DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecological Effects of Predator Information Mediated by Prey Behavior

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecological Effects of Predator Information Mediated by Prey Behavior ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PREDATOR INFORMATION MEDIATED BY PREY BEHAVIOR Tyler C. Wood A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2020 Committee: Paul Moore, Advisor Robert Green Graduate Faculty Representative Shannon Pelini Andrew Turner Daniel Wiegmann ii ABSTRACT Paul Moore, Advisor The interactions between predators and their prey are complex and drive much of what we know about the dynamics of ecological communities. When prey animals are exposed to threatening stimuli from a predator, they respond by altering their morphology, physiology, or behavior to defend themselves or avoid encountering the predator. The non-consumptive effects of predators (NCEs) are costly for prey in terms of energy use and lost opportunities to access resources. Often, the antipredator behaviors of prey impact their foraging behavior which can influence other species in the community; a process known as a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade (BMTC). In this dissertation, predator odor cues were manipulated to explore how prey use predator information to assess threats in their environment and make decisions about resource use. The three studies were based on a tri-trophic interaction involving predatory fish, crayfish as prey, and aquatic plants as the prey’s food. Predator odors were manipulated while the foraging behavior, shelter use, and activity of prey were monitored. The abundances of aquatic plants were also measured to quantify the influence of altered crayfish foraging behavior on plant communities. The first experiment tested the influence of predator odor presence or absence on crayfish behavior. Crayfish spent more time foraging and less time in shelter in the presence of predator odor cues compared to predator absent controls. The crayfish also consumed greater quantities of two macrophyte species in the presence of threatening odors. In the second experiment, crayfish were exposed to odors from predators that were fed four different diets and varied in their size iii relative to the size of the crayfish. The crayfish responded to the relative size ratios between themselves and their predators, but the direction of the response was determined by the predator’s diet. The third experiment exposed individual crayfish to odors from individual predators which varied in gape size relative to the body size of the crayfish. The crayfish responded along a gradient of relative risk by foraging more and using shelter less in the face of greater threats. Crayfish that were not as threatened foraged less and spent more time in shelter. The results obtained across all three experiments were largely consistent and indicate that crayfish can extract detailed information from predator odor cues. Further, crayfish incorporate multiple types of predator information into threat assessments as they make resource use decisions. Subtle differences in predator odor cues alter crayfish behavior which mediates the influence of predatory fish in freshwater communities. iv This dissertation is dedicated to… Mom, for urging me to chase butterflies and my dreams; Dad, for leading me into the forest and the fields; Gram, for inspiring my passion for living things; Poe, for teaching me the faith of a fisherman; Ali, for the chance to learn how to lead; And Sarah, for being my partner in crime. I love and thank you all. I could not have come so far without all your support. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I want to thank my advisor, Dr. Paul A. Moore for his guidance and wisdom over the last four years. His approach to graduate training provided the bootcamp experience that I have long sought to test myself against. Under his tutelage, I learned more philosophy than I ever thought I would know, but more importantly I learned how to think and how to teach. Thank you to my committee members, Robert Green, Shannon Pelini, Andrew Turner, and Daniel Wiegmann for the inspiration of your work and for your comments on my research along the way. I appreciate your willingness to take me on as a mentee. To the past and present members of the Laboratory for Sensory Ecology, thank you for the solid foundation laid by those who came before, for the support given by those who were here, and for all the cinderblocks hauled, cold-wet nights collecting crayfish, tedious writing edits, and stimulating conversations whether scientific or pedestrian. Thank you to Bowling Green State University for financial and infrastructural support over the last four years. Thanks to the Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate Student Senate for providing travel funding which has allowed me to attend many conferences at locations across the United States. Thank you also for supporting my research with the Barbara Long-Masters Biological Sciences Research Award. I would also like to thank the University of Michigan Biological Station for the use of facilities and funding through the Marian P. and David M. Gates Graduate Student Endowment Fund. My three summers at the station were an amazing opportunity to network with world class scientists while exploring the natural wonders of northern Michigan. Finally, I would like to thank The Crustacean Society for supporting my research with their Fellowship in Graduate Studies. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER II: FEEDING IN FEAR: INDIRECT EFFECTS OF PREDATORY FISH ON MACROPHYTE COMMUNITIES MEDIATED BY ALTERED CRAYFISH FORAGING BEHAVIOUR ........................................................................................................................ 12 Methods...................................................................................................................... 15 Collection and Housing of Crayfish, Bass, and Aquatic Plants ..................... 15 Experimental Design and Arenas................................................................... 16 Experimental Protocol ................................................................................... 18 Data Collection .............................................................................................. 20 Statistical Analysis ......................................................................................... 21 Ethical Approval ............................................................................................ 22 Results ........................................................................................................................ 25 Macrophyte Consumption .............................................................................. 25 Crayfish Behavior .......................................................................................... 26 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 31 Effect of Predator Odor on Macrophyte Consumption by Crayfish .............. 31 Consequences for Aquatic Systems ............................................................... 32 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER III: BIG AND BAD: HOW RELATIVE PREDATOR SIZE AND DIETARY INFORMATION INFLUENCE CRAYFISH BEHAVIOR AND RESOURCE USE DECISIONS ........................................................................................................................... 36 vii Methods...................................................................................................................... 41 Collection and Housing of Animals and Plants ............................................. 41 Experimental Design and Arenas................................................................... 43 Experimental Mesocosms .............................................................................. 43 Diet Production .............................................................................................. 45 Experimental Protocol ................................................................................... 45 Data Collection .............................................................................................. 47 Ethical Approval ............................................................................................ 48 Statistical Analysis ......................................................................................... 48 Results ........................................................................................................................ 51 Macrophyte Consumption .............................................................................. 51 Foraging Effort............................................................................................... 51 Shelter Use ..................................................................................................... 52 Transitions...................................................................................................... 52 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 58 Chemical Components of Threat ................................................................... 58 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 63 CHAPTER IV: FINE-TUNED RESPONSES TO CHEMICAL LANDSCAPES: CRAYFISH USE PREDATOR
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Settlement-Driven, Multiscale Demographic Patterns of Large Benthic Decapods in the Gulf of Maine
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, L 241 (1999) 107±136 Settlement-driven, multiscale demographic patterns of large benthic decapods in the Gulf of Maine Alvaro T. Palmaa,* , Robert S. Steneck b , Carl J. Wilson b aDepartamento EcologõaÂÂ, Ponti®cia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Alameda 340, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile bIra C. Darling Marine Center, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Walpole, ME 04573, USA Received 3 November 1998; received in revised form 30 April 1999; accepted 5 May 1999 Abstract Three decapod species in the Gulf of Maine (American lobster Homarus americanus Milne Edwards, 1837, rock crab Cancer irroratus Say, 1817, and Jonah crab Cancer borealis Stimpson, 1859) were investigated to determine how their patterns of settlement and post-settlement abundance varied at different spatial and temporal scales. Spatial scales ranged from centimeters to hundreds of kilometers. Abundances of newly settled and older (sum of several cohorts) individuals were measured at different substrata, depths, sites within and among widely spaced regions, and along estuarine gradients. Temporal scales ranged from weekly censuses of new settlers within a season to inter-annual comparisons of settlement strengths. Over the scales considered here, only lobsters and rock crabs were consistently abundant in their early post- settlement stages. Compared to rock crabs, lobsters settled at lower densities but in speci®c habitats and over a narrower range of conditions. The abundance and distribution of older individuals of both species were, however, similar at all scales. This is consistent with previous observations that, by virtue of high fecundity, rock crabs have high rates of settlement, but do not discriminate among habitats, and suffer high levels of post-settlement mortality relative to lobsters.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Cancer Irroratus</I>
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 36(3): 454-466,1985 RHYTHMICITY UNDER CONSTANT CONDITIONS IN THE ROCK CRAB, CANCER IRRORATUS Steve Rebach ABSTRACT The existence of activity rhythms in migratory populations of the rock crab, Cancer ir- roratus, which spend most of the year in deep water, was investigated. Mature individuals from the Mid-Atlantic Bight were tested under laboratory conditions of constant light (LL) and constant dark (DD) after an initial ambient photoperiod was presented. Activity levels were simultaneously monitored for 20 crabs maintained in separate compartments, using an infrared beam-break system. Activity was analyzed using an Enright periodogram. Activity under LL was at a relatively low level and with no rhythmic periodicity exhibited. In DD, activity was concentrated at approximately 25-h intervals, approximating a tidal period. Under ambient (natural photoperiod) conditions, a 24-h rhythm was present with activity greatest during the scotophase and with peaks at dawn and dusk. Possible advantages to the presence of a tidal rhythmicity in a deep water species are discussed and include temporal partitioning of the environment, a timekeeping mechanism for the initiation of migration, and an evolutionary or ecological remnant from shallow water populations. The common rock crab, Cancer irroratus, is found from Labrador to South Carolina (Haefner, 1976) and is most abundant from Maine to North Carolina. Rock crabs inhabit cold water (50-15°C, Haefner, 1976) and in the mid-Atlantic region they live at depths of 10-700 m (depending on age and season), with highest densities between 40 and 60 m (15-30 km offshore) (Musick and McEachran, 1972; Haefner, 1976).
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating the Threat Posed by the Crayfish Plague Agent
    Estimating the threat posed by the crayfish plague agent Aphanomyces astaci to crayfish species of Europe and North America — Introduction pathways, distribution and genetic diversity by Jörn Panteleit from Aachen, Germany Accepted Dissertation thesis for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Natural Sciences Fachbereich 7: Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften Universität Koblenz-Landau Thesis examiners: Prof. Dr. Ralf Schulz, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Dr. Japo Jussila, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Suomi-Finland Date of oral examination: January 17th, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 3 2. ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................................... 5 3. ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 6 4. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Invasive species ............................................................................................................................. 7 4.2 Freshwater crayfish in Europe ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Decapoda: Cambaridae) of Arkansas Henry W
    Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 71 Article 9 2017 An Annotated Checklist of the Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of Arkansas Henry W. Robison Retired, [email protected] Keith A. Crandall George Washington University, [email protected] Chris T. McAllister Eastern Oklahoma State College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the Biology Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Robison, Henry W.; Crandall, Keith A.; and McAllister, Chris T. (2017) "An Annotated Checklist of the Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 71 , Article 9. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol71/iss1/9 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. An Annotated Checklist of the Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of Arkansas Cover Page Footnote Our deepest thanks go to HWR’s numerous former SAU students who traveled with him in search of crayfishes on many fieldtrips throughout Arkansas from 1971 to 2008. Personnel especially integral to this study were C.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Lower Minimum Size Limits to Reduce Discards in the Bristol Bay Red King Crab (Paralithodes Camtschaticus) Fishery
    NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-20 Use of Lower Minimum Size Limits to Reduce Discards in the Bristol Bay Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) Fishery by J. E. Reeves U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center August 1993 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The new NMFS-NWFSC series will be used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Reeves, J. E. 1993. Use of lower minimum size limits to reduce discards in the Bristol Bay red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) fishery. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-20, 16 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-20 Use of Lower Minimum Size Limits to Reduce Discards in the Bristol Bay Red King Crab (Paralifhodes camtschaticus) Fishery by J. E. Reeves Alaska Fisheries Science Center 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., BIN C-15700 Seattle, WA 98115-0070 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Ronald H.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Pressure Processing for the Production of Added-Value Claw Meat from Edible Crab (Cancer Pagurus)
    foods Article High-Pressure Processing for the Production of Added-Value Claw Meat from Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus) Federico Lian 1,2,* , Enrico De Conto 3, Vincenzo Del Grippo 1, Sabine M. Harrison 1 , John Fagan 4, James G. Lyng 1 and Nigel P. Brunton 1 1 UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] (V.D.G.); [email protected] (S.M.H.); [email protected] (J.G.L.); [email protected] (N.P.B.) 2 Nofima AS, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, P.O. Box 6122, NO-9291 Tromsø, Norway 3 Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy; [email protected] 4 Irish Sea Fisheries Board (Bord Iascaigh Mhara, BIM), Dún Laoghaire, A96 E5A0 Co. Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: Federico.Lian@nofima.no; Tel.: +47-77629078 Abstract: High-pressure processing (HPP) in a large-scale industrial unit was explored as a means for producing added-value claw meat products from edible crab (Cancer pagurus). Quality attributes were comparatively evaluated on the meat extracted from pressurized (300 MPa/2 min, 300 MPa/4 min, 500 MPa/2 min) or cooked (92 ◦C/15 min) chelipeds (i.e., the limb bearing the claw), before and after a thermal in-pack pasteurization (F 10 = 10). Satisfactory meat detachment from the shell 90 was achieved due to HPP-induced cold protein denaturation. Compared to cooked or cooked– Citation: Lian, F.; De Conto, E.; pasteurized counterparts, pressurized claws showed significantly higher yield (p < 0.05), which was Del Grippo, V.; Harrison, S.M.; Fagan, possibly related to higher intra-myofibrillar water as evidenced by relaxometry data, together with J.; Lyng, J.G.; Brunton, N.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannibalism and Habitat Selection of Cultured Chinese Mitten Crab: Effects of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation with Different Nutritional and Refuge Values
    water Article Cannibalism and Habitat Selection of Cultured Chinese Mitten Crab: Effects of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation with Different Nutritional and Refuge Values Qingfei Zeng 1,*, Erik Jeppesen 2,3, Xiaohong Gu 1,*, Zhigang Mao 1 and Huihui Chen 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; [email protected] (Z.M.); [email protected] (H.C.) 2 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; [email protected] 3 Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, University of CAS, Beijing 100190, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.Z.); [email protected] (X.G.) Received: 26 September 2018; Accepted: 26 October 2018; Published: 29 October 2018 Abstract: We examined the food preference of Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne Edwards, 1853), under food shortage, habitat choice in the presence of predators, and cannibalistic behavior by comparing their response to the popular culture plant Elodea nuttallii and the structurally more complex Myriophyllum verticillatum L. in a series of mesocosm experiments. Mitten crabs were found to consume and thus reduce the biomass of Elodea, whereas no negative impact on Myriophyllum biomass was recorded. In the absence of adult crabs, juveniles preferred to settle in Elodea habitats (appearance frequency among the plants: 64.2 ± 5.9%) but selected for Myriophyllum instead when adult crabs were present (appearance frequency among the plants: 59.5 ± 4.9%). The mortality rate of mitten crabs in the absence of plant shelter was higher under food shortage, primarily due to cannibalism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pacific Northwest As an Emerging Beachhead of Crayfish Invasions
    Oregon Invasive Species Council (Oct 2019) The Pacific Northwest as an emerging beachhead of crayfish invasions Julian D. Olden University of Washington Oregon Invasive Species Council @oldenfish October 15-16, 2019 [email protected] Signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus Julian Olden (UW, [email protected]) 1 Oregon Invasive Species Council (Oct 2019) Chronology of crayfish invasions in the western U.S. P. clarkii F. neglectus F. sanbornii Oregon, Washington F. rusticus Oregon Washington Mueller (2001), Pearl et al. (2005), Oregon Bouchard (1977) Larson et al. (2010) Larson and Olden (2008) Olden et al. (2009) 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 P. clarkii F. virilis F. virilis P. acutus Idaho Montana Idaho, Washington Washington Clark and Wroten (1978) Sheldon (1988) Clark and Lester (2005), Larson and Olden (2011) Larson and Olden (2008), Larson et al. (2010) Non-native Crayfish in the PNW Red swamp crawfish Northern crayfish Procambarus clarkii Faxonius virilis Ringed crayfish Rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus Faxonius rusticus Julian Olden (UW, [email protected]) 2 Oregon Invasive Species Council (Oct 2019) Pathways of Crayfish Introductions • Release as live bait associated with angling • Release after educational use in classroom • Release associated with pet aquariums • Intentional introduction as forage for sportfish • Intentional introduction to golf course ponds • Intentional introduction to create harvest opportunities • Secondary spread from existing populations Impacts of Invasive Crayfish Meta-analysis of the published literature demonstrates
    [Show full text]
  • Prospects of Red King Crab Hepatopancreas Processing: Fundamental and Applied Biochemistry
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 12 September 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0263.v1 Article Prospects of Red King Crab Hepatopancreas Processing: Fundamental and Applied Biochemistry Tatyana Ponomareva 1, Maria Timchenko 1, Michael Filippov 1, Sergey Lapaev 1, and Evgeny Sogorin 1,* 1 Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the RAS", Pushchino, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-915-132-54-19 Abstract: Since the early 1980s, a large number of research works on enzymes from the red king crab hepatopancreas have been conducted. These studies have been relevant both from a fundamental point of view for studying the enzymes of marine organisms and in terms of the rational management of nature to obtain new and valuable products from the processing of crab fishing waste. Most of these works were performed by Russian scientists due to the area and amount of waste of red king crab processing in Russia (or the Soviet Union). However, the close phylogenetic kinship and the similar ecological niches of commercial crab species and the production scale of the catch provide the bases for the successful transfer of experience in the processing of red king crab hepatopancreas to other commercial crab species mined worldwide. This review describes the value of recycled commercial crab species, discusses processing problems, and suggests possible solutions to these problems. The main emphasis is placed on the enzymes of the hepatopancreas as the most highly salubrious product of waste processed from red king crab fishing. Keywords: marine fisheries; aquatic organisms; brachyura; anomura; commercial crab species; red king crab; Kamchatka crab; processing waste; hepatopancreas; waste recycling; enzymes; proteases; hyaluronidase 1.
    [Show full text]
  • First Report of Golden Crayfish Faxonius Luteus (Creaser, 1933) in South Dakota
    BioInvasions Records (2021) Volume 10, Issue 1: 149–157 CORRECTED PROOF Rapid Communication First report of golden crayfish Faxonius luteus (Creaser, 1933) in South Dakota Gene Galinat1,*, Mael Glon2 and Brian Dickerson3 1South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Rapid City, South Dakota, USA 2The Ohio State University Museum of Biological Diversity, Columbus, Ohio, USA 3U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Rapid City, SD, 57702, USA Author e-mails: [email protected] (GG), [email protected] (MG), [email protected] (BD) *Corresponding author Citation: Galinat G, Glon M, Dickerson B (2021) First report of golden crayfish Abstract Faxonius luteus (Creaser, 1933) in South Dakota. BioInvasions Records 10(1): 149– The golden crayfish, Faxonius luteus, was identified for the first time in the Black 157, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2021.10.1.16 Hills of South Dakota. We collected specimens from three reservoirs and one stream in two adjacent watersheds. The species appears to be established with varying Received: 7 February 2020 sizes and Form I and Form II males being observed. Records show the home range Accepted: 20 August 2020 of F. luteus to be over 600 km east of the Black Hills. The lack of historic information Published: 1 December 2020 on aquatic fauna in the area complicates determining what effects F. luteus may Handling editor: David Hudson have on native and other non-native fauna in the area. Thematic editor: Karolina Bącela- Spychalska Key words: bait, baitfish, Black Hills, non-native Copyright: © Galinat et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Mitochondrial Dna (Numt) in the Atlantic Rock Crab Cancer Irroratus Say, 1817 (Decapoda, Cancridae)
    Crustaceana 86 (5) 537-552 NUCLEAR MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (NUMT) IN THE ATLANTIC ROCK CRAB CANCER IRRORATUS SAY, 1817 (DECAPODA, CANCRIDAE) BY Ó. S. GÍSLASON1,2,3), J . S VAVA R S S O N 2),H.P.HALLDÓRSSON1) and S. PÁLSSON2) 1) The University of Iceland’s Research Centre in Suðurnes, Garðvegur 1, 245 Sandgerði, Iceland 2) Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland ABSTRACT A study on the origin of a newly colonized population of the Atlantic rock crab, Cancer irroratus Say, 1817, in Icelandic coastal waters based on mtDNA variation revealed a challenging problem. Variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI), which has played a pivotal role in phylogeographic studies, was assessed. Most individuals were found to carry two or more different genetic fragments and several ambiguous sites, with two segregating nucleotides, both within the Icelandic population and in samples from North America (Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia). Analyses of the DNA fragments, from clones and separate DNA extractions from the mitochondria and nucleus from undeveloped eggs and their mothers, support that ambiguous sites are caused by mitochondrial fragments incorporated in the nuclear genome (numts). A comparison of the variation in the newly colonized population in Iceland and the North American populations did not reveal any detectable bottleneck in the Icelandic population. RÉSUMÉ Une étude sur l’origine d’une récente population colonisatrice du crabe commun de l’Atlantique Cancer irroratus Say, 1817, sur les côtes d’Islande basée sur l’ADN mitochondrial a révélé un problème intéressant. Des variations du gêne de la sous-unité I de la cytochrome oxydase (COI) qui a joué un rôle majeur dans les études phylogéographiques ont été établies.
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects
    FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©2003 Springer‐Verlag. This manuscript is an author version with the final publication available at http://www.springerlink.com and may be cited as: Marshall, N. J., Cronin, T. W., & Frank, T. M. (2003). Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects. In S. P. Collin & N. J. Marshall (Eds.), Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments. (pp. 343‐372). Berlin: Springer‐Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978‐0‐387‐22628‐6_18 18 Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects N. Justin Marshall, Thomas W. Cronin, and Tamara M. Frank Abstract Crustaceans possess a huge variety of body plans and inhabit most regions of Earth, specializing in the aquatic realm. Their diversity of form and living space has resulted in equally diverse eye designs. This chapter reviews the latest state of knowledge in crustacean vision concentrating on three areas: spectral sensitivities, ontogenetic development of spectral sen­ sitivity, and the temporal properties of photoreceptors from different environments. Visual ecology is a binding element of the chapter and within this framework the astonishing variety of stomatopod (mantis shrimp) spectral sensitivities and the environmental pressures molding them are examined in some detail. The quantity and spectral content of light changes dra­ matically with depth and water type and, as might be expected, many adaptations in crustacean photoreceptor design are related to this governing environmental factor. Spectral and temporal tuning may be more influenced by bioluminescence in the deep ocean, and the spectral quality of light at dawn and dusk is probably a critical feature in the visual worlds of many shallow-water crustaceans.
    [Show full text]