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Download Thesis A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PRACTICES OF THE MYSTICS SADHU SUNDAR SINGH AND THE DESERT FATHERS AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF APPROPRIATING CHRISTIAN MYSTIC PRACTICES IN THE CHURCH TODAY by CLAYTON AARON PARKS A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY IN PRACTICAL THEOLOGY SOUTH AFRICAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY JULY 2015 SUPERVISOR: DR. SIGA ARLES CO-SUPERVISOR: DR. NOEL BEAUMONT WOODBRIDGE The opinions expressed in this dissertation do not necessarily reflect the views of the South African Theological Seminary. DECLARATION I hereby acknowledge that the work contained in this dissertation is my own original work and has not previously in its entirety or in part been submitted to any academic institution for degree purposes. ___________________________ Clayton Parks 09/01/2015 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are for too many to thank for their encouragement, support and prayer during the completion of this dissertation. I am particularly indebted to the following individuals: To my wonderful wife, Hannah, for her love, patience and gentle nudging throughout the research process. To my Father-Confessor, the Archpriest Fr. Stephen Salaris, for his encouragement on all the days that I wanted to give up. To Dr. Siga Arles and Dr. Noel Woodbridge, my promoters, for all of their insights and quick responses. To the Postgraduate School of South African Theological Seminary for allowing me do research at the doctoral level. To All-Saints of North America Antiochian Orthodox Church for letting me miss the occasional service to continue my research. To my maternal Grandmother, Margaret for providing me with the “seed of faith” from a small age. To all the many Priests, Deacons, Saints, Martyrs, and Fools along the way who freely opened their hearts to me and who continue to exemplify the work of the Holy Spirit in so many ways. And to Christ, who came to be the first fruits of the resurrection. To thank you is not merely enough. ___________________ Clayton Parks St. Louis, Missouri 09/01/2015 iii SUMMARY This research seeks to answer the question: How do the spiritual practices of Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers compare with each other and what are the implications of appropriating Christian mystic practices in the Church today? This study utilizes the method of phenomenology to solve the research problem by identifying and analyzing relevant literary data in order to explore God’s interactions with man through Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers. First, a literature review explores the current status of scholarly research into the personalities and histories of the legendary Christian figures of Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers. A literature review reveals that within several areas of current scholarship, gaps appear and no substantial inquiry regarding the similarities and differences of spiritual practices between Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers is found. Therefore, the need for research into this specific area finds validation. Second, a survey of the lives and theology of Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers is provided in order to introduce readers to the personalities and histories of the legendary Christian figures. Third, a detailed analysis is conducted of the textual examples of documented prayer and meditation, visions and miracles, and self-deprivation undertaken by Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers. Fourth, a comparative analysis of the spiritual practices of Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers is provided, followed by a critical assessment of Christian mystic practices appropriated in the Church today. Finally, a summary is provided of the research findings, including the theological and practical value of studying the spiritual practices of these Christian legends, as well as the pros and cons of appropriating Christian mystic practices in the Church today. Recommendations are then made regarding the benefits of utilizing said practices for deepening one’s personal spiritual life and the danger s of appropriating unbiblical mystic practices in the Church today. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 3 1.3 Objectives 4 1.4 Delimitations 5 1.5 Design 6 1.6 Definitions 8 1.7 Hypothesis 8 1.8 Presuppositions 9 1.9 Methodology 9 1.10 Summary of chapters 2-8 10 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF SCHOLARSHIP 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Review of scholarship on the Egyptian monasticism movement 13 2.3 Review of scholarship on the life and theology of Sadhu Sundar Singh 15 2.4 Synthesis of the scholarship review 16 2.5 Relevance of the scholarship review to the topic of research 17 2.6 Hagiography 17 2.7 Conclusion 20 CHAPTER 3: LIFE AND PIETY OF SADHU SUNDAR SINGH 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Early years 22 3.3 Conversion 25 3.4 Ascetic lifestyle 26 3.5 Training and formation 28 3.6 Travels 30 3.7 Death 31 3.8 Conclusion 31 v CHAPTER 4: LIFE AND PIETY OF THE DESERT FATHERS 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Early history 34 4.3 Development of the monastic movement 37 4.4 Literary resources 40 4.5 Ascetic spiritual practices 42 4.5.1 Isolation 42 4.5.2 Hesychasm 43 4.5.3 Benevolence 44 4.5.4 Scripture usage 46 4.6 Notable figures 47 4.6.1 Anthony the Great 47 4.6.2 Arsenius the Great 49 4.6.3 John Cassian 50 4.6.4 Pachomius 52 4.7 Conclusion 54 CHAPTER 5: SURVEY OF THE ASCETIC SPIRITUAL PRACTICES OF PRAYER AND MEDITATION 5.1 Introduction 56 5.2 Singh authored texts 57 5.2.1 Prayer 57 5.2.2 Meditation 59 5.3 Other literary sources on Singh 60 5.3.1 Prayer 60 5.3.2 Meditation 62 5.4 Desert Fathers essential texts 65 5.4.1 Prayer 65 5.4.2 Meditation 73 5.5 Analysis of textual instances of prayer and meditation 80 5.5.1 Sadhu Sundar Singh and prayer 80 5.5.2 Sadhu Sundar Singh and meditation 81 5.5.3 Desert Fathers and prayer 82 vi 5.5.4 Desert Fathers and meditation 83 5.6 Evaluation of textual data for similarities and differences 84 5.6.1 Similarities and differences in prayer methods 84 5.6.2 Similarities and differences in meditation methods 87 5.7 Conclusion 88 CHAPTER 6: SURVEY OF THE ASCETIC SPIRITUAL PRACTICES OF VISIONS AND MIRACLES 6.1 Introduction 90 6.2 Singh authored texts 91 6.2.1 Visions 91 6.3 Other literary sources on Singh 95 6.3.1 Visions 95 6.3.2 Miracles 97 6.4 Desert Fathers essential texts 104 6.4.1 Visions 104 6.4.2 Miracles 114 6.5 Analysis of textual instances of visions and miracles 125 6.5.1 Sadhu Sundar Singh and visions 125 6.5.2 Sadhu Sundar Singh and miracles 127 6.5.3 Desert Fathers and visions 130 6.5.4 Desert Fathers and miracles 133 6.6 Evaluation of textual data for similarities and differences 137 6.6.1 Similarities and differences in vision accounts 137 6.6.2 Similarities and differences in miracle accounts 140 6.7 Conclusion 144 CHAPTER 7: SURVEY OF THE ASCETIC PRACTICE OF SELF- DEPRIVATION 7.1 Introduction 146 7.2 Singh authored texts 147 7.3 Desert Fathers essential texts 152 7.4 Analysis of textual instances of self-deprivation 160 vii 7.4.1 Sadhu Sundar Singh and self-deprivation 160 7.4.2 Desert Fathers and self-deprivation 162 7.5 Evaluation of textual data for similarities and differences 165 7.6 Conclusion 168 CHAPTER 8: A SUMMARY OF THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PRACTICES OF SADHU SUNDAR SINGH AND THE DESERT FATHERS AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF APPROPROPRIATING CHRISTIAN MYSTICAL PRACTICES IN THE CHURCH TODAY 8.1 A summary of the comparative analysis of the practices of Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers 170 8.1.1 Introduction 170 8.1.2 Summary of ascetic spiritual practices of prayer and meditation 171 8.1.3 Summary of ascetic spiritual practices of visions and miracles 176 8.1.4 Summary of ascetic spiritual practices of self-deprivation 182 8.2 A critical assessment of Christian mystic practices appropriated in the Church today 184 8.2.1 Introduction 184 8.2.2 The benefits of Christian mystic practices in the Church today 186 8.2.3 The dangers of Christian mystic practices in the Church today 188 8.2.4 Conclusion: The pros and cons of appropriating Christian mystic practices in the Church today 190 8.3. Conclusion 191 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION: A REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Restatement of the objectives and methodology of the study 196 9.2.1 Objectives of the study 196 9.2.2 Methodology of the study 197 9.3 Conclusions of the research 198 viii 9.3.1 Theological value of ascetic spiritual practices of Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers 198 9.3.2 Practical value of ascetic spiritual practices of Sadhu Sundar Singh and the Desert Fathers 201 9.3.3 The pros and cons of appropriating Christian mystic practices in the Church today 203 9.4 Recommendations for deepening one’s personal spiritual life through Christian mystic practices in the modern context 204 9.4.1 Roman Catholic tradition resources 205 9.4.2 Eastern Orthodox tradition resources 209 9.4.3 Protestant tradition resources 217 9.5 The validity of the conclusions 229 9.6 Contribution of this research to practical theology 229 9.7 Conclusion 230 APPENDIX 231 SOURCES CITED 233 [Total length = 81646 words] ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In 1906, a man by the name of Sundar Singh, dressed in the garb of a Hindu holy man, set out on a journey as a new Christian.
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