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The Biology and Fisheries of the Slipper Lobster The Biology and Fisheries of the Slipper Lobster Kari L. Lavalli College of General Studies Boston University Bo~ton, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Ehud Spanier The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies and Department of Maritime Civilizations University of Haifa Haifa, Israel 0 ~y~~F~~~~~oup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Cover image courtesy of Megan Elizabeth Stover of the College of General Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3398-9 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3398-9 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part ofthis book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa­ tion storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. · For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For orga­ nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The biology and fisheries of the slipper lobster I edited by Kari L. Lavalli and Ehud Spanier. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-3398-9 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8493-3398-9 (alk. paper) 1. Scyllaridae. 2. Lobster fisheries. I. Lavalli, Kari L. II. Spanier, Ehud. Ill. Title. QL444.M33B555 2007 595.3'84--dc22 2006026391 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents I Introduction 1 Introduction to the Biology and Fisheries of Slipper Lobsters .................................. 3 Kari L. Lavalli and Ehud Spanier II Biology of Slipper Lobsters 2 Taxonomy and Evolution . 25 W. Richard Webber and John D. Booth 3 Genetics of Slipper Lobsters....................................................................... 53 Anna M. Deiana, Angelo Libertini, Angelo Cau, Rita Cannas, Elisabetta Coluccia, and Susanna Salvadori 4 Early Life Histories of Slipper Lobsters ................. ~......................................... 69 Hideo Sekiguchi, John D. Booth, and W. Richard Webber 5 Factors Important in Larval and Postlarval Molting, Growth, and Rearing . 91 Satoshi Mikami and Anna V. Kuballa 6 Feeding Morphology and Digestive System of Slipper Lobsters . 111 Danielle Johnston 7 Behavior and Sensory Biology of Slipper Lobsters ............................................... 133 Kari L. Lavalli, Ehud Spanier, and Frank Grasso 8 The Mineralization and Biomechanics of the Exoskeleton.. 183 Francis R. Horne and Samuel F. Tarsitano 9 Growth of Slipper Lobsters of the Genus Scyllarides . 199 Marco L. Bianchini and Sergio Ragonese 10 Directions for Future Research in Slipper Lobster Biology ...................................... 221 Ehud Spanier and Kari L. Lavalli III Fisheries of Slipper Lobsters 11 Observations on the Ecology of Scyllarides aequinoctialis, Scyllarides nodifer, and Parribacus antarcticus and a Description of the Florida Scyllarid Lobster Fishery ............ 231 William C. Sharp, John H. Hunt, and William H. Teehan 12 The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Lobster Fishery: A Targeted Slipper Lobster Fishery . 243 Gerard T. DiNardo and Robert B. Moffitt 13 The Biology of the Mediterranean Scyllarids ..................................................... 263 Daniela Pessani and Marco Mura 14 Biology and Fishery of the Galapagos Slipper Lobster ........................................... 287 Alex Hearn, Veronica Toral-Granda, Camilo Martinez, and Gunther Reck 15 Biology and Fishery of the Slipper Lobster, Thenus orienta/is, in India ........................ 309 Edakkepravan V. Radhakrishnan, Mary K. Manisseri, and Vinay D. Deshmukh 16 Biology and Fishery of the Bay Lobster, Thenus spp............................................. 325 Clive M. Jones 17 Fishery and Biology of Commercially Exploited Australian Fan Lobsters (lbacus spp.) ...... 359 James A. Haddy, John Stewart, and Ken J. Graham 18 Slipper Lobster Fisheries -Present Status and Future Perspectives . 377 Ehud Spanier and Kari L. Lavalli Index ....................................................................................................... 393 17 Fishery and Biology of Commercially Exploited Australian Fan Lobsters (lbacus spp.) James A. Haddy, John Stewart, and Ken J. Graham CONTENTS 17.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 360 17.1.1 Ibacus alticrenatus Bate, 1888 ........................................................................................ 360 17.1.2 Ibacus brucei Holthuis, 1977 ........................................................................................... 360 17.1.3 Ibacus chacei Brown & Holthuis, 1998 .......................................................................... 361 17.1.4 Ibacus peronii Leach, 1815 ............................................................................................. 361 17.2 The Australian Fan Lobster Fishery ............................................................................................. 362 17.3 Reproductive Biology .................................................... :···································· .......................... 363 17.3.1 General Description, Structure, and Development of Gonads ........................................ 363 17.3.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in Reproduction ................................................................ 364 17 .3.3 Sex Ratio, Size at Maturity, Mating, Egg Size, Fecundity, and Incubation Periods ........ 367 17.4 Molting and Growth ..................................................................................................................... 370 17.5 Movements ................................................................................................................................... 371 17.6 Comparisons of Life-History Strategies and Recruitment.. .......................................................... 372 17.7 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 373 References .............................................................................................................................................. 3 73 Abstract This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the fisheries and biology of four commercially exploited species of Ibacus (I. alticrenatus Bate, 1888, I. brucei Holthuis, 1977, I. chacei Brown & Holthuis, 1998, and I. peronii Leach, 1815) in Australia. These species are caught mostly off eastern Australia as by-product of demersal trawling, with annual landings (total for all species) of approximately 200 metric tons. Details are given for reproductive cycles, sizes at maturity, sex ratios, morphological data, mating, egg sizes, brood fecundities, egg-incubation periods, length-frequency distributions, molt­ ing, growth, movement, and life-history strategies. As I. chacei and I. peronii account for more than 95% of all Ibacus landed, the majority of current information is centered on these two species. Although there is considerable interspecies variation in relation to specific biological data, there are biological similarities among the four commer­ cial species. Females grow to a larger size and reach sexual maturity at a larger size than males. Spawning occurs during the cooler months, with hatching occurring in spring/summer. Egg-incubation times range from two to four months, before hatch­ ing into larvae. Larvae develop through six to eight stages over two to four months 359 360 The Biology and Fisheries ofthe Slipper Lobster before metamorphosing into a transparent nisto larva that does not feed. Nistos sub­ sequently molt into juveniles. Growth rates do not vary until sexual maturity has been reached after four to six molts. The compilation of this chapter has highlighted that more research is required in order to sustainably manage the commercial exploitation of these species, and particular attention should focus on estimating mortality rates for use in egg- and yield-per-recruit modeling. 17.1 Introduction
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