Orlando Furioso En Su Contexto Filosófico Y Literario

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Orlando Furioso En Su Contexto Filosófico Y Literario El Orlando furioso en su contexto filosófico y literario Pasión, locura e ironía Alba Teixidó Vilar TESI DOCTORAL UPF / 2013 DIRECTOR DE LA TESI Dr. José María Micó Juan DEPARTAMENT D’HUMANITATS A Dani, mi pasión y mi locura. Con el apoyo del Departament d’Educació i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya y el Fondo Social Europeo (ref.: AT017427), el del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (ref.: AP2008-04251) y el del Proyecto de Investigación «Todo Góngora I y II» (I+D+I FFI2010-17349) de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Agradecimientos Quisiera dar las gracias a todas aquellas personas e instituciones que –cada una a su modo–, me han acompañado a lo largo de este camino, haciendo posible la presentación de esta tesis. Un agradecimiento especial para el Dr. José María Micó Juan, mi director, por descubrirme el poema de Ariosto y contagiarme de su entusiasmo y admiración hacia tan espléndido texto. También quisiera agradecerle la confianza plena que ha depositado en mí como investigadora novel, dotándome de una libertad que me ha permitido desarrollar la disciplina, el rigor y la exigencia que requiere un buen investigador. Mi gratitud hacia la Dra. María Morrás y el Dr. Fernando Pérez-Borbujo, quienes formaron parte del tribunal que evaluó en su día mi tesina, cuyas valoraciones, correcciones y sugerencias alentaron mi pasión y mi locura para seguir investigando el Orlando furioso. A Fernando, quisiera agradecerle de especial modo su incansable disponibilidad y el saber formularme siempre aquellas preguntas que era incapaz de responder, manteniendo la investigación en todo momento viva. Quiero dar las gracias al Dr. Javier Aparicio por sus recomendaciones bibliográficas, así como por su amabilidad y su interés. De él he aprendido el significado de las palabras profesionalidad y excelencia. Con mucho afecto agradezco a Florencia Fassi, Albert Jornet, Jesús Marchán, Cèlia Nadal, Míriam Paulo y Mar Rosàs, así como al resto de becarios del Departament d’Humanitats, las incertidumbres, risas, inquietudes, cenas, viajes y horas de despacho compartidos. Gracias por vuestra generosidad, obsequiándome con enriquecedoras experiencias e inolvidables anécdotas que han coloreado los paisajes de este largo trayecto. Asimismo, quisiera agradecer al Departament d’Humanitats de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra en su conjunto, centro que me ha visto crecer y madurar académicamente y personalmente, el haberme acogido durante todos estos años, poniendo a mi disposición sus instalaciones y vii sus recursos, así como la eficiencia, los conocimientos y la calidez del equipo humano que lo compone. Ellos han sido mi sherpa en el ascenso a la cima que ahora culmino. Esta tesis no hubiera sido posible tampoco sin el apoyo económico del Departament d’Educació i Universitats de la Generalitat de Catalunya, el Fondo Social Europeo y el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia. Gracias a sus ayudas he tenido el privilegio de dedicarme a tiempo completo a mi labor investigadora, haciendo de mi pasión, mi ocupación. Mi más sincera gratitud hacia Jezabel, por su confianza en mis capacidades como profesional y sobre todo como persona, animándome a seguir siempre adelante, a pesar de los pesares. Agradezco a mis amigos Noemí Aguilar, Maria Alzamora, Virginia Arroyo, Marta Caminal, Sara Escuchas, Miguel Jiménez, Guillermo Lubary, Alfredo Llata, María Jesús Martínez, José Rodríguez, Joana Torres y Xavier Vilella, su paciencia y su comprensión en mis momentos de aislamiento y reclusión doctorales, así como sus ánimos incansables y sus ganas contagiosas de contar entre sus amistades con una pequeña doctora. A mi familia, mis padres, Pepito y Quima, y a mi hermano, Josep, por aguantarme con humor y resignación; a ellos llena, como a nadie, de ilusión y orgullo la publicación de este trabajo. A la familia de Dani, mi otra familia, que me ha acogido con tanto cariño y ha celebrado con sincero entusiasmo y alegría la finalización de mi doctorado. Gràcies a tu, Dani, per animar-me a escriure aquesta tesi amb paraules d’amor. La propera, doncs, la farem de xocolata... viii Resumen La presente tesis defiende una lectura del Orlando furioso de Ludovico Ariosto como un texto eminentemente cómico y ambivalente, en el que confluye la tradición medieval con la renacentista. Una simbiosis que se produce al revisitar desde la parodia los tópicos y motivos de la literatura europea precedente bajo el prisma renovador de una parte del pensamiento humanista. Un humanismo que cuestiona la visión tradicional del hombre como animal racional, revocando la primacía de la razón en favor de la pasión y la insensatez, estableciendo la locura como ley universal que gobierna a los hombres. Este debate se materializa en el polémico tema renacentista de la “saggezza-follia”, del que el Furioso participa, como se argumentará, ofreciendo una apología del animal pasional. Comenzando con el análisis de la dialéctica del deseo y prosiguiendo con el análisis de la locura de Orlando (a nivel textual y a nivel conceptual), la investigación demuestra cómo los conceptos de locura e ironía (constituyentes explícito e implícito del título del poema) son el eje vertebrador del clásico, determinando tanto su estilo, como su estructura y su contenido. Esta constatación nos lleva a identificar el tono irónico de la obra –la llamada ironía ariostesca (presente a un doble nivel: conceptual o estructural y literario o estilístico)– como el rasgo esencial del texto, donde reside su identidad. Una ironía que resulta inseparable de la locura en tanto que trama principal de la obra y novedad temática introducida por Ariosto, con sorna, en la materia caballeresca. En último término, la investigación nos conduce a tomar este tono irónico como la legítima clave interpretativa del Furioso, rehusando una lectura épica o solemne del poema, la cual ha sido sostenida, no obstante, por una parte significativa de la crítica. ix Abstract This doctoral dissertation presents an interpretation of Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando furioso as an eminently comic and ambivalent text, in which the Medieval and the Renaissance traditions merge. That is, Ariosto parodies the topics and stereotypes from the preceding European literature, according to the ideas defended by the most progressive humanists, who do not support the traditional vision of the human being conceived as the animal rationalis anymore. In this respect, these humanist thinkers and artists put an end to the judgement’s primacy in order to defend passion and irrationality, at the same time they establish madness as the universal law that rules the human world. This discussion takes its proper form in the contentious Renaissance matter “saggezza-follia”, in which the Furioso takes part by presenting an apology of the passional animal. By analyzing on one hand, the Dialectic of Desire and Orlando’s frenzy on the other, this research demonstrates that madness and irony (the two concepts that explicitly and implicitly form the title) are the axis of the poem, which determines not only its form but also its structure and content. The final aim seeks the ironic tone on the poem, the widely known ironia ariostesca (in his double dimension: conceptual or structural and literary or stylistic), as the main feature and the interpretative key of the whole text. This irony can not be disjointed from madness, conceived as the main plot and the novelty introduced with humour by Ariosto on the chivalry genre. This argument allows us to refuse an epic or solemn interpretation of the Orlando furioso, defended however by a significant part of experts and critics. x Riassunto La presente dissertazione difende una lettura dell’Orlando furioso di Ludovico Ariosto come un testo chiaramente comico e ambivalente, dove si incontrano la tradizione medievale con quella del Rinascimento, parodiando i topici e i motivi della letteratura precedente sotto il punto di vista dell’ umanesimo piú rimodernatore; un contesto filosofico e letterario che pone in dubbio la visione tradizionale dell’uomo razionale rifiutando la superiorità della ragione a favore della passione e la insensatezza, dichiarando la pazzia come legge universale che governa gli uomini. Questa discussione prende forma nella polemica rinascimentale della “saggezza-follia”, da cui il Furioso si fa partecipe con la sua difesa dell’animale passionale. Attraverso, primeramente, l’analisi della dialettica del disio, e posteriormente, l’analisi della pazzia d’Orlando (analisi testuale e concettuale), la ricerca dimostra come i concetti di pazzia e ironia, che conformano in modo esplicito e implicito il titolo del poema, sono l’asse vertebrale del classico, determinando non solo lo stilo, ma anche la sua struttura e il suo contenuto. Questa constatazione ci porta a identificare, finalemente, il tono ironico dell’opera, definito come ironia ariostesca (presente in un doppio livello: concettuale o strutturale da una parte, e letterario o stilistico dall’altra), nel suo vincolo con la pazzia come trama principale dell’opera e novità tematica introdotta nella materia con volontà derisoria, come il tratto essenziale dove risiede l’identità del testo. Un tono ironico che dobbiamo prendere come legittima chiave interpretativa del Furioso, rifiutando cosí una lettura del poema in senso epico e solenne, nonostante sia sostenuta da una parte tanto significativa dalla critica. xi Forse era ver, ma non però credibile a chi del senso suo fosse signore; Orlando furioso (I, 56) Prefacio Consideraciones previas Quisiera comenzar la presente tesis confesando que la investigación que aquí se ofrece, enmarcada en el programa oficial de doctorado en Humanidades de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra, halla su origen en la curiosidad insatisfecha. En el bello deseo del lletraferit de adentrarse en los secretos y misterios que encierran los libros y perderse en ellos, como el caminante en el bosque. En este sentido, fue sembrada hace siete años la semilla que ahora florece, cuando en el decurso de la asignatura Lengua y Literatura italianas, el Dr. José María Micó Juan nos habló de un gran poema del Renacimiento italiano que cantaba cómo su héroe, por amor, se volvía loco.
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