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Tesis De Yuniel Méndez Martínez Programa de Estudios de Posgrado REQUERIMIENTOS DE PROTEÍNA Y ENERGÍA EN JUVENILES DE LANGOSTINO DE RÍO Macrobrachium americanum (Bate, 1868) TESIS Que para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Uso, Manejo y Preservación de los Recursos Naturales (Orientación en Acuicultura) P r e s e n t a Yuniel Méndez Martínez La Paz, Baja California Sur, marzo 2017. Comité Tutorial Dr. Edilmar Cortés Jacinto Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C Director de Tesis Dra. María Concepción Lora Vilchis Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C Co-tutor Dra. Guadalupe Fabiola Arcos Ortega Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C Co-tutor Dr. Luis Rafael Martínez Córdova Universidad de Sonora Co-tutor Dr. Marcelo Ulises García Guerrero Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Oaxaca-IPN Co-tutor Comité Revisor de Tesis Dr. Edilmar Cortés Jacinto Dra. María Concepción Lora Vilchis Dra. Guadalupe Fabiola Arcos Ortega Dr. Luis Rafael Martínez Córdova Dr. Marcelo Ulises García Guerrero Jurado de Examen Dr. Edilmar Cortés Jacinto Dra. María Concepción Lora Vilchis Dra. Guadalupe Fabiola Arcos Ortega Dr. Luis Rafael Martínez Córdova Dr. Marcelo Ulises García Guerrero Suplentes Dr. Stig Yamasaki Granados Dr. Ángel Isidro Campa Córdova ACTA DE LIBERACIÓN DE TESIS En la Ciudad de La Paz, B. C. S., siendo las 10:00 horas del día 10 del Mes de febrero del 2017, se procedió por los abajo firmantes, miembros de la Comisión Revisora de Tesis avalada por la Dirección de Estudios de Posgrado y Formación de Recursos Humanos del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C., a liberar la Tesis de Grado titulada: "Requerimientos de proteína y energía en juveniles de langostino de río Macrobrachium americanum (Bate, 1868)" Presentada por el alumno: Yuniel Méndez Martínez Aspirante al Grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS EN EL USO, MANEJO Y PRESERVACIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES CON ORIENTACIÓN EN ACUICULTURA Después de intercambiar opiniones los miembros de la Comisión manifestaron su APROBACIÓN DE LA TESIS, en virtud de que satisface los requisitos señalados por las disposiciones reglamentarias vigentes. LA COMISIÓN REVISORA Dr. Edilmar Cortés Jacinto Dra. María Concepción Lora Vilchis Director de Tesis Co-Tutor Dra. Guadalupe Fabiola Arcos Ortega Dr.Luis Rafael Martínez Córdova Co-Tutor Co-Tutor Dr. Marcelo Ulises García Guerrero Co-Tutor Dra. Norma Yolanda Hernández Saavedra, Directora de Estudios de Posgrado y Formación de Recursos Humanos i Dedicatoria A mi querida madre Virgen Martínez, por su gran corazón, por el cariño y apoyo que me ha brindado para alcanzar sueños. A mi amada esposa Silvia Rivas, que siempre confió en mí y me estimuló en los momentos más difíciles. ii Agradecimientos La confección de este epígrafe no es puro formalismo, pues siempre en el corazón existe un espacio reservado, donde se encuentra la huella del que da su ayuda con amor y cariño sin esperar nada a cambio, a ellos mi sincero respeto. Al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR) por permitirme realizar mis estudios de Doctorado en sus instalaciones. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por la beca 2021420084 y apoyo financiero otorgados para la realización de la presente investigación (proyecto: CONACYT CB2010/156252 y CIBNOR AC0.8), sin lo cual no hubiera sido posible. Un agradecimiento muy especial a mi director de tesis, Dr. Edilmar Cortés Jacinto por su apoyo, conocimientos, optimismo y paciencia al guiarme durante la presente investigación científica. Mi más sincero agradecimiento a los miembros del comité tutorial y de revisión de tesis, por su valioso tiempo, apoyo, asesoramiento, interés y enseñanza, para mejorar la calidad de los artículos científicos, y del presente manuscrito de tesis, Dra. Guadalupe Fabiola Arcos Ortega, Dra. María Concepción Lora, Dr. Luis Rafael Martínez y Dr. Marcelo Ulises García. Al Comité de Evaluación Pre-Doctoral, quienes hicieron una crítica constructiva al trabajo de tesis en desarrollo. Al Dr. Stig Yamasaki Granados, por su apoyo incondicional durante la investigación, y por sus consejos. A todo el personal técnico de los laboratorios que intervinieron apoyando en las evaluaciones y análisis realizados mi sincero agradecimiento, del CIBNOR: Pablo Monsalvo y Gabriel Robles (Aclimatación de organismos), Ernesto Goitortua (Nutrición), Dolores Rondero (Bromatología) y Roberto Herrera (Bioquímica Fisiológica), Sandra de la Paz (Cultivo de organismos), Adriana Greene, Gabriela Mendoza, Julian Garzon (Cultivo de microalgas), Carmen Rodríguez, Eulalia Mesa iii (Histología) así como a Marta E. Rivas y Anselmo Miranda de la Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Unidad Académica Navojoa por análisis de perfil de aminoácidos. Por la edición de las publicaciones y conocimientos compartidos, mi gratitud y respeto a los editores Diana Dorantes, Ira Fogel y Ingrid Mascher Gramlich. Al Dr. Juan José Reyes Pérez, por brindarme su sincera amistad, y sabios consejos. A los compañeros y amigos de mi generación del programa de posgrado del CIBNOR, por brindarme su amistad y compartir buenos y malos momentos. Al personal de posgrado y la biblioteca por todo su apoyo, Dra. Norma Hernández, Lic. Osvelia Ibarra, Lic. Claudia Olachea, Lic. Leticia Rubio, Tania Nuñez y Lic. Horacio Sandoval, Lic.Maria Esther Ojeda, Susana Luna, Lic. Ana Maria Talamantes, Elizabeth Sanchez. A mis compañeros y amigos cubanos del programa de posgrado, Daulemis Batista, Yuneisi Agüero, Carlos M. Ojeda e Idael Ruiz. A todos los que han publicado investigaciones relacionadas al tema de tesis, lo cual ha contribuido en el conocimiento adquirido para poder generar el presente producto científico. A mis compañeros y colaboradores Maritza Soberanes, Yeshua Martínez, Esmeralda Posos, Cesar Flores, Paulino Cruz y Juan Carlos. A un ser muy especial: Mi esposa Silvia Rivas por su bondad y apoyarme e involucrándose directa e indirectamente en la investigación. A mi familia por siempre alentarme y apoyarme a luchar por mis sueños y metas. A Dios por haberme dado la vida y este privilegio. A todos los que brindaron su ayuda para la realización de este trabajo: Muchas gracias!! iv Resumen El langostino de río Macrobrachium americanum, ha despertado el interés, debido a sus características biológicas y a la necesidad de considerar especies alternativas para la acuicultura. Uno de los principales obstáculos que dificulta su tecnología de producción, es la falta de conocimiento y estudios en el cultivo larvario y juvenil en los aspectos nutricionales, pues aún no se conocen los requerimientos de proteína y energía. Así pues, la presente investigación busca generar conocimientos y resultados útiles sobre el uso de dietas formuladas para el langostino de rio M. americanum. Se realizaron tres experimentos. Las larvas y juveniles de M. americanum empleados fueron obtenidos en condiciones de laboratorio a partir del desove de hembras silvestres. El Experimento I, consistió en evaluar el efecto del valor nutricional de nauplios de Artemia enriquecida con microalgas sobre el crecimiento y supervivencia en larvas de langostino. Se emplearon tres dietas diferentes, consistentes en nauplio de Artemia (D1), metanauplios I Artemia enriquecida con Tetraselmis suecica (D2) y metanauplios I Artemia enriquecida con Chaetoceros calcitrans (D3). Las larvas de langostinos alimentadas con la dieta D3 alcanzaron la mayor supervivencia, crecimiento y tasa de crecimiento, siendo la más efectiva de las tres dietas en estas condiciones experimentales. En el Experimento II, se determinó el efecto de cuatro concentraciones de proteína cruda 30.7, 37.2, 41.8 y 46.8% en dieta, sobre la respuesta productiva, composición proximal y aminoacídica corporal de juveniles de M. americanum. Langostinos alimentados con 37.2% de proteína cruda alcanzaron un peso final de 0.58 g (factor de conversión alimenticia de 2.15), que fue significativamente mejor. La supervivencia fue del 100% en todos los tratamientos. El contenido de proteína en las dietas tuvo efecto significativo en la composición proximal y el perfil de aminoácidos del cuerpo entero. Se ajustó la tasa de crecimiento a la línea discontinua de dos pendientes y estos resultados demostraron que la dieta a base de proteínas al 37.2% es óptima para juvenil de M. americanum. En el Experimento III, se evaluó el efecto de niveles de proteína (35 y 40%) y lípidos (6, 10 y 14 %) en dieta con arreglo factorial (3×2) para seis relaciones proteína/energía: 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 y 22 mg PC kj-¹ g-¹, sobre variables productivas, nutricionales, histológicas y bioquímicas de juveniles de langostino de río. Los indicadores productivos y nutricionales fueron significativamente influenciados por la relación P/E, sin embargo no se encontró diferencia en la variable supervivencia. La actividad enzimática fue estadísticamente comparable entre diferentes relaciones P/E. La actividad proteasa total aumentó significativamente con el aumento de la proteína dietética. La histología del hepatopáncreas para una relación P/E 18:1, 19:1 y 22:1 fue normal, con los túbulos bien dispuestos. Diferentes tipos de células en estos grupos fueron identificados, uniformes en forma y tamaño. Las concentraciones de colesterol total y de glucosa en la hemolinfa se vieron afectadas significativamente por las diferentes relaciones de P/E y los niveles de lípidos. Estos resultados demuestran que la dieta que contiene un nivel de proteína 35% y lípidos de 10% con relación P/E de 18 mg PC kJ-1 g-¹ mostró tendencia a ser óptima para los juveniles. Palabras claves: Dietas, crecimiento, composición química, sistema digestivo, langostino de río. Vo Bo.____________________ Dr. Edilmar Cortés Jacinto v Abstract The cauque river prawn, M. americanum has aroused the interest due biological characteristics and the need to consider alternative species for aquaculture. One of the main obstacles from the production technology of M. americanum is the deficiency of knowledge and studies in nutritional aspects in larval and juvenile. In M. americanum do not yet known the requirements of protein and energy. Thus, this research proposal seeks to generate knowledge and useful results on the use of diets formulated for the M.
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