2 Summarizing the Main Idea How did 5.. Determining Why was more Johnson’s Reconstruction plan differ from difficultfor freedmen to exercise their freedom Lincoln’s? to own land than it was for them to exercise their freedoms to worship or to become 3. Organizing Information Create a chart that educated? describes the challenges faced by three different groups of southerners after the CivilWar. W rtç Actt’’h 6.. Writing a Persuasive Essay Should the L”” t I . tr federal government have taken land from Analyzing Time Lines Review the time line 4. white southerners and given it to former at of Which event on the start the section. slaves? Write an essay in support of or in opposition to this idea.
Chapter 13 • Section 1 383 384 One evidence Civil place
tations. 110w
show change land the provide Use land od, I the i4is
F n Source: New of The and maps. changes do the Reconstruction, far-reaching Identify War identifying in important York: the in Eric the Slave the Maps Harper following evidence. subject Foner, of changes American historical was maps (a) quarters & such post—Civil 1863—1877, A Row, the Short
Mans ftr can the What 1990 Histoly show, location, task matter change a change which breakup to show steps development. The specific 2,000 life maps of and O O
over War covered to important over historians the that after time where Barrow House’S of acres identify 1/2 area South. below plan time. maps
Show took peri 1/2 \ the is of by 1 of it Kilometer
Time PIantationOgIethorpeCounty the do located? trate keys the tinguishable brown 2., (c) schoolhouse? represent I, conclusions Now the 3 1 the Mile How left? maps? type
LJ use specific Analyze compare Analyze squares maps is (b) of (b) symbols the in (C) What data What show? about from the symbol data, What represent the the these that do map dates and data the key the the physical (a) it for maps colors provides. on green symbol to What in in are change a church the Sharecroppers Schoolhouse Church houses determine the the given to features to squares map do maps. right? for draw illus Map over dis the on on a time torical dwellings place? during period ings illustrate? produce which If labeled, 1881? 1860 the o Graphs have that Georgia and this years map of events Explain (b) 1/2 - the would they time on been which Geography period? 1/2 How \ showed changes of I 1 the I indicate. Kilometer and has your added? the you has showed and plantation (c) the trends 4 1 the answer. maps that What Mile be the PC” 4 change (a) (d) plantation able these charts 0 1881 the location new Over helped What were changed land to build taken maps what his not tell to of in in 1868 1868 1870 865 Fifteenth 1867 PresidentJohnsonFourteenth Southernstales Radical Amendment impeached Amendmentratified passblackcodes Reconstruction ratified 1865 1866J 1870 dq
2 eonvressionai ReconstruCtioll
SECTIONPREVIEW
Describe the relationship between the black As southern states moved to limitfreedmen’s rights, codes and Fourteenth Amendment. Congress took over Reconstruction and passed new Summarize the effects of Radical laws to protect AfricanAmericans’freedom. Reconstruction and of the Fifteenth Amendment.
Analyzeconditions in the South under Problem Solving In the late 1860s, southern states Republican government. were putting ex-Confederates back in power and try Key TermsDefine:black codes; Fourteenth ing to keep freedmen in slavelike conditions. List Amendment; civilrights; impeach; Fifteenth some possible solutions to this problem. Asyou read, Amendment; carpetbagger; scalawag. take specific notes on how Congress actually responded.
soutlierneis iii I fdce(lunseen dan rolled back. ( )ne by one, son t hem states met Blackgers Oil tile road to freedom. For many Johnson’s Reconstruct mondeman(ls and were
African Americans, 1lie initial surge of joy quick restored to the Union. Ihe first order of busi ly turned to a t I1(iti sand W( inisi in e quest iomis. ness iii t liese new, white-run ()vern men Is was How won 1(1 treed inei feed and house to enact black codes, laws that rest ricted themselves? Who would take care of the old, freedmen’s rights. l’he black codes established the sick, and the orpha ned? Ilow con 1(1íam virtual slavery with provisions such as these: lies leave the plantation to seek a l)etter life? (iir/’ivs. ( ;erill, black people could Where could I hey gel help iii a place where ii 01 galher afler sunset. some anrrv ex-( onfe(lerdtes still carried a gun /t’iiiailcy loivs. Freedmen convicted of and a grudge? vagrancy—that is, not working— could be lined, whipped, or sold fi r a year’s labor, Jo liei coil! reels. Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work.
Defeat in war had not changed the fact that I hose who quit in the middle of a contract white people still dominated southern society. often lost all the wages they had earned. As one white Georgian noted: “Il’he freed— Luoits oil WOiilL’ilS ngliis. Mothers who mani has no land; he can make no crops wanted to stay home and care for their families except the white man gives him a chamice. were forced instead to do farm labor. He can scarcely get work anywhere but in the Land restrictions. Freed people could rent rice—fields and cotton plantations. . . . What land or homes only in rural areas. This forced sort of freedom is that?” them to live on plantations. Indeed, one of the main goals of the Civil Southern defiance of Reconstruction War, freedoms for enslaved people, was being enraged northern Republicans in Congress.
Chapter 1 • Section 2 385
386
Amendment
ratified.
1863
The
Fourteenth
Chapter
TKHIN
seeking
Ratification
is
that date
influence
Lack
Johnson often
leading head vetoed
Act
bypass
est
In They
Democrats’
“equal
ourteenth Tiirnii
13
early
of tools:
As
is
that
Fair
is
of
minimum
this
Congress
at
of
labor blamed
implied
protection
Ac
voter
the
Johnson,
maximum
a
Labor odds
•
an
congressional the
had
1866
the
landmark
Congress.
mandate outlawed
banning
and
Section measure.
passes
return
approval
1938 power
Standards
wage
Republican
unelected with
no
setting
President
when
Congress
I
Point:
hours.
of
Congress
child
2
mandate
and
the
amendment
the
amendment. states
them.
Photo American
filling
right
the
limited
1920
a
to
AmenLbnent
the
to
As
he
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Nineteenth
amend
of
to
or
President,
power.
that in
(left)
Republicans,
black
Johnson
passed
vote a
party.
a
former
she
INT:
used
women
Johnson’s
to
politician’s
map
had
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the
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one
Determined
Yet
a
passage
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show
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Constitution.
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for
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policies
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The
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to
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to
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victories
Fourteenth
—i,iirtt’c,itii
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ment Act,
courts Then
passed into
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strike
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ized
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In
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United
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of
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abridge
and
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1868.
shall
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within
of
the
President’s
Concerned
of
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The
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veto.
that I _____
The full text of the Fourteenth Amend (1) It put the South GOVERNMtNTtONCiEPTS ment is on page 166—167.Its effects have under military rule, echoed throughout American history, as dividing it into five dis civil rights: the rights to which shown in the time line on the previous page. tricts, each governed by every citizen is entitled a northern general. (See map on the next page.) V TheHistoricalContext:Thefirst Radical Reconstructio, (2) It ordered south CivilRightsAct,in1866,guaran The congressional Republicans who drafted ern states to hold new teedcitizenshiptoAfrican the Fourteenth Amendment consisted of two elections for delegates Americans.Thesecond,in1875, major groups. One group was the Radical to create new state con guaranteedthemequalrightsin Republicans. Radicals were small in number stitutions. publicplaces.Morefundamentally, but increasingly influential, Most Republicans, (3) It required states in1868theFourteenthAmendment part however, saw themselves as moderates. In pol to allow all qualified madeprotectionofcivilrights oftheConstitution. itics, a moderate is someone who supports the male voters, including mainstream views of the party, not the more African Americans, to V TheConceptToday:Violationsof extreme positions. vote in the elections. AfricanAmericans’civilrightscon Moderates and Radicals both opposed (4) It temporarily tinuedandevenincreasedfollowing Johnson’s Reconstruction policies, opposed the barred southerners Reconstruction.Nearlya century spread of black codes, and favoredthe expansion who had supported later,the civilrightsmovementof of the Republican party in the South. But mod the Confederacy from the 1950sand1960sfoughtto erates were less enthusiastic over the Radicals’ voting. eraselawsthatdiscriminated goal of granting African Americans their civil (5) It required south againstAfricanAmericans.Todayit rights, citizens’ personal liberties guaranteed by ern states to guaran isillegalto discriminateonthe law, such as voting rights and equal treatment. tee equal rights to all basisofrace. (See Government Concepts at right.) Racial citizens. inequality was still common in the North, and (6) lt required the moderates did not want to impose stricter laws states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. on the South than those in the North. Congress and the President The stage was The North Grows Impatient This reluctance now set for a showdown that pitted Johnson began to dissolvein early 1866,as word spread of against two powerful Radical Republicans in new violence against African Americans, In Congress. Massachusetts Senator April, the 1imous Civil War nurse Clara Barton Charles Sumner, a founder of the Main Ide gave graphic testimony in Congress about Republican party, was a passionate injured black victims she had treated. 1)uring the abolitionist who sought voting rights - next three months, white rioters went on ram for black Americans. Whatwere the main goals of Radical in Memphis, In the House, Johnson faced pages against African Americans Reconstruction? Tennessee; New Orleans, Louisiana; and New Thaddeus Stevens, a Pennsylvania con York City. White police joined in the stabbings, gressman with a stern face and a per shootings, and hangings that killed hundreds. sonality to match. Stevens led the charge that 1)espite public outrage against the brutal threatened to bring down Johnson’s presidency. ity, Johnson continued to oppose equal rights At face value, the contest was a test of wills for African Americans. In the 1866 congres between the President and his congressional sional elections, he gave speeches urging states adversaries. Yet it was also a power struggle not to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. between the legislative and executive branches Angry northern voters responded by sweeping of government, a test of the system of checks Radical Republicans into Congress. Now, and balances established by the Constitution. Radicals could put their own Reconstruction plans into action. A Power Struggle The crisis began in early 1868, when Johnson tried to fire Secretary of Stnct Laws Imposed Calling for “reform, not War Edwin Stanton, a Lincoln appointee. revenge,” Radicals in Congress passed the Johnson wanted Stanton out because, under Reconstruction Act of 1867. Historians note the new Reconstruction Act, Stanton, a friend that this was indeed a “radical” act in American of the Radicals, would preside over military history. These are its key provisions: rule of the South.
Chapter 13 • Section2 387
388
tthU
Mexico
Radical
Terr.
New
Chapter
Date
of
Republican
rejoined
Place
readmissiori
Rule
Johnson
If
him—to
impeached. Stanton
Johnson Johnson
armed act
1868 the
ate
‘[‘enure
tional approve
1868, thereby
oHicials.
(
liii
must
the
President’s
ongress
Which
two
in
As
an
certain
Territory
also
The
Under
13
the
ernments
I President
Indian
Tenure
rule,
louse
1870?
seek
the
thirds
powers
of
House
forces.
called
administration
state
of
Union
was
limiting
for
charge
took
tiring
the however,
•
Impeached
became
Office in
the
Senate
Senate
power
jobs,
Section
“high
the
was
unconstitutional.
fou
Lincoln
to
reestablished,”
1
of
firing
for
of
867.
“successful
away
as
members
Mo.
of
him
iid
the
the
South
Act
Constitution,
this
the
by
Office
0
such
commander
crimes
2
‘l’he Stanton
to
the
had
approval
first
tried
that
of
with
senators
did
demanded
the
150
the
Presidents
hire
hoped
Led
mm’.
190
to
act to
those
as
first
not
300
operation,
Constitution,
wrongdoing
by
President’s
rejoin
and
Act
Joh
and
voted
his
President
Cabinet happen
by placed
Kilometers
directly
December
to
md.
for
300
President
nson’s
were
officials
misdemeanors.”
the
OWfl
On
restore
just
tIre
the
in
that
Mites
the
power
candidates
Ky.
with
for
fiery
to
Union?
limits
February
chief
government
to
liking.
Ohio
posts.
pasSed
more
challenged
southern
the
1865,
President order
impeach
tiring
constitu
in
Andrew
vote
Stevens,
as
in
to
W.Va,
Senate
office. of
Which
on
to
than
Under
May
well, prevailing
cre
‘l’he
l’he
for
the
24,
the
state
be
of
by
to
a
states
ma.
decade.
Radical
gov
and
queiitly
rights:
january
juries,
to beginning
Across
t
nor
President
Ulysses
I)emocrat
li.nnessee
condemned
was
For
Democrats evidence
the
bribes
of
Kansas All
before
vote,
Johnson.
but
following two-thirds
of
insufficient
and
and
the
one
the
Republican
New
S.
presented
9,
before
to
were
trial
to
threats,
and
senator
(rant.
to
South,
constitutional
and
I
His
his
Ioratio
hold
I
demand
victorious
who
term, son,
majority licans his em
back battle Grant
the
othce. could
party
crisis est
no
the on
merely Johnson
“ayes”
ever
come
conviction,
8(35, testify
York.
had
six
evidence,
yes
conscience,
eventually
deciding.
allies,
braced
Senate
May
real
most of
In
The
other
Ross
begun.
had
as
remaining
Edmund
vote removed
public was
In
inca
to
set
but
the
Nashville but
the
chose
Is
the
remove
in
Seymour, and
needed
margins:
Now,
that the
a
a
declared
the
‘hnnessee
power.
not
Elected historic
had
Republicans would
insisted
16,
ii the
serious
court.
dispute
one
lost
and
In
first
Jose
case
seat
with
The
forced
while,
I
saying
him,
“nays”
8b8
(
the
rights
Ross
G.
otlice,
Johnson
enemies.
a
escaped
precedent 1868.
had
he
convention
ivil
(
the
to
from
lone of —as and
have
trusted
Ross,
end
a
ongress
for
elect no
race,
their
convict.
on
voted
In
out
Rejected
months
was
one
freedmen
crimes,
vote
war.”
freed
President
their
Johnson
with
former President
goes,
of
\‘Var
holdout
hearing were
only
a
he
a
given
and
black
When
never
of
mandate
office.
not
to
an votes
ion,
letter
severely
1
citizenship:
with
(Jrant by
felt
office.
)emocrat.
vote.t
would
took
men
candidate
opponent
Despite
to
Congress,
serve
I
own:
“WOil
that
President
and general,
counted,
regained
Radicals
Ic
the
there
and
the Repub
convict.
even
was
the
voting
gover
by
of
to
all
served
dated
really
John
were
went
place
from
do—
clos
beat
only
and
The
the
the
the
on not
the
the
be
the his AMERICAN If [freedmen]are good law abidingcitizens,prayingfor its prosperity,rejoicingin its progress, paying its taxes, fightingits baffles, making its farms, mines, work-shops and commerce more pro VOTINGRIGHTSFORAFRICANAMERICANS ductive,why deny them the rightto have a The question of whether to extend voting rights to African voiceinthe electionof its rulers? Americans was hotly debated in the I860s. —‘l’lie“b/tickcitizens of Nashville In Favor of VotingRights Opposed to VotingRights The letter received no known response. Yet African Americans, and their supporters in “Ifimpartialsuffrageisexcluded “Mostofthe whitesare disen Congress, pressed on. (See Comparing inrebelStates,theneveryoneof franchised[notlegallyableto Primary Sources on the right.) themissuretosenda solidrebel vote]and ineligibleforoffice, representativedelegationto whilstthe Negroesare [granted] in February 1869, at the peak of Radical power, Congress passed the Fifteenth Congress,andcasta solidrebel the rightofvoting.Thepolitical electoralvote.They.. .would poweristhereforethrownintothe Amendment to the ( onstitut ion. It stated that alwayselectthePresidentand handsofa massofhumanbeings no citizen may be denied the right to vole “by controlCongress.. . . Iamfor who,havingjustemergedfroma the United States or by any State on account of negrosuffrageineveryrebel stateofservitude[slavery],are race, color, or previous condition of servi state.Ifitbejust,itshouldnotbe ignorantoftheformsofgovern tude.” Ratified in March 1870, the Fifteenth denied;ifitbenecessary,itshould mentandtotallyunfittoexercise was last Amendment the major piece of beadopted;ifitisa punishment this,thehighestprivilegeofa free Reconstruction legislation. totraitors,theydeserveit.” people.” The Supreme Court added its weight to the —Speech by —HenryWilliamRavenel, federal Reconstruction effort in 1869. In 7’xas ThaddeusStevens, South Carolinaplantei v. White, the ( ourt upheld Congress’s right to RadicalRepublican, journal entry for restructure southern govern ments. The ruling January 3, 1867 February24, 1867 added new support for federal power over states’ rights. ANALYZINGVIEWPOINTSCompare the main arguments In 1870, with federal troops stationed made by the two writers. across the South and wit Ii the Fiflcent h Amendment in place, southern black men proudly voted for the first time. Most voted Republican, while many angry white voters stayed home, The unique situation swept on the plantations. In 1871 he ran for sheriff of Republicans, including hundreds of freedmen, Bolivar County, Mississippi. In a debate, his into public office in the South. opponent, a white l)emocrat, called Bruce “a More than 60() African Americans were slave who did nothing but wait on his master.” elected to southern legislatures. Louisiana “It is true that I was a house slave,” gained a black governor, P.B.S. Pinchback. Bruce replied. “But 1freed myself, edu
Sixteen black men went to Congress. In 1874, cated myself, and raised myself up Mississippi sent to the Senate a ftrmer slave, in the world. if my opponent had Blanche Bruce. started out where I did, he would still be there.” Bruce won the sheriff’s LLqh(I( I post, and held other govern A boy born into slavery in ment jobs as well. He worked expect little to ease racial and political ten more sions, earning respect from tude. Blanche K. Bruce was more fortunate Radical and moderate Repub than sonic. Growing up in Virginia and licans—even white planters who Missouri, he shared a tutor with his master’s opposed Reconstruction. In 1874 son. Bruce later attended Oberlin College in Bruce won election to the United Ohio, until his money ran out. States Senate. Bruce then moved to Mississippi and In Congress Bruce worked to help BlancheK.Bruce recruited Republicans from among freedmen African Americans. He opposed moves (1841—1898)
Chapter 13 • Section2 389 to encourage black people to relocate in the Carpetbaggers were often depicted as West African country of Liberia. Instead he greedy men seeking to grab power or make a urged freedmen to stay, get an education, and fast buck. Certainly the trainloads of north fight for equality. At his death in 1898, erners who disembarked in southern cities Blanche Bruce was said to be second only to included some profiteers and swindlers. Yet Frederick Douglass as a leader of African historians point out that most carpetbaggers Americans. were honest, educated men. They included former union soldiers, black northerners, Freedmen’s Bureau officials, businessmen, clergy, and political leaders. During Radical Reconstruction, the Repub lican party was a mixture of people who had Scalawags In the postwar South, to be white little in common but a desire to prosper in the and a southerner and a Republican was to he postwar South. This strong bloc of voters seen as a traitor. Southerners had an unflatter included freedmen and two other groups. ing name ftr white southern Republicans as well:scalawag, originally a Scottish word mean Carpetbaggers Northern ing “scrawny cattle.” Some scalawagswere for Republicans Who moved mer Whigs who had opposed secession. Some to the postwar South be were small farmers who resented the planter came known as carpet class. Still others were former planters. Many baggers. Southerners scalawags,but not all, were poor. gave them this insult Many Southern whites, resenting the ing nickname, which power of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and referred to a type of scalawags, criticized the Reconstruction gov cheap suitcase made ernments as corrupt and incompetent. In from carpet scraps. The reality, Reconstruction legislatures included name implied that these honest men and dishonest men, qualified northerners had stuffed Politicians and incompetent ones, literate some clothes into a men and a few illiterate ones. Today, most his— carpetbag and rushed torians agree that these officials were no worse in to profit from and no l)etter than officials in other regions of Thecarpetbag southern misery. the country at this time. became a symbolof corruptionand greed.
SECTION ‘ REVIEW ni ,r h n son sentence that connects each entry to the entry that follows it. 1 Key Terms Define: (a) blackcodes; (b) Fourteenth Amendment; (c) civil rights; 3 Drawing Conclusions How was the im (d) impeach; (e) Fifteenth Amendment; peachment of Andrew Johnson a test of the (f)carpetbagger; (g)scalawag. nation’s system of checks and balances? 2 Summarizing the Main Idea Why did Congress take over Reconstruction, and what cttvty policies did it create? Irtnq G Writing an Expository Essay From the Organizing Information Create a cause- 3 perspective of a journalist traveling in the and-effect chart on Radical Reconstruction. postwar South, write an expository essay describing the effects of Republican government on the region. 4 Analyzing Time Lines Review the time line at the start of the section. Write a phrase or
390 Chapter 13 • Section 2 1865 I 872 Thirteenth 1866 Allsouthern 1872 Amendment Southern stateshave Rebuildingofsouthern endsslavery HomesteadAct publicschools raifroadscomplete
3 Birthofthe “New$ovttr
SECTIONPREVIEW
Summarizethe post—CivilWarchanges in Reconstructiontransformed the South’seconomy,as southern agriculture. plantationsadjusted to the loss of slave laborand the Explainthe achievements and limitationsof regionbegan to attract investment and industry. urban and industrialgrowth in the South. Listthe beneficialand the harmfulways in which Reconstructionfunds were used. FormulatingQuestionsRereadthe MainIdea above. KeyTermsDefine:sharecropping;tenant Then rewrite it as a question.Asyou read, take notes farming;infrastructure. that help answer that question.
O man ..an work another man’s land still be king? If so, who would work the plan witbout getting poorer tations? Would freed people flee the South or N I and poorer every year,” a black southerner wrote during stay? How would black emancipation affect Reconstruction. ( )ne black family in postwar the poor white laborers of the South? No one Alabama found this out the hard wily. really knew.
‘ihe I loltzcliiw familyworked on the cotton farm of a whiteplanter. Lveryyear at harvesttime Wanted: Workers Although the Civil they received part of the cotton crop as payment War left southern plantations in for their work. Hutyou can’teat cotton, and most tatters, the destruction was not years the I lolt,claws’ share of the harvest didn’t permanent. Many planters earn them enough money to feed themselves. managed to hang on to their Some years the planter gave them nothing land, and others regained theirs at all. So the mother worked as a cook. The after climbing out of debt. 6() a father hauled logs at a sawmill for cents Planters complained, however, that they Withshovels day. ‘[he children would wade knee—deep in couldnt find people willing to work for them. andpickaxes, swamps gathering anything edible. This was Nobody liked picking cotton in the blazing workersbuilt not the freedom they had hoped for. sun. It seemed too much like slavery. Workers railroads that often disappeared to look for better, higher- crisscrossed paying jobs. For instance, railroad workers in the New Virginia in the late I860s earned $1.75 to $2.00 South. The Holtzclaws were part of an economic reor a day. Plantation wages came to 50 cents a day ganization in the “New South” of the 1870s. It at best. Women in the fields earned as little as was triggered by the ratification of the Thirteenth 6 cents a day. Amendment in 1865, which ended slavery and In simple terms, planters had land but no shook the economic foundations of the South. laborers, while freedmen had their own labor The loss of slave labor raised grave ques but no land. Out of these needs came new pat tions for southern agriculture. Would cotton terns of farming in the South.
Chapter 13 • Section3 391
-4i1
392
change In
the Reconstruction
lain
what
South?
chart
Interpreting
ing
agriculture
caught
ways
Chapter
• •
•
• •
•
Agricultural
Planters Farmers
Small
Slavery
Planters
the
idea
(left)
did
Civil
in
farmers
just
than Tenants
work.
Tenant
however, enough croppers
the
Like
a vision
one
family. share claws, sharecropping Sharecropping
land.
planter
farming
shows
is
and
are
in
need
War—as
cycle
Charts
abolished.
focus
Sharecroppers
caught
land
13
as sharecroppers,
merchants
sharecroppers.
third
a
lack
As
some
of
of
Thus
and
stable
farmed
you
of other
before
charged some
pers a
the ment.
money,
debt?
shifts
Whether
chose
usually
Farming
arrangement did
were
payment
tenant
the capital
•
they
in
single
y’-w
the
of
under
sharecroppers
a
this
or
Section
EFFECTS work
often
might
CAUSES
the
they
prosper. cycle
dishonest
from
crop
expenses,
They
year.
trapped
farmed.
paying
to
Florida
what
one
some
white
problems
he
family,
farmers
the
force.
workday.
buy
ir
provided
food
of
wound
the
‘l’he
had
3
the
worked
tenant
at
If
rent
might
Since
could
debt
ii’Liwg’
families
land,
or
half
family
to
crops
harvest
threat
a
portion
on
family
black,
the was
a
planters
so
Unlike that
most
an
paid
_
such
sharecropper
plant
higher
up
they
the
farmers
without
try be
of
(right),
that
to
debt,
under
poor
After
sharecropping.
apartment
most
housing
in
7IJ’I7!ftfIFVfr1N&II
of
cash
fined
for
to
tenant
plantation.
was
the
could time,
common
as
debt
the
sharecroppers,
ot
families
and
simply
harsh
rent
thought
southern
social
housing
crops.
these
did
the
close
pay.
promised
the
a
for
yield.
sharecrop
at
generally
when
the
farming. not
planter’s
not
faced.
punish
harvest, for
missing
the
to
—
evicted Others
-4B
today.
lloltz—
super
share
status
farmers
saved
land,
leave
be own
new
The
and
end
the
sharecroppers
to
Economics
A
11 a
-
remained
would
low-cost
of
a
pay among
South
rural
war cane,
levels. cash
tenant
ly
vested War, economy
during
Effects
we child
prospects and sharecropping
mules,
l()
cycle
tenant
1866
shouted
acres
last
How (]ycle
Enipliasis
(iiangcs The
cotton
poor
a
crops,
or
9()
poverty
rather
at
farm
As
of
had
by
team
blacks
tenant
and
year’s
attempted
farming
did
land
Reconstruction
percent
debt,
in
of
farmers,
on
the
a
of
l-loltzclaws
slaves.
in
the
to of
result
farmers
it.
having
production and
such
land.
debt.
than
several of
farmers. to
iii
bills.
the
and
time. import
on
years
was
owning
By
in
to
southerners,
oxen.
i/ic
leaped
which
encouraged of
By
ens/i
of
as
1874,
food
whites
By
picked
to
l’hey
The
South
tenant
get
deeply
only
follow
the
Itibor “We
the
cotton,
The
1875,
important
break
the
much
crops.
managed
William
Southern
crops.
a
for
black
this
South’s
focus bought
our
soon
alike.
end
4()
were
wagon
/orcc.
affected
farming.
white
(Thanges
rooted
joy,
that
year’s
of
percent
tobacco,
father
black
Sharecropping
farmers
of
on
l’he
surpassed
planters
They
its
so
cycle
Floltzclaw
a
ways:
cotton
he
Befire
Reconstruction,
laborers,
Homestead
to
cash
and
profits
mule,
food.
in
or
South’s
happy
later
for
They
the
remained
move
of
in
white,
by
the
in
and
crops,
a
boss,
the
was
the
to
recalled.
Georgia
offering
farming
a
went
South’s
prewar pair
South,
rented
at
most
horse,
sugar
was
post
crop.
grow
from
Civil
who
har
and
that
Act
the
the
to
in
of a owned 350,000 acres.Still,most landless farmers A major focus of Reconstruction, and one could not afford to participate. In the cotton of its greatest successes,was the rebuilding and states, only about one black family in 20 owned extension of southern railroads. By 1872, land after a decade of Reconstruction. southern railroads were totally rebuilt and Rise of merchants. iènant farming created about 3,300 miles of new track laid, a 40 a new class of wealthy southerners: the mer percent increase. chants. Throughout the South, stores sprang Railroads turned southern villages into up around plantations to sell supplies on cred towns, and towns into cities. Commerce and it. “We have stores at almost every crossroad,” population rose not only in Atlanta, but also in a journalist observed. By 188()the South had Richmond, Nashville, Memphis, Louisville, more than 8,00()rural stores. Little Rock, Montgomery, and Charlotte. On Some merchants were honest; others were the western frontier, the lèxas towns of I)allas, not. Landlords frequently ran their own Houston, and Fort Worth were on the rise. stores and forced their tenants to buy there at high prices. Limits of Industrial Growth Despite these After four years of tenant farming, the changes, Reconstruction did not transform the Holtzclaws watched as creditors carted away South into an industrialized, urban region like everything they owned, “They came and took the North. Most southern factories did not our corn and, finally, the vegetables from our make finished goods such as furniture, They little garden, as well as the chickens and the handled only the early, less profitable stages of pig,” Holtzclaw said. The family had no choice manufacturing, such as making lumber or pig but to return to sharecropping. iron. These items were shipped north to be made into finished products and sold. Most of the South’s postwar industrial Cities and Industry growth came from cotton mills. New factories Southerners who visited the North after the began to spin and weave cotton into undyed Civil War were astounded at how industrial fabric. The value of cotton mill production in ized the North had become, The need for South Carolina rose from about $713,000 in large-scale production of war supplies had l86()to nearly $3 million by 1880.However, the turned small factories into big industries that big profits went to northern companies that I dominated the North’s economy. Industrial dyed the fabric and sold the finished product. ization had produced a new class of wage earn Still,the growth of southern industry plant ers. It had ignited city growth and generated ed seeds of economic change. For example, wealth, Could all this happen in the South? Alabama, already the nation’s biggest iron pro Some southern leaders saw a unique ducer, would become a major producer of steel. opportunity for their region. They urged the South not simply to rebuild its old agricultural to build a new, r: economy but industrialized one. One of the pro-business voices was Henry Grady, editor of the Atla,ztn Constitution. He called for a “New South” of growing cities and thriving industries.
The Growth of Cities Atlanta, the city so 25 punished by Sherman’s army, took Grady’s 20 advice, Only months after the war, the city was °‘15U, on its way to becoming a major metropolis of 1,0 the South, as one observer noted: 0.5
is 0 ‘A new city springing up with marvelous 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 rapidity.The narrowand irregularand numerous Year streets are alivefrom morningtill night. . . with Source:HistoricalStatisticsofthe UnitedStates,ColonialTimesto 1970 a never-endingthrong of. . . eager and excited and enterprising men, all bent on buildingand InterpretingGraphs Cottonproductionwasthe South’smaineco and swiftfortune-making.” trading nomicactivityuntil1930. EconomIcs Whataccounts for the drop —Visitor to Atlanta, 1865 in production in the middle of this chart?
Chapter 13 • Section 3 393
394
4 SECTION
3
2
Chapter
Analyzing
the
contract
with
illustrate Organizing
industry did
Summarizing
(b)
Key
tprnnton
c4
start
tenant
Reconstruction
this
Terms
ture
that
What
added
both
fInancial deep
on
of
rest, from
into
created
services
ing states
lines.
roads,
almost with and
in
was
region’s
entry:
Raising islatures
efforts sharecroppers’ prosperity.”
times
that
promoting
southern The the
farming;
Time
r
13
the
REVIEW
Spending individuals,
was
In
much
Reconstruction
the
in however,
Define:
infrastructure.
planter.” further
wealthy Congress
debt
section. services
Republicans the
formation
one
another
South?
“Sharecropper used
the
bridges, addition
for •
Lines
of
being public
trq
to
burden.
North’s
completely
growth
Money
throughout
infrastructure,
Section
Congress
of
(c)
from
their giant everyone
legislatures Main
(a)
have
angered Reconstruction
business. Pick
this
infrastructure.
lost
was
Review and
by
that
$130 school
sharecropping;
and It
canals,
cycle many
3
to
citizens.
Create the
of
example,
on
Idea big one
In
to business
guided Reconstruction
raised who
poor,
from the
a
business
legislatures and
Some
million
corruption.
a
southerners
war.
agriculture
was
the signs spending
systems
event the of
society
rebuilt.
sense,
of
led railroads,
What
rebuilding
The
a
on
the
debt.
by
private
time
diagram
resented
For
1
whom
called the
of White
Congress
the
870s.
one-year that
levying all
Reconstruction
the
to opportunity.
would
the
strong
funds
the
effects
line
instance, by
uses,
Begin
public
southern
southern
That
was for
Reconstruction poured
investors.
and
postwar importance
the
was
and
money 1
at were
southerners,
to
872.
effort,
legislatures
heavy
this
infrastruc
bring to
agreed
had
conviction
“gospel
evidence
telegraph
included
property
expand still
follow
money
added
debt.
came states
taxes
South
to some
3.
better
l’he
The
with
leg
in
6.
be
irthiq of
of
answer. education
ing
Drawing
Reconstruction
a
largely
sentence
changed
essay
Writing
corruption.
in
Reconstruction
infrastructure,
horse
the South
which cooperated
fellow evils
negroes,’
“You crats,
blacks
evaporated
millions way
a
money,
nessman
for key
roads.
form
sums
large
personal
and
ago. prosecuted.
and
Corruption
successful
vacation,
to
speaker
Not
Participants
construction
state
The
numerous
During
explaining
Conclusions
.
race!
are
southerners
South
Carolina
for and
temptation.
to
Government
of
I)emocrat.
business
Aciit’y of
after
promises
an
.
and
A
every
use
explain
.
loans
of
worst
mistaken
a
senator
money
would freed
crooked profit. costly
money
result
Expository
of
Louisiana
without
“whenever dollars
the
it whites,
and
then
regularly
or
Reconstruction,
That
the
politician
Today,
ft)r
and
legislature
cases
Civil
a railroads
each
government
on
is
people?
how
one
from
then to
to changed was
I personal
l)emocrats
in of
and
reputation declare
louse grants.
Do
businessman
Yet
if raised
was
vigorously
officials win
housing,
a War.
pay,” a
Republicans
of
that
of
such
corruption
man you
trace.
southern spent
northern
collect
new
used
you
the
your
Essay
anything
those
fraud not
or a
to
were
was
to Explain
government
even suppose
wrote bankruptcy. hands
investments
he cover schemes
businessman
carpetbaggers
railroad.
think
on
choices. their projects,
the
in rebuild
jobs, and involved
not. the
for a
who never
Write
observed.
gave
both
rebuild uncovered
carpetbaggers.
farming
time
to case
in might
rapidly
his
is Republicans
construction and
more
Write
positions
your
waste
that
and
a
government
did
$1,000
proposed
the
built,
loss The
northern
enormous the
included an
a
of
contract
the
Demo
or
in bribe
all
century
South
gave
gave
in
on
North and
busi
many
The
even
and
and
rail
this the
to
and
the
for
a a 1870 Anti-Klanlaws; 1872 187€ 1877 1866 laststates Grantreelected Hayeswins Reconstruction KuKluxKlan rejoinUnion President presidency ends formed
4 The EnilofReconstrudlloi
SECTIONPREVIEW
i Assess the impactof racialterrorismon the Inthe 1870s,white Democratsregainedpowerinthe South. South,and publicinterest in Reconstructiondeclined. 2 Explainwhythe Reconstructionperiodcame The programwas botha success and a failure. to an end. 3 Listthe majorsuccesses and failuresof Readinç trateçjy Reconstruction. AnalyzingCause and EffectCreatea cause-and- 4 key Terms Define:solidSouth;Compromise effectchartentitled“WhyReconstructionEnded,” of 1877, usingthe chartinSection3 as a modelAsyouread, add Informationto yourchart.
n March 187()the last southern states were both white and black. The Klan’s long-term I restored to the Union. Yet the United States goal was to keep African Americans in the role was still far from united. From 1868 through of submissive laborers. This motive still drives 1871, groups of white southerners launched a Klan activity today. violent backlash against RadicalReconstruction, The Klan’s tactics varied, Often, terror TheKlanleft At the head of the campaign was an organiza horsemen in long robes and hoods appeared miniature tion that started in 1866 as a social club in suddenly at night, carrying guns and whips. coffinslike Tennessee:the Ku Klux Klan, or KKK. They encircled the homes of their victims, and this,contain The Klan quickly evolved into a terrorist planted huge burning crosses in their yards. ing written organization. Klansmen pledged to “defend People were dragged from their homes and death the social and political superiority” of whites harassed, tortured, kidnapped, or murdered. threats,at against what they called the “aggressions of an Anyone who didn’t share the Klan’s goals the doorsof inferior race.” The membership consisted and hatreds could be a victim: carpetbaggers, manyfreed largely of ex-Confederate officers and planta scalawags, freedmen who had become pros men and tion owners who had been excluded from pol perous—even those who had merely learned theirwhite itics. The group also attracted merchants, to read. \‘Vithchilling frequency, black women supporters. lawyers, and other professionals. The Klan was went to claim the dead bodies of their hus supposed to be a “secret society,” but in fact bands and sons. most members’ identities were well known to their local communities. The Federal Response The vio lence kindled northern outrage. At President Grant’s request, 5prcadirq Terro; Congress passed a series During Radical Reconstruction, the Klan of anti-Klan laws in 1870 sought to eliminate the Republican party in and 1871. The Force Act of the South by intimidating Republican voters, 1870 banned the use of
Chapter 13 • Section4 395
396
LI
LjRutherford
Candidate/Party
IésidntIa[
States
Samuel
Peter
Chaoter
Cooper
with
J.
Tilden
disputed
B.
(Greenback)
Hayes
widespread continued
tion,
reminded
Reconstruction.
everywhere thinly tried
frage the the voting
President banned
ually
terror,
military
tdaha
Tarr
(Democrat)
promised
under
election In
Terr,
Utah
13
Using
KKK
results
(Republican)
courts,
Election
the
thousands
sometimes all
withdrew
force,
Mont.
Terr
spread
because
tarnished
federal
protection
•
the
Wyø
but
Terr.
Grant,
results was
voters
to
troops,
to
Section
corruption
at
end
or
ended.
KKK
the
pursue
control
Electoral
virtually
once.
bribery
Vote federal
election
disputed?
184
185
Reconstruction.
Dakota
from
who of
Toir.
of
4
with of
o
government
cavalry,
of
entirely
Klansmen.
were
all
their
the
As
1
voters
Won
of
the
energy.
to
876
in
that
4,288,546
4034,311
army
disputed, wiped
1876,
federal
Popular
goals
prevent
Vote
75,973
his
reelection
South,
race.
and
and
and
was
Location
the
of
administration
could
Within
out.
However,
but arrested
the
voting
troops
electoral
strengthened
wrong
Reconstruc
people
Other
black
went
(ij
%
7fl\
power
Still,
In
jn
Electoral
not
Vote
places.
to
which
a
votes
grad
I
from
with
$72, year
laws
Hayes
suf
and
the the
be
of
in
)
states
three
when
N.
%
men
the
blocked
govern
southerners
prevented
South,
deeper
1 A
ruption, spent cite
long
were
grown
Popular
Vote
873
states
he
1.0
Dying
Radicals’
(6)
(5)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1) several
t
diverted
concern
for
heavily,
weary
ments.
debt.
Northern Reconstruction
A
As
Reconstruction
many
more greed,
White-dominated
eq
Issue
nationwide
federal
ual
reasons
from
goal
of
public
with
presidential
showing
submitted
in
still federal
to
federal Carolina.
based
Florida, The
the
solid
vote,
who
rights.
a
l)emoc The
I presidential
Republan
Reconstruction legislatures.
and
reforms the
the
with
to cx
I pa ing control
putting
and
Republicans
laves
)emocratic
By
those
of
voters
rdo -(
final,
regain
results.
I
solid
troops
solid
Reconstruction.
to
for
voting,
poor
the
flrm
under layes
l’he
map
racial
o
had
attention
however,
Compromise
other
South.
lost
ned.
n
more
Reconstruction
a
economic
rat
partly
states,
this
federates
came
control. Louisiana,
of
Tilden
of
mid-1870s,
close.
legislatures
never
South
South,
southern
another
government.
sour
Those
the
era
on
the
the
equality.
withdrew
race.
the
a
control
claimed
shift:
white
Sa
Republican
election
‘l’li
voters
and
to
allowing
southern
freedmen
Rut
and
support
popular
South
the
in
The
In
of from
Reconstruction
new
fully
as
on
was
ey
reversed
symbolize
turn
politics
I
uel
downturn
states
li
)emocrats
their
set
I
l)emocrats
the
thus southerners
left
$72 Republican
and
erford
had states
‘
disputed. known
voters
the supported
wins
Historians
electoral
taxed
was
0mb
of
of
of
bloc
of from
Ti policies.
winner
victory
in
vote
decade-
the
of
shows
in
South
tallies
move—
Iden,
were many
1
white
states
1877
com
took
been
and
876.
state
were
the
the ned
cor
the
into
last
and
had
in
the
to
B.
of of
as in Congress set up a special commission to resolve the election crisis. Not surprisingly, the commission, which included more Repub licans than I)ernocrats, named Hayes the victor. However, Democrats had enough strength in Congress to reject the commis sion’s decision. Finally the two parties made a deal. In the Compromise of 1877, the Democrats agreed to give Hayes the victory in the presidential election he had not clearly won. In return, the new President agreed to remove the remaining federal troops from southern states. He also agreed to give huge subsidies to southern rail roads. The compromise opened the way for Democrats to regain control of southern poli Atlanta,Georgia,rose fromthe devastationleftbythe Civil tics and marked the end of Reconstruction. Warto become a bustlingcommercialcenter,as this 1887 picture shows. Government In what other ways was Efiects of Reconsi uci 1lot Reconstruction successful? Until quite recently, historians saw Recon struction as a dismal failure, a time simply of corrupt and incompetent government in the (2) After the withdrawal of federal troops South. Today most historians argue that the from the South, southern state governments truth is more complex. and terrorist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan effrctively denied African Americans the Successes of Reconstruction The Recon right to vote. struction era included several important (3) Racist attitudes toward African accomplishments: Americans continued, in both the South and (1) Republicans carried out their two main the North. goals, to rebuild the Union and to help repair (4) Reconstruction left a lasting bitterness the war-torn South. among many white southerners toward the (2) Reconstruction stimulated economic federal government and the Republican party. growth in the South and created new wealth in (5) While Reconstruction pro the North. grams resulted in the rebuilding and Ihar Iae (3) The Fourteenth and Fifteenth amend expansion of southern infrastructure, ments guaranteed African Americans the the region was slow to industrialize, rights of citizenship, equal protection under The southern economy continued to Whattrends in the South helped bring the law, and suffrage. African Americans emphasize agriculture and to lag far the end of economy of about gained the right to testify in court and to sit behind the industrialized Reconstruction? on juries. the North. Whydo most histo (4) The Freedmen’s Bureau and other (6) Reconstruction did not address rians now believe organizations helped many black families concerns of groups such as farmers that Reconstruction obtain housing, jobs, and schooling. wanting regulation of railroads, work was not a complete (5) Southern states adopted the system of ers seeking safer conditions, and advo failure? tax-supported, mandatory education practiced cates of woman suffrage. in the North. Increased access to education would benefit whites and blacks alike. Civil Rights Battles Continue Members of the women’s suffrage movement were angry and Failures of Reconstruction Yet the Recoii disappointed when some Radical Republicans struction era had a number of failures as well: refused to endorse voting rights for women. (1) As in the era of slavery, most black “Either the theory of our government is false, southerners remained in a cycleof poverty that or women have a right to vote,” suffrage allowed almost no escape. African Americans worker Lydia Maria Child told the Senat&s still lacked property, economic opportunity, Radical Republican leader, Charles Sumner, and political power. in 1872.
Chapter 13 • Section 4 397
39
B
SECTION
4
3
Z.
1
1865,
irror
I
Chapter
1875
1870
1868
1867
1865
Analyzing
at
Compromise and-effect
Organizing
some Summarizing
Reconstruction?
Key
promise
gram.
South.
Interpreting 1866
the
Terms
of
start
alliance
equal movement. women’s
pointed
Reconstruction African womens
litionist
women
During
Government
A
of
the
h
Reconstruction
Freedmen’s
REVIEW
chart
13
Time
In 1877.
15th
of 14th
13th
Civil
Tables
Define:
Reconstruction,
major
Information
of
rights
n
the
the
between had
Americans.
out
the Amendment
Amendment
1877.
Amendment
•
movement.
Rights
voting
of
Lines
leaders
section.
What
Section
the
successes
The
played
the
decades
(a)
to
Main
Bureau
Act
political
legislation
events
purpose
solid
parallels
blacks
Acts
Review rights,
abolitionists
had
4
the
prominent
Choose
Create
Idea
In
South;
federal
I)uring
before
cartoon
backed
that
and
both
and
do
it
Protects
on
Guarantees
of
Defines
the
Establishes
newly Abolishes
Provides
between
severed
What
most
law
avoided
the
failures
one led
a
government
to
time
(b)
struggles,
at
freed
and
and
basis
cause-
equal the
roles
Reconstruction,
of
to right
citizenship;
women.
African
Com
entry
services
were
slavery
these
line
the
equal
the
the
that
Radical
the
people
the of
of
shows
Civil
in
rights
race
longtime
denial
Americans’
struggled
laws
voting
the suffrage
issue
protection
women
for
When
President
Reconstruction
guarantees
War,
abo
war
5
have
for
rights
of
of
6.
to
refugees
1rrvj
try
in
Reconstruction? some Identifying
Reconstruction and
rights
create
Hayes
are
common?
to
opinion.
did
its
Writing
won
aiiay Samuel back
stood
and leader
opportunity
until
Reconstruction’s
due
explain
not
improve
in
failures?
a
white
and
“plowing
Reconstruction’s
process
new
lor
public
the denied
I
have
again
960s.
the
a
W.E,B.
a
Support
Eliot brief
Ac”p
social
why
peace.”
Alternatives
African
southerners
Persuasive
Reconstruction
civil
won
under”
Write
period.
In
What
toward
it
and
would
moment
Morison
du the
was
rights
the
it
political
the
an
might
with
l3ois,
words
Americans
promise
a
war,
Reconstruction
essay
slavery.”
not
successes
turning
Essay
movement
What
specific
use
concluded, in
they
order
“The
governments?
but
begin
the
of
explaining
to
have
in
African
of In
tactics
point
sun;
the
Or
the
slave
examples.
challenge
in
your
to
outweigh
pro
freedom
done
of
white
as
then
“The
in
the
be
went
view,
American the
your
did
the
historian
to
realized
moved
South,
North
South
1
950s
free;
and
I
I I I A Si€4
—
CongressRepresentsAtEAmericans
Although the first African American representatives to Congress were elected during Reconstruction,only in recent years has their number increased substantially,
Ihe right of citi— government. (The percentage of black represen - zens of the United tatives in Congress is lower than that of African Slates to vote shall Americans in the population as a whole.) not be denied or Opponents of the new districts claim that they abridged by the violate white voters’ rights. The Supreme Court United States or has ruled that some of these new districts must by any state on he redrawn. account of race, As the number of black representatives has color, or previous grown, so has the diversity of their views. For condition of example, recent black representatives have dis nur i iTi1. servitude.” With agreed on the degree to ,,I ratification of which race affectstheir AfricanAmericancongressmen the Fifteenth role in Congress. aduring Reconstruction Amendment in I)emocratic senator 1870, African Carol Moseley-Braun of
Americans won the right to vote. Between I87(1 Illinois, for example,
and 1877 sixteen African Americans, including defended government one senator, were elected to Congress. programs that encour Many southern whites mobilized against age the hiring of minori Reconstruction. lhrough terror and intimida ties. “As a minority,” tion, the Ku Klux Klan prevented black men from said Moseley-Braun, “1 exercising their right to vote. After Recon have seen first-hand the struction, the number of black representatives benefits” of such pro Representative J. C. dropped sharply. Only after the civil rights move grams. By contrast, Wattsof Oklahoma ment secured legalprotection of black voting Republican representative rights in 1965did the number of black represen J.C. Watts of Oklahoma stated that he “didn’t tatives rise again. come to Congress to be a black leader or a white leader but a leader.” T hNp! IOIi The number of black representatives has risen in I bU the 1990s—in part because several states redrew Should voters take race into account when choos congressional boundaries to create districts with a ing a candidate? Write an essayexplaining how large percentage of black voters. Supporters of you, as a future voter, will or will not consider these “majority-minority districts” see them as a race in elections. As you write your essay, way to giveAfrican Americans an equal voice in address arguments against your position. 399 400 The elected has an White dwindling age Corruption-plagued new Southern The between and not Presidents issues:
Reconstruction reshape
program Reviewing
ciion crIon
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during n role African its of number to President rights The defiance northern
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The ieh \\ Ott Id lIOF) lip his head the ‘aiik would (1(1the same. Li ,.“ .2 “I lain t \‘Oli ot aiiv cot Ice. Johnny “Na’r a hit, hut plenty ol rot—gui ‘‘All imehi; we’ll ha’e a trade.’’ They would meet, while several others would hal
low the C\ am pie. liii UI there won 1(1he a regii ar hat— ten nt mart estahi i shed. In some eases the men won Id c()iue to kii( w each other s well, that they w tmId _( ot ten call out. /)/7( 7, .(;ft( ‘ “Look out, meh:were eoini. to shoot, or “I oolK (lilt. Yank, were coimie to 511(5)1.as the ease iiiav he.
I of a On one occasion tlie men were holdmnii a riend ly reunion this sort, when Blasted by Union rehel iiiajoi caine liiv ii in i eteat fury, antI ordered the men hack. .‘\s the were artillery fire, the oiiiu hack, he ordered tlieiii to hie omithe Letleials.ihev ief used, as they had iiiade Potter house was a truie. The iiiiijor swore and storiiietl, and iii his rage he snatched the gun momone one of countless of the men, and hre(l at a Lederal soldier, \s()undiiie miii. A cry of execration at such buildings damaged a hreaeh of faith rose from all the mcmi,and they called out, “Yanks, we conldn t help or destroyed by it.” At miiht these men deserted into our lines. assiumimiieas a reason, that they could Shermans forces. not with honor ser e aiiy loiirer in an ariiiv that thus violated private trnees. Our caiiipaicii all thiiongfi Central Georma was one delirlitl iii picnic. We had lit tle or no hglitiiig. and good living. Ilie lanmi-yai(ls. cellars, and crihs of the planters
kept ourselves and aiimmiialswell stored wit Ii pmo\isions and Iorage.
Iii passi mmtlirouicli the camp one ii iglit . I saw a lot of jolly soldiers squatted outside tlie
huts ...,amid het\\ ecu tliemmia taNe richl stocked with meats and lowls ol dilferent kinds.
‘1 (lie IIanked h several hottles of hu’aiid icy thought campaigning in Georgia ahotit ileasantest soil of Iife out, amidthey wondered what would hecome of the poor dog—gone folks they had left s itlu then fingers in their mouths, and little else to put in them, Many of on r harageis, sc sits, and hangems-on oF all classes, thought. like CromweU, that
hey were (1(11mmtlie work of tlie Iasd. in wantonly destr( ving as much pi’opeu’tyas possi he. it as 1lionuli this ‘ as done exieiisi\ clv in Geomgmi.it was only in South Carolina that hrongiit to icilectu rn A planter’s house was overrun in a jitf\: hoses, drawers, and
escri ho cs were ransacked v it Ii a landahle teal. and emptied of thei u contents. If the spoils were ammiple.the depredators satisfied. ere To learn more about the topics discussed if tommi and and went off iii peace: not, evciytliiiig was and destroyed, in this selection, you might want to read ii lost like I tlie O\\ 1cmwas tick led wit Ii shamphayomiets into a conIes the following books: suon wheme lie had Iiis treaslimes Iiid....S orglimmmnharrels weme ForCause and Comrades:TheWillto Com kmiockedopen. hee Iiives rifled, while thei maiigr sw anus rushed bat in the CivilWa by James M. McPher Irantmcalfv ahoumt.Imideed, I ha\ e seemua soldici kmuocka Plantei down son (NewYork:OxfordUniversity,1997) heea ii se a bee slItng liini Ilogs amehav )net tetl. and (lien in mugin Marching Through Georgia: The Story of quamters on the bayonets ki hlced: chickens, geese. amid(uikc\ 5 are Soldiers and CiviliansDuring Shermanis over and luring iii garlands Immiithe saddles : cows amid knocked ... Campaign.by Lee B. Kennett (NewYork: fmst cal \ es. so wietchiedly tluiii diat they drop dow ii amidper shi on the HarperCollins,1995) da\ ‘s iiiamcli,are driven along. iii. mltoo weak to travel, are shot, lest MaryChesnutisCivilWa edited by C.Vann
Iicy sluonId gi e aid to tlie cue mv Woodward (New Haven: Yale University Should the house he deserted, (lie furnittmie is smashed mupieces. Press, 1981) iiiusic is poumided out of four hundred dollar pianos Vvmththe emidsof
iiitmskets. . . A fter all was cleared ortt. iiiost Iikely some set of strag glems wanted to emio a good hue, and set the house. dehrms of Iuirmuiture,aiid all the suiToliiid— mugs. iii a hilate. This is (lie wa Sheniiian’s armii lived oii (lie cotmuutm’y.Thie\ were riot ordered
to (1(150, huit I aiii afm’aidthey were not hrought to task br it mLich either. Source Sherman March Through the South by David Conyngham. Sheldon & Co.. 1865. IO3