DOCSLIB.ORG

The Crayfish of Nebraska

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Crayfish of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Game and Parks Commission -- White Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Papers, Conference Presentations, & Manuscripts 2016 The rC ayfish of Nebraska Steven C. Schainost Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Alliance, NE, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebgamewhitepap Part of the Biodiversity Commons Schainost, Steven C., "The rC ayfish of Nebraska" (2016). Nebraska Game and Parks Commission -- White Papers, Conference Presentations, & Manuscripts. 69. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebgamewhitepap/69 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Game and Parks Commission -- White Papers, Conference Presentations, & Manuscripts by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE CRAYFISH OF NEBRASKA Steven C. Schainost i ii THE CRAYFISH OF NEBRASKA by Steven C. Schainost Photographs by the author, unless otherwise credited Published by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission iii Northern crayfish, Orconectes virilis Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 2200 North 33rd Lincoln NE 68503 2016 The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission does not discriminate based on gender, age, disability, race, color, religion, marital status, national or ethnic origin or sexual orientation. The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission is an equal opportunity employer with a comprehensive plan for diversity. iv River Basins Nebraska v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 History of crayfish collecting in Nebraska............................................................................................ 1 THE NEBRASKA LANDSCAPE ............................................................................................................ 2 The Western Corn Belt Plains ............................................................................................................... 3 The Central Great Plains ....................................................................................................................... 3 Northwestern Glaciated Plains .............................................................................................................. 5 Northwestern Great Plains .................................................................................................................... 5 The Nebraska Sand Hills....................................................................................................................... 6 Western High Plains ............................................................................................................................. 6 CLASSIFICATION AND TAXONOMY OF CRAYFISH ..................................................................... 8 ANATOMY ................................................................................................................................................ 10 External Anatomy ................................................................................................................................... 10 Internal Anatomy .................................................................................................................................... 11 THE BIOLOGY OF CRAYFISHES .......................................................................................................... 13 Habitats ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Behavior .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Reproduction ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Food and feeding ................................................................................................................................. 17 Molting and Growth ............................................................................................................................ 18 Production ........................................................................................................................................... 20 Commensals, parasites and diseases ................................................................................................... 20 “Blue” crayfish .................................................................................................................................... 21 Role in aquatic communities ............................................................................................................... 21 AS AN INVASIVE SPECIES ................................................................................................................ 22 IDENTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................. 23 vi COLLECTING CRAYFISHES .............................................................................................................. 23 STUDYING CRAYFISHES ................................................................................................................... 25 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ................................................................................................................ 26 HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED .................................................................................................... 27 NEBRASKA CRAYFISH COLLECTIONS ....................................................................................... 28 Devil Crayfish .................................................................................................................................. 29 Calico Crayfish ................................................................................................................................ 38 Ringed Crayfish............................................................................................................................... 46 Northern Crayfish .......................................................................................................................... 54 Prairie Crayfish ............................................................................................................................... 63 INTRODUCED CRAYFISHES ............................................................................................................. 71 White River Crayfish ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Red Swamp Crayfish ...................................................................................................................... 76 Rusty Crayfish ................................................................................................................................. 82 GEOLOGY AND GLACIATIONS ................................................................................................................. 90 BODY MEASUREMENTS AND RATIOS .................................................................................................. 100 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................................ 116 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................ 134 IDENTIFICATION KEY TO NEBRASKA’S CRAYFISHES ......................................................................... 136 vii PREFACE Unknown to me at the time, my interest in years, I began to get a more complete crayfishes began as a kid in the 1950’s. We picture of the crayfishes of Nebraska. lived on a farm in Knox County, Nebraska, Collecting crayfish, identifying what I had and my brother and I would go down to the found and storing the information in jars on crick to go fishing. The “crick” was a small, a shelf and pieces of paper in a file were unnamed tributary in the headwaters of accomplishing little. These were neat Little Bazile Creek. Even as kids we could critters and, perhaps, others might be easily hop across it so we fished the pool interested in what was here. The result is under the county road bridge. While we did, the book you hold in your hands. once, catch a fish (a bullhead), most of our “fishing” was for crawdads. We would put a gob of worms or a piece of liver on a hook which would be lowered to the bottom of the pool. After a bit, we would s.l.o.w.l.y lift the hook out of the water to find a crawdad clinging to the bait. After a bit, it would drop off and we’d do it again. (Must have gotten pinched once because I don’t remember handling them.) I would imagine a lot of farm kids had the same experience. Now let us fast forward to 1995. I was now a fisheries biologist and had spent a couple of decades collecting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lobsters-Identification, World Distribution, and U.S. Trade
    Lobsters-Identification, World Distribution, and U.S. Trade AUSTIN B. WILLIAMS Introduction tons to pounds to conform with US. tinents and islands, shoal platforms, and fishery statistics). This total includes certain seamounts (Fig. 1 and 2). More­ Lobsters are valued throughout the clawed lobsters, spiny and flat lobsters, over, the world distribution of these world as prime seafood items wherever and squat lobsters or langostinos (Tables animals can also be divided rougWy into they are caught, sold, or consumed. 1 and 2). temperate, subtropical, and tropical Basically, three kinds are marketed for Fisheries for these animals are de­ temperature zones. From such partition­ food, the clawed lobsters (superfamily cidedly concentrated in certain areas of ing, the following facts regarding lob­ Nephropoidea), the squat lobsters the world because of species distribu­ ster fisheries emerge. (family Galatheidae), and the spiny or tion, and this can be recognized by Clawed lobster fisheries (superfamily nonclawed lobsters (superfamily noting regional and species catches. The Nephropoidea) are concentrated in the Palinuroidea) . Food and Agriculture Organization of temperate North Atlantic region, al­ The US. market in clawed lobsters is the United Nations (FAO) has divided though there is minor fishing for them dominated by whole living American the world into 27 major fishing areas for in cooler waters at the edge of the con­ lobsters, Homarus americanus, caught the purpose of reporting fishery statis­ tinental platform in the Gul f of Mexico, off the northeastern United States and tics. Nineteen of these are marine fish­ Caribbean Sea (Roe, 1966), western southeastern Canada, but certain ing areas, but lobster distribution is South Atlantic along the coast of Brazil, smaller species of clawed lobsters from restricted to only 14 of them, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) Of
    CAMBARUS (TUBERICAMBARUS) POLYCHROMATUS (DECAPODA: CAMBARIDAE) A NEW SPECIES OF CRAYFISH FROM OHIO, KENTUCKY, INDIANA, ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN Roger F Thoma Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Museum of Biological Diversity 1315 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, Ohio 43212-1192 Raymond F. Jezerinac Deceased, 21 April 1996 Thomas P. Simon Division of Crustaceans, Aquatic Research Center, Indiana Biological Survey, 6440 South Fairfax Road, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 2 Abstract. --A new species of crayfish Cambarus (Tubericambarus) polychromatus is described from western Ohio, Indiana, southern and east-central Illinois, western Kentucky, and southern Michigan areas of North America. Of the recognized members of the subgenus, it is most closely related to Cambarus (T.) thomai, found primarily in eastern Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee and western West Virginia. It is easily distinguished from other recognized members of the subgenus by its strongly deflected rostral tip. __________________________________ Raymond F. Jezerinac (RFT) studied the Cambarus diogenes species complex for two decades. He described one new species and erected the subgenus Tubericambarus (Jezerinac, 1993) before his untimely death in 1996. This paper is the continuing efforts of the senior author (RFT) to complete Ray’s unfinished work. Ray had long recognized this species as distinct, but was delayed in its description by his work on the crayfishes of West Virginia (Jezerinac et. al., 1995). After his death, a partial manuscript was found on Ray’s computer at the Ohio State University Museum of Biodiversity, Columbus, Ohio. That manuscript served as the impetus for this paper. This species first came to the 3 attention of RFJ and RFT in 1978 when conducting research into the Cambarus bartonii species complex.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating the Threat Posed by the Crayfish Plague Agent
    Estimating the threat posed by the crayfish plague agent Aphanomyces astaci to crayfish species of Europe and North America — Introduction pathways, distribution and genetic diversity by Jörn Panteleit from Aachen, Germany Accepted Dissertation thesis for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Natural Sciences Fachbereich 7: Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften Universität Koblenz-Landau Thesis examiners: Prof. Dr. Ralf Schulz, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Dr. Japo Jussila, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Suomi-Finland Date of oral examination: January 17th, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 3 2. ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................................... 5 3. ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 6 4. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Invasive species ............................................................................................................................. 7 4.2 Freshwater crayfish in Europe ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Faxonius Immunis) Nach Einwanderung Ins Gewässersystem Düssel
    Detektion und Risikobewertung des invasiven Kalikokrebses (Faxonius immunis) nach Einwanderung ins Gewässersystem Düssel zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Science (M.Sc.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf im Studiengang Biologie Institut für Stoffwechselphysiologie/AG Ecophysiologie vorgelegt von Anna-Maria Vermiert Matr.-Nr.: 2210843 Abgabedatum: 06.07.2020 Referent Prof. Dr. C.R. Bridges Korreferent: Prof. Dr. K. Lunau Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract ...................................................................................................................... I Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................. III Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................... V 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Gebietsfremde invasive Flusskrebsarten .......................................................... 2 1.2. Die Krebspest und ihr Erreger Aphanomyces astaci ........................................ 3 1.3. Faxonius immunis, der Kalikokrebs [Hagen 1870] ............................................ 4 1.3.1. Lebensraum .............................................................................................. 6 1.3.2. Lebenszyklus ............................................................................................ 7 1.3.3. Ernährung ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Econometric Approach to Applied Microeconomic Theories: the Case of Natural Resource-Based Industries
    An Econometric Approach to Applied Microeconomic Theories: The Case of Natural Resource-Based Industries by Hakan Uslu A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 7, 2016 Keywords: Economic well-being, Demand, Cost Copyright 2016 by Hakan Uslu Approved by Larry Teeter, Professor, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Conner Bailey, Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Duha Altindag, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics Yaoqi Zhang, Professor, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Abstract The forest products industry of Alabama has a dominant role in the state’s economy. The industry has experienced a general downturn in production, employment and number of operating establishments since the mid-1990s. In this study, the possible determinants of the decline in the forest products industry of Alabama are discussed. Moreover, economic impact analyses are used to investigate how the contribution of the industry to the economy of Alabama has changed since the mid-1990s. Additionally, econometric analyses are employed to estimate the relationship between the decline in the industry and changes in the factors behind the decline. Furthermore, additional econometric analyses are employed to estimate the relationship between economic well-being and forest sector dependence in the counties of Alabama. Results showed that the forest products industry of Alabama has lost many employees, production, mills, and contribution to the economy of the state between 1996 and 2012. There is statistically significant relationship between increases in cost of production and decreases in demand for the forest products and the downturn in the industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Decapoda: Cambaridae) of Arkansas Henry W
    Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 71 Article 9 2017 An Annotated Checklist of the Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of Arkansas Henry W. Robison Retired, [email protected] Keith A. Crandall George Washington University, [email protected] Chris T. McAllister Eastern Oklahoma State College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the Biology Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Robison, Henry W.; Crandall, Keith A.; and McAllister, Chris T. (2017) "An Annotated Checklist of the Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 71 , Article 9. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol71/iss1/9 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. An Annotated Checklist of the Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of Arkansas Cover Page Footnote Our deepest thanks go to HWR’s numerous former SAU students who traveled with him in search of crayfishes on many fieldtrips throughout Arkansas from 1971 to 2008. Personnel especially integral to this study were C.
    [Show full text]
  • A Summary of the Branchiobdellid (Annelida: Clitellata) Fauna of Mesoamerica
    A Summary of the Branchiobdellid (Annelida: Clitellata) Fauna of Mesoamerica PERRY C. HOLT m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 142 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These pub- lications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other interested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. S. DILLON RIPLEY Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 142 A Summary of the Branchiobdellid (Annelida: Glitellata) Fauna of Mesoamerica Perry C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pacific Northwest As an Emerging Beachhead of Crayfish Invasions
    Oregon Invasive Species Council (Oct 2019) The Pacific Northwest as an emerging beachhead of crayfish invasions Julian D. Olden University of Washington Oregon Invasive Species Council @oldenfish October 15-16, 2019 [email protected] Signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus Julian Olden (UW, [email protected]) 1 Oregon Invasive Species Council (Oct 2019) Chronology of crayfish invasions in the western U.S. P. clarkii F. neglectus F. sanbornii Oregon, Washington F. rusticus Oregon Washington Mueller (2001), Pearl et al. (2005), Oregon Bouchard (1977) Larson et al. (2010) Larson and Olden (2008) Olden et al. (2009) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 P. clarkii F. virilis F. virilis P. acutus Idaho Montana Idaho, Washington Washington Clark and Wroten (1978) Sheldon (1988) Clark and Lester (2005), Larson and Olden (2011) Larson and Olden (2008), Larson et al. (2010) Non-native Crayfish in the PNW Red swamp crawfish Northern crayfish Procambarus clarkii Faxonius virilis Ringed crayfish Rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus Faxonius rusticus Julian Olden (UW, [email protected]) 2 Oregon Invasive Species Council (Oct 2019) Pathways of Crayfish Introductions • Release as live bait associated with angling • Release after educational use in classroom • Release associated with pet aquariums • Intentional introduction as forage for sportfish • Intentional introduction to golf course ponds • Intentional introduction to create harvest opportunities • Secondary spread from existing populations Impacts of Invasive Crayfish Meta-analysis of the published literature demonstrates
    [Show full text]
  • (Annelida : Clitellata) on Freshwater Crayfish in Croatia
    Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim. 2006, 42 (4), 251-260 Occurrence of Branchiobdellida (Annelida : Clitellata) on freshwater crayfish in Croatia G.I.V. Klobucar√1*, I. Maguire1, S. Gottstein1, S. R. Gelder2 1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 2 Department of Science and Math, University of Maine at Presque Isle, 181 Maine Street, Maine 04769, USA There is very little information on the genus Branchiobdella and the species relationships with their freshwater crayfish hosts in Croatia. Therefore, a base-line study was needed so that future changes in available habitat brought about by urban development and the probable introduction of non-native species can be accurately assessed. This investigation used preserved freshwater crayfish collected from across Croatia between 1995 and 2005 as its source of the ectosymbionts. Crayfish species included Astacus astacus, A. leptodactylus, Austropotamobius pallipes, A. torrentium, and the allochtonous North American species, Orconectes limosus. Only native European species of branchiobdellids were found: Branchiobdella astaci, B. parasita, B. pentodonta, B. hexodonta, B. italica, and B. balcanica, and this is the first report on the occurrence of these species, apart from B. italica, in Croatia. The distribution of these branchiobdellidans is compared with climatic and river drainage systems, and literature reports of populations in other countries in the region. Keywords: Branchiobdellidans, distribution, epibionts, freshwater crayfish, Croatia. Introduction stated the name balcanica due to its seniority over Pop’s (1965) proposed orientalis. At the higher taxonomic Branchiobdellidans are ectosymbiotic clitellate anne- level we have followed the common naming convention lids living primarily on freshwater astacoidean crayfish used in Brinkhurst and Gelder (2001) that uses bran- (Brinkhurst & Gelder 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Cherax Albertisii (Blue Tiger Crayfish) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Blue Tiger Crayfish (Cherax albertisii) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, November 2018 Revised, February 2019 Web Version, 3/29/2019 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Chambers (1987): “Freshwater crayfish (Cherax albertisii) […] occur throughout the shallow lakes and rivers of Western Province [Papua New Guinea].” Status in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. There is no indication that this species is in trade in the United States. Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. Remarks GBIF Secretariat (2017) refers to this species as the “Papua blue green crayfish.” 1 From Eprilurahman (2014): “Significant taxonomic disputation and confusion has surrounded the number and identity of species that is referred to as the C. quadricarinatus – C. albertisii complex, which are identifiable on the basis of red soft membraneous outer margin of the propodus of the claw. The earliest taxonomic reviewers of the genus Cherax, (Smith 1912; Calman 1911; and Clark 1936), considered there was no justification in considering C. quadricarinatus, a large freshwater crayfish, described by von Martens (1868) from northern Australia to be taxonomically distinct from C. albertisii described by Nobilli (1899) from southern New Guinea. […] In contrast, Holthuis (1949; 1950; 1982) considered C. quadricarinatus, C. albertisii and C. lorentzi to be taxonomically distinct, with the former species restricted to Australia and the later [sic] two species occurring in New Guinea. My results […] support the recognition of C.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 28: Arthropods
    Chapter 28 Organizer Arthropods Refer to pages 4T-5T of the Teacher Guide for an explanation of the National Science Education Standards correlations. Teacher Classroom Resources Activities/FeaturesObjectivesSection MastersSection TransparenciesReproducible Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 123-124 L2 Section Focus Transparency 69 L1 ELL Section 28.1 1. Relate the structural and behavioral MiniLab 28-1: Crayfish Characteristics, p. 763 Section 28.1 adaptations of arthropods to their ability Problem-Solving Lab 28-1, p. 766 BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, p. 125 L2 Basic Concepts Transparency 49 L2 ELL Characteristics of to live in different habitats. Characteristics Content Mastery, pp. 137-138, 140 L1 Reteaching Skills Transparency 41 L1 ELL Arthropods 2. Analyze the adaptations that make of Arthropods P National Science Education arthropods an evolutionarily successful P Standards UCP.1-5; A.1, A.2; phylum. Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 125-126 L2 Section Focus Transparency 70 L1 ELLP C.3, C.5, C.6 (1 session, 1/ Section 28.2 2 Concept Mapping, p. 28 P Reteaching Skills Transparency 41 block) L3 ELL L1LS ELL Diversity of Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, p. 28 L3P Reteaching Skills Transparency 42 PL1 ELL Arthropods P LS BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, pp. 126-128 L2 P LS Section 28.2 3. Compare and contrast the similarities Inside Story: A Spider, p. 769 Laboratory Manual, pp. 199-204P L2 P P LS P and differences among the major groups Inside Story: A Grasshopper, p. 772 Content Mastery, pp. 137, 139-140 L1 P Diversity of of arthropods. MiniLab 28-2: Comparing Patterns of P LS LS Inside Story Poster ELL P LS Arthropods 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology and Fisheries of the Slipper Lobster
    The Biology and Fisheries of the Slipper Lobster Kari L. Lavalli College of General Studies Boston University Bo~ton, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Ehud Spanier The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies and Department of Maritime Civilizations University of Haifa Haifa, Israel 0 ~y~~F~~~~~oup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Cover image courtesy of Megan Elizabeth Stover of the College of General Studies, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3398-9 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3398-9 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part ofthis book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa­ tion storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
    [Show full text]