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Libro Monastrell OK.Indd EL LIBRO DE LA MONASTRELL Coordinadores: Fernando Riquelme Adrián Martínez-Cutillas Fondo Europeo Agrícola de Desarrollo Rural: Europa invierte en las zonas rurales Esta publicación ha sido financiada a través de la medida 1 del Programa de Desarrollo Rural de la Región de Murcia, gestionada por el Servicio de Formación y Transferencia Tecnológica. Murcia, 2018 EL LIBRO DE LA MONASTRELL Coordinadores: Fernando Riquelme y Adrián Martínez-Cutillas Edita: Cofradía del Vino Reino de la Monastrell Diseño y maquetación: José Eduardo Pérez Merlos Ilustración de cubierta: Emma Conesa © Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia Consejería de Agua, Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca Dirección General de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Acuicultura Servicio de Formación y Transferencia Tecnológica Depósito Legal: MU 1340-2018 ISBN: 978-84-09-06249-2 Impresión: Imprenta Regional de Murcia Noviembre 2018 Reservados todos los derechos. De acuerdo con la legislación vigente, y bajo las sanciones en ella previstas, queda totalmente prohibida la reproducción y/o transmisión parcial o total de este libro, por procedimientos mecánicos o electrónicos, incluyendo fotocopia, grabación magnética, óptica o cualesquiera otros procedimientos que la técnica permita o pueda permitir en el futuro, sin la expresa autorización por escrito de los propietarios del copyright. Presentación El viñedo destinado a la vinificación es uno de los cultivos más destacados en la Región de Murcia, pues con una superficie próxima a las 25.000 hectáreas, ocupa la tercera posición en el conjunto de los cultivos leñosos, detrás de los cítricos y el almendro. Este cultivo es la base de la importante y tradicional producción de vinos que tiene su mayor expresión en los elaborados al amparo de las DOP asentadas en la Región de Murcia: Bullas, Jumilla y Yecla. Además de la producción de vino y el empleo generado, desde el cultivo del viñedo hasta la comercialización de sus vinos, incluidas todas las actividades e industrias auxi- liares, la producción vitivinícola implica también importantes beneficios medioambien- tales y es impulsora y foco de atracción y generación de actividad económica a través del enoturismo. En las condiciones agroclimáticas de la Región de Murcia, la variedad Monastrell, por sus características agronómicas y enológicas, se ha constituido como la variedad de mayor superficie cultivada: representa el 83’33 % del viñedo de la Región de Murcia; por otra parte si consideramos la superficie en el conjunto nacional, en la Región de Murcia se cultiva el 46’43 % de la Monastrell cultivada en España. Este libro representa una importante aportación, al recopilar una gran parte de la am- plia información existente sobre la variedad Monastrell, que a lo largo de la historia se ha generado como resultado de la experiencia de viticultores y enólogos y de las investigaciones científicas que encontramos dispersas en infinidad de publicaciones y crónicas de especialistas. Su publicación permite dar una amplia difusión a estos cono- cimientos, que se conozca mejor la variedad Monastrell y sus cualidades, así como las mejores condiciones para su cultivo y vinificación, en función de las características de las diferentes zonas de cultivo y de los tipos de vinos a obtener. Miguel Ángel del Amor Saavedra Consejero de Agua, Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca Prólogo. Del anonimato a la fama La ignorancia, las dudas, los errores, la creciente admiración y al final la conciencia de la grandeza de la monastrell: ésta ha sido la historia apasionante durante las últimas décadas de la gran casta del Sureste español, una de las más nobles y con mayor per- sonalidad del mundo. Y en ese recorrido la Cofradía del Vino Reino de la Monastrell ha sido siempre una adelantada. Algún aficionado madrileño recordará su primer encuentro con el "vino de Jumilla" hace medio siglo, quizá en unas vacaciones navideñas en Águilas. Era un vino recio pero redondo, a menudo a granel, producido por alguna cooperativa de la región, que a Ma- drid no nos llegaba. Mucho más tarde se empezó a hablar de la uva de la que procedía, en particular cuando los primeros franceses invirtieron en la zona, con aquel Altos del Pío. Bruno Prats, el ex propietario de Château Cos d'Estournel en Burdeos, nos explica- ría más adelante que todo el que estudió enología en los años 60 y 70 en Montpellier oyó hablar maravillas de la patria de la uva mourvèdre, que era ese Sureste español. Hace 20 años, cuando los trabajos de la profesora Carole Meredith en la Universidad de California-Davis sobre el ADN de la vid empezaron a arrojar luz sobre los orígenes y parentescos de las castas de uva, la monastrell se vio envuelta en una polémica que prolongó su anonimato internacional: la UC-D anunció que la había analizado genética- mente y que no se correspondía con la mourvèdre francesa, cuya fama había crecido enormemente desde la II Guerra Mundial en las zonas de Bandol y Châteauneuf-du- Pape. Muchos, incluidos los franceses, se quedaron sorprendidos. Al cabo de algún tiempo se rectificó la información: resulta que el material vegetal recibido como "mo- nastrell" por la universidad californiana, ¡y procedente de Montpellier!, era en realidad de la moristel aragonesa. Una de muchas confusiones en esta era de búsqueda de los orígenes de las castas. Establecida por fin la identidad de la monastrell y su sinonimia con la mourvèdre fran- cesa y la mataró de California, faltaban sólo unos pasos para que los vinos españoles de monastrell se igualasen en las clasificaciones mundiales, como las de Decanter o el Wine Advocate, con los legendarios del Domaine Tempier o el Château de Beaucastel. Tenían que aparecer fincas vitícolas de una calidad comparable en la tierra natal de la casta. Y aparecieron, a partir de los últimos años del siglo XX: en Murcia, en Alicante, en Albacete… Viñas recuperadas, bodegas ejemplares, vinos extraordinarios. Algunos hemos tenido la fortuna de seguir de muy cerca esta salida del anonimato de nuestra monastrell, incluso de hacer modestamente vinos con ella. Ya no tiene nada que demostrar… o quizá sí: su carácter de variedad tardía, resistente a la canícula y a los vaivenes climáticos, puede incrementar su protagonismo en los años venideros. Esperamos poder seguirlo como hasta ahora. Víctor de la Serna Introducción La producción científica, técnica, divulgativa o narrativa, dedicada a todo lo relacionado con el vino, desde la viticultura y vinificación, a la gastronomía y el turismo, es abundan- te y muy diversa. Desde los primeros tiempos de la cultura escrita, se dispone de una rica oferta con grandes posibilidades para el estudio, pues el vino y todo su entorno han sido objeto de interés general. Sin embargo, las obras dedicadas al conocimiento específico de una variedad de uva y de sus vinos son escasas o muy limitadas en su contenido. Esta situación la observamos muy claramente respecto a la variedad Monastrell, circunstancia que ha impulsado el reto de recopilar y ofrecer una perspectiva sobre sus características. La Cofradía del Vino Reino de la Monastrell, que siempre en un entorno distendido y de amistad ha desarrollado sus actividades con una clara promoción y defensa de los vinos, con un sentimiento especial hacia los vinos de Monastrell, ha querido ofrecer un libro que muestre la amplia información disponible, aunque no consigamos presentar ‘toda la información’, pues en el entorno científico y técnico ese objetivo siempre cons- tituye un horizonte por alcanzar. Este libro, es el resultado de la participación de un amplio grupo de colaboradores con formación y responsabilidades muy diversas, que ejercen su actividad en diferentes instituciones o bodegas: investigación, vinificación, elaboración, comercialización, etc. Su preparación ha necesitado un largo periodo en el que la interacción con los autores ha representado un intenso trabajo para perfilar cada capítulo, respetando la autono- mía de cada uno de ellos, su estilo y el modo de presentación de sus propios conoci- mientos y experiencias. Esta obra nos introduce en el valioso patrimonio de la variedad Monastrell, sus uvas y sus vinos, que gracias al trabajo y bien hacer de viticultores y bodegueros, nos ofrece una gran riqueza de sensaciones y además constituye el núcleo de actividades con gran repercusión social y económica. El primer capítulo nos presenta una revisión de los conocimientos históricos sobre esta variedad, así como de su expansión en las diferentes zonas de cultivo y un análisis de los datos del cultivo actual en los diferentes países. El capítulo dedicado al material vegetal, desarrollado por investigadores del Departa- mento de Viticultura y Enología del IMIDA nos muestra el desarrollo de los trabajos de selección clonal y sanitaria de la Monastrell, así como los avances en la obtención de nuevas variedades descendientes de esta, seleccionadas por ser más resistentes a condiciones extremas de cultivo y que permitan obtener vinos equilibrados con alto contenido polifenólico. En un análisis sobre la viticultura de la uva Monastrell en el sureste español, se abordan los aspectos socioeconómicos y ambientales de su cultivo analizando el posible impac- to del cambio climático sobre su cultivo; en ellos se analizan los costes de producción, la incidencia de la aplicación de técnicas de riego deficitario, así como las posibles me- didas frente al mismo. Fruto de una larga trayectoria de investigación desarrollada en la Universidad de Mur- cia en colaboración con el IMIDA, la revisión sobre la bioquímica y la aptitud enológica de la Monastrell nos presenta un completo estudio sobre la composición fenólica de estas uvas; mostrando las dificultades para su transferencia al mosto-vino, así como la recomendación de pautas en las técnicas enológicas para un adecuado desarrollo. El capítulo dedicado a la Vinificación-Elaboración resume las experiencias y sensaciones de la amplia trayectoria profesional de su autor en la producción de vinos en distintas zonas de España, trabajando con diferentes variedades, en particular con Monastrell.
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