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A History of Nuevomexicano/A Students at New Mexico Highlands University, 1910-1973

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A History of Nuevomexicano/A Students at New Mexico Highlands University, 1910-1973 Reconstructing Identity/Revising Resistance: A History of Nuevomexicano/a Students at New Mexico Highlands University, 1910-1973 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Gallegos, Juan Martín Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 19:47:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318838 RECONSTRUCTING IDENTITY/REVISING RESISTANCE: A HISTORY OF NUEVOMEXICANO/A STUDENTS AT NEW MEXICO HIGHLANDS UNIVERSITY, 1910-1973 by Juan Martín Gallegos __________________________ Copyright © Juan Martín Gallegos 2013 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN RHETORIC, COMPOSITION, AND THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2014 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Juan Martín Gallegos, entitled Reconstructing Identity/Revising Resistance: A History of Nuevomexicano/a Students at New Mexico Highlands University, 1910-1973 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 16, 2014 Damián Baca _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 16, 2014 Thomas P. Miller _______________________________________________________________________ Date: April 16, 2014 Cristina Ramirez Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: April 16, 2014 Dissertation Director: Damián Baca 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Juan Martín Gallegos 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank the members of my committee, Drs. Damián Baca, Thomas P. Miller, and Cristina Ramirez. Dr. Baca, for the constant encouragement and for planting the hope that someday some of these words might make it out into the world. It was an honor to have a fellow Nuevomexicano guide me through this process. Dr. Miller, who during our first comps meeting recommended getting the dissertation done in a year. I’m looking forward to getting back to New Mexico and getting to work. Dr. Ramirez, who, with her detailed marginal comments, encouraged the development of my academic prose, and who most importantly made me feel like the work was important. To Ms. Lisa Quesenberry, for finding me the space to work when I needed that occasional escape from real world responsibility. I can’t measure the value of that quiet time. To my family in Las Vegas. Auntie Joan, Uncle Arthur, and Grandpa Juan for helping us make the move to Tucson and Grandma Phyllis for her prayers. To my dad, Thomas F. Gallegos, and mom, Martha J. Gallegos, there is just too much to list here. Thank you for keeping the home safe. I can’t wait to get back. To my wife, Cathy, and my daughter, Angelica. For reminding me every day of what really matters. I’ve cherished this time in Tucson and could have never done it without you. 5 DEDICATION To my two favorite people in the world: the Big Brown Bear is in the house. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………...8 CHAPTER 1: PRACTICES OF RESISTANCE, PRACTICES OF ACCOMMODATION: COMPLICATING LATINO/A IDENTITY ………………………………………………….….9 Understanding Resistance ………………………………………………………………15 Constructing Latino/a Identity ………………………………………………………….18 A Brief Introduction to New Mexico Highlands University …………………………...24 CHAPTER 2: NEW INSTITUTIONS, NEW LITERACIES: CONSTRUCTING THE NUEVOMEXICANO/A ….………………………………………………………..……………..29 Conquest and the Establishment of New Institutions …………………………………..33 The Nuevomexicano/a Press: Preserving Nuevomexicano/a Culture and Constructing New Identities ………………………………………………………………….………..35 Institutions of Learning as Sites of Cultural Conflicts ………………………………….45 Composing on Campus …………………………………………………………………51 Constructing an Authentic Spanish Past ………………………………………………..55 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………63 CHAPTER 3: DISCIPLINES THAT DEFINE, INTERNATIONAL IDENTITIES, AND THE SILENT REVOLUTION ………………………………………………………………..65 Context: the Depression and Federal Programs ………………………………………..69 Research and Specialization: Educational Research and the Problem of Nuevomexicano/a Education ……………………………………………………………71 From Las Vegas to Peru: Latino/a Education, Pan-American Film, and Shifting Nuevomexicano/a Identity ………………………………………………………………76 Southwest History: Erasing the Latino/a Perspective ………………………………….83 Veterans Return Home: Democracy, Social Justice, and Race ………………………..85 7 Forming Fraternities and Composing Constitutions: The Silent Nuevomexicano/a Revolution ………………………………………………………………………………89 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………92 CHAPTER 4: BLACK POWER, THE CHICANO/A MOVEMENT, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF NMHU ……………………………………………………..95 The Chicano/a Movement Comes to New Mexico ……………………………………..98 An Emerging Chicano/a Identity ………………………………………………………102 No Longer Silent: the Sit-in of 1970 ………………………………………………….108 La Vela, La Mecha : The Chicano/a School Newspaper …………….………………..116 Power to the People: Stuart, Price, and the Foundations of Public Protest at NMHU 125 The Development of Ethnic Studies …………………………………………………..134 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………….138 CHAPTER 5: NMHU: A VISION REALIZED……………………………………………...139 Accommodation as Resistance ………………………………………………………...143 Student Population in the 2000s ……………………………………………………….147 The Results of Student Resistance ……………………………………………………..149 Rhetoric and Compositions: A Need for More Research ……………………………..155 Beyond NMHU ………………………………………………………………..............159 WORKS CITED ……….………………………………………………………………………162 8 ABSTRACT This dissertation addresses the development of Nuevomexicano/a student identity at New Mexico Highlands University (NMHU) during three periods: (1) New Mexico’s Territorial period and early statehood, (2) the 1940s, and (3) the late 1960s and early 1970s. Nuevomexicano/a student identity was shaped through a process of accommodating to and resisting institutional powers. Since 1898, Nuevomexicano/a students have been active members of the university community, despite periods when they constituted a small portion of the student body and the institution’s frequent disregard for Nuevomexicano/a culture and language. As they participated in campus activities, Nuevomexicano/as reconstructed their individual and collective identities, appropriating terms such as Spanish or Chicano/a, as a rhetorical strategy to revise their relationships with the university. Extralocal institutions, including government institutions, national protest movements, and international organizations shaped public conversations about cultural identity. During the first two periods, students employed subtle strategies of resistance that included presenting speeches and reorganizing student government. Often labeled as accommodationist, these strategies represent viable rhetorical strategies that provided students access to dominant literacies, which were used to promote social change. In the 1970s, Chicano/a students utilized more aggressive practices, such as a weeklong sit-in, to radically alter the institutional culture at NMHU. In the forty years since the sit-in, NMHU has developed into a university that supports its Nuevomexicano/a students and incorporates elements of their culture into the university’s social fabric. 9 CHAPTER 1: PRACTICES OF RESISTANCE, PRACTICES OF ACCOMMODATION: COMPLICATING LATINO/A IDENTITY This dissertation revises conceptualizations of accommodation and resistance by tracing the changing identities of Nuevomexicano/a 1 students at New Mexico Highlands University (NMHU) from 1910 to 1973. Located in Las Vegas, NM, and designated a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI) by the federal government, NMHU has historically offered Nuevomexicano/as access to postsecondary institutions and professional positions, and although they were underrepresented at the university through most of its history, Nuevomexicano/a students operated through authorized institutional organizations, such as the student government, fraternities, and the student press, to promote institutional change at NMHU, resisting restrictive, insensitive, or racist practices, while rarely publicly framing these activities as resistance. Since 1898, Nuevomexicano/a students have been active members of
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