Food Science 470

Christian BUTZKE Professor of Enology Department of Food Science

Wine: A Definition

“” signifies the juice of fermented by yeast and finished into an alcoholic beverage.

Wines made from other fruits must be specifically labeled as such, e.g., “apple wine” or “cherry wine”. So You Wannabe A Winemaker?

The wine business is a cruel and shallow money trench, a long-stemmed hallway where thieves and pimps run free and the weak die like dogs ...

Dr. Hunter S. Thompson, modified Introduction

“Wine is far more than just a commodity or just a food. It contributes to sophisticated dining, enhances and facilitates social interaction; challenges the senses and the intellect, and makes glad the heart of the moderate and well-balanced man or woman.” Prof. Vernon L. Singleton, UC Davis Purdue Outstanding Food Scientist

Purdue Wine Team

Introduction

Vi•ti•cul•ture – n.: the cultivation and science of grapes

Enol•o•gy – n.: the science that deals with wine and Introduction FS 470 Wine Appreciation

Indy International Wine Competition

VinSense CEO Lise Asimont and co-founders David Ebert, Christian Butzke and Susan Ebert are commercializing a Purdue University-licensed software platform that provides and wine grape growers with 4- dimensional functional soil maps for improved management and optimized decisions. This actionable information helps growers increase sustainability, reduce operational costs, and improve crop uniformity, quantity and quality. www.vinsense.org

Wine Research

Purdue NEXUS Institute in Peru

UNSA-Purdue Center for Sustainable and Enology Elevating the Arequipa Grape and Wine Industry into a Global Competitor through Advancements in Sustainable Agriculture

David Ebert - Professor of Computer Engineering Christian Butzke - Professor of Enology Darrell Schulze - Professor of Soil Science Timothy Filley - Professor of Geochemistry Visiting Purdue Alumni Visiting Purdue Alumni Visiting Purdue Alumni Latitude Adjustment

France

42 Iberia

Indiana

California 32 World Viticulture 50ºN 50ºF

68ºF

0º 68ºF

50ºF 50ºS

Regional Viticulture

Europe

Regional Viticulture

United States Regional Viticulture

United States Regional Viticulture Chinese Viticulture The Grape

Genus A deciduous, woody plant which climbs and supports itself by virtue of ‘tendrils’ Subgenus - euvitis - “True” grapes, clusters of fruit ! Species ! vinifera ! labrusca ! aestivalis - muscadinia – Clusters of 2 to 5 berries ! Species ! rotundifolia The Grapevine The Cluster

Vitis vinifera Vitis rotundifolia cv. cv. Noble Tendrils! Tendrils! The Scion

The Rootstock

The “European” Grape

Vitis vinifera Cultivated varieties, vegetatively propagated field selections with specific characteristics, e.g.:

Cabernet Sauvignon + several hundred more grown commercially world-wide Vitis vinifera

Most cultivated varieties:

Cabernet Sauvignon Kaah-bair-nay So-veen-yoan Chardonnay Shar-doe-nay Gewürztraminer Gah-vurtz-trah-mee-ner Mair-loh Nebbiolo Neb-byoh-loh Pinot Gris (Grigio) Pee-noh Gree (gree-gee-oh) Pee-noh Nwah Reez-link Sann-geo-vay-sah So-veen-yoan Blawn Semillon Sem-mee-yoan (Shiraz) Syr-ah (shyr-ahz) Zin-fun-dell Vitis vinifera Terrific 13

! Cabernet Sauvignon ! Riesling ! Chardonnay ! Sangiovese ! Gewürztraminer ! Sauvignon Blanc ! Merlot ! Semillon ! Nebbiolo ! Syrah ! Pinot Gris ! Zinfandel ! Pinot Noir ! Riesling Germany’s most famous grape variety Varietal Aroma Riesling

Lime Lemon Melon Peach

Green Apple Orange Passionfruit Honey Pineapple

Apricot Grapefruit Mineral Kerosene Syrah

Australia’s most popular red variety Varietal Aroma Syrah/Shiraz Every style emerged from elegant, peppery cool climate styles (Heathcote in Victoria) to more intensely flavoured spicy styles of Coonawarra and Margaret River to powerful and minty (Clare Valley), sweet and chocolaty (McLaren Vale), muscular and ripe-fruited (Barossa), and leather and rich (Hunter Valley). www.wineaustralia.com Wine Marketing

VARIETAL WINE vs. APPELLATION

Example Chardonnay Napa Valley

Benefit Reputation for Distinction among new region 1000s of wineries

Anybody can Consumers Problem make it anywhere can’t distinguish Varietal vs. Appellation Wine Aroma Descriptors Appellation A Appellation B Riesling Rheingau, Germany Finger Lakes, New York Lime, Honeydew Melon, Mango, Lemon, Pear, Peach, Green Apple, Green Apple, Orange Orange, Passion Fruit, Blossom, Honey, Grapefruit, Honey, Pineapple, Grapefruit, Pineapple, Apricot, Rose Petals, Apricot, Minerals, Kerosene Minerals

Shiraz Barossa Valley, S. Coonawarra, S. Australia Australia Black Pepper, Blackberry, Black Pepper, Raspberry, Black Cherry, Coffee, Black Currant, Mulberry, Chocolate, Salami, Black Plum, Rose Petals, Licorice, Cigar-box, Anise, Licorice, Black Tobacco, Leather, Olives, Mint, Menthol, Cinnamon, Vanilla Cedar Varietal vs. Generic Blends Wine Aroma Descriptors

Apothic Red E & J Gallo “The brambly spice of Zinfandel, dark fruit flavors of Syrah, the bold notes of Cabernet Sauvignon and the smooth elegance of Merlot unite to create this captivating red blend. Apothic Red reveals intense fruit aromas and flavors of rhubarb and black cherry, complemented by hints of mocha, chocolate, brown spice and vanilla.”

Cupcake Red Velvet The Wine Group “is a blend of Zinfandel, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Petite Sirah; Top aromas of chocolate, deep rich blackberries, red fruits that follow through the palate to a creamy mocha finish that is unmistakable in its intensity and length, with a hint of coconut.” Native American Grapes

Vitis labrusca Native to North America - East & Midwest Strong fruity “grape” flavor (Welsh’s) “FOXY” Major varieties: Niagara Catawba Concord Native American Grapes

Vitis aestivalis Native to North America Best native American grape dry Major variety: Norton French-American “Hybrids” Human-made crosses between Vitis species Selected to resist disease, intense cold, etc. Improved fruit quality Cultivated mostly in Midwest/Eastern U.S. French-American “Hybrids”

Chambourcin Sham-bore-san (Marechal) Foch Mair-eh-shal Foesh Traminette Tra-mi-net Chardonel Shar-do-nell Vignoles Vin-yole(s) Vidal Blanc Vee-dal blawn(k) Seyval Blanc Say-val blawn(k) Genetic Parentage

Cabernet Sauvignon Sauvignon Blanc x Chardonnay Pinot x Gouais Syrah x Petite Sirah () x Syrah French Gouais x Chenin Pinot x Gouais

Sangiovese Ciliegiolo x Calabrese di Montenuovo Zinfandel (Primitivo) = Crljenak Kaštelanski (“ZPC”) Dr. et al, UC Davis Chemical Composition of Grapes vs. Wine

Component % in Grapes % in Wine Water 75 86 Sugar 22 0.2 Alcohol 0.0 12 Acids 0.8 0.6 Minerals 0.5 0.2 Phenolics 0.8 0.2 Pectin 0.4 0.2 Glycerol 0.0 0.5 Amino Acids/Protein 0.5 0.1 Volatile Aromas 0.0 0.04 TOTAL 100 100 Alcoholic Fermentation h Heat u m SUGAR + a n CO2 + ALCOHOL h a i WINE YEAST Saccharomyces cerevisiae r

Winemaking Styles

Whole cluster Sur lie aging Must fermentation Red Carbonic method Sparkling wines Charmat process Late Harvest Dessert wines Port Fortified wines Classifications & Appellations

France AOC Appellation d‘Origine Contrôlée

Germany QbA Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete

Italy DOC Denominazione di Origine Controllata

Spain DO Denominacion de Origen Calificada

Portugal DOC Denomiacao de Origem Controlada

USA AVA American Viticultural Area Wine Labels Traditional vs Non-Traditional Matching Wine & Food Trendspotting: WINE 2005

http://www.cc.com/video-clips/ow15cy/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-trendspotting---wine Top 4 US Wineries = 75% of Production

Rank Company Production (gal) Sales (Cases) Research Donation ($)

1. Gallo 159,000,000 67,000,000 400,000

2. Wine Group 133,000,000 56,000,000 50,697

3. Constellation 109,000,000 46,000,000 244,180

4. Bronco 80,000,000 34,000,000 205,000

Sources: www.winebusiness.com and www.avf.org Wine & Weed Three-Tier System of US Wine Distribution Three-Tier System of US Wine Distribution

Cost of a Bottle of Wine

Revenue Share Winery Profit Cost of a Bottle of Wine

$20 $4 Cost of a Bottle of Wine

$20 $100 Wineries Romance vs Efficiency

E & J Gallo Winery, Fresno, CA

Robert Mondavi Winery, Oakville, CA US Wine Consumption since Prohibition

,-./012.34156789041.82:.;250<219.=>?@A.. # '"# Increase in per capita consumption: ' 10 fold increase since 1933 &"#

&

%"#

%

$"#

$

!"#

! $(&& $('& $(#& $()& $(*& $(+& $((& %!!& %!$& US Wine Consumption

*+,-./0,12/34567.2/,608,903.:0/7,;<=>?,, # '"# Increase in per capita consumption: ' <1% per year for past 30 years &"#

&

%"#

%

$"#

$

!"#

! $()! $()# $((! $((# %!!! %!!# %!$! Global Consumption US = largest consumer

,-./012345607 &"!#!!!#!!!

&!!#!!!#!!!

%"!#!!!#!!!

%!!#!!!#!!!

$"!#!!!#!!!

$!!#!!!#!!!

"!#!!!#!!!

! $'&& $'(& $'"& $')& $'*& $'+& $''& %!!& %!$& Wine Consumption Grape Acreage Thousands of Acres Wine Production Millions of Gallons Historic Winemaking Modern Winemaking 1 Modern Winemaking 2 Wine Quality ?

Grapes 70% Barrels 10% Winemaker 8% Equipment 6% Provenance 5% Bottle Closure 1% Cork Soaking 2004

https://vimeo.com/179951832