ED U CATIO N

IN

WO O D TU RN IN G

A TEXTB O O K AN D PR O B L EM B O O K FO R TH E U S E O F STU D ENTS

B"

WIL L IAM W KL EN KE .

IN S TR UC TOR IN WO ODWORKIN G AND AR CHITEC TU RAL DR AWIN G

CE N TR AL C OMME R CIAL AND MAN U AL TR AIN IN G

HIGH SCH OOL NE WARK NE W E RSE " , , J

T H E MAN U AL ARTS PR ESS PE LL O RIA , I IN OIS

FOR EWO R D

HIS book is intended primarily for the use Of students in

m o i oo or m nor al scho ls , h gh sch ls , colleges si ilar institutions

- and for lovers Of all things useful and beautiful in wood turning . It aims by means of text and illustrations to give such facts about the art of wood - turning as are needed by students and teachers in

In he . i t schools g ving these facts , whenever there is a question

e the on e betw en two methods Of procedure , being the method Of the

— ni factory expert in wood tur ng , and the other the method Of the A has . s art craftsman in the school , the latter been employed a result it is sometimes true that a less direct method is recommended me h than is employed by the com rcial turner , but t is is justified on th of r the i l e ground the pu pose of book , wh ch is fundamental y educational . Besides being a book of instruction on the process of wood

is of of i turning , it a book problems , in the designing wh ch the

s i A ih author has con tantly a med to recognize beauty of form . s ’ dica ted of o by the title the book , the auth r s chief purpose has been to r of o make a cont ibution to the teaching art and t education ,

fin e old — thru the craft of wood turning . Ackn owledgments are hereby given to my wife for her untiring f assistance in compiling the text o the book .

ul e i of I gratef ly acknowl dge , also , the will ng attitude my

out for students in helping to work the models , in posing the

hi l ut of photograp c il ustra—tions and in co operating in the working o a higher type of wood turning . For the working out of the tea wagon w ee f to E . o h l , acknowledgment is made Samuel Wardell the

C e o ntral High Sch ol , Newark , N . J.

me C . M of Acknowledg nt is made to harles F oore , head my de

a rtmen t p , for his helpful attitude .

TI TOO PE S PAR NG L AND CALI R . SKE W U SE D F OR SMOOTHING C"LINDE RS “ ’ TH E SKE W CHI SE L F OR V s AND BE ADS TURNING COVE S

TH E D ARNING BALL

HE M L E T T A L .

THE ROLLING PIN

THE NAP KIN RING PICTURE FRAME S BOXE S — COMB INATION TUR NING C ANDLE STICKS LAMP STANDAR D L ATH E BORING SE GME NT WORK SE RVIN G TRA" COLLAR B ox BUTTON B ox ‘ E E SE E D S CH AND CRACK R I H . SE WIN G SE T NU T E T S . 8 CONTENTS

CLOCK CASING TH E TE A WAGON WHE E L O E T SE T CR Q U — LONG - PIE CE TURNING THE FOUR - POST

THE FLOOR LAMP . WOODS U SE D IN TUR NIN G ’ D oN Ts SHOP D ISCIPLINE THE EX B T HI I . LIST OF PLATES

’ O L E S V s E S OV E S I . SH U D R , AND B AD , C D I II . ARN NG BALL E POT TO M S . III . A A H R B IV . CLU _INDIAN

D B E . V . UM B LL E E W R V E H S . VI. SCR D I R ANDL I ’ T H E S VI . TURNING OOL ANDL M E T ALL . GAVE L AVE X . G L ROLLING PIN B E H A E S XII . UM R LLA NDL

T E . XIII . NU S TS D RAWE R KNOB S AND CASTE R CU P E H . XV . MATCH B ox OLD R

B ATH ROOM STOOL . NAP KIN RING S E T XVIII . DRAWING S BRE AD BOARD TE A POT STANDS E M XXI . TRA" AND FRAM OULDINGS B OXE S ’ T D E E . XXIII . GIRL S RE SS R S C ANDLE STICK C ANDLE STICK ELECTROLIER OR CANDLE STICK

XXVII . LAMP STANDARD . FLOWE R H OLDE R

XXIX . SMOKING STAND COLLAR AND B UTTON B ox EE E AN E XXXI . C H S D CRACK R D ISH E E S WING S T .

XXXIII . NU T BOWL

XXXIV . CLOCK CASING .

XXXV . TE A WAGON WHE E L

XXXVI . CROQ UE T SET E D XXXVII . FOUR POST B

XXXVIII . FLOOR L AMP XXX “ F IX . LOOR LAMP

THE SH OP

i I S one i the F g . shows the plan Of a hop Similar to n use at u . S C i . ui entral H gh School , Newark , N J The hop Sho ld be eq pped

with both benches and lathes so that it may serve a three - fold pur

- os&that of i b a ttern . p (a) wood turn ng , ( ) p making , and (c) joinery The position of the lathes and benches in relation to the light is

i n th l Th n e . e di good , the light shi ng i to cone pu ley stance between

out not . benches and lathes has been tried , and should be reduced The type Of lathe to purchase will not be discussed further than ’ to mention the author s preference for the style of lathe having the large step Of the cone pulley to the outside , and the adjustments for holding the tee - rest and tail - stock worked w ith a hand wheel rather than a cam .

- saw mm i The band , grinder and tri er are almost ind spensable

- l 6 in . r a well ordered shop A small d i l press and jointer save time ,

for aw fin e and make accurate work . A small circular s also is a h addition to t e Shop. — The floor Of all shops Should be of maplfi no cement floor being practical , as , in the first place , many tools are broken when dropped on on is the floor , and secondly , standing a cement floor harmful to the worker .

Lastly , allow plenty Of light and air to enter ; increase the num

of ber windows indicated on the plan if the layout permits . The

e northern exposur is to be preferred .

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

n of Havi g decided upon the type lathe to be used , the next step is S the general arrangement of the hop equipment .

. I of so e t Fig shows the position the lathes and benches , as to g

i of i the max mum amount l ght at each lathe , to allow ample room for to the the student to work and pass about the room , have

- n ot s a ce . grindstone and band saw handy , and yet waste any floor p V V OD—T 1 2 ART AND EDUCATION IN O URNING _

PA N , S e n e w s — ' l IO o

t u o e k /

‘ N e r F

S P t c t Aa. T

( ” - N O P L A N TH E S fi CDD TE. ADD WIN D OW S

EN D FO R C O R N E R JZn o M

Fig . L . TOOL S AND EQ UIPMENT

is as It poor economy to equip a room with lathes alone , such

- W an arrangement can only be used as a wood turning Shop , hereas the plan suggested makes the room suitable for pattern making

’ or n and joinery as well , a combination of a y of the two

Each lathe should be equipped w ith

” "

I e . 2 . 6 d l goug , Fig , a outsi e ca ip ers , Fig . 3 , c .

e . 6 n . d e l e d . goug i si ca ip rs , Fig 3 , ”

I ew el . 2 . d il n l n O s e . . sk chis , Fig , b I ia to s ip , Fig 3 , f

S ew el . C il n k chis opp er o c a .

n l . 2 parti g too , Fig , c .

The bench Should be equipped with the ordinary "oi nery The special tool rack Should contain the following :

I d . e C el . oz sock t his s , Fig 3 , a .

I d fl t . 2 d . a e . oz scrap rs , Fig ,

doz . s crap ers . ” I d 1 fla t oz . scrap ers .

- d . n d w . 2 e e e . oz righ—t ha sk scrap rs , Fig , d . l e n d S ew s e . 2 . oz ft ha k crap rs , Fig , f

- d . l e n d w oz ft h a sk e scrap ers .

- d . n d S ew oz right ha k scrap ers .

- d . n d n . 2 e e . oz rou os scrap rs , Fig , g — 4 ART AND ED UCATION IN WOOD TURNING

- d . n d n e oz rou os scrap ers .

- d . d n d n e . oz iam o poi t scrap rs , Fig d 6 ” d d e . e oz . ivi rs , Fig 3 , . ” d n fil e e . oz . 9 cabi t s 2 file cards ”

d . ew d i oz 9 scr r vers . I s et auger bit s . m I s et No . to O 1 2 w l N . dr l fro 5 t ist i s . 2 M ll e s ll n d ll I i r Fa s Ha dri s , No . . ’ 2 n e s s d e e . tur r iz rs (outsi ) , Fig 3 , b . I of l pair arge c alip ers .

A staining and gluing bench is provided , with the necessary

oil shelves for stains , Shellacs , alcohol , fillers , turpentine , kerosene ,

h r andsc ew s . sandpaper , waste , glue , , etc

GRIND ING AND SHARPENING

G ni enerally speaking , tur ng tools may be divided into three

- Off groups , (a) the roughing tools , (the gouge) , (b) the smoothing or - u cleaning p tools , (the Skew) , and (c) the scraping tools , (the GRINDING AND SH ARPENIN G 1 5

— di - h flat Skew , round nose , amond point and other Specially S aped tools used for scraping) .

i i of a ll the o e o The gr nd ng ab v named tools is ab ut the same ,

the only differing in a few details . In every case grindstone should

s . . u revolve toward the operator , Fig 4 The tool to be gro nd is

l so held low at the start , and gradua ly raised to a position that the

on i i bevel will lie flat the stone . Th s angle is then mainta ned

i i . thruout the gr nd ng In the case of the gouge , since the tool is

. . Whe n G Fig 5 tti g a ouge .

on is on i convex the outside (and the bevel the outside) , it w ll be

s on e nece sary to roll the tool , and at the same time work it from of side the stone to the other . The rolling motion makes it possible r to g ind all parts , and working it from side to side , prevents the i of in t wear ng a hollow he stone . 1 6 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD - TURNING

i . O . s T whet a gouge , the Oilstone slip , Fig 3 , used Hold the Slip T . . w o in the right hand and the gouge in the left —hand , Fig 5 move ments are necessary one to work the stone l back and forth , the other to rol the gouge

from Side to side . After some time , a burr

w . ill be seen to form To remove this burr ,

on rub the Slip that side several times , then repeat the entire Whetting Operation until

the gouge has been properly sharpened . The grinding Of the Skew is somewhat difleren t from that of the

on other tools , in that this tool has a bevel both sides , and the

n ot 6 c or cutting is at right angles to the Sides . Fig . illustrates the

8 n w e . Fig . . Whetti g a Ske Chis l i e . rect position of the Skew while being ground ; i. the cutt ng edge

is kept parallel with the top Of the stone . In Whetting the skew the

8 . out . same principle is carried , Figs 7 and

All scraping tools are ground only on on e side . The foregoing

for W . instructions hold good the grinding , but not for hetting Since

— 1 8 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TUR NING

. of Fig illustrates a rough piece wood with no true shape . In order to get the desired diameter out of this stock it is necessary to draw the largest possible circle at each end .

In commercial turning , these methods are not generally used .

The turner makes a guess at the center , starts the wood in motion

I . Fig . I

IO . Fig .

(by hand) and gently puts his gouge in contact with the wood , whereupon only the high corners will be hit . B y lowering the wood

or Of with a tap two his mallet , hit on the high side , the wood is accurately centered . It must be understood , however , that the guess must be a good one , and this only comes with practice .

of e When a large number pieces are to be turn d , especially of those large dimensions , the turner often cuts a block as illus

ra on e- t ted in Fig . the distance AB being equal to exactly half the n e thick ess of the stock . B y using this as a gag and drawing two lines from adjacent sides , the center is accurately and quickly located .

to The center having been found , the next step is place the ut . of o wood in the lathe With the aid the ramrod , drive the live

on e of center of the lathe , then drive this center into end the wood

(the end upon which the largest amount Of turning is to be done) .

n of A mark , x , should be filed on o e Of the blades the live center , and a corresponding mark put on the part of the wood this blade is to enter in order to indicate which blade was at that place . This is done so that the work may be removed and put back without shifting the center . STARTING SPIND LE WORK 1 9

P l n lace the ive Center and wood in the lathe , holdi g the latter le f . o the with the left hand With the right hand , turn the spind tailstock out about I and then move the tailstock up to the work so that the dead center just comes in contact w ith the wood ; then clamp the tailstock in place . Next , the dead center is forced into the wood by turnin g the spindle screw . At this point a drop or two Of Oil placed on the d ead center w here it comes in contact with the w ood w ill ease the friction caused by the revolutions of the wood against the dead center . N ow clamp the spindle securely to pre k vent it from wor ing back while the piece of wood revolves .

so on e Of Turn the wood that . the end diagonals will be hori zon tal - as , then move the tee rest as close possible to the work , having the top on a line with the

Of . I I . C edge the wood , Fig lamp

- the tee rest in place . The height at which the tee - rest should be placed should be d etermined solely for the comfort Of the student or worker .

e Befor starting to turn , try the various adjustments to m a ke certain that all are secure , and revolve the wood by hand to make sure that it

- clears the tee rest .

ROUGH ING IVITH A GOUGE

Fig . 1 2 illustrates a good posi tion at the lathe . Put the weight of the bodv on the left foot ; place the

n right foot o e step forward . In this position the operator has freedom of motion to rock back and forth , thus Obtaining the flexibility n eces h . 1 2 . n t e e . the Fig Positio at Lath sary at lathe .

e ul tee - The l ft hand Sho d slide along the rest , gripping the tool

. 1 . as illustrated , Fig 3 The right hand is held near the end Of the

is handle and kept against the hip bone . — 2 0 ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

out When possible work from the center , to avoid hitting the corne rs and splitting the entire pi ece .

The gouge , you

. 1 will notice , Fig 4 , is tilted slightly so as to throw the shavings away from the face Of the oper

ator . In order to

cut a shaving , care must be taken to hold the handle Of

low . the gouge , Fig 1 1 4 ; H n e . 3 and if held 1 . Fig . 3 oldi g a Goug h o r i z o n t a l l y a

e scraping cut will r sult , which will fibres of the wood .

I . Fig . 4

THE PARTING TOOL AND CAL IPERS

In order that the wood - turner may have some quick and efficient

the Of method for obtaining a desired diameter , he resorts to use a

of . 1 . parting tool and a pair calipers , Fig 5 Where , however , a number of pieces with the same diameter are to be turned , he Often ’

z . . uses a combination Of these tools , known as a turner s Si er , Fig 3 , b

he f e of If has a su fici ntly large number articles to turn , each with

f be set or several di ferent diameters , it would folly for him to three ’ e z too n four turn r s si ers , as this would necessitate handling ma y THE PARTING TOOL AND CAL IPERS 2 1

f tools , and again there would be di ficulty in keeping track of the f him o . W ou diameter each here such a problem confronts , he works t

accurate gages ,

. 1 6 W Fig , ith the diameters placed in the order he i n t e n d s using

them .

1 Fig . 5 illus trates the cor rect method for using the cal ipers and parting

tool . B oth are 1 n n n C n e T . th et a d e o e . Fig 5 . Usi g e P ti g Tool alip rs at im worked at on e l e time , the ca ipers being held at right angl s to the axis and resting

ut i is on gently in the groove c by the parting tool , wh ch held high the work and grad ually lowered to ward the center as the cut is being made . When the diameter , at which

set the calipers are ,

cut has been , the calipers will drop . In order that the calipers may work

advis freely , it is able to round the ends with a file otherwise there is 6 1 . Fig . d a n g e r O f t h e m

of b . catching in the fiber the wood , and eing thrown some distance ’ TO z use the turner s Si er , it will first be necessary to have the w work reasonably near the desired diameter , other ise the tool can — 2 2 ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

f not be used . The use o this tool is similar to that of a parting tool

its to on in cutting stroke , only it will be necessary pull slightly the handle so as to keep the caliper end in perfect contact with the cylinder .

s O The u e Of the gage is almost the same as that f the calipe rs .

1 . n e n e . Fig . 7 Setti g Calipers ov r a Ma dr l

To set the calipers quickly and accurately it is a good idea to

of set to use a cylinder known diameter and the calipers fit that , as indicated in Fig . 1 7 .

THE SKEW USED FOR SMOOTH ING C"LINDERS

' on Place the Skew high up the wood and draw downward ,

i on gradually , l fting the handle , until the bevel clears the wood , w allo ing the tool to cut . Always keep the toe above the wood ,

. 1 8 . Fig , cutting with the center and lower part of the cutting edge

toe e A great many turners work entirely with the forward , ke ping

toe the heel clear , but the author prefers working with the free , altho both ways give good results . The height at which the handle of the skew is held must be w be e 1 8 . governed by the bev l , Fig . If held too high , the cut ill in

on the not . ridges ; and the other hand , if held too low , tool will cut THE SKE W USED FOR SMOOTH ING C"L IND ERS 2 3 W hen cutting Shoulders , part to the desired diame—ter first , Ofi t rough the wood wi h a small gouge , make the vertical cut with

toe . 1 . 1 l i the , Fig 9 , No , then clean out the shou ders w th the heel ,

. 1 . 2 . for P NO . 1 Fig 9 , NO The consecutive steps roblem , Plate I ,

. 2 0 . shoulders , are illustrated in Fig

1 Fig . 9 .

With all spindle turning always (a) turn to the large diameter ,

cut to out . (b) length , and (c) lay the job with a sharp pencil and rule

B N O . 1 on efore working exercise , the student Should practice

of l a scrap piece wood , (a) turning a straight cy inder with the

to f large gouge , (b) parting di ferent diameters with the parting tool and calipers , and (c) smoothing cylinders with the Skew chisel .

Almost any soft wood works well for the first three exercises , altho the author prefers using white wood . The rough stock for all three exercises should be 2 x 2

. 2 0 hi Fig , a photograp c reproduction Of a model board in use ’ e i in the author s classes , has been invaluabl to the beg nners in

~ r i he w out exe cise NO . I . t working Besides th s board , student orks

s . from a blue print , Plate I , and is given a clas demonstration — 2 4 ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

to It is never advisable cut the work free in the lathe , if the

to as e best results are be obtained , the wast wood Often breaks in

the wrong place , taking more wood

with it than is desired . It is there fore advisable to cut to about the

z si e Of a lead pencil , then remove

the work from the lathe , and do the final cutting Off with a sloyd E . ven knife at this point , great care must be taken to use a Sharp

“ knife and try not to cut too rap

idly .

It must be remembered , since the driving power is at the live hi center end , that t s end Should

be weakened last , and never cut i qu te as small as the dead center end .

THE SKEW CH ISEL FOR V ’ S AND B EAD S

2 0 e the 1 st Fig . . Mod l Board for Having indicated , with a light Exercise .

pencil line , the location and width

V of Of the , hold the Skew at the proper angle (that the

V l Of or ) and with a slicing motion , using on y the very point heel toe Of on e cut the tool , lift on the handle , thus making side Of the ,

2 1 . Fig .

The other side is cut out in like manner . Notice that the i tool is held high at the cutt ng edge when starting , and lowered

n in the direction Of the axis when fin ishing . Some tur ers prefer to

fin d . use the toe , while others that the heel works a little easier l t Either way is correct , and both work wel , al ho a very deep , narrow V is better made by using the toe . The fir st steps in turning a head are identical with those of ’

V V s cut on of . 2 2 to the , Since are either side the bead , Fig , give clearance when making the final cuts .

— 2 6 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TUR NING

To roll the bead , as it is sometimes called , start with the

Skew held at right angles to the axis , the cutting edge high and the

- . 2 2 . tool flat upon the tee rest , Fig

2 Fig . 1 .

e The point of the h el does all the cutting , and must therefore

e be very sharp in order to out clean and with ease . Pivot the sk w

z over from a hori ontal to a vertical position , lowering the cutting

on e edge gradually , and lifting the handle , at the sam time swinging

2 2 Fig . .

. on e cut a little to one side This completes side , provided the is

of e deep enough and the proper curvature . The other side is turn d in like manner .

It is a good idea for beginners , in order to insure symmetry , and

e li on to hold to the correct diameter , to mark a light p ncil ne the ’ center of each bead and cut to just a hair s breadth each side Of this line . THE GOUGE USE D FOR TURNING COVE S 2 7

THE GOUGE USED FOR TURNIN G COVES

The cove is generally recogniz ed by turners to be the most

f to ffi di ficult form cut , and to some extent this di culty is due to the fact that the gouge is the most difficult turning tool to sharpen properly .

2 3 x / \ /

2 . Fig . 3 illustrates the successive steps taken in turning a cove

’ i : The gouge . in turn ng a cove makes three distinct movements (a) rolling from a vertical to a horiz ontal position ; (b) the handle is ‘ c pried outward , forcing the cutting edge into the center ; ( ) the handle is held high when starting and lowered when finishing . It must be remembered that the cutting stroke each time stops in of n ot the center the cove , and the gouge should be worked up

Of l on the other side ; otherwise the fibers the wood wi l be torn , leaving the cove in a rough condition .

W . hen turning a symmetrical cove , such as in NO 3 , Plate I , the

n i fin d the or begin er w ll that it is desirable to test cove by a gage , t emplet ; several pieces of dowel rod of suitable diameters will serve the purpose very well .

D ESI GN

k our Before ta ing up first completed problem , having acquired l l . the necessary skil in turning beads . coves , etc , we must careful y consider the subject Of design .

It is too Obvious to need further mention , that the general

of - ni or standard wood tur ng design , whether in school in the shop , is of far from what it might be . This lack good design is to some 2 8 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD " TURNING

w or our k too extent due to the fact that e elaborate , display S ill

— of of much , believing that wood turning is the cutting a mass beads

w a . and coves , all ithout a me ning

The use to which we intend putting an article , will , to a great

e extent , govern the general outline , proportion , etc . The charact r of or the wood , whether simple complex in grain , all helps to add

or . e to , detract from , the design A wood rich in grain Often n eds only a graceful outline to make it beautiful , the grain being the decorative feature .

A good design must have the following qualities , (a) simplicity ,

( ) ( ) . (b) unity , (c) —variety , d harmony and e good proportion S imlicit O p y ther things being equal , a simple article is the

. I most b—eautiful n working to this end , we must consider the profile the general outline . can to It must be remembered however , that Simplicity lead of weakness in our design . We must have a certain amount snap

our . and strength to work , not merely flowing lines T The kind of line to use is of great importance . oo many

’ straight lines must be avoided ; angular lines are ugly . The line Of

re the circle is monotonous . The line Of variety and grace only

. C mains , and to this end we must work ompare the line Of a circle ’ v a with that of a hen s egg . In the latter we have both grace and r iety . ’ — Umzy B y unity we mean the holding together of all the parts all to make the Whole . Let there be a foundation line ; to this : other parts are to be subordinated . With unity we get balance

of the balance of equal and unequal parts . The balance equal parts

- z c an be shown by a dumb bell . Here we have equal si es on both

. C sides , hence perfect balance hair legs , candlesticks , and similar problems Show unequal balance . Here we have a large mass above

one . and a small below In order to obtain good balance , where many parts are to be considered , it is necessary to group the parts and consider un—ity . Variet y The line , it has been Shown elsewhere , may have variety by Changing its direction and not having the same cur—va a . wi ture The flo ng line , as that Of a bead turning into a cove DESIGN 2 9

compound curve , is continuous and Often weak . In order to

e l . W str ngthen such a curve , the fil et is Often used , Plate II here a

ow n direc line comes to an abrupt end , and almost returns upon its tion , we speak Of it as contrasted ; this Should be avoided as much as

. S to t III . possible ee the p of —the potato masher , Pla e Variet in decora tion y When we add beads , coves and fillets

All all r Wo . we must consider va iety . beads or coves uld be tiresome

too z of our n ot Then , , we must change the si e beads and coves , mak

z ing all the sam—e Si e . H a rmony The design of the Object must be in keeping with its

on e . su use , and part with the other A candlestick , for example , g l O gests solemnity , and should be rather tall and smal in diameter . f

of to ffi course , the diameter the p must be su cient to support the s socket , and the base large enough to prevent the candle tick from

- being top heavy . The base and the shaft should have some curve in

m . ni com on In tur ng a gavel , it would not be advisable to turn a

on . O number Of beads the head , and coves on the handle ne part

Should echo the other . — Proportion U nderlying the entire design we have the problem

h e c om Of proportion , and t is to a large extent must be govern d by mon sense and use . In order to gain strength we mus t naturally increase the diameter and thickness . This is brought out to some extent by the napkin ring . Since wood is not as strong as metal , our li i napkin ring must be kept a ttle heav er , and SO it can be seen w ith many other problems .

THE DARNING BALL

O n of the ur first complete problem , combi ing all the cuts

e three preceding exercises , is represented by the darning ball , Plat

II .

' w orkin out t In g his problem , we not only make use Of the

use of various cuts just mastered , but we also introduce the sand paper and polish .

for l M The stock the darning bal is maple , aple is is - - used because it a light colored , tight grained , hard wood , all 3 0 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD - TURNING

of which requirements are essential in the making of a good darning

ball .

- Fig . 2 4 illustrates the blocking out of the wood so as to properly

locate lengths and diameters at important points .

out e - Having blocked the work , turn the l ft hand end Of the

- ball , then the right hand end , thus clearing away enough wood so

e can . 2 . that the small b ad and cove be turned , Fig 5 Next the

n tapering part Of the handle is shaped , and fi ally the rounded end .

be It must remembered , however , that this problem is to be

n ot i sandpapered , oiled , and polished , therefore it is adv sable to

2 . . 2 Fig . 4 Fig 5 .

weaken the ends beyond diameter ; until all polishing has been

completed .

e an thorol The ends are to be cut clean with a knife , fil d , d y

sandpapered , removing every scratch or mar . It may be necessary ,

off but while sandpapering , to take some of the polish , this can easily

be refinished by hand .

SAND PAPERING

All turning must be completed before any sandpapering is attempted ; otherwise the small particles of sand will work their

way into the pores of the wood , and Should it then be necessary

i It f to do any further turn ng , will be found di ficult to keep an edge

on the too".

0 00 For most work , numbers and sandpaper , used in the

to f e order given , will be found be su ficient . When the work has be n DARNING BALL 3 1

Plate II. — 3 2 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

f o NO . w turned , instead scraped , ill be found to be coarse enough

and very little sandpapering will be necessary .

is to fin e It a mistake use too a grade of paper at the start , as much time is lost in g etting all the irregularities out Of the

O . 1 wood . If N % sandpaper is used properly the wood can be

to e e brought an even surfac , all small nicks work d smooth , but it

2 S n n 6 . e . Fig . a dpap ri g

e of will be l ft with large scratches the coarse sand , which in turn i e N O . w should be remov d by the sandpaper , and so on th finer sandpaper until all scratches and imperfections have been entirely

worn out of Sight . Many a well turned "ob is entirely ruined by the careless use

Of sandpaper . All the character can be worn from the work by tak a ff l . ing the edges O corners , fi lets , etc It is just as necess ry to shape

a head or cove with sandpaper as with your skew or gouge . On i l the other hand , it is qu te possib e to improve your poor turning n ot by carefully sandpapering each part as a separate part , and

2 6 . merely Slurring over them , Fig . Is the In working for a good finish , the first essential to get sur b e face of the w ood as nearly perfect as possible , and this fact can

emphasized by trying the following experiment :

Take a piece Of maple and turn to a smooth form , sandpaper

of carefully , and then , instead adding varnish or Shellac in order to

Obtain a gloss , simply polish the piece of maple mentioned above by of rubbing in the lathe with a smooth piece soft wood , being care

— 34 ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

D O not allow the lathe to work at high speed ; othe rwise the stain l wi l be driven in all directions by the centrifugal force , instead Of soaking into the

wood as desired . All stained work should be allowed to dry about 8 or 1 0 hours ; some stains require

a longer time . When a water or spirit ll stain is used , it wi b e n e c e s s a r y t o s andpaper the wood l i g h t l y after the

dr stain is y . If the wood requires fill t ing , fill wi h the proper colored filler ; allow another day for drying ; then pol 8 n . 2 A S n Fig . pplyi g tai . r ish o varnish .

B P . 2 y polishing we mean French olishing , Fig 9 ; that is , using Shellac as the polishing agent , and boiled linseed

Oil as a lubricating agent . The proportion Of Shel lac to oil must be gov

e e erned by exp ri nce . It is customary for the pol isher to have two recep taeles , one for shellac , the other for Oil . A dab of shellac is put on the

2 . en n . p o l i s h i n g cloth on e Fig . 9 Fr ch Polishi g

hi n d e of Oil t ck ess of the cloth is folde ov r , and a few drops added . The cloth is then brought in contact with the work FINISH ING 3 5

t so as and as the lathe revolves , the cloth is run back and for h

If l has e i to cover all parts evenly . too much shel ac b en appl ed , he if or l . O t the cloth will stick pu l rather hard n other hand , too l Off much Oil has been added , the po ish can be rubbed entirely by passing a dry fin ger over the work while the lathe is stationary . In

0 Fig . 3 .

f n either case more o o e or the other must be added . Should the

too h i the polish be t ick and look streaky , s mply take same cloth and by a little friction burn the Shellac and cause it to flow again so that it can be run Off the work entirely or put on in a more even manner .

i is of French polish ng by far the quickest way finishing , but does not wear well and on large surfaces is difficult to get on evenly .

For the best finish , after having stained and filled the wood , apply

of l 1 2 for to two coats thin shel ac , allowing hours each harden , and

F r ni then lightly sandpaper each coat . o a fi sh that is to be rubbed

Of to a high gloss , apply not fewer than three coats a good hard

on e rubbing varnish , allowing three days for each coat to dry , and week for the last on e . Sandpaper lightly each coat . The final coat is rubbed with fine pumice stone powder and water , washed

Off Ofl , and followed with rottenstone powder and water , washed h clean and rubbed with t e pahn of the hand . This produces hi the ghest possible polish if carried out carefully . For an egg shell gloss rub only with pumice stone powder and crude oil . V 'i i arnish ng must be done w th the greatest Of care , in a dustless room w ith a tempe rature of about 70 degrees Fahrenheit . In order to insure an even coat it is advisable to flow the varnish on rather t heavily , dabbing it into all corners ; hen immediately take up the superfluous varnish by brushing out thoroly and wiping the brush when heavy over the edge Of the cup . Some varnishes require more — 3 6 ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING brushing out than others in Order to make them lay evenly ; this can be learned only by experience .

THE POTATO MASHER

” " for 2 3 x 2 3 The stock the potato masher is maple , 4 4 x 1 2

i out hi In work ng t s problem as with others , start at the large

1 e Fig . 3 . Built Up Mod l .

- end and work towards the small end . See Fig . 3 0 for method of locating the various diameters . NO finish is ever to be put on wooden kitchen utensils other than h to sandpaper them t oroly . POTATO MASH ER 3 7

Plate III. — 3 8 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

IND IAN CLUB S

P I V . The commercial wood for the Indian club , late , is maple

F r O so . o ak works well , and do most hard woods those who like

s e of of om thing a little out the ordinary , stock for a pair clubs can

lz f . e o 1 . built up , using many combinations woods , Fig 3 ’ 3 ” 3 ” ” The stock is 3 4 X3 4 x 1 9

—9 " R to in cut (a) ough 3 1 6 diameter , (b) to length , leaving a ” lo a t f . 0 c diameter o 1 at each end . Fig 3 illustrates the method for

out ing the various diameters at the correct points . (c) Rough the

2 . shape with a gouge , then (d) fit to the templet with a scraper , Fig . 3

e n The t mplet rests o each end of I diameter . Sandpaper and finish according to the wood used . (See Finishing , page

D UMB - B ELLS

AS for with the Indian clubs , there is no Special wood used u — V is d mb bells , Plate , except that it necessary to have a hardwood ,

in . ch as maple , order that it may stand rough usage The stock is Two methods may be employed with equal success in turning

of the balls at each end . The first method is Similar to that the m Indian clubs , that is , by using a te plet cut to a semicircle and ” resting it on a 1 diameter at either side of the ball . Shape to fit the

e . t mplet . The second method is by geometry , Fig . 3 3 Turn to

section a in diameter and cut to the same length , making the

. Off so on i perfect square Lay an octagon ; and , increas ng the num 3 9

Plate IV . ART AND E D UCATION IN WOOD—TURNING

6 ber of sides up to 4 when a sphere has almost been turned . See

Croquet Ball .

After the balls have been shaped , turn the handle , sandpaper and ” polish . The ends are then cut to about i% in diameter . Saw

off all waste wood , trim up the ends with a sloyd knife , and finish

the same as the Darning Ball .

Fig . 33 .

S CREWD R IVER HANDLES

Almost any small scraps of hard wood work up well for the handle

VI. t Of a screwdriver , Plate It will be found that many o herwise useless pieces Of good wood can be utilized in this way .

to The small end is again to be at the dead center . (a) Turn

fl in ut . the design , and before sandpapering , (b) locate and cut the g

out for flutin six (c) To lay the work g, step the radius times around

i flutin on of the handle , and mark half the w dth Of each g both sides

. M these points Set the surface gage (see allet) , and scribe the B necessary line . y this method it is possible to mark any shaped

of r so piece wood , whether straight , tapering , or cu ved , that the

flutin g will be absolutely true and not wind around the cylinder .

U se a short gouge and (d) cut the grooves as smooth as possible .

Break off a small piece of a suitable Siz e rat - tail file and (e) clean up all rough places ; (f) follow this by using sandpaper wrapp ed

fl tin rod. u around a piece Of dowel After cleaning up the g, (g)

lightly sandpaper the handle , (h) then fit the ferrule to the end ,

D O . forcing it on rather tightly . not polish in the lathe

of The end the shank Of the screwdriver that is .to be forced

- i into the _ handle should be square ; therefore only an approx mate

AR T AND EDUCATION IN WOOD—TURNING

TURNING Pl) ODLEMS SCREW HANDLES

l P ate VI . TURNING TOOL H ANDLE S 43

l II P ate V . — 4 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

is hole can be bored , after which it best to heat the end and make the

. fitting in that way To prevent the shank from working loose , it is

best to drill thru the ferrule , wood and shank ; then insert a pin .

n e H e Fig . 3 4 . Bori g a Mall t ad .

f 1 6 . For turning a large number o screwdriver handles see Fig . The marker will indicate lengths and the Calipering tool is used for

Obtaining the diameters .

THE MALLET

- vitm P Lignum is the best wood for a mallet head , late VIII , but in public schools where only the cheaper grades of wood are

on . supplied , it is necessary to fall back good hard maple The turning of a mallet is very simple ; the only part needing great care and attention will be the boring of the hole in the

e . . head and then the fitting of the handl to that hole , Fig 3 4 In order that the hole in the head may be at right angles to the

r hi axis , and true in every direction , it will be necessa y to locate t s hole with the greatest accuracy . TH E MALLET

I Plate V II . — 4 6 ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

e f r Fig . 3 5 illustrat s one method o locating the hole in the head

. i e accurately Wh le the wood is in the lathe , and b fore sand

The S e G e e the Cen e n . Fig . 3 5 . urfac ag to Locat t r for Bori g

e . papering , mark the center lin around the head The next step will

be so to cross this line in two places , that a line passing thru these

e two points will be at right angles to the axis . Set the surfac gage

on the - the shoe of tee rest , and the point of the gage so as to coincide w ith the point Of eithe r the live or dead center

e v (r mo ing the wood , Of course , in order

to set the gage) .

Place the wood back in the lathe ,

tightening on the hand - wheel of the

tailstock so that the wood cannot turn . Hold the surface gage flat on the shoe 6 Fig . 3 . of tee - e C n ot to the r st , being areful move

the adjustments on the gage ; then mark the interse ction . Place

on the n ot the gage the opposite side Of head , disturbing the posi

e e . tion of the wood , and again mark the int rs ction The two inter

sec tin g points Obtained are the centers for the holes to be bored . TH E MALLET 4 7

6 s i on d . e The second metho , Fig 3 , illu trates a c rcle drawn pap r , equal to the diameter of the head of the mallet at the center line . mf i Step the radius around the circu erence six t mes , and any two

n h opposite points , as con ecting with a line passing t ru the center Of

i o us e . C the circle , w ll be the p ints to ut the paper from B to A and 6 l n i . arou d the C rcle as indicated in Fig 3 , and p ace it over the head

n at the center li e . Without moving the paper , mark the inter

6 . of i tw o C . section the center l ne in places , and D , Fig 3 f l A ter having carefu ly located the necessary points , make a deeper impression with a pair Of dividers ; then sandpaper and

ni . fi sh If a chuck is available for boring in the lathe , place the point of the dead center into on e Of these holes (mentioned above) and the drill into the other . Fasten the tailstock to the bed Of the lathe , and while the left hand holds the mallet head , let the right h the - the and turn hand wheel and force the wood against drill , thus

n . C bori g the hole are must be taken not to use high speed , and not

the - too r ll l to force hand wheel hard , otherwise the d i wil become very h ot . A metal drill works better in the lathe than an auger bit .

W is h e hen the hole almost t ru , remove the d ad center , butting the head Of the mallet against the Spindle where the drill can bore into it w ithout ruining the dead center pin .

B Of r y means a V block and a d ill press , it is also easy to bore the hole .

GAVELS

IX X In designing a gavel , Plates and , and in selecting wood for e i . the same , th re are a few requ rements we have to meet Since a gavel is use d in somewhat the same man ner as a mallet (in that

r we strike a blow with both) , the fi st essential will be to use a hard

. i n wood Th s stands the blow better , and hard woods bei g heavier ,

is i . oo so the blow more eas ly delivered The w d must be sonorous ,

is . n of that sound given forth Duri g periods excitement , it is Often

e e necessary to use a gavel quickly , and little att ntion is paid to wh re

r the the gavel st ikes ; hence ends must be well rounded . To meet all

as or these requirements , a wood such rosewood , ebony , coco bolo serves very well . 48 AR T AND ED UCATION IN WOOD - TURNING

Pla te IX .

50 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD - TURNING

The stock for the head is (a) Rough down to

of the largest diameter , (b) cut to length , (leaving the same amount

off waste wood at each end) , (c) locate the center line and (d) lay

e Of hi i . e the work from both sid s t s l ne It is advisable , at the point ( ) , to make a small hole with

so the dividers , that when boring the hole for the ban wil dle , it l be in the exact

center . W hen turning a cove , hav l ing a fi let at each side , it is advisable to ignore the cove entirely until the fillets are

cut out clean , then work the

cove . Before cutting the work

for loose , bore the hole the

handle . This should be done

in the lathe , the work being clamped tightly between cen

ters , Fig . 3 7 . The handle should be turned with the small end at

H the dead center . All parts are n a . Fig . 3 7 . Bori g Gavel ead fin ished before fitting the

so oil l ch handle into the head , that no from the polish wi l rea

. O on e t that part n all work , where part fits into ano her , always

cut . the hole first , then fit the other part to that hole

e Off . 8 When all the ends have be n cleaned , Fig 3 , glue the handle

- into the head . Should the handle fit rather loosely , make a saw kerf h in the end , about down the handle , and force a wedge into t is cut . This method is Often used in joinery . THE ROLL ING PIN 5 1

THE ROLL ING PIN

The l XI ro ling pin , Plate , like all wooden kitchen utensils , is

of e l is made mapl , because maple does not s iver easily , hard , and

holds its Shape fairly well . TO make it somewhat

to a easier underst nd , the rolling pin will be divided into two parts ; the shaft

and the handle . The stock for the shaft is (a) Cut to in diameter ; (b) cut

to length , leaving the waste ” wood at each end I in

i ; (C) , w ff th En d ameter taper the ends 8 S n o e . Fig . 3 . a i g ds I " makin g a cut from /é back

h l cut t o 1 . t oro the diameter After the wood is y sandpapered , (d) al Off . the waste wood At each end , the centers have left a sm l hole which locates the center for the holes to be bored . Great care must be taken to bore the holes at each end absolutely true , otherwise the handle will not work well when glued in place . In order to have the hole of the handle in the exact center , bore the hole

first , and turn around the

' T hi Fig . 39 . . O hole do t s , turn a

of to u n piece maple fit the hole j st bored , leavi g about Of the ” ” I . i on e . I s to waste wood in diameter at end , Fig 3 9 The f? part 3 " . f hi be 5/é long The reason or t s length will be explained later .

G . . W set lue at each end , Fig 3 9 hen the glue has , turn the — AR T AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TUR NIN G

Plate XI. UMB RELL A H AND LE S 53

X Plate II. — 54 ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

n ot handle , being careful to turn the ends until everything is °

. t completed Sandpaper carefully , and wi h an chisel , cut the 45 on e at the end ; this makes that end free . Out Of the remaining

Of of piece maple , turn the spindle part the handle , fitting the of O the dead center end to a hole . In order to make the curve f

e both handle and spindle continuous , plac the handle over the spin hi dle w le turning the rounded end .

H . 0 A e . Fig 4 . ousehold rticl s

When gluing the spindle into the shaft , great care must be

n ot of the taken to allow any glue to get into the hole handle , and n ot force h to the handle up too tig t against the shaft .

B OWL S

l of B owls and solid trays , P ate XIII , come under the heading

- e of face plate work, and regardl ss design , are all worked out in much the same manner . However to make the following description a

to i l one of our little easier follow , we w l take the nut bowls as ex ample . 3 ” 3 The rough stock should be 1 /8 X4 dressed on one face .

9 C ou - n o - ( ) ut t a circle on the band saw . If band saw is avail N UT SETS 5 5

P a e I l t XI I . — 56 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

Off the e able , simply cut the corners with a handsaw , (b) glue dress d

e of e Of e surface to a piec whit wood about the same diam ter , with a piece of note paper between . The object of the paper is to separate

1 Fig . 4 .

the fibers Of the waste wood from the wood to be turned , SO that a few light taps with a chisel and mallet will separate the two pieces

e when the work has been compl ted . After the glue has set (use nothing but the best grade of hot glue

the on all problems) ; (c) screw the faceplate in place . (d) Start

n wi - e lathe o slow speed , th the tee rest parallel with the fac of the

of work and a little below the center line . By means the

horiz ion tall mortising chisel , held y and stand

on its cut e ing edge , (e) in the dir ction indicated

N O . I . 1 . D o e in , Fig 4 not cut the entir thick

on e ness , otherwise the wood the opposite fac

M Off will split off . erely cut enough wood to

- center the work . (f) Turn the tee rest parallel

e off with the dge , and with a gouge clean the

remaining wood .

2 Having turned the wood to the largest Fig . 4 . Off w possible diameter , (g) face the surface ith

1 N out O . 2 . 1 a flat scraper , , Fig 4 , working from the center , and " I to a thickness Of % (measuring from the glued joint) . / of the in side of - f (h) Trace on a scrap piece paper , outline one hal

of Of the bowl, as indicated in Fig . 4 2 . (i) Transfer this to a piece cardboard and cut with a sharp knife . This pattern is known as a

the templet , by aid of which it is possible to Obtain the correct h shape of the inside Of t e bowl .

— ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

Plate XV . BATH ROO M STOOL 59

WOOD PROBLEM BATH ROOM

la e XVI P t . — 60 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

” 1 " cut e of 1 1 — e With a chisel , (j) a diam ter about and 1 5 de p e e re the e e . (scant measurem nt) m asu d pth as indicat d Fig . — , 43 (k) Hollow out the inside with a round nose scraper to conform

e with the t mplet . (l) Now

e th r sandpap r o oly . (In ) Shape

e e the outsid with flat , sk w ,

- S and round nosed c r a p e r s ,

ee r k ping a unifo m thickness ,

Fig . 44 . The thickness Of the outside must be calipe re d with

the finge rs . Having pe rform ed

11 all necessary turning , ( ) sand paper the work thoroly and e n the D e B w " o . Fig . 43 . M asuri g pth of a

. See n e polish ( Finishi g , pag 3 3 ” TO e the 1 s parate bowl from the waste wood , place a flat

e e e e he scrap r in the glu d joint (with the b v l against t waste wood) ,

Off a nd tap gently with a mallet . Clean the bottom and glue on a

Fig . 44 .

e n t 0 of . o pi ce felt Since glue will adhere to i surfaces , and there is a great possibility of grease working its way on the bottom from

e . on e polishing and handling , it is b tter to use shellac Put on coat

and allow it to dry . A second coat is then applied , using rather “ ” ff felt in e . O thick shellac , and when tacky , put the plac Trim the

edge Of the felt with a sharp knife when the shellac is dry .

THE NAPKIN R IN G

- u an d . use Napkin rings , Plate XVII To bring into built p work ,

a t e to e e is the same tim make the napkin ring mor ornam ntal , it a NAPKIN RINGS 6 1

a Pl t e XVII . 6 2 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD - TURNIN G

to . 1 . good idea glue up all stock for this problem , Fig 3 The best woods to use are those which are hard and have a fairly close

grain , such as rosewood , ebony , cocobolo , East India mahogany ,

etc . The utmost care must be taken in planing up the stock , to

Fig . 45 .

get each piece absolutely parallel , and where a symmetrical design

of z e is used , pieces the same si e should be xactly the same in thick

6 Fig . 4 .

ness . Again , when starting to turn , the exact center must be lo

cated out . , otherwise the work will come uneven

i on . Fig . 45 illustrates the turning Of a napk n ring an arbor k (a) Bore a hole all the way thru the blan , and at right angles

of with the stock . (b) Turn a separate piece wood between centers ” hi ver and about 5 long , to fit t s hole snugly , having a y slight taper

at the live center end . (c) Force the blank over this arbor and turn too the design . (d) Sandpaper and finish . This will leave entirely

TO ut much wood around the hole . c this to the desired thickness , (e) a chuck must be turned to fit the outside of the napkin ring very TH E P NA KIN RING 63,

S l set . 6 . C tightly , and hou d in about Fig 4 (f) ut one end , (g) sandpaper and polish ; then (h) rechuck the other end and finish . W on hen starting a napkin ring a screw chuck , (a) bore a hole in

Fig . 4 7 .

so the wood a little smaller than the screw , that when the chuck

is t e n ot . . screwed in place , h wood will split , Fig 47 (b) Turn the

8 . C w C e e e l h . Fig 4 . Fac Plat B l huck Scre uck

e out blank to the design , ( ) clean one end and rechuck the same as above .

u on . 8 . In some schools , napkin rings are t rned a bell chuck , Fig 4 The wood is first turned between centers to a diameter SO that one hi “ end can be driven into the chuck . Held by t s tight fit , the design is turned and one end hollowed out (as with the screw

e . chuck) , sandpap red and polished The wood , in this case , must

so Ofl be long enough that after cutting the napkin ring , about

re h will remain for c ucking. It will be seen that in this case the rechuckin is g done from the inside , instead of the outside as with the other two methods . The greatest care must be taken to turn the chuck to fit the inside Of the ring tight enough so that it will — ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

Plate XVIII .

— 66 AR T AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

Plate XX . TRA" AND FRAM E MOUL DINGS

Plate XXI. — 68 ART AND ED UCATION IN WOOD TURNING

’ be e take hold , and yet not a hair s br adth too large , otherwise the

e napkin ring will be split apart wh n forced in place . This method is

n ot e e e the too e r comm nd d by author , as Oft n a napkin ring is split ;

e 0 b sides it taking about 5 % more valuable wood , whereas in the

or other cases , whitewood common

is e pine us d for a chuck , and the

out of same chuck , if made thick

e stock and fairly larg in diameter , can be used many times for various

problems .

PICTUR E FR AMES

The method for turning a picture

e fram , Plate XXI , is quite the same

as a napkin ring . In most cases ,

the screw - chuck method will be

found to work satisfactorily , altho it is Often advisable to glue the wood from which the frame is to be made

of to a piece scrap wood , with paper

he between . Turn t front and side Fig . 49 . of the frame ; when finished knock

the wood apart with a few light taps of a chisel and mallet . The

same scrap wood can then be used for rechuckin g. Big frames

m of e 8 Should be ade segments . (See Serving Tray , pag 4

B OXES

There are two general types of boxes to consider : those having

the on cover fitting the inside , Plate XXII , and those having the

e on . M cov r fitting the outside , Plate XXIII ost boxes are Of the

f the . . e e e latter type Th re is , how v r , little di ference in turning

All boxes Should be turned standing on en d grain . (a) Rough

off the stock to approximately the largest diameter . (b) True up the

. out . o . I end (c) Now hollow the inside of the cover , Fig 49, N , to BOXE S

Plate XXII . — 7 0 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

of the fit a templet , and (d) turn as much cover as can conveniently be handled ; (e) Sandpaper and polish . If the cover fits from the

f box o O y . utside , (f) cut the collar the to fit the cover snugl (g)

Rechuck the cover on this collar and (h) finish the top . When this

' has been done (i) remove the cover and (j) hollow out the inside of

h See . h r t e box to fit a templet ( Bowls) (k) Now sandpaper t o oly .

I u of ( ) Turn the O tside the box to conform with the inside , easing

a n . 11 C upon the collar slightly , (m) s ndpaper and fi ish ( ) ut the waste

e . wood at the bottom to about in diameter , and Slightly concav The bottom is now ready to be Cleaned with a knife and fin ished off with felt (See B owls) .

the e fits When cov r from the inside , great care must be taken

the when sandpapering the inside , not to drag paper over the top , otherwise the cover will not fit .

It must be remembered in getting out stock for boxes , to allow " at least M be tween the cover and box proper in order that there will be room for cutting off .

COMB INATION TURNING CANDLE S TI CK S

C e u andlesticks , el ctroliers and all problems req iring both

- e n i . spindle and face plat tur ing , come under th s heading O a ur first example will be a C ndlestick , Plates XXIV , XXV , and

of XXVI , made some hard wood , such as mahogany , walnut , oak ,

- e e e e or . bony , cocob—olo , ch rry , birds y , curly plain maple , etc The B ase (a) Cut a piece of stock of sufficient thickness to " e allow %3 for facing upon both sides , and larger in diam ter

on e - than the design . (b) Screw this stock a fac plate , using short

e so n o screws and keeping them n ar the outside edge , that hole will remain when the work has b een Completed

n ow on We are ready to start Slow speed , and (c) cut in from

the the face along the edge to the required diameter . (d) Clean up

cut . face until true , and (e) the Opening which is to hold the lead ,

e Note that the under side Of the base is turned first . (f) Shap the edge up to the last fillet (where there is a fillet) , (g) sandpaper and i finish . (See Fin shing , page 3 GIRL ’ S DRE SSE R SET

DRESSER SET

PUFF

HAlR RECEIVER b UTTON

Plate XXIII . — 7 2 ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

- e Now (h) remove the wood from the face plate , and r chuck . In e X u turning the d sign shown in Plate X IV , (i) c t the chuck

ee e he d p , the height of the edge , and tru up t face to the required e . 0 thickn ss , (k) boring the hole in the top , Fig 5 , with a Fo rstner

- l 0 n e e . Fig . 5 . Bori g Fac p at Work

has e bit . Since a Forstner bit no spur to cent r it when boring , it is ” advisable to cut in a short distance with an V8 chis el to make sure of e e 1 re hitting the center . (See Lath B oring, pag ( ) Shape the

of In n . W hi maining part the case , ( ) sandpaper and fi ish hen polis ng

t its the base , grea care must be taken not to allow any Oil to work

. O way into the hole on top , otherwise the glue will not adhere n

of . account Of danger splitting the base , bore the hole first — I " The S haft (a) Cut the rough stock longer and /é larger in section than the design . To make sure of having the hole in

e e the of the c nt r (on top the shaft) , (b) bore a hole first and ” I ” I ee turn around the hole . B ore % d p to allow /S for cleaning up

e e e the end , and (c) turn a plug b tween centers keeping the liv c nter

— 7 4 ART AND ED UCATION IN WOOD TURNING

WOODTURNING PROBLEM CANDLESTICK

e Plat XXV . EL E CTROL IER OR CANDLE STICK 7 5

WOODTURNING PROBLEM

ELECTROLIER0 “CANDLESTICB

THIS DESIGN IS IN TENDED POR A O

ORLARGECANDLESTIC — 76 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

impressions for future turning . (d) Now glue this plug in place as

. 1 s et can indicated , Fig 5 , and when the glue has , (e) the shaft be ll i . a the turned (f) After polish ng has been completed , (g) fit dowel into the base . of (a) Place the two parts the candlestick together , and turn i e . e the bottom sid up Hav ng done this , (b) pour nough molten lead

into the base to just come flush , and (c) cool imm ediately from

the under side with a blower . If a high polish has been put

on the base , it will be advisable to drop a small quantity of — mercury into the lead this alloy will melt at a lower temperature and therefore will not blister the Fig . 5 1 .

polish .

e Off When the l ad has cooled , (d) glue the base and shaft together , (e) finishing the bottom with felt . (See B owls , page

LAMP STANDARD

Where it is desirable to have the wiring of the lamp standard e start at the bas and go thru the shaft , it becomes necessary to work " out of a hole about V8 in diameter the entire length the shaft , joining the base at a suitable place . If good facilities are at hand for lathe boring , this will be one way of handling the problem . B ore the hole thru the rough stock , and plug both ends for turning . Where ,

too however , the electrolier is long , as in the case with a floor lamp , or where no available chuck is at hand for lathe boring , it will be

out of f found that the Shaft will have to be grooved two pieces , hal

on e . each piece , glued together , plugg d and turned The working out of the remaining part of the problem is much

the same as that of a candlestick . L AM P STANDARD 7 7

WOOD—TURNING PROBLEM LAMPSTANDARD

ELECTRIC

NOTE DIMENSIONS GIVEN ON CUTARE FOR TWO LIGHT ELECTROLIER FOR ONE LIGHT SUBSTI‘ OL OW TUTE ThE. F L ING

MEASUREMENTS .

I4 = 9 £ g,

' I 5 3 l g z i 6 4 4 5 2 16 <3 MAKETODTO FIT ‘ SOCISET- SAME — 7 8 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

LATH E B ORING

e e of For accuracy , speed and as , there is no better way boring a hole in wood , where the equipment is limited , than by using the lathe .

TO e so to bore a mall t head , (a) start the hole at the bench as center the drill ; the point Of the dead center takes care of the other

end . Having located the correct distance the tailstock should be

z from the drill , to allow for the si e W Of the ood , (b) fasten the tailstock

: firmly , but leave the spindle free

Working at a medium speed , (c) force the wood against the drill by

- e turning on the hand wheel . Wh n ahn ost ( re . 2 , ) Fig 5 . the hole is thru d move the dead center and (e) butt the spindle against the wood to allow the drill to go all the way

on en thru without injury to the center . This method may be used d grain boring , with such problems as the rolling pin handle and el ectrolier . Where a hole is to be bored longer than the length Of the drill , reverse the ends and bore half way from each end . It will be

diffi e found cult to clean long holes Of the shavings , and ther fore it is n ot v to e be ad isable force the work too much ; b sides , the drill will

e . come very hot , and must be cooled frequently by dipping in wat r

For - of face plate boring , where there is danger splitting the

on wood , it is advisable to use a Forstner bit , as the screw an auger

e de bit is very apt to force the wood apart , and there is a great t n ncy

e for the bit to be pulled into the wood too rapidly . In order to c nter

0 a Forstner bit , turn in a short distance with a Chisel . Fig . 5 shows a center bit in use which works equally a s well as the Forstner bit .

SEGMENT WORK

In order to turn large diame ters so that there shall be practically n o or of c warping changing Shape , and at the same time no sacrifi e

o f . strength , it will be necessary to use segments FL E H L E OW R O D R 7 9

WOODTURNING PROBLEM FLOWER HOLDER

TES T 80 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD - TURNING

From Fig . 5 2 it will be noticed that the segments run with the

of e e of m grain Of the wood , this , cours , b ing the greatest i portance , as otherwise no strength would be gained . The theory Of segment work is similar to that of a butt joint i f with a cleat fastened on each side . Th s form O joint is used eve ry

day in carpentry work . By

breaking the joints , as it

is called . we have all parts

Of equal strength , and when

thorol y glued together , the work is stronger than a

' solid piece . As will be

Odd shown , an number of courses always proves most

eflficien t .

There can be no set rule governing the correct number Of segments for each course ; small circles are usuallv made Of three

for s e g m e n t s , whereas ” 1 2 e e about a diam t r , Six

e e r segments will be n c ssa y ,

so on y and , alwa s remem

I

e en “ork n e . Fig . 5 3 . S gm t B ei g Glu d bering that to avoid end e i grain , the s gments w ll i . six se need to be smaller For the problems g ven in this book , g ments will suffice .

r to In starting segment work , it will fi st be necessary (a) true up a piece of good white pine to the desired diameter . (b) Onto this pine the segments are glued and held in place until all turning

ix . s and finishing have been completed For segments , (C) step the _ radius around the Circumference six times and join these points l with lines to the center . The lines just drawn wil indicate the joints for the first , third and fifth courses , and SO on according to ce the number Of courses . (d) Divide each spa in half and again

— 8 2 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

e the draw lines to the c nter to indicate joints for the second , fourth

and sixth courses , etc .

Fig . 53 illustrates a good method for holding the work while f ” gluing the segments in place . A piece o about 2 square stock is

at on e the - turned end to fit thread part Of the face plate , leaving

e for l the squar part c amping in the vise . The greatest of care must be exercised

to clamp the segments flat , making a

tight joint all around . To do this , the shoulder spindle of the ha nds crew is

fir tightened st , throwing the jaws slightly

e or tw o out of parallel , wh n a last turn on the end spindle will bring them to

their correct position .

The (a) joints of segment N O . I

(segment NO . 1 is the first segment to be ) Fig . 54 . put in place are cut to correspond with the lines drawn on the pine

e stock and glu d in place , cleaning away all glue from the end

N O . 2 1 grain . (b) Fit segment to make a tight joint with NO . ,

on . at one end , and to correspond with the line the other end

2 (c) NOW size on e end Of NO . I and N O . with

z set for the glue . After allowing the si ing to a

N o . 2 few minutes , (d) glue in place , forcing

e the joints together until absolutely tight . ( ) Clean away the glue again on the other end of

. 2 on . No , and so until the last segment is fitted

the e e Fig . 54 illustrates quickest and b st m thod

6 . for getting a tight fit on N O . at both ends Fig . 55 .

After the necessary marks have been made , trim to the outside of the lines ; if this is properly done , a tight joint will result . Allow n ot less than three hours for the glue to set before at

on tempting to turn the work . Working slow speed , (a) face up the first course of segm ents to the desired thickness and (b) Clean up the

e c outside and inside diam ters just a little . ( ) Now mark out the COLL AR AND B UTTON B OX

Plate XXX . — 84 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

e e s cond course and continue as with the first . Wh n all the courses h e e e e av been glu d in plac , (d) do all n cessary turning and finishing .

SER VIN G TR A"

XXI Since a serving tray , Plate , is nothing more than a large ' e e kF m ba c i . pictur fram with two rebates on the , g 5 5 , it will be eces h h t e . O of t e sary to rechuck work n account large diameter , and to hi a avoid scratc ng the polish , it will be advis ble to rechuck from the

inside . The first rebate will hold the glass a n d designed material for f Th he o . e t bottom the tray ( latter is stretched over cardboard . ) The second rebate is for the wood e n bottom which is screwed in

h The of t e n . are e place , flush with the bottom moldi g handles fitt d to come flush and are firmly fastened from the under side of the

The e . e e e mold ntir bottom is covered with felt , pr viously stretch d

e on e . over cardboard , with the edg s glued the revers side Tack this

e e he f lt cover d cardboard to t tray mold with 2 oz . gimp tacks

e hi e Four small rubber bump rs are screwed in place, w ch complet s

the work .

By putting the tray together in this manner , Should the glass

e out break , it is a simple matter to take the nec ssary screws and

fe de i f lift a w tacks without stroy ng any part o the tray .

COLLAR B OX

a G of e ( ) lue three pieces stock together , Plate XXX , ach a

e the the little over in thickn ss , with grain Of center piece running

he e the e . e t s t cut out at right angles to oth r two Wh n glue has , (b)

e e e a circle approximately in diam t r , which in turn (c) is glu d to

a pine core for turning . (d) Lay out for the segments and (e) build

up to the top Of the box proper . The segments should be about

e for . wid to start with , to allow turning The cover is built up in like manner and turned first on the ih h rec ucked. to side , then (See Boxes , page If a course of inlay is

k the be wor ed into the problem , it will first be necessary to glue up CH EE SE AN D CRACKE R DISH

Plate XXXI . 86 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD—TURNING

veneer for the inlay of suitabl e width a nd length SO that when dry

the e e a n be u six s gm nts c c t from sam e . These segments are handled

a in exactly the same manner s the others .

BUTTON B OX

The button box in the center , Plate XXX , is turned separately on for a screw chuck , leaving dowel on the bottom gluing in place .

e d After all work has been compl te , the felt is glued on the

m the botto , as in case Of the nut bowls .

e of As collar boxes are subj cted to a great deal wear , it is advisable to finish the work with three coats of good varnish and

e on he rub to an gg shell gloss t lathe .

CH EESE AND CRACKER D ISH

The out of working this problem , Plate XXXI is merely a

f a e repetition o the foregoing problems . The st nd is turn d like the

cu the box of base Of a candlestick , the top p same as the button the

e is as above probl m , and the dish the same the collar box , except h h T h that it is rec ucked to cl ean up t e bottom sid e . o make t e dish

e of more beautiful , it is a good id a to build up the bottom segments ,

of e of all coming to a point , instead of building it thre pieces wood as explained above . SEWING SET

e of e e set Like som the other probl ms , the s wing or stand , Plate

e e e e . XXXII , is simply a combination Of s v ral pr c ding problems The base is turned in the same manner a s that of the Candlesticks ;

e . that is , the flat disk being turn d from both sides The pin cushion

e hold r is nothing more than a bowl with a hole in the center , which in turning fits snugly around the spool spindle .

e e e In gluing this problem tog th r , be sur not to glue the flat

l e . e disk , as it would then be impossib e to r volve it The brass dow ls 1 ” ’ are 4 in diamete r and set in pla ce with Major s cement . The pin cushion is made with a hole thru the center . SEWIN G SET

Plate XXXII . — as ART AN D ED UCATION IN WOOD TURNING

NUT SET A nut set may include six small bowls Of any one of the designs in Plate XIII and on e large bowl Of the same design as indicated in

Plate XXXIII . The large bowl diflers from the small ones only in that it has a block left in the center to hold the upright and the nut picks .

As with the candlesticks , it is advisable to bore the hole in the base first , and then fit the shaft to that hole .

of o - on i Because the cr ss lap joint the spindle work , it w ll be

on e to to necessary , the upright pi ce , turn diameter at the joint ,

i to off step around the cyl nder make four equal sides , and pare the " w a ' shar 8 wood ith p Chisel , thus producing the joint part which is V square . On the cross piece it is possible t o start with square stock

and turn on each side of the center . When all sandpapering

i out — cut and turn ng have been completed , lay the cross lap joint , to

. will e to be e fit snugly , and glue together The ends hav round d up by hand and the entire problem fin ished at on e time when the work has been assembled . Some people prefer to crack the nuts with a hammer made espe

iall i is e c y for that purpose ; in that case , the upr ght portion omitt d , m the block covered with heavy metal , and a small ham er turned

- with a metal head to be used in place of the nut cracker .

- When nut crackers are used , it is more in keeping to turn down the metal handles to about in diameter and turn wooden handles to be fitted over them .

CLOCK CASING m m When ti e per its , and a fine job is wanted , the Clock casing ,

is Pla te i . XXXIV , is ncluded under the heading of segment work It

as i e e t i handled in the same manner the serv ng trays , xc pt hat , be ng f ix of o s . smaller diameter , four segments are used instead

to the After building up the segments the proper height , turn

d out cylinder to in iameter , hollow the inside , sandpaper and

e finish . (See Finishing , pag 3 Now rechuck and turn the mold

— ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

P la te XXXIV . TEA WAGON WH E EL 9 1

WOOD~ TU RNING PROBLEM WHEEL

FO R R U B B ER TIE:

' FV L L S IZ E S EC TIO N THRO U GH Hun . P I E C E S

Plate XXXV . — 9 2 ART AND ED UCATION IN WOOD TURNING

On . e on rechucked the front The cover is turn d the face and , after

h e e ee w ich the knob and two legs are turn d b tw n centers .

“ e e The cov r is hung with a small brass hing , and the knob glued

. for in place Bore the hole the knob with a Forstner bit , and bore for the holes the legs with an auger bit .

the of the Where problem is turned from a solid piece wood ,

6 Th . . e C e Set Fig 5 roq u t .

e grain should run with the l ngth ; in other words , the face will

Show end grain .

’ O of nk l e e n account shri age , it wi l be necessary to mak the insid

so l diameter a little large , that when the wood contracts , it wi l not bind around the clock and hold it fast . There is also danger

of e . checking , should the wood shrink consid rably

THE TEA WAGON WH EEL

The tea wagon wheel presents no new problem from those hav ing to do with segment and spindle work except in the making Of the i e hub . From Plate XXXV t will be seen that the hub is turn d in CR OG U ET S ET 93

Plate XXXVI . ’ — 94 ART AND ED UCATION IN WOOD TUR NIN G

two pieces . This is done for the reason that the spokes can be set rim in the , the lower portion Of the hub set in place and the upper

e part fitted over that to mak a complete wheel .

e of After the rim has b en built up segments and turned , holes are bored on the inside for the spokes ; the hub is now clamped to

et e e g h r in a vise , and holes to receive spokes bor d in it . After this

B . . e e n ed Fig 5 7 . Back R st Us d o a Post ha e e r s been done it is taken apart and the entir mass glued tog the . G h reat care , however , must be taken in gluing t is problem to block up the spokes and rim from the under side to come level with the hub so that the spokes can be brought in line .

CR OQUET SET

so has For a group problem , nothing works out well and more real

6 . educational val—ue than the croquet set . Plate XXXVI and Fig . 5 The Mallet~ As with other problems worked in school , the price

F r i of material governs the kind to be used . o th s reason hard maple vi will be chosen , altho boxwood , lignum tae and rosewood are

h r i . better for the head . As o h ckory is satisfactory for the handle CROQ UET SET 5

The principles Involved in turning a croquet mallet are almost

of l the nl identical with those a manual training ma let , Plate VIII , o y

n n wi On e H n a n r w h 8 . d n the TVo k i t e O . S p Fig 5 Tur i g th a d u porti g th ther .

ni difference being found in tur ng SO long a handle . Fig . 5 7 illus

i . out trates a back rest n use To work this successfully , first rough Off in the center enough wood so that the support of the back rest c an be brought in close contact with the handle . The diameter at this place should be as large as possible and the support — can either be a semi circle to

or correspond in diameter , a block with a cut of the sides in the latter Case act ing as tangents to the cyl

. N O ad The S n ee e e the inder W fasten all Fig . 59 . a d Wh l Us d to Tru Up H En d 0“ Manet ead ' justments on the back rest firmly and grease the handle at the point Of contact with a little f l . on O tal ow Turn both sides this rest , starting at the headstock and h . i working to the dead center After do ng t is , remove the back

All be rest and clean up the remaining wood . such turning must — 96 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

done at Slow speed . Fig . 58 shows a method of supporting the Work

with on e hand while turning with the other .

2 u Fig . 7 illustrates a q ick and safe method for sandpapering

. on long and weak spindle work With sandpaper each block , it is

possible to work with great pressure , one hand supporting the strain

of ffi on the other . The blocks should be su cient length to joint the

F 60 ig . .

l of wood , working all sma l hollows and irregularities out the h cylinder . Fig . 59 shows ow a sand wheel may be used to advantage in truing up t—he ends of a mallet head . lin The B all It will be noticed in Fig . 60 that we first turn a cy " of i e e I der in d am t r ; then locate the center , and measure % on each side Of this line (a cross section thru the axis forms a pe rfect

e m squar ; we intend . as it were , to inscribe an i aginary Circle in this

square) . Our next step will be to cut so as to make the square

cut s o as section octagonal . Having reached this point we now to make the section a 1 6 - sided figure ; and so on until we attain 64

Off ' s sides , when we have almost a round surface . Trim the corne

ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD—TURNING

e It will , therefore , be seen that we turn a ball by incr asing the number of sides of a polyhedron . By diminishing each side in T s z . o e i e, we approach a sphere for a limit succeed in g tting a good round ball , it must therefore be remembered that the greatest care

fl e O the . be taken to mark the work accurat ly , and cut to line Each

flat surface cut is a tangent to the imaginary sphere . " C Of cut /3 S Before leaning f the center line , a line on each side of it with the toe of the skew . This band is made for aguide in painting the c—olor on the ball . The S ta ke NO instructions need be given on this part of the

' . i problem as it is simple spindle work The l nes are cut , as with the ball , to locate the bands Of colors .

When all turning is completed , and the mallet glued together ,

f r thorol l . on e o cover all parts y with inseed Oil Allow day drying , and give it two coats of white shellac . Lightly sandpaper each

of . coat , and finish with two coats spar varnish

LONG—PIECE TURNIN G

TH E F OUR - POS T B E D

P The stock for the posts , late XXXVII , should be mahogany ,

s o out t he joined true to x as to work square part , and also to make it easier to turn . Great care must be exercised in centering the ends so as to show no uneven margin around the square part , when the post has been turned . Start to round up the stock in that part of the post where the

to . 6 1 foot spindle is join , Fig ; work the back rest in place and turn each half separately , Fig . 57 . When all turning and sandpapering on com lete fi these two parts is p , remove the back rest and nish the

. 8 . remaining part , Fig 5 The turning of the foot spindle is identical with that of the posts . FOUR POST B ED 99

WOOD- TURNING PROBLEMS FOUR POST

lz m a ma s I2. nn nnns

HALF Fo am? N D L S PI E.

Tm: P O S T — 1 00 ART AND ED UCATION IN WOOD TURNING

FLOOR LAMP

IZ IN C H a s

Plate XXXVIII .

— 10 2 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

THE FLOOR LAMP W here the floor lamp , Plates XXXVIII and XXXIX , is to be

ni etc . or oak c fi shed with stain , varnish , , mahogany , walnut sto k

i i e be . n s should used When a gold fi sh desired , cl ar white pine serves ve ry well .

of The stock should be made up two pieces , with a groove in each half to make a hole for the wiring . Before gluing this stock to

few oil e s o gether , it is a good idea to run a drops of in the groov that the glue can readily be driven out when the lamp has been com pleted. This groove must be plugged while turning .

out m e When the shaft is to be fluted , lay for the correct nu b r

e of flut s , marking each flute with the surface gage ; see mallet

. . R out head , Fig 3 5 ough the grooves with a suitable gouge , smooth

e e - up ev n with a wood n round plane , run a rat tail file up and down a few times to clean the rough places , and then finish with a piece f o sandpaper wrapped around a dowel of prope r diamet er .

N O e - new problem is present d by the base , and therefore no f further mention will be made as to the method o procedure .

WOOD S USED IN TUR NIN G

on It is possible to turn any wood the lathe , provided the wood

e is firm nough to hold together . All sorts Of odds and ends , other

oh wise useless account of knots and gnarly places , are pleasing when X turned . Plates IV and XVII . s For the classroom , maple will probably be used for mo t turning

d for e as it a apts itself well thin turning , is hard , tak s a polish

can its easily , be stained in many beautiful ways , holds shape fairly

. O On well and is reasonable in price ak is also a good wood , but

of so account the porous grain , does not lend itself well to all prob

lems .

material Where price of is a secondary consideration , the fol lowing list of woods will be found to be all that is necessary to

e . turn any probl m , making it both serviceable and beautiful — M l e l n l n d - a d e e . ap —p ai , cur y bir s y W n w n n n l l e a d C s . a ut hit e, b ack , Fr ch irca sia ’ D ON TS 103

— - e s w d w h n d r Oak q uart r a e it e a ed .

Ch erry .

L — m r - w a o c u d . Sy c —q art er sa e M n w d Mex n s ndi n n oo . ahoga y bay , ica , Ea t I a Africa n — l Ebo y gray , b ack . C — olo P n m a . oco b —a a a , Nicaragu w i n Ros e oo d Afr ca . n w S ak e ood .

L n m- i ae ig u v t .

’ M r w y tl e ood . B xw o ood . Holly in w S at ood .

DON ’TS

A few D on ’ ts are well worth remembering to help in avoiding both mistakes and accidents : ’ D on t start your lathe unless all adjus tments are fastened ; otherwise the work may be thrown out . ’ D on t leave the lathe runnin g when n o on e is workin g at it . ’ Don t start any work on high speed ; rough the corners on slow fi speed rst . ’ r i n l on i i l D on t tu n long , th n spi d e work h gh speed ; it w l spring too much . ’ D on t stop your spindle work or feel Of its smoothn ess by hold in - of g your fingers near the tee rest , as the motion the wood is

fi or the d liable to draw your ngers hand between rest and the woo , causing injury . ’ D on t work your lathe on high speed while rechucking; there is danger of the work being thrown out of the chuck . ’ Don t stop your lathe w ithout also stoppin g your work ; other

e t of wise when the lathe has com to a standstill , here is danger the

- work winding its way Off. This applies to face plate work . ’ in the ll . the D on t apply stain , fi er , etc , while lathe is motion ; centrifugal force will drive themoisture out of the wood instead o f l i a low ng it to penetrate . ’ for h or Don t use cotton waste polis ing , applying stain to your

to b work , as the short threads may catch on the fi ers and draw the

out waste Of your hands , Often causing injury . — 1 04 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

’ Don t remove your wood f rom the lathe without first marking the center and the end of the wood so that both may be returned to the same place at a future time . ’ Don t cut your work free before being sure that all turni n g and

finishing has been completed . ’ on And finally , don t go ahead any work if you are not sure what

to or . do , how to do it

SH OP D ISCIPL INE

of With the exception the machine shop , there is probably no shop in school where the discipline should be more carefully watched

- than in wood turning . In the first place it is always more or less d e angerous to work around machinery , and where we b lieve in

Safety First , each student should be compelled to remain at his ow n lathe unless otherwise engaged . Permitting a reasonable amount of talking about the work in questi on Is a good idea as one student

often gains knowledge from another , and it saves the less apt student from accidents and mistakes by having suggestions made at the right time .

Secondly , if students are permitted to move about the room

of one without a good reason , there . is danger boy pushing another and ruining an otherwise good piece Of work . When the order is

off given to shut the lathes , it must be obeyed at once , and it is

to or advisable do this , should anything go wrong with the work the machines . The work is not to be removed from the lathe more Often

r than necessary , the inst uctor going to the lathe to inspect it rather than the student bringing the work to him . Ample time is to be given at the end of each period for cleaning the lathes and putting all tools in their correct places . It is not e off i h nough to brush the machines w th a counter brus , but it is

d etc . advisable to remove the grease , stains , irt , , from all corners , K and at the same time keep the lathes shining as they should . ero sene and waste will be found to be the quickest and best method of

‘ accomplishing this . A metal receptacle is hung at each machine to contain the waste .

— 1 06 ART AND EDUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

l At the end Of every month , a ine is drawn under the last

. l figure , indicating where the next month starts The fina rating Of

for i each month is kept in a separate book th s purpose . As a part of the training and at the same time to keep up the

’ of e bo of condition the tools , ach y is assigned , at the end the term , the task of grinding and Sharp

en in for g certain tools , which

Work he is rated .

THE EXH IBIT There is great satisfaction

to both student and instructor , after having worked along a cer

for tain course several months , to be able to actually see what 6 . Fig . 3 has been accomplished and to

n compare the work Of o e student with that of another . In addition to this the exhibit gives the student a goal to work for , and in the prospective student it stirs up enthusiasm and a desire to do the best possible work . The manner in which the models are displayed is almost as im

f TOO portant as the quality o the work . Often the mistake is made of trying to exhibit a mass of work rather than a few Choice models . When the show ’ mi un case is crowded , the visitor s nd is

on e able to concentrate on any object , hence

there is no lasting impression made . It is well to bear in mind how frequently we find , 6 Fig . 5 . on e or in the better shops , simply two care

l . ah fu ly selected articles displayed By isolating Object , we have

of its or full power to judge merits , with nothing to add to , detract

its . from qualities When objects are grouped together , it is always advisable to mass them according to color so as to have harmony .

Again , such models as household articles would not look well with polished models . THE EXH IBIT

6 S ll A n e for Ex n . Fig . 4 . ma Group rra g d hibitio — 1 0 8 ART AND E DUCATION IN WOOD TURNING

U nless an attendant is always on guard , to see that no Object is

to stolen or handled , it will be essential have all work in a Show case ,

for - or and wood turning , a vertical case with a gray any neutral

on e colored back , glass Shelves and glass the front and two sid s , will

be . e found most satisfactory Wher , however , the work is displayed on e tables , it will add very much to the xhibit to first cover the tables with burlap and use small boxes covered with like mate rial to help in the grouping Of the work and to relieve the flat appearance , see frontispiece . When the space permits , it will be found helpful to string a rope a little w ay in front of the tables to keep the visit ors the proper distance from the models .

Neatly lettered cards , similar to those shown on the illustra tions , will help in answering many questions , besides adding to the ld ge neral appearance . The o English text script is most pleasing ,

the first letter of each word being capitaliz ed in red ink . By bending 6 an ordinary hair pin as indicated in Fig . 5 a quick and inexpensive

tripod can be made to hold the cards .

1 10 INDEX

PAC E

n Se en w w en use n Lamp sta dard , Floor lamp . gm t ork , h to segme ts 7 8 Gluin u Stock used g p” 8 2

in n e Of . 8 Flut g sta dard . Th ory 0 n in e O e en e Fi ish g Numb r f s gm ts us d . 80 Th in e or e en . Lathe bor g . sixth last s gm t 82

n e n n . 8 . 8 2 Bori g hol s Tur i g , 4 Face- plate boring Sew in g set 86

n n n . o o o o o o o 6 n n o o o o o o 8 Lo g piece tur i g Tur i g o

- n e e o o o o o o o o o o o 86 Four post bed . Glui g tog th r o o o o o Mall et Shop : 1 1

Material used . n Tw n e en . I I o m ethods of bori ng hol e in Pla arra g m t . 12 D n head iscipli e ”

e . Removing from lathe Syst m . n S ew i e for S oo n n Napki n ri gs . k ch s l m thi g cyli ders e Mat rial used . Plan i n g stock Position 2 2 C n Off Turn in g on arbor utti g . 24

R e chucki n g Stock . 2 3

S ew w n n . 2 cr chuck ork . Tur i g 3 B ell chuck turn in g Mod el board 2 3 ’ Nut set Skew Chisel for V s a nd heads 24 e of e 6 D esign Of M thod proc dure . 2 4 2 n of o Assembli n g a n d fin ishi ng Positio to ls . 24 2 6 See To i n sure symmetry a ndcorrect 6 Parti ng tool a nd calipers diameter . 2 U se of Spi n dle turn ing 1 7 ’ n e iz S n 1 Tur r s S er . tarti g 7 R - n n O n n eer e e e . I 1 8 btai i g diam t s . c t ri g 7 n w n in e 1 8 1 Worki g freely ith calipers Placi g lath , 9 A e e n O n e 1 ccurat s tti g f calipe rs . Positio at lath 9 n Ofl 2 0 Picture frame . Roughi g n n n G n . . 8 lui g . Lo g tur i g 95 9 Segmen ts 1 2 E n Potato masher quipme t O f each lathe . 1 3 V n f Material used arious ki ds o tools 1 3 E en o f e en Method of procedure quipm t ach b ch I3 n n a n d n n n e e 1 4 , I 5 , Locati g diam ters ” Gri di g sharp i g 1 6 I Fi n ishin g , 7 U s e of n 20 2 1 . Rebate . parti g tool ’

s o ne z . 2 2 C n U e f S e 0 1 , 2 2 utti g. tur r s i r R llin in U se Of e 2 2 o . gag g p - s w 6 U e O S e e . 2 2 2 2 4 , 2 Material used f k chis l , 3 , C n en f Shaft a n d ha n dles o t ts o tool rack 13

e n . 8 n n rays , s r i g 4 Blocki g ha dles . T v 8 a nd e n e e . Turn i ng First s co d r bat s 4 n n the 8 Gluin g together Fi ishi g bottom 4

- 2 San dpaperi ng Wheels . 9 tea w n 2 For ago 9 , 94 Q uality to use . n O 2 Obtai n i n g a good fin ish Maki g f hub 9 , 94

n w etho Of bui i n g up . 9 4 Spi dl e ork . M d ld

En d n w ethod Of glui ng . grai ork . M n w Woods used in turn in g Segme t ork . Varieti es of w ood