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Urban Development Strategies in the Mediterranean Is a First Step in This Direction

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Urban Development Strategies in the Mediterranean Is a First Step in This Direction Urban Development Strategies in the Mediterranean Context, Issues, and Outlook 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 4 1. CONTEXTS AND GENERAL TRENDS IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES .................................................. 6 1.1 FOREWORD: BEFORE URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES .......................................................................................... 6 1.2 THE THREE PHASES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ........................................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Phase I: Urban Management and the Reduction of Poverty (1980-1991)............................................. 6 1.2.2 Phase II: Sustainable and Participatory Urban Development (1992-1996) ........................................... 7 1.2.3 Phase III: Promoting Urban Governance (since 1997) ........................................................................... 8 1.3 URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN NORTHERN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES ......................................................... 11 1.4 URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN SOUTHERN AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES ...................................... 12 1.4.1 The CDS, Initial Approach of the World Bank and its Evolution ........................................................... 13 1.4.2 Operational and Methodological Evolution of the CDS ....................................................................... 14 2. THE CDS IN SOUTHERN AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES ........................................................ 15 2.1 CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES SUPPORTED BY CITIES ALLIANCE ............................................................................. 15 2.2 OTHER STRATEGIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD ..................................................................................................... 16 2.3 STATE OF CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FINANCED BY CITIES ALLIANCE IN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES ....................... 16 3. EVALUATING THE METHODOLOGY FOR THE FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A CDS IN SEMC .. 21 3.1 PREPARING THE LAUNCHING OF A CDS ................................................................................................................ 23 3.2 DIAGNOSIS AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA ON THE DIFFERENT SECTORS/THEMES OF THE CITY ........................................... 30 3.3 SWOT ANALYSIS (STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, THREATS) ................................................................. 34 3.4 FORMULATION OF A COLLECTIVE AND SHARED VISION............................................................................................. 41 3.5 FORMULATION OF THE STRATEGY TO TRANSLATE THE VISION INTO CONCRETE ACTIONS ................................................. 43 3.6 PREPARATION OF ACTION PLANS AND ESTIMATED BUDGETS .................................................................................... 47 3.7 IMPLEMENTATION, INSTITUTIONALIZATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE CDS ............................................. 51 4. CDS OUTLOOK IN SEMC .............................................................................................................................. 55 4.1 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF OWNERSHIP OF THE CDS PROCESS IN SEMC........................................................................... 55 4.1.1 The Case of Tunisia—The CDS of Greater Sfax I & II, A model of Voluntary Participation .................. 56 4.1.2 The Case of Morocco—Institutionalization of the CDS in Progress ..................................................... 58 4.1.3 The Case of Jordan—Key Cities Develop a CDS .................................................................................... 59 4.1.4 The Case of Syria—After Aleppo’s CDS, a “State of Syrian Cities” ....................................................... 60 4.2 CDS OUTLOOK AND URBAN GOVERNANCE IN SEMC.............................................................................................. 62 4.2.1 Consolidating Success Factors of the CDS ............................................................................................ 63 4.2.2 Structural Weaknesses to be Overcome .............................................................................................. 66 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................. 68 5.1. MAIN CONCLUSIONS ON THE CDS PROCESS IN SEMC ........................................................................................... 68 5.1.1 Contribution of the CDS ....................................................................................................................... 68 5.1.2 Remarks on the Formulation and Implementation of the CDS ............................................................ 68 5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 73 5.2.1 Recommandations addressed to Local Governments.......................................................................... 73 5.2.2 Recommendations addressed to National Governments .................................................................... 74 5.2.3 Recommendations addressed to International Institutions................................................................. 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 76 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................... 78 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................................ 79 2 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank AECID Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation) AFD French Development Agency AUDI Arab Urban Development Institute CA Cities Alliance CDS City Development Strategy CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIDEU Centro Iberoamericano de Desarrollo Estratégico Urbano (Ibero-American Center for Strategic Urban Development) GDLA General Directorate of Local Authorities DH Dirham ECOLOC Program for Stimulating Local Economies in West Africa EIB European Investment Bank FCP Facts, Challenges and Projects FNVT Fédération Nationale des Villes Tunisiennes (National Federation of Tunisian Cities) FUM Forum Urbain Maroc (Morocco Urban Forum) GIZ Acronym for the group that brings together several German agencies for technical cooperation since January 2011 GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Agency for Technical Cooperation) LDP Local Development Plan LRED Local and Regional Economic Development MedCities Network of Mediterranean coastal cities created in Barcelona in 1991 OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PMD Partnership for Municipal Development PSP Participatory Strategic Planning RTI Research Triangle Institute SEMC Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries SUDS Sustainable Urban Development Strategy UDS Urban Development Strategy UMP Urban Management Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme WB World Bank 3 FOREWORD The Future is Urban In 2008, for the first time in history, the number of people living in cities reached more than half of the world’s population, and this trend will continue with almost five billion people living in cities by the year 2030. Around the Mediterranean, the urban challenge is particularly critical since its cities face steady urban growth and will give shelter to 75% of the local population, or 240 million people, by 2020. The issue is no longer how to stop this increasing urbanization trend but how to better organize for cities to benefit from economic growth. For years, unplanned urban extension has led to the development of metropolises and megalopolises that lacked basic services and public transport, expansion of informal settlements, and increasing vulnerability to natural disasters and climate change. The multiplication of the urban development plans initiated by a variety of stakeholders did not succeed in overcoming efficiency, financing, and governance weaknesses. Even though Urban Development Strategies implemented in some cities have achieved unequal results, it appears that this approach, based on consultation, including with the private sector and civil society, can improve the quality of strategic action planning over medium and long term. Decisions taken by urban development stakeholders, ranging from local and national governments, civil society representatives, private companies, international organizations and multilateral development agencies, will have an impact on social, economic and environmental issues. It is these official representatives, governments, development agencies, city networks, and financial institutions that must now coordinate their efforts to bring concrete solutions to city strategic planning. The ongoing, unprecedented socioeconomic and political transformations in the Mediterranean Southern
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