Timeline08.Pdf

located in Trieste, Italy, is a unique The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), scientific institution. Dedicated to both research and training, the Centre has earned an international reputation for its contributions to the advancement of science in the developing world. Over the past four decades approximately 100,000 scientists have visited the Centre to participate in its training and research activities. In addition, ICTP's research staff have made significant contributions to a variety of subjects in high energy physics, condensed matter physics and mathematics. More recently, the Centre has extended its research efforts to fields such as the physics of weather and climate, seismology, statistical physics and complex systems, and a variety of areas in applied physics. What follows is a historical timeline of critical events that have shaped ICTP's past accomplishments and created a strong foundation for future success.

• June - University of Trieste's • February - Citizens' Committee physics faculty holds Symposium on asks Italian government to nominate  Elementary Particle Interactions in  Trieste as Italy’s candidate to serve  the Castelletto ("small castle") in as the ‘seat’ of the proposed Miramare Park less than 10 kilometres from downtown international centre. Trieste’s mayor, Trieste. Abdus Salam invited to attend, marking first Mario Franzil, formed the committee, which consisted of • April - Sigvard Eklund, IAEA face-to-face meeting between him and Trieste's physics prominent citizens in government, commerce, education Director General, convenes community. Daniele Amati, Luciano Bertocchi, Paolo and industry, to promote city's efforts to host centre. panel of experts to devise Budinich, Nicolò Dallaporta, Giuseppe Furlan and Claudio framework for Villi—individuals who will become instrumental to the • March - Italian Government submits candidacy of institution-to-be. success and long-term growth of ICTP—participate Trieste to IAEA. in event. Sterling Cole, IAEA Director General, convenes panel of experts to discuss feasibility of • June - IAEA accepts Italian offer. Other candidates creating international centre are Austria, Denmark, Pakistan and Turkey. for theoretical physics. Panel recommends creation of such •  October - Italian government and IAEA sign a centre. agreement "concerning the establishment of an Paolo Budinich, a physicist at international centre for theoretical physics at Trieste." University of Trieste, is an observer to panel. He later serves as ICTP's Deputy Director (1964-1978).

• July - IAEA International Seminar • August - Participants—among them, Abdus Salam— on Theoretical Physics held in Trieste. at the Tenth Annual International Conference on High  Energy Physics in Rochester, New York (USA), discuss possibility of creating an international centre for theoretical physics to promote collaboration among physicists from East and West.

• September - As a member of Pakistani delegation to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Abdus Salam calls for creation of international physics centre at IAEA's Fourth • September - IAEA's General Conference and Board General Conference in of Governors endorse creation of international centre for Vienna, Austria. Many theoretical physics and request financial assistance from developing countries IAEA member states. support proposal.

timeline timeline • ICTP/TWAS Donation Programme • ICTP agrees to host a three-year programme in Ecological • Ford Foundation provides financial • First UNDP-sponsored course in launches eJournals Delivery Service and Environmental Economics, jointly managed with the assistance to associates and federation applied mathematics, Global Analysis offering scientists from developing Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, agreements. Funding continues and Its Applications, held.  world's most impoverished Sweden, and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Italy.    countries free electronic access to until 1973. Directed by James Eells and Initiative launched at Trieste University with Nobel E. Christopher Zeeman. the most current scientific • Solid state physics added to research and training Laureate Kenneth Arrow in attendance. • Scientific Council, chaired by literature. curriculum. • On occasion of Paul A.M. Dirac's 70th birthday, Centre Mexican-born physicist Manuel hosts Symposium on Physicist's Conception of Nature, Sandoval Vallarta, meets at IAEA •  December - IAEA and Italian Government sign attended by several Nobel Laureates. (28-29 May) and ICTP "seat" agreement, formalising the location of ICTP (13 September). Vallarta holds secretariat in Trieste. post until 1970. •  October - ICTP celebrates UN Day for first time, • Associateship Scheme Trieste Mayor Roberto Dipiazza is in attendance. established. Centre employees who have worked for UN for more • ICTP offices move to new (Main) than 20 years honoured. building near Miramare Park. To  celebrate event, Symposium on •  June - Minister of Contemporary Physics is held in June. • Adriatico Guesthouse Lower Level 1 refurbished. Scientific Research Carlo More than 300 physicists attend, Meeting rooms named in honour of Alfred Kastler and Arnaudi lays Main including Nobel Laureates Hans A. Bethe, Francis H.C. Crick, Stig Lundqvist. Informatics laboratory named in honour Building's cornerstone. Paul A.M. Dirac, Werner Heisenberg and Eugene P. Wigner. of Sigvard Eklund.

•  June - President of Mongolia, Natsagyn • May - ICTP • Atomic, molecular and laser physics Bagabandi, visits ICTP. Director Miguel •  October - ICTP introduced into curriculum. Virasoro retires. officially inaugurated with  Alfred Kastler directs first course. Erio Tosatti programmes in plasma, high appointed Acting energy and nuclear physics. Director. Offices temporarily housed at 6, Piazza Oberdan in centre of Trieste. • Mario P. Tosi and Erio Tosatti, • ICTP and Sincrotrone Trieste S.p.A. sign agreement  University of Trieste, giving scientists from developing world access to new form core of beamline at Elettra synchrotron light laboratory in Trieste. permanent research group in Condensed Matter Physics. • Ad-Hoc Committee, chaired by Léon • Lê Dung Tráng appointed Van Hove, recommends biophysics and head of the Mathematics earth sciences be added to curriculum and computing Research Group. • Ad-Hoc Committee, chaired by facilities be made readily accessible. Dutch physicist Hendrik B.G. Casimir,  assesses ICTP's impact. Daniele Amati, future director of International School • 15th Anniversary Meeting of Dirac Medallists. for Advanced Studies (SISSA), serves on committee, which recommends ICTP research and • First course on physics of environment training activities be expanded to include mathematics held: Physics of Oceans and and condensed matter physics.  Atmosphere, directed by • Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) Sir George Deacon.  begins its support of associates programme. • November - Indian-born US •  June - Laying of cornerstone citizen Katepalli R. of Galileo Guesthouse. Sreenivasan • - UNESCO joins IAEA  appointed new  January Director of ICTP. as full partner in management  of ICTP. 

•  February - Philippe Busquin, European Union's • Vladimir Kravtsov Commissioner for Research, visits ICTP to discuss ways appointed head of Condensed EU and ICTP could work together to promote scientific Matter Physics Group. cooperation between developing countries and Europe.

• New research activity • Federation Scheme launched. in Statistical Physics and Complex Systems  • Research group in plasma established in Condensed  physics, headed by Matter Physics Group. Boris B. Kadomtsev, Headed by • More than 100 Pakistani • January - K.R. Sreenivasan begins tenure as Director Marshall N. Rosenbluth and Riccardo Zecchina. alumni of ICTP form ICTP- and is appointed "Abdus Salam Professor". To ensure William B. Thompson, Pakistan Chapter. smooth transition, Erio Tosatti continues as Acting Deputy organised. Director until June. • Abdus Salam shares Nobel Prize in physics with Sheldon Glashow and  Steven Weinberg for their work on • Research group in Fluid Dynamics created. the theoretical unification of • Refurbished cafeteria and Cryogenic turbulence laboratory established at electromagnetic and weak forces. • - Italian government announces it will increase May bar at Adriatico Guesthouse Elettra Synchrotron Light Laboratory, annual contribution to ICTP from 26 to 36 billion lire • United Nations Development opened. Area Science Park, Trieste. (US$18 million). More than 12 new scientific posts in  Programme (UNDP), through UNESCO, condensed matter physics, high energy physics, contributes to activities in condensed mathematics, and physics of weather and climate are matter physics and establishment of programmes in created. applied mathematics. Funding continues until 1978. • Academic year 1965-1966. • Mathematics added to curriculum. • IAEA's Department of • Seminar Course on Computing as a • Refurbishing and classroom Technical Cooperation Language of Physics, organised in co- expansion of Adriatico partners with ICTP's Office of operation with CERN, marking beginning Guesthouse's Lower Level 1 External Activities in creation • First course on theoretical nuclear of applied physics at Centre. completed. Meeting room of Sandwich Training physics, directed by Amos de-Shalit named in honour of Educational Programme and Claudio Villi, takes place. • Nobel Laureate Alfred Kastler succeeds Juan José Giambiagi, one of  (STEP). Gallieno Denardo and Manuel Sandoval Vallarta as chair of • Jerzy Sawicki assembles research ICTP's first Associate Members Daniele Treleani share Scientific Council. Kastler remains in group in nuclear physics. and member of the Scientific responsibility for this effort. post until 1982. Council 1987-1995. timeline timeline • ICTP launches series of Colleges • Dirac Medal of • Yu Lu appointed • Enrico Fermi on Microprocessors, organised the ICTP head of Condensed Building opens.  in co-operation with CERN.  established. Yakov   Matter Physics   Giorgio Salvini, Zeldovich (USSR) Group. He joined Minister of and Edward Witten ICTP in 1986. Scientific and (USA) first recipients. • Abdus Salam • - Technological Research, cuts • Offices, including Library, move to new wing of Main  February proposes creation Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, ceremonial ribbon. • Additional funding Building. of International President of Italy, visits from Italian government Centre for Sciences • GianCarlo Ghirardi appointed head of ICTP. leads to creation of (ICS). Associates and Federation Agreement Office of External • India-ICTP Chapter in New Delhi organized. United Nations Industrial Development Organization programmes. Activities, headed by Jan Nilsson.  (UNIDO) initiates feasibility study. Panel composed of • Trieste Conference on Scientific (from left) Karl Alex Müller, Giorgio Rosso Cicogna, Abdus Cooperation with Eastern Europe examines • J. Robert Schrieffer Salam, Klaus von Klitzing and Kai Siegbahn. appointed chair of ICTP • Galileo Guesthouse • - prospects for East-West cooperation following collapse  July Scientific Council. opens. UN Secretary General, • ICTP hosts first Edward Bouchet International Conference of Soviet Union. on Physics and Technology, organised by Afro-American Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, • Laboratory for Lasers and physicists in honour of Edward Alexander Bouchet, first visits ICTP to participate Optical Fibres, headed by black American physicist. in Conference on South- Gallieno Denardo, begins • Ad-Hoc Consultative South and South-North research and training activities. • Scientific Council creates ICTP Prize to honour promising Committee, chaired by Cooperation in Sciences, International Centre for Science • November - Memorial meeting held in honour of young scientists from developing countries for Praveen Chaudhari, marking official and High Technology (ICS), Abdus Salam. Centre renamed The Abdus Salam achievements in physics and mathematics. First recipient calls for ICTP to expand inauguration of Area Science Park, International Centre for Theoretical Physics. Rexhep is Ganapathy Baskaran (India) in 1983. research and training Third World Academy of Sciences located in Trieste, assumes responsibility for Mejdani, president of Albania and a • First course on biophysics held, directed by Sergio activities to statistical (TWAS). Abdus Salam is Academy's laboratory in 1996. theoretical physicist who had Mascarenhas and Obaid Siddiqi. founding President. physics. participated in several ICTP activities, • Plasma Physics Research Group established. Mohamed H.A. Hassan serves as • Central computing is among those in attendance. Swadesh Mahajan is appointed group head. Executive Secretary. facility interconnected with high-speed link. UNIX-based Group remains in • Discussions begin for transferring servers and in-house scripts enable Centre scientists and operation until 1996. • ICTP's painting competition "Nature ICTP administrative responsibilities staff to fully enter computer age. and Science in Miramare" held, followed from IAEA to UNESCO. • - Members  June by creation of The Centre's Art Gallery. of European Parliament visit ICTP. • ICTP signs agreement with Italian  National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) to jointly operate • Conference on Role of • Abdus Salam resigns as Director Microprocessors Laboratory under Women in the • Symposium on Frontiers in and is appointed President of ICTP. • Grant from Department for sponsorship of UN University. Development of Science Condensed Matter Physics, in Luciano Bertocchi named Acting Co-operation to Development  Alberto Colavita heads group. and Technology in Third honour of Stig Lundqvist, Director. of Italian Ministry of Foreign organised. Five Nobel Laureates • Chapter leaders of Society for International Development World organised by • ICTP modifies rules for Associates Affairs launches programme for participate. • Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi heads High (SID) hold meeting at ICTP. TWAS, setting stage for Scheme and creates new category Training and Research at Italian creation of Third World Energy Physics Group. He joined ICTP of participation: Young Associate. Laboratories (TRIL), headed by • Trieste Conference on as research scientist in 1987.  • ICTP Arab Friends Organization for Women Cooperation in Science, High Technology and Environment Giuseppe Furlan. Society (SARF) holds Scientists (TWOWS) in between North and South Mediterranean Countries its first Inter-Arab Trieste. • Ad-Hoc Committee, chaired by Paul T. Matthews, calls convened. • Group of Physics of for Centre to organise activities in developing countries. Symposium on Weather and Climate Status of Physical • Subodh Shenoy replaces Vijay Kumar established. Headed • Luciano Bertocchi, professor of physics at University of and Mathematical • Construction of new as coordinator of Diploma Course in by Filippo Giorgi. Trieste, officially appointed Deputy Director. Sciences in Arab administrative (Enrico Condensed Matter Physics. His association with ICTP dates back to 1960s. World at Centre. Fermi) building begins. • Swedish-born physicist Stig Olof Lundqvist becomes chair of First Staff Scientific Council, a post he holds  Associates • Library begins until 1992. • Praveen Chaudhari appointed chair • ICTP begins renting Adriatico Guesthouse. appointed. automation. Full of Scientific Council. Julian Chela-Flores (biophysics) on-line search is among them. facility installed. • Diploma Course in High • Stig Lundqvist organises first series Energy Physics and of Adriatico Research Conferences • Gallieno Denardo appointed head of  Condensed Matter • Faheem Hussain appointed head  to discuss frontier topics in condensed Office of External Activities. Physics launched, of Office of External Activities. matter physics. • Abdus Salam speaks on "Trieste coordinated by Faheem System" at UN headquarters in New Hussain and Vijay Kumar. York. • Mathematics research • Roundtable on Scientific Brain Drain in the Third World group established. • Abdus Salam chairs panel, convened and in Central and Eastern Europe.  James Eells, professor at by UN Secretary General, to discuss • Iranian government's US$3-million bridge loan enables • Hilda Cerdeira appointed head of Warwick University (UK), issues related to peace, development, ICTP/TWAS Donation Programme. ICTP to overcome the greatest cash flow crisis in Centre's • Argentinean physicist is appointed group head. and science and technology. history. Miguel Virasoro appointed He remains in post • Centre hosts series of events ICTP Director. until 1992. •  June - Julius Nyerere, former commemorating 20th anniversary: President of Tanzania and President  ICTP Trieste Commemorative Meeting of South Commission, visits ICTP. on the Next Twenty Years in Plasma • School on Advanced • New activities • New research Physics; International Conference on Techniques in • October - 25th anniversary established in • ICTP project connecting line, Synchrotron Physics for Development; Symposium on State of Physics Computational Physics and celebration attended by Giulio Structure and Nigerian universities to world  Radiation and Mathematics in Africa; and General Assembly of  Related Physics, Conference on Perspectives in Computational Physics Andreotti, Prime Minister of Italy; Nonlinear Dynamics wide web launched. International Union for Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). organised to discuss supercomputers. Hans Blix, IAEA Director General; of the Earth, headed established. and five Nobel Laureates. by Giuliano Francesco Panza, and Headed by Massimo Altarelli,who is Scientific meeting, Frontiers in Laboratory of also Scientific Director of Trieste's Physics, High Technology and Atmospheric Physics Elettra Synchrotron Light Laboratory. • Expansion of Mathematics, examines most significant achievements in and Radiopropagation, • High Temperature Superconductivity Main Building sciences in past quarter century. headed by Sandro Maria Radicella. Laboratory, headed by Francesco Cino • International begins.  Matacotta, established to support Commission for Optics training workshops. Research activities  (ICO)/ICTP Award in • Diploma Course in begin in 1989. Lab remains active Mathematics, field of optics until 1995. coordinated by created. First •  January - recipient is Arbab Ali Charles Chidume, Hans Blix, IAEA's • Carlo Rubbia wins launched. Khan (Pakistan). Nobel Prize for Director General, Physics for his and Federico •  September - discovery of W Mayor-Zaragoza, IAEA's Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, visits ICTP. • Roundtable on Essential Role of Science UNESCO's Director General, attend ceremony marking particle that in Technological Progress and Economic confirms Abdus transfer of ICTP administrative responsibilities from IAEA Development held. to UNESCO. • India's Department Salam's theory. He of Science and • Symposium on Frontiers in Condensed learns of news while Technology signs Matter Physics, celebrating 25 years of at ICTP. • Scientific Computer • ICTP-China chapter established. 5-year agreement to condensed matter physics at ICTP. Section, headed by support annual visits Participants include Nobel Laureates Alvise Nobile, installs of Indian Karl Alex Müller and J. Robert • Books and Equipment Donation Programme a mini-supercomputer. mathematicians and Schrieffer. launched, headed by Hassan Dalafi. •  November - Abdus Salam physicists to • Mudumbai Seshachalu Narasimhan dies in Oxford, UK. He is buried in his participate in Centre appointed head of Mathematics native Pakistan. activities. Research Group.

timeline timeline • ICTP launches series of Colleges • Dirac Medal of • Yu Lu appointed • Enrico Fermi on Microprocessors, organised the ICTP head of Condensed Building opens.  in co-operation with CERN.  established. Yakov   Matter Physics   Giorgio Salvini, Zeldovich (USSR) Group. He joined Minister of and Edward Witten ICTP in 1986. Scientific and (USA) first recipients. • Abdus Salam • - Technological Research, cuts • Offices, including Library, move to new wing of Main  February proposes creation Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, ceremonial ribbon. • Additional funding Building. of International President of Italy, visits from Italian government Centre for Sciences • GianCarlo Ghirardi appointed head of ICTP. leads to creation of (ICS). Associates and Federation Agreement Office of External • India-ICTP Chapter in New Delhi organized. United Nations Industrial Development Organization programmes. Activities, headed by Jan Nilsson.  (UNIDO) initiates feasibility study. Panel composed of • Trieste Conference on Scientific (from left) Karl Alex Müller, Giorgio Rosso Cicogna, Abdus Cooperation with Eastern Europe examines • J. Robert Schrieffer Salam, Klaus von Klitzing and Kai Siegbahn. appointed chair of ICTP • Galileo Guesthouse • - prospects for East-West cooperation following collapse  July Scientific Council. opens. UN Secretary General, • ICTP hosts first Edward Bouchet International Conference of Soviet Union. on Physics and Technology, organised by Afro-American Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, • Laboratory for Lasers and physicists in honour of Edward Alexander Bouchet, first visits ICTP to participate Optical Fibres, headed by black American physicist. in Conference on South- Gallieno Denardo, begins • Ad-Hoc Consultative South and South-North research and training activities. • Scientific Council creates ICTP Prize to honour promising Committee, chaired by Cooperation in Sciences, International Centre for Science • November - Memorial meeting held in honour of young scientists from developing countries for Praveen Chaudhari, marking official and High Technology (ICS), Abdus Salam. Centre renamed The Abdus Salam achievements in physics and mathematics. First recipient calls for ICTP to expand inauguration of Area Science Park, International Centre for Theoretical Physics. Rexhep is Ganapathy Baskaran (India) in 1983. research and training Third World Academy of Sciences located in Trieste, assumes responsibility for Mejdani, president of Albania and a • First course on biophysics held, directed by Sergio activities to statistical (TWAS). Abdus Salam is Academy's laboratory in 1996. theoretical physicist who had Mascarenhas and Obaid Siddiqi. founding President. physics. participated in several ICTP activities, • Plasma Physics Research Group established. Mohamed H.A. Hassan serves as • Central computing is among those in attendance. Swadesh Mahajan is appointed group head. Executive Secretary. facility interconnected with high-speed link. UNIX-based Group remains in • Discussions begin for transferring servers and in-house scripts enable Centre scientists and operation until 1996. • ICTP's painting competition "Nature ICTP administrative responsibilities staff to fully enter computer age. and Science in Miramare" held, followed from IAEA to UNESCO. • - Members  June by creation of The Centre's Art Gallery. of European Parliament visit ICTP. • ICTP signs agreement with Italian  National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) to jointly operate • Conference on Role of • Abdus Salam resigns as Director Microprocessors Laboratory under Women in the • Symposium on Frontiers in and is appointed President of ICTP. • Grant from Department for sponsorship of UN University. Development of Science Condensed Matter Physics, in Luciano Bertocchi named Acting Co-operation to Development  Alberto Colavita heads group. and Technology in Third honour of Stig Lundqvist, Director. of Italian Ministry of Foreign organised. Five Nobel Laureates • Chapter leaders of Society for International Development World organised by • ICTP modifies rules for Associates Affairs launches programme for participate. • Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi heads High (SID) hold meeting at ICTP. TWAS, setting stage for Scheme and creates new category Training and Research at Italian creation of Third World Energy Physics Group. He joined ICTP of participation: Young Associate. Laboratories (TRIL), headed by • Trieste Conference on as research scientist in 1987.  • ICTP Arab Friends Organization for Women Cooperation in Science, High Technology and Environment Giuseppe Furlan. Society (SARF) holds Scientists (TWOWS) in between North and South Mediterranean Countries its first Inter-Arab Trieste. • Ad-Hoc Committee, chaired by Paul T. Matthews, calls convened. • Group of Physics of for Centre to organise activities in developing countries. Symposium on Weather and Climate Status of Physical • Subodh Shenoy replaces Vijay Kumar established. Headed • Luciano Bertocchi, professor of physics at University of and Mathematical • Construction of new as coordinator of Diploma Course in by Filippo Giorgi. Trieste, officially appointed Deputy Director. Sciences in Arab administrative (Enrico Condensed Matter Physics. His association with ICTP dates back to 1960s. World at Centre. Fermi) building begins. • Swedish-born physicist Stig Olof Lundqvist becomes chair of First Staff Scientific Council, a post he holds  Associates • Library begins until 1992. • Praveen Chaudhari appointed chair • ICTP begins renting Adriatico Guesthouse. appointed. automation. Full of Scientific Council. Julian Chela-Flores (biophysics) on-line search is among them. facility installed. • Diploma Course in High • Stig Lundqvist organises first series Energy Physics and of Adriatico Research Conferences • Gallieno Denardo appointed head of  Condensed Matter • Faheem Hussain appointed head  to discuss frontier topics in condensed Office of External Activities. Physics launched, of Office of External Activities. matter physics. • Abdus Salam speaks on "Trieste coordinated by Faheem System" at UN headquarters in New Hussain and Vijay Kumar. York. • Mathematics research • Roundtable on Scientific Brain Drain in the Third World group established. • Abdus Salam chairs panel, convened and in Central and Eastern Europe.  James Eells, professor at by UN Secretary General, to discuss • Iranian government's US$3-million bridge loan enables • Hilda Cerdeira appointed head of Warwick University (UK), issues related to peace, development, ICTP/TWAS Donation Programme. ICTP to overcome the greatest cash flow crisis in Centre's • Argentinean physicist is appointed group head. and science and technology. history. Miguel Virasoro appointed He remains in post • Centre hosts series of events ICTP Director. until 1992. •  June - Julius Nyerere, former commemorating 20th anniversary: President of Tanzania and President  ICTP Trieste Commemorative Meeting of South Commission, visits ICTP. on the Next Twenty Years in Plasma • School on Advanced • New activities • New research Physics; International Conference on Techniques in • October - 25th anniversary established in • ICTP project connecting line, Synchrotron Physics for Development; Symposium on State of Physics Computational Physics and celebration attended by Giulio Structure and Nigerian universities to world  Radiation and Mathematics in Africa; and General Assembly of  Related Physics, Conference on Perspectives in Computational Physics Andreotti, Prime Minister of Italy; Nonlinear Dynamics wide web launched. International Union for Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). organised to discuss supercomputers. Hans Blix, IAEA Director General; of the Earth, headed established. and five Nobel Laureates. by Giuliano Francesco Panza, and Headed by Massimo Altarelli,who is Scientific meeting, Frontiers in Laboratory of also Scientific Director of Trieste's Physics, High Technology and Atmospheric Physics Elettra Synchrotron Light Laboratory. • Expansion of Mathematics, examines most significant achievements in and Radiopropagation, • High Temperature Superconductivity Main Building sciences in past quarter century. headed by Sandro Maria Radicella. Laboratory, headed by Francesco Cino • International begins.  Matacotta, established to support Commission for Optics training workshops. Research activities  (ICO)/ICTP Award in • Diploma Course in begin in 1989. Lab remains active Mathematics, field of optics until 1995. coordinated by created. First •  January - recipient is Arbab Ali Charles Chidume, Hans Blix, IAEA's • Carlo Rubbia wins launched. Khan (Pakistan). Nobel Prize for Director General, Physics for his and Federico •  September - discovery of W Mayor-Zaragoza, IAEA's Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, visits ICTP. • Roundtable on Essential Role of Science UNESCO's Director General, attend ceremony marking particle that in Technological Progress and Economic confirms Abdus transfer of ICTP administrative responsibilities from IAEA Development held. to UNESCO. • India's Department Salam's theory. He of Science and • Symposium on Frontiers in Condensed learns of news while Technology signs Matter Physics, celebrating 25 years of at ICTP. • Scientific Computer • ICTP-China chapter established. 5-year agreement to condensed matter physics at ICTP. Section, headed by support annual visits Participants include Nobel Laureates Alvise Nobile, installs of Indian Karl Alex Müller and J. Robert • Books and Equipment Donation Programme a mini-supercomputer. mathematicians and Schrieffer. launched, headed by Hassan Dalafi. •  November - Abdus Salam physicists to • Mudumbai Seshachalu Narasimhan dies in Oxford, UK. He is buried in his participate in Centre appointed head of Mathematics native Pakistan. activities. Research Group. timeline timeline • ICTP/TWAS Donation Programme • ICTP agrees to host a three-year programme in Ecological • Ford Foundation provides financial • First UNDP-sponsored course in launches eJournals Delivery Service and Environmental Economics, jointly managed with the assistance to associates and federation applied mathematics, Global Analysis offering scientists from developing Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics, agreements. Funding continues and Its Applications, held.  world's most impoverished Sweden, and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Italy.    countries free electronic access to until 1973. Directed by James Eells and Initiative launched at Trieste University with Nobel E. Christopher Zeeman. the most current scientific • Solid state physics added to research and training Laureate Kenneth Arrow in attendance. • Scientific Council, chaired by literature. curriculum. • On occasion of Paul A.M. Dirac's 70th birthday, Centre Mexican-born physicist Manuel hosts Symposium on Physicist's Conception of Nature, Sandoval Vallarta, meets at IAEA •  December - IAEA and Italian Government sign attended by several Nobel Laureates. (28-29 May) and ICTP "seat" agreement, formalising the location of ICTP (13 September). Vallarta holds secretariat in Trieste. post until 1970. •  October - ICTP celebrates UN Day for first time, • Associateship Scheme Trieste Mayor Roberto Dipiazza is in attendance. established. Centre employees who have worked for UN for more • ICTP offices move to new (Main) than 20 years honoured. building near Miramare Park. To  celebrate event, Symposium on •  June - Minister of Contemporary Physics is held in June. • Adriatico Guesthouse Lower Level 1 refurbished. Scientific Research Carlo More than 300 physicists attend, Meeting rooms named in honour of Alfred Kastler and Arnaudi lays Main including Nobel Laureates Hans A. Bethe, Francis H.C. Crick, Stig Lundqvist. Informatics laboratory named in honour Building's cornerstone. Paul A.M. Dirac, Werner Heisenberg and Eugene P. Wigner. of Sigvard Eklund.

timeline timeline located in Trieste, Italy, is a unique The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), scientific institution. Dedicated to both research and training, the Centre has   orld Year of earned an international reputation for W • ICTP organises series of events to celebrate • To celebrate the PHYSICS its contributions to the advancement of science 40th anniversary: Public Lectures from March to October, World Year of Physics, Open Day 18 September, and 40th Anniversary Conference launched by UNESCO, 2005 in the developing world. Over the past four 4-5 October. ICTP agrees to co- sponsor the World decades approximately 100,000 scientists have Conference on Physics visited the Centre to participate in its training • Thirty-four science institutions in Trieste and the and Sustainable surrounding region, including ICTP, sign accord for "greater Development in Durban, • A delegation from Pakistan Atomic Energy South Africa. and research activities. In addition, ICTP's coordination among national and international research Commission, led by Parvez Butt, signs research staff have made significant contributions centres in Trieste and Friuli Venezia Giulia." memorandum of agreement with ICTP that enables 25 Pakistani scientists to visit ICTP • March - ICTP hosts the “Tsunami Physics and to a variety of subjects in high energy physics, every year. Preparedness" workshop. condensed matter physics and mathematics. More recently, the Centre has extended its • September - Lead •  May - authors of the Koichiro Matsuura, research efforts to fields such as the physics of Intergovernmental Panel UNESCO's Director on Climate Change (IPCC) General, visits ICTP. weather and climate, seismology, statistical Working Group 1, physics and complex systems, and a variety of focusing on physical sciences, meet at ICTP areas in applied physics. What follows is a to kick off IPCC's fourth assessment report. historical timeline of critical events that have Rajendra K. Pachauri, IPCC chair, attends shaped ICTP's past accomplishments and created meeting. a strong foundation for future success. • Hamadoun I. Touré, Director of International • May - University of Telecommunication Union's (ITU) Telecommunication Abomey-Calavi, Benin, Development Bureau (BDT), and ICTP Director K.R. becomes first institute to Sreenivasan sign memorandum of agreement calling on receive computer-based • ICTP agrees to administer five newly-created prizes two institutions to collaborate on initiatives to advance “i-ROOMs," a multimedia funded by the John Templeton Foundation to recognise communication technology in developing countries. kit designed to and assist young scholar-leaders examining the interface electronically link ICTP and between traditional Islamic culture and modern science. the University. ICTP also agrees to administer prize funded by the Niels •  March - Henrik Abel Memorial Fund in memory of the Indian Marcio Barbosa, mathematician, Srinivasa Ramanujan, for young • June - University of Trieste's • February - Citizens' Committee Deputy Director mathematicians from the developing world. physics faculty holds Symposium on asks Italian government to nominate General of  Elementary Particle Interactions in  Trieste as Italy’s candidate to serve  UNESCO, visits the Castelletto ("small castle") in as the ‘seat’ of the proposed ICTP. Miramare Park less than 10 kilometres from downtown international centre. Trieste’s mayor, Trieste. Abdus Salam invited to attend, marking first Mario Franzil, formed the committee, which consisted of • April - Sigvard Eklund, IAEA face-to-face meeting between him and Trieste's physics prominent citizens in government, commerce, education Director General, convenes community. Daniele Amati, Luciano Bertocchi, Paolo and industry, to promote city's efforts to host centre. panel of experts to devise Budinich, Nicolò Dallaporta, Giuseppe Furlan and Claudio framework for • Jacob Palis succeeds Praveen Villi—individuals who will become instrumental to the • March - Italian Government submits candidacy of institution-to-be. Chaudhari as chairperson of ICTP success and long-term growth of ICTP—participate Trieste to IAEA. Scientific Council. New Council members include in event. • - An international group of mathematicians Sterling Cole, IAEA Director Nobel Laureates Kenneth Arrow, June at the ICTP Summer School and Conference on Geometry General, convenes panel of Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and and Topology of 3-Manifolds confirms proof of Poincaré experts to discuss feasibility of • June - IAEA accepts Italian offer. Other candidates Paul J. Crutzen, and Fields creating international centre Conjecture by Russian mathematician Grigori Perelman. are Austria, Denmark, Pakistan and Turkey. Medallist Jean-Christophe for theoretical physics. Panel Yoccoz. recommends creation of such •  October - Italian government and IAEA sign • ICTP and University of Trieste launch two degree- a centre. agreement "concerning the establishment of an granting programmes: a master's programme in physics Paolo Budinich, a physicist at international centre for theoretical physics at Trieste." • Jafar Towfighi Darian, Iranian and a Ph.D programme in environmental fluid mechanics. University of Trieste, is an Minister of Science, Research and observer to panel. He later Technology, signs memorandum of • Claudio Tuniz appointed special Clement Onime appointed acting serves as ICTP's Deputy Director understanding with ICTP calling for • assistant to the Director to help head of Scientific Computer Section, (1964-1978). the creation of two joint strenghten cooperative activities replacing Alvise Nobile. postdoctoral positions in basic with international organisations. physics and mathematics; expansion of existing federation agreement • Following retirement of Hilda between ICTP and Isfahan University Cerdeira, Donation Programme is of Technology; and admission of restructured and renamed Science • July - IAEA International Seminar two Ph.D. students each year in a Dissemination Unit. Emphasis is • August - Participants—among them, Abdus Salam— on Theoretical Physics held in Trieste. 'sandwich' programme funded jointly placed on electronic access to at the Tenth Annual International Conference on High  by ICTP and ministry. scientific literature. Energy Physics in Rochester, New York (USA), discuss • Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi appointed special assistant possibility of creating an international centre for to the Director to serve as "a sounding board for matters • Japanese Government approves US$440,700 grant for theoretical physics to promote collaboration among concerning the interface between the Centre and • November - Mori Fellowship programme, directed by ICTP. The physicists from East and West. developing world." Pius Yasebasi Ng'wandu, programme will fund doctoral and post-doctoral Minister of Science, mathematics and physics students from sub-Saharan Technology and Higher • Franco Molteni Africa. Education of Tanzania, appointed head meets with ICTP officials of the Physics of - 2005 Nobel Prize for Peace awarded to and staff. Discussions • October Weather and the International Atomic Energy Agency and its Director • - focus on ICTP's assistance September Climate Group. General Mohamed ElBaradei. As a member of to sub-Saharan Africa. Pakistani delegation to the International • ICTP launches Open Access Archive to enable scientists Atomic Energy Agency from around the world to post their research findings and (IAEA), Abdus Salam • Djoomart Kaipovich resumes free-of-charge. calls for creation of Otorbaev, Deputy international physics • George Thompson Prime Minister of • Marcelo Viana, Instituto centre at IAEA's Fourth • - IAEA's General Conference and Board appointed Head of Kyrgyzstan, visits ICTP de Matemática Pura e General Conference in September of Governors endorse creation of international centre for to discuss opportunities Aplicada (IMPA), Brazil, Vienna, Austria. Many Office of External theoretical physics and request financial assistance from for collaboration awarded the first-ever developing countries Activities following IAEA member states. between Kyrgyzstan Srinivasa Ramanujan Prize, support proposal. retirement of Faheem Hussain. and ICTP. sponsored by the Niels Henrik Abel Memorial Fund in cooperation with the International Mathematical Union (IMU). The prize is administered by ICTP. timeline timeline located in Trieste, Italy, is a unique • Alexei Smirnov, in the scientific institution. Dedicated to both High Energy section since The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), 1992, is awarded the research and training, the Centre has   2008 J.J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle earned an international reputation for Physics by the American • Sandro Scandolo • May - ICTP promotes and organizes the its contributions to the advancement of science replaces Subodh Shenoy as G8-UNESCO World Forum on ‘Education, Research and Physical Society. the coordinator of the ICTP Innovation: New Partnership for Sustainable Development’ in the developing world. Over the past four Diploma Course in in collaboration with the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs decades approximately 100,000 scientists have Condensed Matter Physics. and UNESCO, attended by 800 participants from 70 Shenoy retired in countries, including the Italian Prime Minister Romano December 2005. Prodi and UNESCO DG Koïchiro Matsuura. Resulting visited the Centre to participate in its training • - ICTP Diploma lectures are automatically recommendations are the establishment of partnership December recorded and archived on the Web through the EyA and research activities. In addition, ICTP's of G8 countries with the developing world and of centres (Enhance your Audience) recording system, developed by of excellence for sustainable development. research staff have made significant contributions • The International Herald Tribune publishes an article the Scientific Dissemination Unit. Physics World reports (Tuesday, 28 February) describing the efforts of ICTP’s about the innovative system in its article "The Video to a variety of subjects in high energy physics, Aeronomy and Radiopropagation Laboratory (ARPL) to Revolution Made Simple". condensed matter physics and mathematics. provide developing countries with low-cost, effective electronic communications through the use of "tin can" • Noah Diffenbaugh, Filippo More recently, the Centre has extended its antennas. Giorgi and Bi Xunqiang research efforts to fields such as the physics of publish "Indicators of 21st Century Socioclimatic weather and climate, seismology, statistical Exposure" in Proceedings of the National Academy of physics and complex systems, and a variety of Sciences, in which they • February - project that "most nations areas in applied physics. What follows is a Adama Dieng, of the world are threatened historical timeline of critical events that have UN Under-Secretary by the interaction of regional General, visits ICTP. • ICTP holds Africa Day, a climatic changes with one shaped ICTP's past accomplishments and created one-day symposium to discuss or more relevant the role that international socioeconomic factors", in a strong foundation for future success. institutions in Trieste can play particular those "nations that have the highest levels of in addressing Africa’s issues. poverty, wealth, and population". The "socioclimatic The booklet ICTP and Africa is impact" of climate change raises a vast echo on the media distributed to the public. throughout the world.

• May - Nicola Cabibbo becomes chairperson of the • July - Benjamin Obi Tayo ICTP Scientific Council, from Cameroon obtains the • Published in  replacing Jacob Palis. degree of Laurea Magistralis in Fisica, a joint programme in • Through its ICTP and... series of booklets, ICTP means • June - University of Trieste's • February - Citizens' Committee higher education between the to summarize the various activities that have been directed physics faculty holds Symposium on asks Italian government to nominate University of Trieste and ICTP. to various regions of the world. ICTP and Latin America  Elementary Particle Interactions in  Trieste as Italy’s candidate to serve  ICTP is also engaged in the ICTP-University of Trieste- is published this year. the Castelletto ("small castle") in as the ‘seat’ of the proposed CNR ISMAR-OGS-OSMER FVG Ph.D. Program in Miramare Park less than 10 kilometres from downtown international centre. Trieste’s mayor, Environmental Fluid Mechanics and the ICTP-University • - Sigvard Eklund, IAEA Trieste. Abdus Salam invited to attend, marking first Mario Franzil, formed the committee, which consisted of April of Trieste Laurea Magistralis in Astrofisica e Fisica Spaziale. face-to-face meeting between him and Trieste's physics prominent citizens in government, commerce, education Director General, convenes community. Daniele Amati, Luciano Bertocchi, Paolo and industry, to promote city's efforts to host centre. panel of experts to devise - Six students obtain their ICTP Diploma in Budinich, Nicolò Dallaporta, Giuseppe Furlan and Claudio framework for • August Earth System Physics. Programme started on a trial basis Villi—individuals who will become instrumental to the • March - Italian Government submits candidacy of institution-to-be. in 2005-2006, and was officially established the following success and long-term growth of ICTP—participate Trieste to IAEA. academic year. in event. Sterling Cole, IAEA Director General, convenes panel of experts to discuss feasibility of • June - IAEA accepts Italian offer. Other candidates • - ICTP sponsors Boltzmann Memorial creating international centre September are Austria, Denmark, Pakistan and Turkey. Meeting to commemorate the contributions of Ludwig for theoretical physics. Panel Boltzmann, father of statistical mechanics and one of the recommends creation of such • - Italian government and IAEA sign  October greatest physicists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. a centre. agreement "concerning the establishment of an Feedback from former fellows and students is requested, Boltzmann died in Duino near Trieste in September 1906. • Paolo Budinich, a physicist at international centre for theoretical physics at Trieste." to gauge ICTP's impact on scientists and their careers. University of Trieste, is an This results in two books, The ICTP Experience: Diploma observer to panel. He later and STEP Students and The ICTP Experience: The TRIL serves as ICTP's Deputy Director Programme. (1964-1978).

• Diploma in Basic Physics, designed specially for the benefit of sub-Saharan • July - IAEA International Seminar African countries, is • August - Participants—among them, Abdus Salam— on Theoretical Physics held in Trieste. launched and attended by at the Tenth Annual International Conference on High  ten students. Head of the Energy Physics in Rochester, New York (USA), discuss Diploma Programme is possibility of creating an international centre for Seifallah Randjbar-Daemi. theoretical physics to promote collaboration among physicists from East and West.

• More than 450 participants in the Borsellino College • After being translated in several languages, the book • October - International Workshop on Science for 2007 - Spike Trains to Actions: Brain Basis of Behavior, 100 Reasons to Be a Scientist is published in Italian, thanks organized by Mathew E. Diamond and Raffaella Rumiati, to a hundred high-school students who helped as • - Cultural Heritage discusses use of such tools as September discuss how neuronal activity in the brain leads to simple translators. The book is officially released during the As a member of accelerators, carbon dating and synchrotron radiation for or complex behaviors. The College is followed by UN Day. Pakistani delegation to analyzing heritage and culture. the European Brain and Behavior Society (EBBS) annual the International meeting. Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Abdus Salam • - A three-day advanced research November - The Nobel Prize calls for creation of workshop entitled Sharing Knowledge Across the • October international physics for Peace is awarded to the ISSN 19704097 Mediterranean, dedicated to the memory of ICTP’s founding The African Physical Review (APR) is a free, on-line, peer reviewed, international journal dedicated to publishing centre at IAEA's Fourth Intergovernmental Panel on in all branches of experimental and theoretical physics • September - IAEA's General Conference and Board director Abdus Salam on the occasion of the 10th with an emphasis on originality and relevance to the basic General Conference in Climate Change (IPCC) and Al understanding of contemporary physics and related of Governors endorse creation of international centre for anniversary of his death, reviews state of science in interdisciplinary fields. The African Physical Review Vienna, Austria. Many Gore, Jr. ICTP scientist publishes: theoretical physics and request financial assistance from Mediterranean countries. Reviews of interdisciplinary nature in established and developing countries Filippo Giorgi, head of the Earth newly emerging areas of physics. IAEA member states. Research articles and brief communications. support proposal. System Physics (ESP) section, is Special Issues dedicated to a rapidly developing field of physics and proceedings of conferences held in Africa. one of the vice-chairs of the Announcements on activities related to physics taking place in Africa and advertising scholarships, awards and • - ICTP organizes Workshop on Economic IPCC Working Group I, and research funds that are available to African researchers. November The quality of scientific material being published is overseen by an international editorial team consisting of Development for Physicists in Developing Countries to Jagadish Shukla, a long-time scientific consultant to ESP, a Nobel Laureate, the ICTP director, and a group of eminent scientists from countries in Africa and other help them learn entrepreneurial and commercialisation is one of the Lead Authors of Chapter 8 the IPCC Working continents. skills. Group I Report. timeline timeline located in Trieste, Italy, is a unique located in Trieste, Italy, is a unique The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), scientific institution. Dedicated to both The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), scientific institution. Dedicated to both research and training, the Centre has research and training, the Centre has earned an international reputation for earned an international reputation for its contributions to the advancement of science its contributions to the advancement of science in the developing world. Over the past four in the developing world. Over the past four decades approximately 100,000 scientists have decades approximately 100,000 scientists have visited the Centre to participate in its training visited the Centre to participate in its training and research activities. In addition, ICTP's and research activities. In addition, ICTP's research staff have made significant contributions research staff have made significant contributions to a variety of subjects in high energy physics, to a variety of subjects in high energy physics, condensed matter physics and mathematics. condensed matter physics and mathematics. More recently, the Centre has extended its More recently, the Centre has extended its research efforts to fields such as the physics of research efforts to fields such as the physics of weather and climate, seismology, statistical weather and climate, seismology, statistical physics and complex systems, and a variety of physics and complex systems, and a variety of areas in applied physics. What follows is a areas in applied physics. What follows is a historical timeline of critical events that have historical timeline of critical events that have shaped ICTP's past accomplishments and created shaped ICTP's past accomplishments and created a strong foundation for future success. a strong foundation for future success.

• June - University of Trieste's • February - Citizens' Committee • June - University of Trieste's • February - Citizens' Committee physics faculty holds Symposium on asks Italian government to nominate physics faculty holds Symposium on asks Italian government to nominate  Elementary Particle Interactions in  Trieste as Italy’s candidate to serve   Elementary Particle Interactions in  Trieste as Italy’s candidate to serve  the Castelletto ("small castle") in as the ‘seat’ of the proposed the Castelletto ("small castle") in as the ‘seat’ of the proposed Miramare Park less than 10 kilometres from downtown international centre. Trieste’s mayor, Miramare Park less than 10 kilometres from downtown international centre. Trieste’s mayor, Trieste. Abdus Salam invited to attend, marking first Mario Franzil, formed the committee, which consisted of • April - Sigvard Eklund, IAEA Trieste. Abdus Salam invited to attend, marking first Mario Franzil, formed the committee, which consisted of • April - Sigvard Eklund, IAEA face-to-face meeting between him and Trieste's physics prominent citizens in government, commerce, education Director General, convenes face-to-face meeting between him and Trieste's physics prominent citizens in government, commerce, education Director General, convenes community. Daniele Amati, Luciano Bertocchi, Paolo and industry, to promote city's efforts to host centre. panel of experts to devise community. Daniele Amati, Luciano Bertocchi, Paolo and industry, to promote city's efforts to host centre. panel of experts to devise Budinich, Nicolò Dallaporta, Giuseppe Furlan and Claudio framework for Budinich, Nicolò Dallaporta, Giuseppe Furlan and Claudio framework for Villi—individuals who will become instrumental to the • March - Italian Government submits candidacy of institution-to-be. Villi—individuals who will become instrumental to the • March - Italian Government submits candidacy of institution-to-be. success and long-term growth of ICTP—participate Trieste to IAEA. success and long-term growth of ICTP—participate Trieste to IAEA. in event. Sterling Cole, IAEA Director in event. Sterling Cole, IAEA Director General, convenes panel of General, convenes panel of experts to discuss feasibility of • June - IAEA accepts Italian offer. Other candidates experts to discuss feasibility of • June - IAEA accepts Italian offer. Other candidates creating international centre are Austria, Denmark, Pakistan and Turkey. creating international centre are Austria, Denmark, Pakistan and Turkey. for theoretical physics. Panel for theoretical physics. Panel recommends creation of such •  October - Italian government and IAEA sign recommends creation of such •  October - Italian government and IAEA sign a centre. agreement "concerning the establishment of an a centre. agreement "concerning the establishment of an Paolo Budinich, a physicist at international centre for theoretical physics at Trieste." Paolo Budinich, a physicist at international centre for theoretical physics at Trieste." University of Trieste, is an University of Trieste, is an observer to panel. He later observer to panel. He later serves as ICTP's Deputy Director serves as ICTP's Deputy Director (1964-1978). (1964-1978).

• July - IAEA International Seminar • July - IAEA International Seminar • August - Participants—among them, Abdus Salam— on Theoretical Physics held in Trieste. • August - Participants—among them, Abdus Salam— on Theoretical Physics held in Trieste. at the Tenth Annual International Conference on High  at the Tenth Annual International Conference on High  Energy Physics in Rochester, New York (USA), discuss Energy Physics in Rochester, New York (USA), discuss possibility of creating an international centre for possibility of creating an international centre for theoretical physics to promote collaboration among theoretical physics to promote collaboration among physicists from East and West. physicists from East and West.

• September - • September - As a member of As a member of Pakistani delegation to Pakistani delegation to the International the International Atomic Energy Agency Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Abdus Salam (IAEA), Abdus Salam calls for creation of calls for creation of international physics international physics centre at IAEA's Fourth • September - IAEA's General Conference and Board centre at IAEA's Fourth • September - IAEA's General Conference and Board General Conference in of Governors endorse creation of international centre for General Conference in of Governors endorse creation of international centre for Vienna, Austria. Many theoretical physics and request financial assistance from Vienna, Austria. Many theoretical physics and request financial assistance from developing countries IAEA member states. developing countries IAEA member states. support proposal. support proposal. timeline ttimeimellineine timeline DESIGN: ASSOCIAZIONE PROGETTISTI GRAFICI - PHOTO: ICTP PHOTO ARCHIVES, MASSIMO SILVANO - PRINT: GRAPHART - PRINT: ARCHIVES, MASSIMO SILVANO PHOTO ICTP ASSOCIAZIONE PROGETTISTI GRAFICI - PHOTO: DESIGN: