D2AM, Upgrade, Highlights and Perspectives of the French Anomalous CRG Beamline at ESRF
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D2AM, upgrade, highlights and perspectives of the French anomalous CRG beamline at ESRF. presented by Nils Blanc and Nathalie Boudet April 3, 2014 Contents. 3.4 Hard condensed matter... 23 3.5 Methods and instrumentation 28 1 Introduction2 4 Conclusion-perspectives 29 2 D2AM: a French CRG3 4.1 in-situ studies......... 29 2.1 Description..........3 4.2 2D data treatment...... 31 2.2 Associated laboratories....3 4.3 Kirkpatrick-Baez optics for a 2.3 User access..........4 microbeam experiment.... 31 2.4 Upgraded beamline overview5 4.4 Upgrade phase II of the ESRF 32 3 Scientific results 10 5 Scientific production 2009-2013 33 3.1 Applied Materials....... 10 5.1 Theses............. 33 3.2 chemistry - soft or amorphous 5.2 Articles............ 34 materials........... 13 5.3 Conferences.......... 46 3.3 Surface and nanostructure 5.4 Books and chapters...... 48 characterization........ 18 5.5 Softwares........... 48 This document is the collective work of all those participating in the beamline. They are to be thanked for their written contributions and for their help and comments in preparing this booklet. 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction The BM2-D2AM Beamline is a French CRG dedicated to Materials Science, which was one of the first lines to operate at start-up of the ESRF in 1994. It is dedicated to studies of the microscopic structure of materials using two principle techniques: (i) wide angle X-ray scattering, which provides information on long-range ordering at the atomic scale and (ii) small angle X-ray scattering, which provides information on the shapes of objects at the mesoscopic scale (typically 0.1 to 1 micron). Both of these methods can be coupled with "anomalous" X-Ray scattering, which yields additional chemical information by providing contrast between different kinds of atoms. The upgrade and perspectives Since the last review, in 2009, the beamline has been completely refurbished with the aim of pro- viding state-of-the-art optics on a bending magnet beamline and versatile instruments where users in-situ apparatuses can be inserted. Recent developments in materials science require the ability to perform X-ray characterization on heterogeneous, multi-scale samples under specific conditions, such as: • In operando and time-resolved studies of advanced materials used for energy production and storage (batteries, membranes) • In situ mechanical stress applied to biopolymers • In situ and time-resolved annealing of thin films, nanostructures, ... under controlled atmosphere to obtain new structural properties During the review period, 2009-2013, 212 experiments were performed, still covering a broad range of materials science studies, 252 reviewed articles were published and 46 PhD were defended that included work done at the beamline. The table below lists the publications with the highest impact factors (left column) and the most common journals (right column) : High IF Journal total 2009-2013 Journal total 2009-2013 Chem. Soc. Rev. 1 J. Phys. Chem. C 4 Surf. Sci. Rep. 2 soft Matter 8 ACS Nano 1 Macromolecules 15 Adv. Functional Materials 2 Biomacromolecules 9 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1 Acta Materialia 13 Phys. Rev. Let. 1 J. Phys. Chem. B 6 Nanoscale 1 Langmuir 12 J. of Biomedical Nanotechnology 1 Appl. Phys. Lett. 5 J. Mater. Chem. 2 Nanotechnology 5 Chemistry of Materials 2 Phys. Rev. B 10 After the description of the beamline and its upgrade, selected experiments that are repre- sentative of the activity at D2AM in recent years are presented to the 2014 ESRF review panel. A selection of significant papers are reprinted in the appendix. They are representative of the various scientific topics in which the beamline is involved : from soft condensed matter to semi-conductor nano materials. April 3, 2014@ 9:30 D2AM report to the ESRF BLRP 2 of 49 2 D2AM: A FRENCH CRG 2 D2AM : a French CRG beamline 2.1 Description The D2AM (Diffraction et Diffusion Anomale Multilongueurs d'onde) beamline is dedicated to struc- tural studies using wide angle X-ray scattering, which provides information on long-range ordering at the atomic scale and small angle X-ray scattering, which provides information on shape at the mesoscale. Both can be coupled with anomalous scattering, which yields additional chemical informa- tion by providing contrast between different kinds of atoms. It is also the beamline on which Diffraction Anomalous Fine Structure (DAFS) spectroscopy was developed [Proietti1999, Renevier2003]. A major recent improvement is the possibility of performing Multiwavelength Anomalous Diffraction and DAFS spectroscopy in grazing incidence geometry, so as to reduce the substrate scattering contribution and to focus on the structural properties of nanoobjects. In the past few years MAD and DAFS have been applied to systems of great technological interest, e.g. to determine independently strain and compo- sition within semiconductor nanostructures [Grenier2002, Letoublon2004, Coraux2007, Proietti2008, Katcho2011]. The beamline has been used in a very wide range of Materials Science, characterizing short-range and long-range order from gels and amorphous materials to quasi-crystals [Takakura2007] and nanostructures. It allows both bulk and/or surface characterization. Its main scientific fields are nanomaterials, microelectronics, catalysts and soft condensed matter. It is the most advanced French beamline in the field of anomalous scattering, with the most developed user community. Recent stud- ies cover glassy materials [Hosokawa2009], alloys [Marlaud2010] and Anomalous SAXS [Simon2009]. D2AM was at the heart of the organization of the REXS2011 conference dedicated to Resonant X-Ray Scattering (Aussois, June 2011: a book is published in European Physical Journal Special Topics). D2AM is also well recognized for its versatile SAXS experiment where it is easy to adapt various sample environments (temperature [Saiani2004], mechanical tests [Humbert2010], pressure [Nishiyama 2010]) for in situ/ in operando studies. In 2008-2009, a GISAXS chamber was adapted on the SAXS bench to allow in vacuo transfer of users samples [Babonneau2009]. And now it is even possible to perform a GISAXS experiment with the sample aligned on the KAPPA goniometer. 2.2 Staff and associated laboratories The 4 French CRG beamlines at ESRF are administrated as a common national instrument by the CNRS and the CEA which delegates to a local structure the day to day organization. The operation and developments of each beamline are made by teams involving researchers, engineers and technicians from CEA-INAC, N´eelInstitute and the Structural Biology Institute : D2AM for materials science, IF for surface studies, FAME for environmental studies and FIP for bio-crystallography. The beamlines are financially supported by the CNRS and the CEA for staff as well as part of running costs and small investments. Only very specific tasks are supported by the ESRF through the CRG- coordination staff. These instruments are open to the French and European communities through national and international peer-reviewed committees. The day-to-day activity of D2AM is supported by 4 permanent CNRS employees of the N´eelInsti- tute: S. Arnaud N. Blanc N. Boudet B. Caillot technician scientist responsible engineer The former beamline responsible J.F. Berar retired in 2013 and the computing engineer B. Caillot will retire in June 2015. In addition, research workers from laboratories in Grenoble are involved through their own on- going activities in development, support of external users and in-house research. About 10 scientists participate in these activities on a part-time basis, that is about 1-2 full-time equivalent staff members. The participation of these laboratories enables the staff to cover various scientific topics, some examples of which are given in the following table. April 3, 2014@ 9:30 D2AM report to the ESRF BLRP 3 of 49 2.3 User access 2 D2AM: A FRENCH CRG NEEL Institut N´eel,CNRS-UJF J.-L. Hodeau, T. Nguyen, crystallography, P. Martinetto functional materials SIMaP Science et Ing´enierie des M. de Boissieu, M. Maret, physics of metal and Mat´eriaux et Proc´ed´es, J.-P. Simon (retired since engineering Grenoble INP 2012), F. De Geuser LMGP Laboratoire des Mat´eriaux et H. Renevier nano materials du G´enie Physique, Grenoble INP CERMAV Centre de Recherche sur les C. Rochas soft condensed Macromol´ecules V´eg´etales, matter CNRS LIPhy Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire E. Geissler, I. Morfin soft condensed de Physique, UJF matter INAC Institut Nanosciences et V. Favre-Nicolin nano materials Cryogenie, CEA/INAC 2.3 User access to the D2AM beamline and training activities Users can gain access to the D2AM beamtime through the French CRG committee and the interna- tional ESRF committee. Each of them allocates beamtime within the ESRF ratio rule, respectively 2/3 and 1/3. The "pressure" ratio between requested and allocated beamtime is on the CRG committee about 2 to 3 and for the ESRF one about 2 to 5. In 2010, our French CRG committees were combined with those of SOLEIL. This was an oppor- tunity to enlarge the number of our referees to cover the many different subjects submitted. The table below displays the distributed shifts over the review period: Totaly BLC IHR Users∗ ESRF users CRG users year shifts shifts shifts shifts shifts proposals shifts proposals 2009 699 45 144 525 147 12 378 27 2010 687 45 96 528 159 15 369 29 2011 432 27 93 309 84 6 225 18 2012 399 84 54 255 87 6 168 15 2013 507 114 69 321 126 9 195 17 Beamtime distribution over all the reviewed years : total (yincluding teaching and industrial shifts), commissioning (BLC), in-house (IHR) and delivered to users by ESRF and CRG review committees , the Users total (∗) includes shifts delivered to users on "reserve" lists. We note a decrease of the total shifts in 2011 and 2012. During the last 3 years, the beamtime was impacted by building work on the ESRF side and for the upgrade of the beamline.