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Build a Plane That Cuts Smooth and Crisp Raised Panels With, Against Or Across the Grain – the Magic Is in the Spring and Skew

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Build a Plane That Cuts Smooth and Crisp Raised Panels With, Against Or Across the Grain – the Magic Is in the Spring and Skew Fixed-width PanelBY WILLARD Raiser ANDERSON Build a plane that cuts smooth and crisp raised panels with, against or across the grain – the magic is in the spring and skew. anel-raising planes are used Mass., from 1790 to 1823 (Smith may to shape the raised panels in have apprenticed with Joseph Fuller doors, paneling and lids. The who was one of the most prolific of the profile has a fillet that defines early planemakers), and another similar Pthe field of the panel, a sloped bevel example that has no maker’s mark. to act as a frame for the field and a flat Both are single-iron planes with tongue that fits into the groove of the almost identical dimensions, profiles door or lid frame. and handles. They differ only in the I’ve studied panel-raising planes spring angles (the tilt of the plane off made circa the late 18th and early 19th vertical) and skew of the iron (which centuries, including one made by Aaron creates a slicing cut across the grain to Smith, who was active in Rehoboth, reduce tear-out). The bed angle of the Smith plane is 46º, and the iron is skewed at 32º. Combined, these improve the quality of cut without changing the tool’s cutting angle – which is what happens if you skew Gauges & guides. It’s best to make each of these gauges before you start your plane build. In the long run, they save you time and keep you on track. Shaping tools. The tools required to build this plane are few, but a couple of them – the firmer chisel and floats – are modified to fit this design. The keyhole saw, or pad saw, is the perfect choice to define and saw the angles of the abutment. PHOTOS BY THE AUTHOR; 24 ■ POPULAR WOODWORKING MAGAZINE November 2013 ILLUSTRATIONS BY ROBERT W. LANG FROM THE AUTHOR’s mODELS a standard bench plane. Specialized Gauges & Tools from quartersawn beech. These help The two planes have a fixed integral In building panel raisers, there are a to gauge the flatness of the bed at vari- fence and no nicker. The right edge of number of gauges I use to lay out the ous stages. the profile is non-cutting and acts as angles of the skew, bed and abutment, It’s also useful to have a 5⁄8"-wide a depth stop. The left edge (also non- spring and breast (see the drawings firmer chisel and it’s a necessity to have cutting) acts as the fence. on page 26). And there’s another gauge a set of floats – push and pull side floats, This panel-raising plane is designed that straddles the cheeks of the throat an edge float and a bed float. All should to be held at a spring angle of 19º and is to track the progress of leveling out the to be ground so that the edges match well suited to work with material that is bed; it looks like a two-pronged fork. the angle of the throat between the bed 5⁄8" to 3⁄4" thick. The heel of the Smith I also make a set of three testing and the abutment, and the cheeks. plane is stamped “9⁄8 * 1⁄16",” which wedges for the abutment (10º, 11º and Each abutment requires two saw corresponds to a profile width of 13⁄16". 12º), and a pair of mock plane irons cuts to define the limits of the angle. Vintage planes. My panel-raising plane (below) is based on two vintage examples (right). The plane in front was made by Aaron Smith (circa 1790-1823); the one in back is from Roy Under- hill’s collection and has no maker’s mark. popularwoodworking.com ■ 25 Vintage keyhole saws, or pad saws, have blades that are thick enough to make this long, unsupported crosscut (I file the teeth with plenty of fleam, but with no particular set). Throat Mock-up The best advice I can give you before you begin work on your plane is to take the time to build a mock-up of the plane’s throat. Make your model wider than the actual plane so it’s easier Customized. Grind and file a set of floats to 23º along the long edges to mate with the corners of to check angles and fit parts. the throat. The edge float requires special attention because the teeth need to be recut. Gauge the results against your throat mock-up. In this plane, the skew angle of the throat is 32º and the angle to which the sides of the wedge are planed is only actly the same. The abutment slot has grain rises toward the toe. Mark the toe 23º. This is because the wedge goes in an included angled of 10º. Depending end with an upward-pointing triangle. at 45º, and is cut at a 15º angle across on how carefully it’s shaped, the angle The Smith plane is 23⁄16" wide, 2" its width. may vary. (Note that a tapered iron, thick and 141⁄4" long. On my blank I The mock-up also allows you to such as the one I’m using here, adds left an extra 1⁄2" at each end for waste. gauge the modification of your firmer approximately 1°, so the wedge will In practice, the stock should be at least chisel and floats as you grind and file have at least an 11º or 12º taper.) 1⁄2" wider than the width of the plane them to match the corners of the throat. The test wedges – shown with the iron to give sufficient material for the other gauges on the opening page – are cheeks. The iron I used begins at 13⁄4" Wedges skewed just like the floats. Again, the wide, but after creating the 32º skew A test wedge is necessary to gauge that throat mock-up is invaluable for test- on the long edges, it’s closer to 15⁄8". the abutment slots are shaped to the ing the fit. I work off of a midline – a single correct angle and depth, and that the plane of symmetry for future layout shapes of the two abutments are ex- About the Body – to reduce measurement errors. To The stock is quartersawn beech with establish the midline, divide the toe the outside of the tree oriented to the and heel of the blank with pencil marks, sole of the plane. If the grain is not par- then connect these two points along allel to the sole, orient the blank so the the top of the blank. Square these lines 19˚ 32˚ 21⁄4" 21⁄4" 3⁄4" 1" SKEW GAUGE SPRING GAUGE 55˚ 46˚ 56˚ 21⁄4" Bed 21⁄4" angle Larger view. A throat mock-up makes tool Abutment angle modification easier and helps to establish and confirm the angles needed during construc- BED-&-ABUTMENT BREAST ANGLE tion. It also makes it easy to shape your wedge. GAUGE GAUGE 26 ■ POPULAR WOODWORKING MAGAZINE November 2013 73⁄16" 3 7 ⁄16" 23⁄16" 1∕2" 5 ⁄16 1 Fence (primary) " ∕2" 5 ⁄16 vertical spring " 15 23⁄16" ⁄16" Eyes Secondary 3 15⁄16 2 ⁄16" " spring Primary Fillet spring 32˚ 3⁄4" 2" Secondary Midline Skew 32˚ 3⁄4" 7⁄16" 13 3 ⁄16" ⁄8" 3⁄4" PLANE SCHEMATICS, TOP 1∕2" 19˚ Breast 55˚ Depth Fillet Bevel Tongue Fence Stop Breast 55˚ 2" Abutment 56˚ TOE PROFILE 2" Wear Abutment 56˚ Bed 46˚ Wear Bed 46˚ 53⁄16" mock-up. (Another option is to lay out 3 a line angled at 32º, position your modi- Toe 5 ⁄16" PLANE SCHEMATICS, LEFT SIDE fied blade on the line then measure the width of the iron square across.) Match this. Mouth layout and the posi- This measurement is critical. It de- tion of your iron are fines the final width of the mouth and most critical. Take throat, and it locates the fence that’s your time as you cut into the sole of the plane. establish these lines. Center this measurement across the midline both on the top and the sole Abutment of the stock. Set your marking gauge Breast to this point based off the left cheek, then scribe a line along the entire sole, Bed making sure that you place tick marks at the front and rear of the stock. Move in 5⁄16" from those layout lines and mark the top of the plane between the bed and breast lines, then mark the sole of the plane between the two to the bottom then connect the lines in the abutment line on the left cheek, mouth lines. This defines the initial along the sole. then use the breast angle gauge to lay excavation of the mouth and the throat out the breast line so it intersects the inside the abutments. Mark the Throat & Mouth abutment line about 3⁄4" up from the Layout measurements are taken from sole. (This establishes the wear.) Mark the Profile the left cheek of the plane (toe pointed The initial mouth width needs to The profile is defined by two horizontal forward), as well as from the midline. be as narrow as possible, because the spring lines that reference off the left Critical lines are scribed in with a knife final width is not generated until the cheek, and three vertical spring lines and others are penciled. profile is cut. that reference off the sole. To begin, mark the two waste ends Using the skew gauge, carry the Begin at the left cheek corner of of the plane stock, then locate the rear abutment and breast lines across the the sole.
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