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The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization The Abdus Salam Then International Centre for Theoretical Physics and International Atomic Now Energy Agency Then and Design APG Trieste - Stampa Graphart snc Now The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Strada Costiera 11 34014 Trieste Italy Phone +39 0402240111 Fax +39 040224163 [email protected] www.ictp.it Then and Now Our Scientific La "firma" Banner: della W The "Track" of Un'immagine ormai entrata nei libri the W Particle di fisica. La freccia in alto a destra indica la traccia lasciata dal The red arrow (right) points to the decadimento del bosone W in un "track" generated by the decaying rivelatore di particelle al CERN di W boson in a particle detector at Ginevra, il centro europeo per la CERN, the European centre for high fisica delle alte energie. L'immagine energy physics in Geneva, elettronica è stata ottenuta nel Switzerland. This computer image, 1983 dall'équipe di Carlo Rubbia detected in 1983 by a team headed facendo scontrare fasci di protoni by Carlo Rubbia, shows colliding e di antiprotoni nell'anello proton and antiproton beams in the sotterraneo dell'SPS underground SPS (Super Proton (Superprotosincrotrone), allora il Synchrotron) ring, then the largest più grande acceleratore di particle accelerator in the world. particelle esistente al mondo. Discovery of the W particle (and La scoperta della particella W (e subsequently the Z particle) successivamente della Z) confirmed Abdus Salam's theory of rappresentò la conferma its existence, which unified two of sperimentale della teoria di Abdus the four fundamental forces of Salam, che al Centro internazionale nature—the electromagnetic force di fisica teorica di Trieste ne aveva that drives electrically charged ipotizzato l'esistenza per unificare particles, and the weak nuclear due delle quattro forze force operating within the atomic fondamentali della natura: la forza nucleus. elettromagnetica, che agisce tra The Nobel Prize for Physics awarded particelle elettricamente cariche, to Salam in 1979 and later to Rubbia e la forza nucleare debole, che in 1984 confirmed the importance agisce all'interno del nucleo of the discovery. For this reason, atomico. we have made the "track" of the W Il premio Nobel per la fisica boson the "scientific banner" of assegnato prima a Salam (nel 1979) this publication, which is based on e poi a Rubbia (nel 1984) confermò a series of posters now on l'importanza di una scoperta che permanent display at the ICTP ha rappresentato un passo decisivo Main Building. nella comprensione dei fenomeni del microcosmo e del macrocosmo. Per questo la "firma" della W può ben costituire il "manifesto scientifico" di questa pubblicazione dedicata alla storia dell'ICTP, che deriva da una serie di poster ora esposti permanentemente al Main Building del Centro. © CERN Geneva Then and Now "Scientific thought is our common heritage." This Since 1985, ICTP has awarded the Dirac Medal to 40 Years at the sentiment, often expressed by ICTP's founder and some of the world's most eminent theoretical Abdus Salam long-time director, Abdus Salam, has inspired the physicists. The Centre also awards the ICTP Prize, International Centre Centre since its inception in 1964. ICO (International Commission for Optics) /ICTP Award, Prizes for Leadership in Science and Public for Theoretical Physics Created during the Cold War in the heart of Europe, Life (funded by the Templeton Foundation), and (ICTP) a continent separated by the iron curtain, ICTP the Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians provided a rare line of communication between from Developing Countries (funded by the Niels scientists from the East and West. Henrik Abel Memorial Fund). Later, ICTP emerged as a focal point of co-operation ICTP places two fundamental support services at between the North and South, aiming to help the disposal of its scientists. The Centre's library— scientists from developing countries overcome their containing 60,000 volumes, 650 print subscriptions isolation and contribute to state-of-the-art research to journals, and electronic access to nearly 3000 in physics and mathematics. journals—offers visitors one of the largest collections of literature in physical and mathematical sciences ICTP now welcomes about 6000 scientists each year in Europe. The ICTP computing section, meanwhile, to its campus, which is located on the coast of the is connected to ever-expanding global computer Adriatic Sea seven kilometers from downtown networks. Trieste. Of the 100,000 scientists (from 170 countries and 45 international organizations) who have ICTP is funded largely through generous participated in Centre activities since 1964, about contributions made by the Italian government, 70 percent have come from Asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe. Over the past six which has served as the ICTP's chief benefactor years, the number of women participating in ICTP since the Centre's inception. ICTP operates under activities has increased steadily and now stands at a joint administrative framework established by 20 percent. the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Each year the Centre organizes about 40 schools, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). UNESCO conferences and workshops on subjects ranging takes the lead in this relationship. from elementary particle physics to cosmology, condensed matter physics to material science, The purpose of this presentation is to provide a mathematics to computational physics, and brief look at the Centre, whose past and present geophysics to climatology. Centre-sponsored has been intimately linked to Trieste and its activities are also organized in developing countries. scientific and cultural institutions. Then and Now "Il pensiero scientifico è il patrimonio che abbiamo Dal 1985 l'ICTP assegna annualmente la Medaglia I 40 anni del in comune". Questa convinzione, che Abdus Salam Dirac, riservata a fisici teorici che hanno conquistato Centro internazionale amava spesso esprimere, riflette lo spirito che ha un largo prestigio a livello internazionale. Altri guidato l'azione del Centro internazionale di fisica riconoscimenti assegnati dal Centro sono l'ICTP di fisica teorica teorica di Trieste fin dalla sua fondazione nel 1964. Prize, l'ICO/ICTP Prize (in collaborazione con l'ICO, "Abdus Salam" (ICTP) Nato negli anni della guerra fredda, nel cuore di la Commissione internazionale per l'ottica), i Prizes un'Europa divisa dalla cortina di ferro, l'ICTP fu for Leadership in Science and Public Life (finanziati all'inizio uno dei rari canali di comunicazione tra dalla Templeton Foundation) e il Ramanujan Prize scienziati dell'Est e dell'Ovest. Successivamente for Young Mathematicians from Developing l'ICTP è diventato un punto focale nella Countries, finanziato dal Niels Henrik Abel Memorial collaborazione tra Nord e Sud del mondo, con Fund. l'obiettivo di aiutare gli scienziati dei Paesi in via di sviluppo a superare il loro isolamento culturale, Due sono gli strumenti fondamentali che l'ICTP contribuendo alla ricerca di punta in numerosi mette a disposizione degli scienziati. Il primo è settori della fisica e della matematica. rappresentato dalla biblioteca, che con 60.000 volumi, 650 riviste in abbonamento e l'accesso Alcune cifre danno l'idea della dimensione elettronico ad altre 3000 pubblicazioni rappresenta internazionale in cui opera il Centro. Ogni anno la più vasta raccolta di letteratura specialistica l'ICTP accoglie nel suo campus circa 6000 scienziati. nelle scienze fisiche e matematiche disponibile in Dei 100.000 ricercatori che hanno partecipato alle Europa. Il secondo strumento è il suo centro di sue attività dal 1964 a oggi (appartenenti a 170 calcolo, collegato alle reti informatiche globali. nazioni e a 45 organizzazioni internazionali), il 70 per cento proviene dall'Asia, dall'Africa, dall'America Generosamente finanziato dal governo italiano fin Latina, dall'Europa orientale. Nel corso degli ultimi dalla sua nascita, l'ICTP opera nell'ambito di un sei anni, il numero delle donne che hanno preso accordo tripartito con due agenzie dell'ONU: parte alle attività dell'ICTP è progressivamente l'UNESCO (l'Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per aumentato fino ad attestarsi al 20 per cento. l'educazione, la scienza e la cultura) e l'IAEA (l'Agenzia internazionale per l'energia atomica). Ogni anno Il Centro organizza circa 40 tra scuole, All'UNESCO spetta la responsabilità amministrativa conferenze e corsi in settori che vanno dalla fisica del Centro. delle particelle elementari alla cosmologia, dalla fisica della materia condensata alla scienza dei L'intento di questa pubblicazione è quello di offrire materiali, dalla matematica alla fisica una rapida carrellata della storia dell'ICTP. Una computazionale, dalla geofisica alla climatologia. storia che si intreccia intimamente con quella della Alcuni corsi vengono organizzati direttamente in città di Trieste e delle sue istituzioni scientifiche Paesi del Terzo Mondo. e culturali. ICTP Today L'ICTP oggi The Abdus Salam International Il Centro internazionale di fisica Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) teorica "Abdus Salam" è uno dei has served as a global crossroads principali crocevia della scienza e for the exchange of scientific un punto di riferimento unico a research in the fields of theoretical livello mondiale per physics and mathematics. It has also l'addestramento dei giovani provided a unique forum for the ricercatori dei Paesi in via di training
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