Chapter 28: Arthropods

Chapter 28 Organizer Arthropods

Refer to pages 4T-5T of the Teacher Guide for an explanation of the National Science Education Standards correlations. Teacher Classroom Resources Activities/FeaturesObjectivesSection MastersSection TransparenciesReproducible

Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 123-124 L2 Section Focus Transparency 69 L1 ELL Section 28.1 1. Relate the structural and behavioral MiniLab 28-1: Crayfish Characteristics, p. 763 Section 28.1 adaptations of arthropods to their ability Problem-Solving Lab 28-1, p. 766 BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, p. 125 L2 Basic Concepts Transparency 49 L2 ELL Characteristics of to live in different habitats. Characteristics Content Mastery, pp. 137-138, 140 L1 Reteaching Skills Transparency 41 L1 ELL Arthropods 2. Analyze the adaptations that make of Arthropods P National Science Education arthropods an evolutionarily successful P Standards UCP.1-5; A.1, A.2; phylum. Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 125-126 L2 Section Focus Transparency 70 L1 ELLP C.3, C.5, C.6 (1 session, 1/ Section 28.2 2 Concept Mapping, p. 28 P Reteaching Skills Transparency 41 block) L3 ELL L1LS ELL Diversity of Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, p. 28 L3P Reteaching Skills Transparency 42 PL1 ELL Arthropods P LS BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, pp. 126-128 L2 P LS Section 28.2 3. Compare and contrast the similarities Inside Story: A Spider, p. 769 Laboratory Manual, pp. 199-204P L2 P P LS P and differences among the major groups Inside Story: A Grasshopper, p. 772 Content Mastery, pp. 137, 139-140 L1 P Diversity of of arthropods. MiniLab 28-2: Comparing Patterns of P LS LS Inside Story Poster ELL P LS Arthropods 4. Explain the adaptations of insects that Metamorphosis, p. 774 P LS contribute to their success. Focus On Insects, p. 776 Tech Prep Applications, pp. 33-36 L2 National Science Education LS LS P LS LS Standards UCP.1-5; A.1, A.2; Design Your Own BioLab: Will salt concen- P LS C.3, C.4, C.5, C.6; E.1, E.2; tration affect brine shrimp hatching? p. 780 Assessment Resources P LS AdditionalP Resources LS P F.1, F.4, F.5, F.6; G.1 (2 ses- Health Connection: Terrible Ticks, p. 782 P LS ChapterAssessment Assessment, Resources pp. 163-168 AdditionalSpanish Resources ResourcesL1 ELL sions, 1 block) LS MindJogger Videoquizzes English/Spanish Audiocassettes L1 ELL LS Performance Assessment in the Biology ClassroomLS P CooperativeLS Learning in the Science Classroom COOP LEARN P LS Alternate Assessment in the Science Classroom LS Lesson Plans/Block SchedulingP Need Materials? Contact Carolina Biological Supply Company at 1-800-334-5551 KeyKey toto TeachingTeaching StrategiesStrategies or at http://www.carolina.com Computer Test Bank P L1 Level 1 activities should be appropriate BDOL Interactive CD-ROM, Chapter 28 quiz MATERIALS LIST for students with learning difficulties. LS LS LS L2 Level 2 activities should be within the LS BioLab Alternative Lab ability range of all students. P LS p. 780 clear plastic trays, brine shrimp p. 762 bess beatles, cloth towel, trans- L3 Level 3 activities are designed for above- P eggs, uniodized salt, balance, water, parent tape, heavy thread, balance, average students. graduated cylinder, beakers, labels pennies, plastic petri dish ELL ELL activities should be within the ability Teacher’s MiniLabs Quick Demos range of English Language Learners. Corner LS COOP LEARN Cooperative Learning activities The following multimedia resources are available from Glencoe. p. 763 preserved crayfish, forceps, p. 762 arthropod specimens P LS P are designed for small group work. Products Available From Index to National Biology: The Dynamics of Life pencil, paper p. 762 arthropod specimens, hand P P These strategies represent student prod- Glencoe Geographic Magazine CD-ROM ELL p. 774 life stage specimens of lenses To order the following products, The following articles may be ucts that can be placed into a best-work Video: Molting Crab grasshopper, life stage specimens of p. 768 crayfish, lobster, crab, spider P portfolio. call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344: used for research relating to this Exploration: Arthropods moth, forceps, pencil, paper p. 773 raw meat, fly eggs, 2-L soda LS CD-ROM chapter: LS These strategies are useful in a block BioQuest: Biodiversity Park bottle LS scheduling format. NGS PictureShow: Structure of “The Changeless Horsheshoe P LS Video: Arthropods p. 773 butterfly chrysalis, terrarium Invertebrates Crab,” by Anne Rudloe, Jr., April Exploration: Classifying Beetles LS Transparency Set 1981. Video: Web-Spinning Spider NGS PicturePack: Structure of Video: Gradual Metamorphosis Invertebrates LS Video: CompleteP Metamorphosis Videodisc Program Arthropods Web-SpinningLS Spider Gradual Metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis

760A 760B ChapterChapter 2828 ChapterChapter SECTION PREVIEW Section Objectives Section 28.1 Relate the structural and behavioral adapta- 28.1 Characteristics tions of arthropods to GETTING STARTED DEMO 28 Arthropods their ability to live in Prepare of Arthropods different habitats. Visual-Spatial Provide Analyze the adapta- students with a live cray- tions that make arthro- Key Concepts wo out of every three animals pods an evolutionarily fish in a pan of water. Ask What You’ll Learn successful phylum. Characteristics common to all living on Earth today are them to describe how the cray- You will distinguish among arthropods are presented along arthropods. You can find Vocabulary the adaptations that have T appendage with their specific adaptations to fish moves and to describe the made arthropods the most arthropods deep in the ocean and on structures of the crayfish that molting land, air, and water. abundant and diverse animal high mountaintops. They live in cephalothorax make this movement possible. phylum on Earth. polar regions and in the tropics. tracheal tube Students are likely to describe You will compare and con- spiracle Planning trast different classes of Arthropods are adapted to living in air, book lung the legs of the crayfish and its pheromone Obtain pennies, heavy thread, P arthropods. on land, and in freshwater and saltwater finlike structures that enable simple eye environments. Arthropods range in size and plastic petri dishes for the movement in water. L2 compound eye Why It’s Important from the 0.3-mm-long spider mite to the giant Daphnia mandible Alternative Lab. Arthropods are adapted to Japanese spider crab, which measures 4 m across. This Malpighian tubule Purchase plastic arthropods parthenogenesis LS fill many important niches in water flea, Daphnia, lives in freshwater lakes and filters for the Meeting Individual every ecosystem in the world. Needs. Theme Development Because arthropods occupy microscopic food from the water with its bristly legs. The theme of evolution is so many niches, they have an stressed as the huge diversity of impact on all living things, including humans. adaptations that arthropodsP have 1 Focus evolved is discussed. The theme What Is an Arthropod? bilateral symmetry, an exoskeleton, of homeostasis is brought out GETTING STARTED and jointed structures called Bellringer Arthropods pollinate many of the appendages. An appendage (uh PEN through discussions of the organs Identifying Arthropod Before presenting the lesson, that enable arthropods to main- Characteristics flowering plants on Earth. Some dihj) is any structure, such as a leg or LS Figure 28.1 display Section Focus Trans- tain homeostasis with their envi- Examine two arthropods your arthropods spread plant and animal an antenna, that grows out of the teacher has provided. What are diseases. Despite the enormous body of an animal. In arthropods, The development of parency 69 on the overhead pro- ronment. jointed appendages two characteristics that you diversity of arthropods, they all share appendages are adapted for a variety jector and have students answer think all arthropods share? was a major evolu- some common characteristics. of purposes including sensing, walk- tionary step that led the accompanying questions. A typical arthropod is a segmented, ing, feeding, and mating. Figure 28.1 L1 ELL To find out to the success of the more about coelomate invertebrate animal with shows some of these adaptations. arthropods. If time does not permit teach- arthropods, visit the Glencoe ing the entire chapter, use the Science Web Site. C The antennae of a moth P SECTION FOCUS www.glencoe.com/sec/science Transparency 69 Arthropods are adapted for the senses Use with Chapter 28, BioDigest at the end of the Section 28.1 of touch and smell. unit as an overview.

Millipede

WaspLS There are about 1 mil- P lion known species of arthropods. How can we explain the enor- mous diversity of arthropods—a group LS that includes both spiders and lobsters? A The powerful jointed legs of this B Spiders hold their Scorpion crab are adapted prey with jointed mouth-

1 What are some common characteristics of these arthropods? 760 ARTHROPODS for walking. parts while feeding. 761 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 What is one advantage of each characteristic?

AssessmentAssessment PlannerPlanner BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life SECTION FOCUS TRANSPARENCIES Look for the following logos for strategies that emphasize different learning modalities. Portfolio Assessment Knowledge Assessment Multiple Kinesthetic Meeting Individual Intrapersonal Meeting Individ- MiniLab, TWE, p. 763 Section Assessment, SE, pp. 766, 775 Learning Needs, p. 765; Tech Prep, p. 771; ual Needs, p. 770 Portfolio, TWE, pp. 764, 773 Chapter Assessment, SE, pp. 783-785 ResourceResource Extension, p. 775; Enrichment, p. 777 Linguistic Portfolio, p. 764; En- Assessment, TWE, pp. 765, 773 MiniLab, TWE, p. 774 ManagerManager Styles Visual-Spatial Quick Demo, pp. richment, pp. 768, 773; Biology Performance Assessment Skill Assessment 762, 773; Reteach, p. 765; Display, Journal, pp. 768, 769, 777, 778 MiniLab, SE, pp. 763, 774 Assessment, TWE, p. 764 Section Focus Transparency 69 p. 770; Portfolio, p. 773; Project, p. 773 Naturalist Biology Journal, Biolab, SE, pp. 780-781 BioLab, TWE, pp. 780-781 and Master L1 ELL Interpersonal Activity, p. 775; p. 764; Check for Understanding, Alternative Lab, TWE, pp. 762-763 Project, p. 776 p. 775 Assessment, TWE, p. 775 760 761 P

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LS layer that provides additional protec- Segmentation in arthropods MiniLab 28-1 P 2 Teach tion against water loss. In many Comparing and Contrasting Most arthropods are segmented, MiniLab 28-1 aquatic species, the exoskeletons also Purpose but they do not have as many seg- contain calcium. Quick Demo ments as you have seen in segmented Crayfish Characteristics Students will observe a crayfish as they are introduced to traits not Why arthropods must molt worms. In most groups of arthro- There are more species LS Provide students with live or pods, segments have become fused of arthropods than all of seen in phyla studied previously. Exoskeletons are an important the other animal species preserved specimens of insects, into three body sections—head, tho- adaptation for arthropods, but they combined. This phylum Process Skills rax, and abdomen. In other groups crayfishes, spiders, and other also have their disadvantages. First, includes a variety of adapta- compare and contrast, acquire even these segments may be fused. arthropods. Ask students to they are relatively heavy structures. tions that are not found information, classify, collect data, P Some arthropods show a head and a in other animal phyla. compare and contrast their Many terrestrial and flying arthro- organize data fused thorax and abdomen. In other Blue Crayfish appendages. pods are adapted to their habitats by Procedure groups, there is an abdomen and a Teaching Strategies having a thinner, lighter-weight ! Examine a preserved crayfish. CAUTION: Wear disposable fused head and thorax called a exoskeleton, which offers less protec- latex gloves and use a forceps when handling preserved Living crayfish may be used in LS cephalothorax (sef uh luh THOR tion but allows the animal more free- material. place of preserved specimens. aks), as shown in Figure 28.3. Quick Demo dom to fly and jump. @ Prepare a data table with the following arthropod traits Both preserved and living cray- Fusion of the body segments is listed: body segmentation, jointed appendages, exoskele- Figure 28.2 Arthropods are the earliest known More importantly, though, exo- fish are available from biological related to movement and protec- ton, sense organs, jaws. Visual-Spatial Ask stu- Arthropods molt invertebrates to exhibit jointed skeletons cannot grow, so arthropods supply houses. tion. Species such as beetles that # Observe the crayfish. Fill in your data table, indicating dents to examine a variety several times during appendages. Joints are advantageous must shed them periodically. If living crayfish are used, cau- their development. have separate head and thorax which of the arthropod traits you observed. of preserved or live arthropods because they allow more flexibility in Shedding the old exoskeleton is tion students about being pinched The old exoskeleton regions are more flexible than those $ Gently lift the edge of the body covering where the legs and draw sketches of their body animals that have hard, rigid called molting. Before an arthropod attach to the body. Look for feathery structures. These is discarded after a with fused regions. Many species by the animals’ pincers. exoskeletons. Joints also allow pow- molts, a new, soft exoskeleton is are gills and are part of the animal’s respiratory system. segments. Provide binocular new one is formed such as shrimps and lobsters have underneath. erful movements of appendages, and formed from chitin-secreting cells CAUTION: Wash hands with soap and water after han- Expected Results microscopes or hand lenses to a cephalothorax, which protects enable an appendage to be used in beneath the old one. When molting dling preserved materials. All arthropod traits can be aid in observation. Ask students the animal but which limits move- many different ways. For example, occurs, the animal contracts muscles Analysis observed on the crayfish. to label their drawings with the ment. Take a closer look at the fused the second pair of appendages in spi- in the rear part of its body, forcing 1. Do crayfish have all of the traits listed above? terms head, thorax, cephalotho- body segments of an arthropod Analysis ders is used for sensing and for mat- blood forward. The forward part 2. Make a hypothesis as to how crayfish locate food. rax, and abdomen, as appropri- called a crayfish in the MiniLab on 1. Yes; all traits listed are the ing. In scorpions, this pair of of the body swells, causing the ate. L2 ELL this page. major traits that characterize WORD Origin appendages is used for seizing prey. old exoskeleton to split open, as Arthropoda. arthropod Figure 28.2 shows. The animal then 2. From the Greek Arthropod exoskeletons climbs out of its old exoskeleton. Figure 28.3 Student answers may vary: word arthron, mean- provide protection You can see the different body visually through their eyes; P Before the new exoskeleton hardens, segments in these arthropods. ing “joint,” and pod, The success of arthropods as a the animal swallows air or water to detection of odor with anten- meaning “foot.” group can be attributed in part to the puff itself up in size. Thus, the new nae; detection of movement Arthropods have A A stag beetle shows jointed appendages, presence of an exoskeleton. The exoskeleton hardens in a larger size, through antennae. P fusion of body segments CD-ROMLS including legs and exoskeleton is a hard, thick, outer allowing some room for the animal into a distinct head, tho- Biology: The Dynamics antennae. covering made of protein and chitin to continue to grow. rax, and abdomen. of Life cephalothorax (KITE un). Chitin is also found in the Most arthropods molt four to Assessment Video: Molting Crab From the Greek cell walls of fungi and in many other seven times in their lives, and during Portfolio Ask students to Disc 4LS words kephalo, animals. In some species, the these periods, they are particularly write a short paragraph that meaning “head,” exoskeleton is a continuous covering vulnerable to predators. When the describes the traits that differenti- and thorax, mean- over most of the body. In other new exoskeleton is soft, arthropods ing “breastplate.” ate the three major classes of The cephalothorax species, the exoskeleton is made of cannot protect themselves or escape arthropods from one another. Use is the fused head separate plates held together by from danger because they move by the Performance Task Assessment and thorax of an hinges. The exoskeleton protects and bracing muscles against the rigid List for Writing in Science from arthropod. supports internal tissues and provides exoskeleton. Therefore, many species L2 places for attachment of muscles. In hide or remain motionless for a few PASC, p.87. many species that live on land, the hours or days until the new exoskele- B In the camel-backed shrimp, the head and exoskeleton is covered by a waxy ton hardens. thorax are fused into a cephalothorax. The animal 762 ARTHROPODS also has an abdomen.

Alternative Lab pennies, smooth tabletop, plastic petri dish head and body of the beetle so that it beetle can pull. Do not prod the beetle. Analysis AssessmentP 5. Count and record the total number of 1. Did your data support your hypothesis? Procedure acts as a harness. Tape the ends of the Performance Have students Beetle Strength pennies in the petri dish. Beetles pull about 13 pennies, more P Give students the following directions. thread inside the rim of the petri dish. calculate how many grams they 6. Record the relative pulling power of than most students will hypothesize. 1. Obtain the mass of the petri dish and Make a hypothesis about how many could pull if they had the same Purpose the insect by dividing the mass of the Some beetles pull more than 50 times the mass of the penny. pennies the beetle will be able to pull strength as theirLS beetle. They Students will observe and compare the pennies by the mass of the beetle. their weight. 2. Place a beetle on its back in the petri on the petri dish sled. should multiply their weight in grams by pulling power of a beetle and a human. 2. Of what adaptive value is it for beetles LS dish and obtain the mass of the beetle 4. Secure the cloth to the tabletop with Expected Results the pulling power of the beetle. Use the Materials to have such great pulling power? They and the dish. Calculate the mass of the tape. When the beetle begins to pull or Students may find that beetles pull as many Performance Task Assessment List for bess beetles, cloth toweling (30 cm2), clear can push and pull parts of the dead logs beetle. move the sled by walking, slowly add as 13 pennies. Using Math in Science in PASC, p. 29. tape, heavy thread (30 cm long), balance, in which they live. 3. Make a slipknot loop on one end of pennies to the petri dish, one at a time, L2 762 the thread and put the loop over the until you find the maximum mass the 763

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LS Assessment B Tracheal tubes are inside the chemical odor signals given off by mation coming in from the sense Figure 28.4 body, thereby reducing water animals. Antennae sense the odors of organs. The nervous system consists 3 Assess Skill Ask students to make Arthropods have loss through the respiratory pheromones, which signal animals to of a double ventral nerve cord, an a wide variety a table that compares gas surface while carrying air engage in a variety of behaviors. Some anterior brain, and several ganglia. Check for Understanding exchange in all of the animals of respiratory close to each cell. structures. pheromones are used as scent trails, Arthropods have ganglia that have Ask students to list the character- they have studied so far in this such as in the group-feeding behavior become fused. These ganglia act as istics of arthropods. Have them P unit. Their tables should include of ants, and many are important in control centers for the body section describe each characteristic on the names of the animal phyla the mating behavior of arthropods. in which they are located. their list. L1 studied, the different groups Accurate vision is also important to Arthropods have other within each phyla, and the the active lives of arthropods. Most Reteach method each group uses to A Gills, with their arthropods have one pair of large complex body systems LS Visual-Spatial exchange gases. They can include large surface compound eyes and from three to Arthropod blood is pumped by one Ask students P area, enable a their tables in their portfolios. eight simple eyes. A simple eye is a or more hearts in an open circulatory to make a table that summa- large amount of rizes the characteristics of arthro- L2 P blood-rich tissue visual structure with only one lens system with vessels that carry blood to be exposed that is used for detecting light. A away from the heart. The blood pods. Students should include the to water con- C Book lungs are folded mem- compound eye is a visual structure flows out of the vessels, bathes the Figure 28.5 following headings in their The compound eyes LS taining oxygen. branes that increase the sur- with many lenses. Each lens registers tissues of the body, and returns to the tables: Appendages,P Exoskeleton, face area of blood-rich tissue light from a tiny portion of the field of heart through open body spaces. of this dragonfly Segmentation, Gas exchange, LS exposed to air. cover most of its view. The total image that is formed Arthropods have a complete diges- head and consist of Senses, Nervous system, Circu- is made up of thousands of parts. The tive system with a mouth, stomach, about 30 000 lenses. latory system, Digestive system, CD-ROM Arthropods have efficient tracheal tubes. Air enters and leaves multiple lenses of a flying arthropod, intestine, and anus, together with However, the images Mouthparts, Excretory system, P Biology: The Dynamics gas exchange P LS the tracheal tubes through openings such as the dragonfly shown in various glands that produce digestive formed by compound Muscular system, Reproduction. of Life eyes are unclear. Arthropods are generally quick, on the thorax and abdomen called Figure 28.5, enable it to analyze a enzymes. The mouthparts of most L2 Exploration: Arthropods active animals. They crawl, run, spiracles (SPIHR ih kulz). fast-changing landscape during arthropod groups include a variety of Disc 4 climb, dig, swim, and fly. In fact, Most spiders and their relatives flight. Compound eyes can detect the jaws called mandibles (MAND uh Extension LSBioQuest: Biodiversity Park some flies beat their wings 1000 have book lungs, air-filled chambers movements of prey, mates, or preda- bulz). Mouthparts are adapted for LS Disc 3, 4 times per second. As you would that contain leaflike plates. The tors, and can also detect colors. holding, chewing, sucking, or biting Ask students to collect and mount expect, arthropods have efficient res- stacked plates of a book lung are the various foods eaten by arthro- a variety of arthropods. Have Video: Arthropods Figure 28.6 piratory structures that ensure rapid arranged like pages of a book. All Arthropod nervous systems them refer to a field guide to Disc 4 pods, illustrated in Figure 28.6. Mouthparts of oxygen delivery to cells. This large three types of respiration in arthro- are well developed Most terrestrial arthropods excrete identify, classify, and label each arthropods exhibit P oxygen demand is needed to sustain pods are illustrated in Figure 28.4. Arthropods have well-developed wastes through Malpighian tubules tremendous variation specimen. L3 the high levels of metabolism nervous systems that process infor- (mal PIGH ee un). In arthropods, the among species. required for rapid movements. Arthropods have acute senses ResourceResource Three types of respiratory struc- Quick movements that are the Assessment ManagerManager tures for taking oxygen into their result of strong muscular contrac- LS Portfolio Have students bodies have evolved in arthropods: tions enable arthropods to respond to imagine thatP their town is sched- BioLab and MiniLab Work- gills, tracheal tubes, and book lungs. a variety of stimuli. Movement, uling mosquito spraying several sheets, p. 125 L2 In some arthropods, air diffuses right sound, and chemicals can be detected through the body wall. Aquatic arthro- with great sensitivity by antennae, times during the summer. Ask pods exchange gases through gills, stalklike structures that detect them to write a letter to the which extract oxygen from water and changes in the environment. mayor, to LSbe included in their release carbon dioxide into the water. Antennae are also used for com- portfolios, which states their Land arthropods have either a system munication among animals. Have opposition or support of the spraying. They should support of tracheal tubes or book lungs. you ever watched as a group of ants P P Most insects have tracheal tubes carried home a small piece of food? their views with library research. (TRAY kee ul), branching networks of The ants were able to work together L2 P A Sand flies and other insects B The rolled-up sucking tube of C The sponging tongue of the hollow air passages that carry air as a group because they were that feed by drawing blood moths and butterflies can reach housefly has an opening throughout the body. Muscle activity communicating with each other have piercing blades or needle- nectar at the bases of long, between its two lobes through LS LS helps pump the air through the by pheromones (FER uh mohnz), like mouthparts. tubular flowers. which food is lapped. 4 CloseLS 764 ARTHROPODS 28.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTHROPODS 765 Demonstration PresentP a slide show of a variety IOLOGY OURNAL EETING NDIVIDUAL EEDS BIOLOGY JOURNAL PortfolioPortfolio MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS of arthropods. Review the char- Resource Manager acteristics of arthropods shown Arthropod Habitats Arthropod Respiration Visually Impaired by each animal. Have students P Naturalist Ask student groups to list Linguistic Provide students with live Kinesthetic For students who are Content Mastery, p. 139 L1 speculateLS about the likely habitat in their journals all the arthropods or preserved arthropods that have visually impaired, purchase a variety Reinforcement and Study Guide, for each arthropod. L1 they know. Ask them to identify each gills, tracheal tubes, and book lungs. Ask of plastic arthropods from a toy store. pp. 123-124 L2 arthropod’s habitat: land, water, or air. students to explain how these arthropods Have visually impaired students handle Ask them why arthropods are able to live get oxygen and how this method illus- each arthropod while a sighted student LS P in so many different kinds of habitats and trates adaptations of these animals to names the arthropod, the group to which P P why there are so many different kinds of their environments. L2 P it belongs, and the adaptations of that 764 arthropods. L2 COOP LEARN group of arthropods. L2 765

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LS LS LS tubules are all located in the abdomen Problem-Solving Lab 28-1 SECTION PREVIEW P Problem-Solving Lab 28-1 Using Numbers rather than in each segment, as you Section 28.2 Problem-Solving Lab 28-1 Section Objectives have seen in segmented worms. Compare and contrast Purpose Malpighian tubules are attached to How many are there? There are a lot of arthropod species the similarities and Students will use a protractor to and empty into the intestine. 28.2 Diversity of Arthropods differences among on Earth. How do arthropods compare with other animals? the major groups of Prepare measure angles on a circle graph. Another well-developed system in arthropods. LS Numbers of Animal Species The number of degrees measured arthropods is the muscular system. In Explain the adaptations Flies, Coleoptera a human limb, muscles are attached of insects that contribute Key Concepts will correlate with the number of Mosquitoes Lepidoptera to the outer surfaces of internal to their success. Students will study the diversity species in the major animal phyla. Hymenoptera emale mosquitoes drink an average of Ants, Diptera bones. In an arthropod limb, the 2.5 times their body weight in blood Vocabulary and the structural and behavioral Bees Annelida Process Skills muscles are attached to the inner sur- every day. Other arthropods feed on chelicerae adaptations of arthropods. Spi- Nematoda F pedipalp

A Platyhelminthes face of the exoskeleton. An arthropod nectar, dead organic matter, oil, and just spinneret ders, ticks, mites, scorpions, crus- analyze information, think criti- D Cnidaria muscle is attached to the exoskeleton A metamorphosis taceans, centipedes, millipedes, O about every other substance you can imagine. cally, compare and contrast, A R P Porifera larva T on both sides of the joint. and insects will all be examined. interpret data, interpret scientific H R O Minor phyla The varied eating habits of arthropods pupa T Chordata I reflect their huge diversity. The phylum nymph illustrations, make and use graphs C Echinodermata Arthropods reproduce sexually N S E Mollusca Arthropoda includes these classes: Arachnida, Planning Butterflies, Most arthropod species have sepa- Teaching Strategies Beetles Moths Other arthropods spiders and their relatives; Crustacea, crabs and For Quick Demos and Meet- Other insects rate males and females and reproduce Review use of the protractor their relatives; Chilopoda, centipedes; Diplopoda, ing Individual Needs, obtain a Analysis sexually. Fertilization is usually inter- millipedes; Merostomata, horseshoe crabs; and how to read it. Look over the circle graph. Determine the number of nal in land species but is often exter- Female mosquito, lobster, raw meat, and 2L soft and Insecta, insects. Aedes stimulans Student answers may not agree species in each phylum or class by noting that each degree on nal in aquatic species. A few species, drink bottles. exactly with certain values pro- the circle represents about 3000 species. Note: You will need Purchase mealworms for an a protractor. such as barnacles, are hermaphro- vided in the text regarding dites, animals with both male and Assessment. species numbers. Thinking Critically female reproductive organs. Some For the BioLab, obtain clear 1. About how many species of arthropods are known? What species, including bees, ants, and What is an arachnid? plastic trays, brine shrimp percentage of all animal species are arthropods? Arachnids Thinking Critically wasps, exhibit parthenogenesis (par eggs, noniodized salt, and plas- 2. Which class of arthropods makes up the larger category? Do you remember the last time Spiders, scorpions, mites, and 1. 360 3000 = 1 080 000; 876 thuh noh JEN uh sus), a form of asex- tic bottles. How many species are in this class? What percentage of all you saw a spider? Did you draw back ticks belong to the class Arachnida 000; 81% arthropods is in this class? What percentage of all animal ual reproduction in which a new WORD Origin with a quick, fearful breath, or did (uh RAK nu duh). Spiders are the species is in this class? individual develops from an unfertil- 2. Insecta; 810 000; 75%; 92.5% you move a little closer, curious to largest group of arachnids. Spiders arachnid 3. Which order (Diptera, Hymenoptera) makes up the largest ized egg. 3. Coleoptera; 336 000; 38% see what it would do next? Of the and other arachnids have only two From the Greek category? How many species are in this order? What per- There are more arthropod species word arachne, 1 Focus 4. Arthropods are capable of liv- centage of all arthropods is in this order? than all other animal species com- 30 000 species of spiders, only about meaning “spider.” ing in almost any environ- 4. Formulate a hypothesis that explains why there are so bined. Find out how many species of a dozen are dangerous to humans. In Spiders, and their Bellringer many arthropod species. North America, you need to watch relatives the scorpi- ment and/or biome; they can arthropods there are by reading the Before presenting the lesson, utilize many food sources; Problem-Solving Lab on this page. out for only the two species illus- ons, ticks, and mites, are arachnids. display Section Focus Trans- and they have a rapid life trated in Figure 28.7—the black widow and the brown recluse. parency 70 on the overhead pro- cycle and produce a large jector and have students answer number of offspring. Section Assessment a the accompanying questions. Understanding Main Ideas Thinking Critically L1 ELL 1. Describe the pathway taken by the blood 5. What characteristics of arthropods might explain Assessment as it circulates through an arthropod’s why they are the most successful animals in terms b Performance Ask students body. of population sizes and numbers of species? 2. Describe two features that are unique to P to research insect orders. Have KILL EVIEW Figure 28.7 Transparency 70 Arthropod Diversity SECTION FOCUS SKILL REVIEW Use with Chapter 28, arthropods. Section 28.2 them pick one order that has eco- The black widow spider is shiny black with a 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages 6. Comparing and Contrasting Compare the red, hourglass-shaped spot on the underside of nomic impact on our lives and of an exoskeleton? adaptations for gas exchange in aquatic and land Centipede the abdomen (a). The brown recluse is brown to Horseshoe crab prepare a brief oral report on how 4. Compare how spiders and crabs protect arthropods. For more help, refer to Thinking yellow and has a violin-shaped mark on its body these insects affect us. Use the themselves. Critically in the Skill Handbook. (b). A bite from either spider will require prompt LS Performance Task Assessment medical treatment. P Beetle List for Oral Presentation in 766 ARTHROPODS 28.2 DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS 767 PASC, p. 71. L2 Shrimp LS

Section Assessment Resource Manager Crab 1. Blood is pumped by one or more bodies, exoskeletons acute senses Tick VIDEODISC 1 What do you know about each of these arthropods? Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. hearts through vessels. The blood 3. An exoskeleton is advantageous 6. Aquatic arthropods exchange gases 2 How do they differ? Biology: The Dynamics of Life p. 28 L3 2 flows out ofP the vessels, bathes the tis- because it protects against water loss through gills, which extract O2 from Arthropods (Ch. 35) SECTION FOCUS TRANSPARENCIES sues of the body, and returns to the and injury. Disadvantages include its water and release CO into the water. Section Focus Transparency 70 and BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life 2 Disc 1, Side 2, 52 sec. heart through open body spaces weight and inflexibility. Land arthropods have either tracheal Master L1 ELL rather than through blood vessels. 4. Crabs have a hard exoskeleton and tubes or book lungs. Tracheal tubes 2. jointed appendages,LS segmented pincers. Spiders have poisonous fangs. carry air throughout the body. Book 5. jointed appendages, exoskeletons, lungs are chambers with leaflike !:^Ü" P P 766 efficient gas exchange, wings in some, plates for gas exchange. 767

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LS 2 Teach can a spider see? Find out by reading the Inside Story on the next page. IINSIDENSIDE IINSIDENSIDE Ticks, mites, and scorpions: STORY STORY Quick Demo Spider relatives P Spiders are not the only arthro- Display a crayfish and a lob- Purpose pods classified as arachnids. Ticks, A Spider ster, or a crab and a spider. Students learn about the struc- mites, and scorpions are arachnids, Ask students to compare the he garden spider weaves an intricate and tural and behavioral adaptations too. Ticks and mites differ from spi- beautiful web, dribbles sticky glue on the LS animals on display. Students T of spiders. ders in that they have only one body spiraling silk threads, and waits for insects to crash should recognize differences P section, as shown in Figure 28.8. into them. Spiders are predatory animals, feeding almost Teaching Strategies in the structure of legs and The head, thorax, and abdomen are exclusively on other arthropods. Many spiders build unique antennae. completely fused. Ticks feed on webs, which are effective in trapping flying insects. Explain to students that not all blood from reptiles, birds, and mam- Wandering spider with cocoon spiders spin webs. The tarantula mals. They are small but capable of Critical Thinking Explain how certain structures in is a fierce predator that stalks its LS spiders enable them to be effective predators. Discussion Magnification: 236 expanding up to 1 cm or more after a prey and does not build webs. blood meal. Ticks also can spread Such predators usually have Ask students to relate their expe- 3 Cocoon Female spiders wrap Figure 28.8 body regions—the cephalothorax and diseases. You can find out more about their eggs in a silken sac or cocoon, thicker legs than web-building riences with spiders. Remind Mites are distributed the abdomen. Arachnids have six ticks and disease in the Health 1 Simple eyes Spiders have six where the eggs remain until they spiders. them that spiders are predators throughout the world pairs of jointed appendages. The first Connection at the end of this chapter. or eight simple eyes that, in 2 Book lungs hatch. Some spiders lay their eggs Have students create a table and are able to inject poison that and found in just about most species, detect light but Gas exchange in spiders and never see their young. Others pair of appendages, called chelicerae Mites are so small that they often with these column heads: Head can cause itching and swelling. every habitat. House- do not form images. Spiders takes place in book lungs. carry the sac around with them dust mites feed on dis- (kih LIHS uh ree), is located near the are not visible to the naked human have no compound eyes. until the eggs hatch. and Cephalothorax. Beneath each carded skin cells that mouth. Chelicerae are often modified eye. However, you can certainly feel head, have them list the struc- Enrichment collect in dust on floors, into pincers or fangs. Pincers are the bite of mites called chiggers if tures of a spider that connect to in bedding, and on used to hold food, and fangs inject they get under your clothing while Linguistic Ask groups of stu- that body part. L2 clothing. Some people prey with poison. Spiders have no you are camping. dents to report on the cur- are allergic to mite mandibles for chewing. Using a Scorpions are easily recognized by rent medical research on venom waste products. Visual Learning process of extracellular digestion, their many abdominal body segments from spiders. L3 As you point out each struc- digestive enzymes from the spider’s and enlarged pincers. They have a mouth liquefy the internal organs of long tail with a venomous stinger at ture on the spider, have stu- Misconception the captured prey. The spider then the tip. Scorpions live in warm, dry dents use the caption to Many students think that pill sucks up the liquefied food. climates and eat insects and spiders. identify its function. The second pair of appendages, They use the poison in their stingers P bugs, also known as wood lice, Critical Thinking are insects. PointP out that pill called the pedipalps (PED ih palpz), to paralyze large prey organisms. bugs have all the characteristics are adapted for handling food and for Fangs with poison glands enable spiders to paralyze and subdue of crustaceans even though they sensing. In male spiders, pedipalps Crustaceans live on land. Students may also are further modified to carry sperm their prey. SpidersLS build webs during reproduction. The four Most crustaceans (krus TAY shuns) that snare prey. think that pill LSbugs and sow bugs 4 Silk glands Spiders are the same organism. Although remaining appendages in arachnids are aquatic and exchange gases as have between two are modified as legs for locomotion. water flows over feathery gills. they have a similar appearance 7 Legs The four and six silk glands, Arachnids have no antennae. Crustaceans are the only arthropods pairs of walking 5 Chelicerae which first release silk and habitat, pill bugs and sow Most people know spiders for their that have two pairs of antennae legs are located 6 Pedipalps A pair Chelicerae are the two as a liquid. The silk bugs are different species. ability to make elaborate webs. for sensing. All crustaceans have on the cephalo- of pedipalps is used biting appendages of then passes through thorax of the to hold and move arachnids. In spiders, as many as 100 small Although all spiders spin silk, not all mandibles for crushing food, and spider. food and also to func- they are modified into tubes before being CD-ROM make webs. Spider silk is secreted by two compound eyes, which are usu- tion as sense organs. fangs. Poison glands spun into thread by Biology: The Dynamics silk glands in the abdomen. As silk is ally located on movable stalks. In males, pedipalps are located near the the spinnerets. of Life secreted, it is spun into thread by are bulbous and are tips of the fangs. Unlike the up-and-down movement Video: Web-Spinning Spider structures called spinnerets, located of your jaws, crustacean mandibles used to carry sperm. Disc 4 VIDEODISC at the rear of the spider. How well open and close from side to side. GTV: Planetary VIDEODISC Biology: The Dynamics Manager 768 ARTHROPODS 28.2 DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS 769 Animal of Life Side 2 Web-Spinning Spider (Ch. 36) BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL Disc 1, Side 2, 36 sec. !7Rg8D" Resource Manager Spider Poetry Charlotte’s Web !:há" Linguistic Ask students to write a VIDEODISC Linguistic Many students have read Reteaching Skills Transparency 41 limerick about a spider. Give them The Infinite Voyage: Secrets from the book Charlotte’s Web by E. B. and Master L1 ELL examples of limericks from anthologies of a Frozen World, Krill: The Vital White. Ask students to recall this story and poetry and explain that a limerick is a Link of the Food Chain (Ch. 2) list in their journals the scientific and fac- 5 min. 30 sec. humorous poem written in a special meter tual information in the book. Have them P with five lines. Encourage them to include make a second list of information that is P P both humor and scientific accuracy in their !77BB" not factual. Ask students to explain how 768 limericks. L2 this book portrays spiders. L2 769 LS LS LS P

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LS LS Display which aids in gas exchange. They are Horseshoe Crabs: Visual-Spatial Ask groups of frequently found in damp areas students to design an arth- around building foundations. You can Living Fossils ropod that would be adapted to observe crustaceans in the BioLab at Horseshoe crabs, members of the Kinesthetic Ask student either water, soil, dry sand, the the end of this chapter. class Merostomata, are considered to groups to make an insect inside of trees, or living on be living fossils because they have light trap by putting a flash- another arthropod. Ask them to remained relatively unchanged since light in a box with a 5 cm hole. make sketches that show how Centipedes and the Cambrian period, about 500 mil- They should set up their trap their arthropods feed, defend Millipedes lion years ago. They are similar to for several hours after dark and themselves, and are adapted to Centipedes, which belong to the trilobites in that they are heavily then cover the opening with their habitats. Display their class Chilopoda, and millipedes, protected by an extensive exoskele- tape and put the box into the sketches on the bulletin board. members of the class Diplopoda, are ton. Shown in Figure 28.11, freezer for an hour. This will horseshoe crabs forage on sandy or L1 ELL shown in Figure 28.10. If you have immobilize the insects. Then ever turned over a rock on a damp muddy ocean bottoms for seaweed, have them empty their boxes, worms, and mollusks. These Misconception forest floor, you may have seen examine the insects with a the flattened bodies of centipedes arthropods migrate to shallow water hand lens, and identify the StudentsP may think that barna- during mating season, and the Figure 28.11 wriggling along on their many insects with a field guide. Have cles are mollusks because of their females lay their eggs on land, buried Horseshoe crabs tiny, jointed legs. Centipedes are them count the number of each shell-like covering. Point out that in sand above the high water mark. the largest group of arthropods. have a semicircular carnivorous and eat soil arthropods, exoskeleton and a kind of insect trapped. Ask they have all of the characteristics Newly hatched horseshoe crabs There are more species of insects snails, slugs, and worms. The bite long, pointed tail. them to predict the diet and of crustaceans even though they Figure 28.9 look like trilobites. than all other classes of animals com- LS Many crustaceans have five pairs of of a centipede is painful to humans. They have four pairs habitat of each insect based on look like mollusks. Adult barnacles are walking legs that are used for walk- Like spiders, millipedes and cen- bined. You can find out more about of walking legs, and P P their structural adaptations. somewhat distinct in ing, for seizing prey, and for cleaning tipedes have Malpighian tubules insects in the Focus On Insects at the five or six pairs of structure from other Insects appendages that L2 ELL COOP LEARN other appendages. The first pair of for excreting wastes. In contrast to end of this section. Visual Learning arthropods, but they move water over walking legs are often modified into spiders, centipedes and millipedes Have you ever launched an Figure 28.10 Ask students to use have jointed limbs. Insect reproduction their gills. P Barnacles are filter strong claws for defense. have tracheal tubes rather than book ambush on a fly with your rolled-up FigureLS 28.10 to distinguish the newspaper? You swat with great Insects mate once, or at most only LS feeders that trap Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, cray- lungs for gas exchange. P differences between millipedes food by extending fishes, barnacles, water fleas, and pill A millipede eats mostly plants and accuracy and speed, yet your prey is a few times, during their lifetimes. and centipedes. feathery legs out of bugs are members of the class dead material on damp forest floors. now firmly attached upside down on The eggs are fertilized internally, their shells. Crustacea, Figure 28.9. Some crus- Millipedes do not bite, but they can the kitchen ceiling. How does a fly and, in some species, shells form LS do this? around them. Most insects lay a large ESIGN The BioLab at the taceans have three body sections, and spray obnoxious-smelling fluids from P CD-ROM D The fly approaches the ceiling number of eggs, which increases the LS YOUR OWN end of the chapter others have only two. Sow bugs and their defensive stink glands. You may Biology: The Dynamics can be used at this pill bugs, the only land crustaceans, have seen their cylindrical bodies right-side up at a steep angle. Just chances that some offspring will sur- before impact, it reaches up with its vive long enough to reproduce. Many of Life point in the lesson. must live where there is moisture, walking with a slow, graceful motion. Video: Gradual Metamorphosis front legs. The forelegs grip the ceil- female insects are equipped with an LS ing with tiny claws and sticky hairs, appendage that is modified for pierc- Disc 4 Figure 28.10 b A centipede may have from 15 to while the other legs swing up into ing through the surface of the Video: Complete Metamorphosis 181 body segments—always an odd position. The flight mechanism shuts ground or into wood. The female Disc 4 number (a). A millipede may have off, and the fly is safely out of swat- lays eggs in the hole. VIDEODISC more than 100 segments in its long ting distance. Adaptations that enable Biology: The Dynamics abdomen, each with two spiracles flies to land on ceilings are among Metamorphosis: Change in body and two pairs of legs (b). shape and form of Life the many that make insects the most Gradual Metamorphosis (Ch. 37) successful arthropod group. How is After eggs are laid, the insect Disc 1, Side 2, 27 sec. the ability to fly an adaptive advan- embryo develops and the eggs hatch. tage to insects? Find out by reading In some wingless insects, such as the Inside Story on the next page. springtails and silverfish, develop- !:r}" Flies, grasshoppers, lice, butter- ment is direct; the eggs hatch into Complete Metamorphosis a flies, bees, and beetles are just a few miniature forms that look just like (Ch.38) Disc 1, Side 2, 57 sec. members of the class Insecta, by far tiny adults. These insects go through !:|~" 770 ARTHROPODS 28.2 DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS 771

MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS Cultural Diversity ResourceResource Gifted Charles Henry Turner insects such as ants, bees, and cockroaches, and ManagerManager Intrapersonal Provide students with Have students report on the important con- he often developed unique and interesting a crayfish. Ask them to observe the tributions of African-American biologist experimental techniques to study them. Turner Concept Mapping, p. 28 behavior of the crayfish and then design Charles Henry Turner (1867–1923) to our was a very prolific scientist; between 1892 and L3 ELL P an experiment that would test some modern understanding of insect behavior. 1923, he published 49 articles in the leading sci- Laboratory Manual, aspect of crayfish behavior, such as re- pp. 199-204 P Turner’s research included many species of entific journals of his time. L2 L2 sponse to stimuli, habitat, or food prefer- P ences. L3 LS 770 P 771 LS LS P P LS P

LS LS LS Figure 28.12 A Insects begin life as Quick Demo IINSIDENSIDE IINSIDENSIDE During complete a fertilized egg. The metamorphosis, egg hatches into a Make a terrarium by using a TORY TORY an insect under- larva. S S B Larvae eat huge 2L soft drink bottle. Inside, P goes a series of amounts of food to developmental supply the energy place a small piece of raw Purpose changes from needed for tremen- meat that has been exposed A Grasshopper egg to adult. Students will learn about the dous growth. to flies. Seal the terrarium. structuralLS adaptations of grass- rasshoppers make rasping sounds either by Have students observe and Grubbing their wings together or by rubbing describe the larval stage of hoppers. P small projections on their legs across a scraper on development of the flies that Teaching Strategies their wings. Most calls are made by males. Some grow in the terrarium. aggressive calls are made when other males are close. Provide students with a live Other calls attract females, and still others serve as an alarm grasshopper in a large, clear con- C The pupa stage is an to warn nearby grasshoppers of a predator in the area. Green grasshopper nymph outwardly inactive LS tainer. Ask students to observe stage in which cells Enrichment and describe its behavior. Have Critical Thinking Do grasshoppers have a well-developed of the body are Linguistic Have each student them examine the grasshopper nervous system? reorganized into a 4 Antennae Insects have prepare a report on the life under a stereoscopic microscope new body form. one pair of antennae, D The adult insect cycle of the arthropod of their and make a labeled sketch of its 2 Legs Insects have six legs. which is used to sense that emerges from choice. L2 external body parts. Students By looking at an insect’s 3 Eyes Grass- vibrations, food, and the pupa is sexually 1 Ability to fly legs, you can sometimes hoppers have pheromones in the mature. should relate each structure to Insects are the only tell how it moves about two compound environment. how the grasshopper is adapted invertebrates that can and what it eats. eyes and three Quick Demo to its environment. L2 fly. With the ability simple eyes. successive molts until the adult size is pupa, and adult stages is known as reached. Many other species of complete metamorphosis. In winged Caution students that they are to fly, insects can Visual-Spatial Obtain a find places to live, insects undergo a series of major insects that undergo complete meta- working with live animals and to butterfly chrysalis from a discover food sources, changes in body structure as they morphosis, the wings do not appear treat them gently. escape from preda- develop. In some cases, the adult until the adult stage. More than 90 biologicalP supply company. tors, and find mates. Place it in a glass terrarium. Visual Learning insect bears little resemblance to its percent of insects undergo complete juvenile stage. This series of changes, metamorphosis. The complete meta- Have students observe the Make an overhead trans- chrysalis daily and make notes controlled by chemical substances in morphosis of a butterfly is illustrated P parency of the grasshopperP the animal, is called metamorphosis in Figure 28.12. Other insects that on any LSchanges they see. L1 with the labels covered. Ask (met uh MOR fuh sus). undergo complete metamorphosis ELL students to label the lines Insects that undergo metamorpho- include ants, beetles, flies, and wasps. pointing to grasshopper or- sis usually go through four stages on Complete metamorphosis is an gans. Ask them to LSidentify how their way to adulthood: egg, larva, advantage for arthropods because lar- LS P each organ contributes to sur- pupa, and adult. The larva is the free- vae do not compete with adults for Assessment vival of the grasshopper. L1 living, wormlike stage of an insect, the same food. For example, butterfly Portfolio Ask students to ELL often called a caterpillar. As the larva larvae (caterpillars) feed on leaves, observe and record the develop- eats and grows, it molts several times. but adult butterflies feed on nectar ment of a colony of mealworms as Critical Thinking The pupa (PYEW puh) stage of from flowers. LS P they develop from larvae to Grasshoppers have a complex 5 Spiracles The Tympanum insects is a period of reorganization P 5 7 Incomplete metamorphosis has adults. Direct students to focus nervous system consisting of a spiracles in the The structure 8 Nervous system Grass- in which the tissues and organs of the three stages their attention on evidence sug- brain, a double ventral nerve abdomen open 6 Malpighian tubules insects use for hoppers, like other insects, larva are broken down and replaced by Excretion takes place in gesting molting has occurred. cord, and several ganglia that act into a series of hearing is a flat have a complex nervous adult tissues. Usually the insect does Many insect species, as well as P LS tracheal tubes. Malpighian tubules. In membrane called system that includes sev- not move or feed during the pupa other arthropods, undergo a gradual Students’ notes should be placed as control centers for other body the grasshopper, wastes eral ganglia that act as LS a tympanum. stage. After a period of time, a fully or incomplete metamorphosis, in in their portfolios. L2 sections. P are in the form of dry nerve control centers for crystals of uric acid. the body sections in which formed adult emerges from the pupa. which the insect goes through Producing dry waste helps they are located. The series of changes that occur as only three stages of development: LS ResourceResource insects conserve water. an insect goes through the egg, larva, egg, nymph, and adult, as shown in Manager LS Manager 772 ARTHROPODS 28.2 DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS 773 VIDEODISC Reteaching Skills Trans- The InfiniteP Voyage: parency 41 and Master PortfolioPortfolio Insects: The Ruling Class L1 ELL Internet Address Book PROJECT Insects and Their Behavior (Ch. 1) Note Internet addresses that you find useful in the space Mosquito Farming Arthropod Origins 7 min. below for quick reference. Visual-Spatial Have students raise Visual-Spatial Ask students to cre- !7-8J" LS P mosquitoes in a bucket of pond ate a bulletin board display of Caterpillars: Altering water covered with window screening. arthropod origins. Instruct them to have Appearances (Ch. 5) Have students observe and record in their one section of the bulletin board repre- 5 min. portfolios mosquito metamorphosis by sent mollusk and annelid ancestors. Ask !7U`H" LS observing the eggs, larvae, pupae, and them to point out similarities and differ- P P P adults with hand lenses. L2 ELL P ences between these ancestors and pre- 772 sent-day arthropods. L2 773

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LS LS MiniLab 28-2 Figure 28.13. A nymph, which Figure 28.14 P The radiation of Insects 3 Assess MiniLab 28-2 Comparing and Contrasting hatches from an egg, has the same 750 000 species general appearance as the adult but is classes of arthropods Purpose on the Geologic Time Check for Understanding Students will compare and con- smaller. Nymphs may lack certain Scale shows their Comparing Patterns of Metamorphosis Insects undergo a Crustaceans Naturalist Give students a trast patterns of metamorphosis. series of developmental changes called metamorphosis. But appendages, or have appendages not relationships. 35 000 species LS not all insects follow the same pattern of metamorphosis. seen in adults, and they cannot repro- list of traits for an arthro- Process Skills duce. As the nymph eats and grows, it pod. Have them determine which P compare and contrast, acquire Procedure molts several times. With each molt, arthropod class the traits describe. ! Copy the data table. it comes to resemble the adult more ANIMALS Chilopods information, collect data, hypoth- 2500 species L2 esize, observe and infer @ Examine the three life stages of a grasshopper. Complete and more. Wings begin to form, and the information called for in your data table. CAUTION: an internal reproductive system Wear disposable latex gloves and use forceps to handle Reteach Safety Precautions develops. Gradually, the nymph LS Remind students to use tongs, preserved insects. Have students make a chart on # Examine the four life stages of a moth. Complete the becomes an adult. Grasshoppers and forceps, and/or latex gloves when information called for in your data table. cockroaches are insects that undergo arthropod classes. Have them handling specimens. Arachnids include an illustration in each incomplete metamorphosis. You can 57 000 species Diplopods Data Table compare the two types of metamor- 10 000 species column that shows the number of Teaching Strategies P P Insect Grasshopper Moth phosis in the MiniLab on this page. body sections, antennae positions, You will have to mark the dif- and numbers of legs. L1 ferent stages of each life cycle so Stage egg nymph adult egg larva pupa adult students can identify them. Locomotion Origins of Arthropods Merostomates Method 4 species Extension Legs may be a good indicator Arthropods have been enormously Trilobites LS LS Feeding Kinesthetic Have students of the stage being capable of Method successful in establishing themselves PRECAMBRIANPALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOIC PRESENT use modeling clay and pipe movement. Mouthparts may pro- Able to over the entire surface of Earth. vide evidence of feeding. Reproduce Their ability to exploit just about cleaners to make models of cen- Arthropods most likely evolved bodies. Muscles in arthropods are tipedes and millipedes. L1 ELL every habitat is unequaled in the ani- from an ancestor of the annelids. As arranged in bands associated with Expected Results Analysis mal kingdom. The success of arthro- arthropods evolved, body segments particular segments and portions of See data table below. 1. What are the differences between the stages of metamor- pods can be attributed in part to their fused and became adapted for certain appendages. The circular muscles of P phosis of a grasshopper and those of a moth? Assessment Analysis varied life cycles, high reproductive functions such as locomotion, feed- annelids do not exist in arthropods. P 2. Correlate the ability to move with ability to feed. 1. A grasshopper has incom- output, and structural adaptations ing, and sensing the environment. Because arthropods have many hard Performance Have stu- 3. Compare a nymph stage with an adult stage. plete metamorphosis. The such as small size, a hard exoskeleton, Segments in arthropods are more parts, much is known about their dents develop a plan for con- moth has complete metamor- and jointed appendages. complex than in annelids, and arthro- evolutionary history. The trilobites structing an insect exhibitLS for a phosis. pods have more developed nerve tis- shown in Figure 28.14 were once an zoo. They should choose insects,LS 2. sue and sensory organs such as eyes. important group of ancient arthro- make a diagram of their exhibit, The stages that were able to B Many nymphs have colorings P move are the only stages in that resemble their surroundings C Nymphs continue to grow The exoskeleton of arthropods pods, but they have been extinct for and explain how the insects must Figure 28.13 C for camouflage. and molt, gradually increasing provides protection for their soft 250 million years. be cared for. L2 which feeding occurs. Follow the incomplete in size. 3. The nymph stage looks like a metamorphosis of the small adult, but it lacks wings harlequin bug. LS and is sexually immature. Section Assessment 4 Close Understanding Main Ideas incomplete metamorphosis? D After several molts, 1. How are centipedes different from millipedes? KILL EVIEW Activity Assessment nymphs become 2. How are insects different from spiders? SKILL REVIEW A The fertilized egg adults with wings 3. Describe three sensory adaptations of insects. 6. Recognizing Cause and Effect Some plants InterpersonalP Divide the Knowledge Show stu- contains food and and reproductive 4. Compare the stages of complete and incomplete produce substances that prevent insect larvae class into two groups. Play dents photos of different insects is surrounded by a capabilities. metamorphosis. from forming pupae. How might this chemical undergoing metamorphosis. Ask protective shell. production be a disadvantage to the plant? For the “Who am I?” game. A mem- them to determine if the animal The egg hatches Thinking Critically more help, refer to Thinking Critically in the ber of one group will call out into a nymph. shown exhibits complete or 5. Why might complete metamorphosis have Skill Handbook. clues, while a LSmember of the sec- greater adaptive value for an insect than incomplete metamorphosis. Use ond group guesses the class of the arthropod. A correct answer will the Performance Task Assessment P List for Making Observations and earn the team one point. L2 Inferences in PASC, p. 17. L2 774 ARTHROPODS 28.2 DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS 775 COOP LEARN P LS Data Table Resource Manager Section Assessment Insect Grasshopper Moth 1. Centipedes have only one pair of legs pairs of legs, one pair of antennae, 5. Complete metamorphosis is an advan- Stage egg nymph adult egg larva pupa adult Content Mastery, pp. 137, 139-140 L1 per body segment, eat meat, and spiracles, and compound eyes. tage becauseLS the larvae do not com-P Locomotion no yes yes no yes no yes P Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 125-126 L2 bite. Millipedes have two pairs of legs 3. Insects have compound eyes, anten- pete with adults for food. Method Reteaching Skills Transparency 42 and Master L1 ELL per body segment, eat plants and nae, tympanums, and sensitive hairs 6. Although the larval stage is most Feeding no yes yes no yes no yes Basic Concepts Transparency 49 and Master L2 ELL dead material, and do not bite. over parts of the body. destructive to plants, many plants Method BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, p. 126 L2 2. Spiders have two body regions, six 4. Complete metamorphosis has four require the adult insects for pollina-LS Able to no no yes no no no yes pairs of appendages, book lungs, sim- stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. tion. LS P Reproduce ple eyes, and spin silk. Insects gener- Incomplete metamorphosis has three P 774 ally have three body regions, three stages: egg, nymph, and adult. 775 P P LS P PLS P LS LS LS LS LS CHARACTERISTICS SENSE ORGANS Insects have three body divisions—head, Insects gather information about their environment using a Enrichment Focus On variety of sense organs that detect light, odors, sound, vibra- COW KILLER ANT thorax, abdomen—and six legs attached to the Kinesthetic Obtain pre- Insects thorax. The abdomen has multiple segments, tions, temperature, and even humidity. Most adult insects have served specimens of a vari- P the last ones often possessing external compound eyes, as well as two or three simple eyes on top of reproductive organs. their heads. The compound eye of a large dragonfly contains a ety of moths and butterflies and Purpose Most adult insects have wings, usually one honeycomb of 28 000 lenses. The image from each lens is sent have students use a dissecting FOCUS ON or two pairs. An insect’s skin, or integument, to the brain and somehow needle to unroll and measure the Students will learn characteristics is hard yet flexible, and waterproof. Many combined into a compos- length of each proboscis. Have ite image, but we don’t of insects andLS features of major insects must molt in order to grow larger them hypothesize how proboscis groups of insects. before metamorphosing into know exactly what such adult forms. COMPOUND EYES OF GIANT RUDDER FLY insects see. Some insects length correlates with the type of nsects Because of their ability to fly, a rapid repro- navigate by using sound flower each insect visits to sip Background I ductive cycle, and a tough, external skeleton, waves or following odor trails. nectar. L2 insects are both resilient and successful. Katydids and crickets have “ears” on Insects are essential to life, yet their front legs; houseflies have taste many are harmful. Their diver- Without insects, life as we receptors on their feet. sity in form makes insects not know it would be impossible. ARCTIC WOOLLY BEAR CATERPILLAR only successful, but also the Two-thirds of all flowering largest animal group. KATYDID plants depend on insects to VIDEODISC pollinate them. Insects also PSTV: Rain Forest Teaching Strategies digest and degrade carrion, Forest Floor Obtain a praying mantis egg animal wastes, and plant VERSATILITY case and have students make Some insects, such as the Arctic Leaf-Cutting Ants matter. Their actions help woolly bear caterpillar, can survive Unit 2, Side 1, 2 min. 30 sec. observations of hatching and fungi, bacteria, and other 10 months a year in subzero tem- LS development. Emphasize the decomposers recycle nutri- peratures. Others, such as the monarch butterfly, migrate thou- !8e}88BH" adaptations that make the mantis ents and enrich the soil on an effective predator. L1 ELL sands of miles to warmer regions. Insects by Night and Day which plants and all terres- Honeybees conserve heat in freez- Ask students to examine the Unit 2, Side 1, 1 min. 2 sec. trial organisms depend. ing temperatures by clumping into mouthparts of preserved ants. a ball that hums and churns all winter. Although some insects are Then have them design andP con- !9/3:,jJ" duct an experiment to determine plant pests, many others prey on their plant-munching relatives, food preferences of live ants. and in so doing aid humans in the L2 fight to control crop damage. LS Visual Learning P Ask students to discuss their most MOUTHPARTS Insects get food by biting, lapping, and suck- positive and most negative expe- ing. Some insects, such as grasshoppers and riences with insects. Ask if they ants, have mouthparts for biting and chewing, have seen any insects similar to with large mandibles for tearing into plant tis- P LS MONARCH BUTTERFLIES ones in the photos in this Focus sue or seizing prey. The powerful mandibles of bulldog ants, for example, are hinged at the sides of the head and On. Have them explain how the bite inward–with great force–from side to side. SIZE AND DIVERSITY BLUE MORPHO insects were similar to and differ- FLAME Butterflies and honeybees have mouthparts BUTTERFLY SKIMMER Insects are members of the phylum HONEYBEE ent from the photos. L1 DRAGONFLY Arthropoda and the class Insecta. shaped for lapping up nectar. Aphids and cicadas LS The most diverse class in the animal kingdom, Insecta is also the largest— can pierce plant stems and then plant juices can BULLDOG ANT it contains more species than all other animal groups combined. be sucked like soda through a straw.

776 ARTHROPODS 777

IOLOGY OURNAL PROJECT BIOLOGY JOURNAL Internet Address Book Insect Scavenger Hunt P of the insect and its habitat. Make sure the Flea Collar Safety Note Internet addresses Interpersonal Ask a group of students questions require that students actually Linguistic Ask students to contact a that you find useful in to prepare a class scavenger hunt for observe the insect. For example: Describe local veterinarian and report in their the space below for quick reference. insects and signs of insects. The scavenger two insect sounds that you hear outside. journals about the safety of flea collars for P LS hunt should require that classmates observe What insects are making these sounds? L2 pets. Students should ask about the insec- various insect behaviors such as movement COOP LEARN ticides used, how the flea collar works, and sound production, plus physical features why the flea collars are not dangerous to P P the health of the pet, and alternatives to 776 LS flea collars. L2 777

LS P LS

LS P

LS Teaching Strategies A SPECIAL NICHE Enrichment The Mesozoic era is often identi- Ask if any students ever caught A SUPERLATIVE CRITTER fied as the age of dinosaurs. But Ask students to design and con- and kept an insect in a jar. Ask Some beetles can chew through lead or zinc or the truly colossal event during this duct an experiment to determine why they did this and what they timber—not to mention whole fields of cotton. period in Earth’s history was the the ideal temperature for hatch- A leaf beetle in the Kalahari Desert produces a proliferation of flowering plants. learned. toxin powerful enough to fell an antelope. The Primary pollinators of the era, ing and developing flour beetle Ask students to research the American burying beetle can lift 200 times its beetles most likely fueled this eggs. L2 discovery of DDT and the factors weight. Among Earth’s most recognizable bee- explosion of color and fragrance. that led to the banning of its use tles, fireflies light up summer evenings, and lady- Beetles fill critical ecological Answers to Expanding Your bugs control garden pests. niches as scavengers and as in the United States. L3 harvesters of caterpillars and other View Have students work in groups pests, which, left untended, would 1. Advantages of exoskeletons: and imagine that they are a team devour thousands of acres of crops protection, waterproofing. of inventors with backgrounds in and forest trees each year. When a Disadvantages: heavy, can’t entomology. They have been beetle species faces extinction—as P nine species in the United States grow very large, must molt to given unlimited fundingP to currently do—scientists see it as an SOLDIER BEETLE grow design the ultimate device for early warning system alerting 2. Students might present infor- insect control. Students should us to significant environ- HARMFUL VERSUS HELPFUL mation on the social structure use their creative imaginations as mental change. LS Some beetles damage crops and of bees in a hive or an ant well as scientific knowledge to LS spread disease. Spotted cucumber colony. make a model of their bug beetles, for example, devour leaves WEEVIL BEETLE catcher and explain its function and flowers of cucumbers, melons, and squashes. They can also L2 COOP LEARN to the class. spread bacterial diseases to the plants they attack. P Many other beetles, such as ladybugs (also known as lady- birds), should be welcome visitors CD-ROM COLORADO POTATO BEETLE anywhere. Gardeners, farmers, Biology: The Dynamics and fruit-growers release thou- LS BODY ARMOR of Life VIDEODISC sands of ladybugs into gardens, LONG-HORNED Many scientists consider Exploration: Classifying Beetles TheP Infinite Voyage: fields, and orchards as a first line BEETLE beetles to be evolution’s biggest of defense against insect pests, Disc 3 Insects: The Ruling Class success story and think that thou- especially aphids. The bright red- The Rothschild Legacy: Study of sands of additional species remain orange of ladybug beetles is an undiscovered. Beetles—all 350 000 Fleas and the Bubonic Plague unmistakable warning to potential described species—presently (Ch. 2), 6 min. 30 sec. predators that the beetles are LS account for approximately 1 in 4 extremely distasteful. known animal species. Beetles !77BB" LEAF BEETLE thrive in deserts, under tropical forest canopies, and in water. One Classifying Social Insects: Ants key to beetles’ adaptability is their (Ch. 3), 6 min. 30 sec. “shell”—actually a pair of hard- ened wings called elytra. Elytra !7ALD" permit some beetles to live in EXPANDING Your View deserts by sealing in moisture and Classifying Social Insects: Bees LADYBUG BEETLES other species to breathe underwater 1 THINKING CRITICALLY What are the advantages and (Ch. 4), 5 min. 30 sec. by trapping air. Many beetles are disadvantages of an exoskeleton? remarkably resistant to pesticides. !7KVF" 2 JOURNAL WRITING Research social behavior in insects and write a short essay to present to the class. American Burying Beetles: An 778 SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE 779 Endangered Insect (Ch. 7) 7 min. 30 sec. !7itB" BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL PortfolioPortfolio Linguistic Have students contact Insect Population how many insects of that type there are. their local agricultural extension ser- Ask students to do an insect popula- Have students release the insects as soon as vice to ask about integrated pest manage- tion study by sampling one species of their calculations are complete. Challenge ment efforts in their area. Then have insect in a small area and then estimating students to relate the number of insects students write an advertisement for a gar- P the total number over a larger area. They counted to the insect’s niche. Have students dening magazine to sell insects used for should measure an area 1 m2 and collect one predict how a sudden change in insect popu- P natural pest control. L2 type of insect, such as beetles. Then, know- lation number would impact the ecology of ing the size of the area, they can calculate the area. L3 P COOP LEARN 778 779 LS P LS LS P P LS

LS LS DESIGN DESIGN D DESIGN D YOUR OWN D YOUR OWN YOUR OWN Will salt concentration affect PPLANLAN THETHE EEXPERIMENTXPERIMENT Magnification: 48 brine shrimp hatching? 1. Decide on a way to test your with other group members to P group’s hypothesis. Keep the decide on the final proce- available materials in mind as dure for your experiment. Time Allotment NALYZE AND ONCLUDE rine shrimp (Artemia salina) belong to the class Crustacea. They are you plan your procedure. Be 1. What is your one inde- AANALYZE AND CCONCLUDE One class period for set up, then Bexcellent experimental animals because their eggs hatch into visible sure to include a control. For pendent variable? Your 10 minutes per day for 3 days example, you might place brine 1. Students answers may vary; LS swimming larvae within a very short time. Using the name as a clue, dependent variable? shrimp eggs in two trays —one 2. What will be your con- maximum hatching will occur Process Skills where might these animals normally be found? with the salt concentration of trol? at 1-4% salt concentration. collect data, identify and control the water brine shrimp nor- 3. How much water will 2. Student answers will vary variables, design an experiment, mally inhabit, and one with a you add to each tray and depending upon their origi- draw a conclusion, experiment, different salt concentration. how will you measure the PPREPARATIONREPARATION nal hypothesis. hypothesize, interpret data, 2. Decide how long you will make same number of eggs to be Brine shrimp 3. The independent variable observe and infer, organize data Problem Hypothesis observations and how you will used in each tray? hatchling judge the extent of egg hatching. was the salt concentration. How can you determine the opti- Decide on one hypothesis that you 4. Will it be necessary to control Safety Precautions 3. Decide on the number of differ- The dependent variable was mum salt concentration for the will test. Your hypothesis might be variables such as light and tem- ent salt water concentrations to the number of eggs hatched. Remind students to wear goggles hatching of brine shrimp eggs? that increased salt concentrations perature? use and what these concentra- Other variables that had to be to protect their eyes. result in an increase in the number of 5. What data will you collect and tions will be. Review the steps controlled were the tempera- eggs hatched. how will it be recorded? needed to prepare solutions of PPREPARATIONREPARATION 6. Make sure your teacher has ture of the water, amount of Objectives different concentrations. approved your experimental water used, and number of Purchase brine shrimp eggs In this BioLab, you will: plan before you proceed eggs used. Check the Plan further. from a pet store or biological Analyze how salt concentration may 4. Too high a salt concentration Discuss the following points 7. Carry out your experiment. supply house. affect brine shrimp hatching. may result in water loss from Interpret your experimental Plan the experiment so that it the egg or larva, leading to findings. starts on a Monday. dessication. 5. Plastic trays are available from Possible Materials AANALYZENALYZE ANDAND CCONCLUDEONCLUDE animal, Arthropoda, Crust- the meat or produce depart- beakers or plastic bottles acea, Anostraca, Artemia salina ment in most grocery stores. labels or marking pencil 1. Interpreting Data Using specific 5. Classifying Classify brine shrimp. Review the procedure for graduated cylinder numbers from your data, explain Identify their kingdom, phylum, preparation of 1, 2, and 4% brine shrimp eggs how salt concentration affects class, order, family, genus, and Assessment salt solutions. clear plastic trays brine shrimp hatching. species. Skill Have students design Use noniodized table salt salt (noniodized) 2. Drawing a Conclusion Was an experiment that would deter- Going Further (kosher or sea salt). Check to balance your hypothesis supported? mine how much time brine make sure that iodine has not water Explain. Project Design an experiment that you shrimp larvae spend in this stage. 3. Identifying and Controlling could perform to investigate the role that been added. Safety Precautions Use the Performance Task Variables What were the inde- temperature plays in brine shrimp hatching. Assessment List for Designing an Possible Hypotheses Wear protective eye goggles when pendent and dependent variables? If you have all of the materials you will need, preparing solutions. you may want to carry out the experiment. Experiment in PASC, p. 23. Students may hypothesize that What were some of the variables that had to be controlled? hatching will not occur in any salt Skill Handbook To find out more about 4. Hypothesizing Formulate a brine shrimp and other solution. Students may hypothe- Use the Skill Handbook if you need Going Further hypothesis that explains why high crustaceans, visit the Glencoe Science Web Site. additional help with this lab. size that hatching will occur only salt concentrations may be harm- www.glencoe.com/sec/science Have students carry out an in salt concentrations higher than ful to brine shrimp hatching. experiment to determine if 10% but lower than 20%. brine shrimp larvae respond in

28.2 DIVERSITY OF ARTHROPODS 781 a similar manner to different colors of light. L2

PPLANLAN THETHE EEXPERIMENTXPERIMENT Teaching Strategies cannot be seen by the naked eye. Observing no salt. observe the presence of hatched larvae. ResourceResource Have students work in small groups of 3 trays under a binocular microscope will Students will have to determine some Keep all trays at a temperature close to ManagerManager or 4 students. allow students to make a qualitative assess- method for controlling the same number 21°C. At the conclusion of the experiment, pool ment of the amount of hatching. of eggs used in each experimental tray. BioLab and MiniLabP Work- student data so students can see the results Counting eggs is difficult because of their Data and Observations sheets, pp. 127-128 L2 when a range of different salt concentrations Possible Procedures small size. One suggestion is to touch the Ideal salt concentrations for hatching will be were tested. Students may prepare only 2 or 3 differ- flat end of a toothpick to the eggs and in the 1-4% range. No salt present or con- Judging the amount or degree of hatching ent salt concentrations. Make sure that transfer that same amount to each dish. centrations higher than 4% will result in no LS 780 may be a problem. Brine shrimp hatchlings the control dish contains only water and Binocular microscopes may be used to or few larvae hatching. 781

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LS Health Health Chapter 28 Assessment Chapter 28 Assessment Connection Connection Terrible P Ticks SSUMMARYUMMARY Main Ideas Purpose Magnification: 7 Section 28.1 Main Ideas Vocabulary Summary statements can be used by Students will learn about Lyme Arthropods have jointed appendages, exoskele- appendage (p. 761) students to review the major con- Every American city, it seems, has its claim to Characteristics tons, varied life cycles, and body systems book lung (p. 764) cepts of the chapter. disease, the bacterium that causes cephalothorax (p. 763) LS adapted to life on land, water, or air. it, and the ticks that transmit it. fame. Chicago is recognized for its outstanding of Arthropods compound eye (p. 765) architecture. New York has long been thought of Arthropods are members of the most successful mandible (p. 765) Using the Vocabulary as the cultural center of the United States. Los animal phylum in terms of diversity. This can Malpighian tubule (p. 765) Teaching Strategies To reinforce chapter vocabulary, use Angeles is home to television production and to be attributed in part to their structural and molting (p. 762) Be sure students understand parthenogenesis (p. 766) the Content Mastery Booklet and the nation’s legendary movie industry. One behavioral adaptations. that ticks do not cause Lyme dis- pheromone (p. 764) the activities in the Interactive Tutor American city, however, would probably just as Numbers of cases of Lyme simple eye (p. 765) ease; they carry the bacterium disease per 100 000 population spiracle (p. 764) for Biology: The Dynamics of Life on soon forget its claim to fame. Lyme, Connecticut, More than 30 cases that causes the disease from ani- tracheal tube (p. 764) the Glencoe Science Web Site. mal host to human and animal will forever be associated with Lyme disease, a 15 to 30 cases 5 to 15 cases www.glencoe.com/sec/science hosts. crippling bacterial malaise that was first identified in this town in 1975. Fewer than 5 cases After students have read the Area of heavy concentration Section 28.2 Main Ideas Vocabulary feature, ask if they know how a Spiders have two body regions with four pairs of chelicerae (p. 768) All Chapter The Diversity walking legs. They spin silk. Ticks and mites larva (p.773 ) tick should be removed. Placing metamorphosis (p. 773) Assessment yme disease manifests itself in humans in have one body section. Scorpions have many several drops of vegetable oil on of Arthropods nymph (p. 774) questions and answers have been Lthree distinct stages. First, a circular, bull’s- Prevention and treatment abdominal segments, enlarged pincers, and a the tick will cause it to withdraw eye rash appears. The rash is generally accompa- Ticks live in weedy areas, low shrubs, and tall pedipalp (p. 768) validated for accuracy and suitabil- stinger at the end of the tail. pupa (p. 773) its head because it can no longer nied by chills, fever, and aching joints. These grasses. If you are entering this type of habitat, it ity by The Princeton Review. Most crustaceans are aquatic and exchange gases spinneret (p. 768) obtain enough oxygen. Then the symptoms may resemble symptoms that result is advisable to wear light colored clothing to eas- in their gills. They include crabs, lobsters, from an infection with an influenza virus. This is ily detect darker ticks, and to tuck pants legs into tick can be removed easily. shrimps, crayfishes, barnacles, and water fleas. Ask students to report about the mildest form of the disease. If left untreated, socks. In addition, insect repellents containing UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS Centipedes are carnivores with flattened, worm- two other diseases transmitted by Lyme disease progresses to a second stage. The the chemical DEET can be applied to clothing joint pains become more severe and may be (but not to skin). Careful examination of the like bodies. Millipedes are herbivores with ticks: Rocky Mountain spotted 1. b joined by neurological symptoms, such as mem- body for ticks is also important. cylindrical, wormlike bodies. 2. d fever and Colorado tick fever. ory disturbances and vision impairment. Stage Like most bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi Insects are the most successful arthropod class 3. c L3 three is the most severe form of the disease. responds to antibiotics. Early treatment with in terms of diversity. They have many structural 4. b Crippling arthritis, facial paralysis, heart abnor- antibiotics usually prevents the disease from pro- and behavioral adaptations that allow them to Connection to Biology malities, and memory loss may result. gressing to its second or third stages. A new vac- exploit all habitats. 5. b Because deer are primary carriers cine has been developed that is effective in 90 of Borrelia burgdorferi, an increase Tick transmission percent of adults exposed to Lyme disease, but The cause of this debilitating disease is this vaccine has not yet been proven to be safe inP the deer population probably Borrelia burgdorferi, a corkscrew-shaped bac- for those under age 18. means an increase in infected UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS 3. Jointed appendages allow for greater terium that is transmitted to humans through the ______and more powerful movements. ticks. This would likely translate bite of ticks. The bacterium infects mostly deer ONNECTION TO IOLOGY a. mobility c. flexibility into an increase in the incidence and white-footed mice. Ticks pick up the bacte- CONNECTION TO BIOLOGY 1. Crustaceans are different from other arthro- pods because they have two ______used b. molting d. camouflage ofLS Lyme disease. ria by sucking the blood from these animals. Since the turn of the century, the deer popula- for sensing. 4. ______are arthropods with only one body When the same ticks bite humans, the bacteria tion in the United States has been increasing a. c. section. are passed on, and the result is Lyme disease. steadily. How might this increase affect the jointed appendages pedipalps incidence of Lyme disease? Why? b. pairs of antennae d. walking legs a. Spiders c. Scorpions Where Lyme disease strikes 2. Of the following, which are NOT append- b. Ticks and mites d. Crustaceans Most cases of Lyme disease are reported in To find out more about ticks and ages used by arthropods to obtain and eat 5. ______are used by arthropods for gas the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and North Central Lyme disease, visit the Glencoe food? exchange. regions, as seen on the map. Lyme disease is also Science Web Site. a. chelicerae c. mandibles a. Pedipalps c. Chelicerae on the rise in many other areas. www.glencoe.com/sec/science b. pedipalps d. spiracles b. Spiracles d. Spinnerets

782 ARTHROPODS CHAPTER 28 ASSESSMENT 783

Internet Address Book Resource Manager Note Internet addresses that you find useful in the space below for quick reference. VIDEOTAPE Chapter Assessment, pp. 163-168 MindJogger Videoquizzes MindJogger Videoquizzes Chapter 28: Arthropods Computer Test Bank Have students work in groups as they play BDOL Interactive CD-ROM, Chapter 28 the videoquiz game to review key chapter quiz concepts.

782 783 Chapter 28 Assessment Chapter 28 Assessment Chapter 28 Assessment Chapter 28 Assessment

6. c 6. What arthropod has many abdominal seg- 14. Spiders have a fused head and thorax region THINKINGHINKING CRITICALLYRITICALLY AASSESSINGSSESSING KKNOWLEDGENOWLEDGE && SSKILLSKILLS THINKINGHINKING CRITICALLYRITICALLY 7. d ments, enlarged pincers, and a stinger at the called a ______. T C T C end of its tail? 8. b 15. ______are the hollow passages that carry 26. Interpreting The melting points of the waxy layers on a. a spider c. a scorpion 26. An insect has six legs and a pair 9. d air through the body of an arthropod. Scientific certain insect exoskeletons are shown in the b. a tick d. a crab of antennae. An arachnid has 10. a 16. Study the diagram below. The group most Illustrations graph below. These melting points reflect eight legs and no antennae. A 11. insect 7. Arthropods are so successful because of their closely related to insects is the ______. Identify each of the environments in which the insects were crustacean has five pairs of 12. exoskeleton ______. the arthropods raised. Insects raised in warmer environments a. larvae c. antennae at right as an arach- walking legs and stalked eyes. 13. blood circulation have wax that melts at higher temperatures b. book lungs d. adaptations nid, crustacean, or 27. The plant will not be eaten by 14. cephalothorax than insects raised in cooler environments. 8. Name an arthropod that is a carnivore and insect. What are insects. 15. Tracheal tubes has a flattened, wormlike body. their distinguish- Melting Points of Insects’ Waxy Layer 28. Many plants that depend upon 16. crustaceans a. millipede c. crustacean ing features? insects for pollination would be 17. segmented bodies 50

b. centipede d. insect 27. Recognizing Cause and Effect What is the )

° unable to reproduce, so there 18. Malpighian tubules advantage to a plant of producing a chemical D 9. Of the following, which is NOT an append- 40 would be fewer plants. Plant- 19. egg, nymph age of an arthropod? that is an effective insect repellent? C and insect-eating organisms 20. oxygen, carbon dioxide a. chelicerae c. pedipalps 28. Recognizing Cause and Effect What might 30 B would have to find new food b. antennae d. cephalothorax be the effect on plant and animal life if all sources or die. insects were suddenly to die? 20 10. Arthropods with two body regions and four 29. Pets can pick up ticks when they AAPPLYINGPPLYING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS 29. Observing and Inferring pairs of walking legs are called ______. Evidence shows A are outdoors in an area inhab- a. spiders c. scorpions 17. Evolutionary biologists have hypothesized that deer, mice, and even household pets may 10 Wax-melting temperature (C Wax-melting ited by ticks. 21. An insect larva may eat crop b. ticks and mites d. crustaceans that arthropods may have evolved from harbor the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. annelids because both have ______. 30. 1. Appendages; 2. Pedipalps; 3. plants, but an adult may polli- How could pets become infected with these ° ° ° ° ° 11. The most diverse group of arthropods is the 10 C20C30C40C50C Chelicerae; 4. Mandibles nate the flowers. ______class. 18. A butterfly excretes wastes through ______. bacteria? Temperature at which insects were raised 22. They cannot move around to 12. Molting occurs when an arthropod sheds its 19. List in the correct order the stages of incom- 30. Concept Mapping Complete the concept find mates. Having both male old ______and grows a new one. plete metamorphosis: ______, ______, map by using the following vocabulary terms: Interpreting Data adult. appendages, mandibles, chelicerae, pedipalps. and female sex organs in the 13. The structure labeled b in the diagram below Study the graph and answer the following same animal means that every is used for what purpose by the grasshopper? 20. When water passes over gills, ______and An questions. ______are exchanged. 1. c individual is a potential mate. arachnid 1. What is the melting point of the wax on 23. Exoskeletons in arthropods that b. a. insects in group B? 2. d has many 3. a swim can be heavier as the AAPPLYINGPPLYING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS a. 15°C c. 35°C water will help support their b. 50°C d. 40°C 4. Melting Temperatures 1. of Insects’ Waxy Layers weight. Arthropods that fly 21. Many insects are pests to humans when they 2. What is the melting point of the wax on are larvae but are beneficial when they are have lightweight exoskeletons. including but no 4. insects in group C? 50 C)

adults. Explain. ° Arthropods that move on land a. 15°C c. 35°C 45 d. c. 22. Why is it an adaptive advantage for barnacles b. 50°C d. 40°C have exoskeletons that are 2. 3. 40 to be hermaphrodites? medium in weight. 3. Which insects were raised at the lowest 35 23. Relate differences in exoskeleton structure temperature? 24. Wings enable some arthropods EST AKING IP 30 TTEST––TTAKING TTIP to the various modes of arthropod a. A b. B c. C d. D to easily escape predators, find 25 locomotion. food sources inaccessible to ter- Stock Up on Supplies CD-ROM 4. Making a Graph Make a graph of these 20 24. data: insect exoskeletons found by a restrial arthropods, and move Be sure to supply yourself with the test-taking In what ways have wings been an adaptive For additional review, use the assessment 15 essentials: number two pencils, pens, erasers, a advantage to the success of insects? stream melt at 15°C; in a forested area easily to other areas to find options for this chapter found on the Biology: The 10 ruler, and a pencil sharpener. If the room doesn’t 25. Of what advantage might movable, Dynamics of Life Interactive CD-ROM and on the at 20°C; in a grassy meadow at 40°C; mates and nesting areas. have a pencil sharpener, a broken pencil can be 5 stalked eyes be to a crustacean that has a Glencoe Science Web Site. and on roadside soil at 50°C. 25. The eyes would give the rigid upsetting. www.glencoe.com/sec/science ( Temperatures Wax-Melting 0 cephalothorax? d am st ow a crustacean a greater field of re d Ro Stre Fo ea view. M 784 CHAPTER 28 ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 28 ASSESSMENT 785 Location of Exoskeletons

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