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“Saracen Prince” in Les Grandes Chroniques De France (Royal Ms 16 G Vi)

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“Saracen Prince” in Les Grandes Chroniques De France (Royal Ms 16 G Vi) WHITE SARACENS, BLACK MUSLIMS, AND BROWN HAFSIDS: IMAGINATIONS OF THE “SARACEN PRINCE” IN LES GRANDES CHRONIQUES DE FRANCE (ROYAL MS 16 G VI) A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Art by © Tirumular Chandrasekaran Narayanan 2019 Spring 2019 WHITE SARACENS, BLACK MUSLIMS, AND BROWN HAFSIDS: IMAGINATIONS OF THE “SARACEN PRINCE” IN LES GRANDES CHRONIQUES DE FRANCE (ROYAL MS 16 G VI) A Thesis by Tirumular Chandrasekaran Narayanan Spring 2019 APPROVED BY THE INTERIM DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES: Sharon Barrios, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: Cameron Crawford, M.F.A. Asa Simon Mittman, Ph.D., Chair Graduate Coordinator Matthew Looper, Ph.D. PUBLICATION RIGHTS No portion of this thesis may be reprinted or reproduced in any manner unacceptable to the usual copyright restrictions without the written permission of the author. iii DEDICATION To Puchins, Toad, and Kesley: without whom life would be but a carnival without funnel cake. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank Professor Asa Simon Mittman and Professor Matthew Looper for their patience and attention throughout this process. Professor Corey Sparks in English has also been unsparing with his time. Rebecca Feldstein of the Visual Resources Library has been encouraging over the course of my Master’s Program. Professor Anne Hedeman at Kansas University has also been an invaluable resource. I also appreciate Professor Afrodesia McCannon and Professor Geraldine Heng as well as the MERACSTAPA board for taking me under their wing. I thank my Mother and Father for being financial and emotional pillars. I would be remiss if I did not include Carol and Mark Seagren who have served as second parents and watched me grow. Chris and Dan Dimmick have also been generous in their financial support of my goals. I am eternally indebted to my brothers, Om Narayanan and Todd Seagren, for being the most loving and caring men. Finally, I thank my fiancée Kelsey Dimmick who backs whatever bizarre new venture I have set my mind on. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Publication Rights ....................................................................................................... iii Dedication ................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments....................................................................................................... v List of Figures ............................................................................................................. viii Abstract ....................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 II. Historiography of Les Grandes Chroniques de France ............................ 8 III. Convertibility: Saracen Defecation, ‘Conversion’ and French Christendom ...................................................................... 17 Destruction and Defecation ........................................................... 20 Polemics and Excrement: Medieval Islamophobia ....................... 22 Making a Mosque ......................................................................... 24 The White “Conversion Experience” of al-Mansur ...................... 26 vi CHAPTER PAGE IV. Black Mirrors, White Combatants and Royal Impersonators: Subverting Black-As-Evil, White-As-Good in Saracen Imagery ....................................................................... 30 Blackness as Mirror ...................................................................... 32 Whiteness in Combat .................................................................... 37 Battle of Poitiers ................................................................. 38 Charlemagne battles the Saracen ........................................ 39 Roland versus King Marsile ............................................... 41 Mimicry and Imposter-ism: The Metaphor of Polycephaly in Marsile-Baligant…………………………………………. 47 V. Shoeless and Treacherous Saracens: Performance and Real Politics ...................................................... 55 No Shoes, no Civility: Shoeless Alterity and Memory of Crusade …………………………………….. 58 Saracen Otherness and Royal Legitimacy ................................... 61 A True Prince: Jean le Bon’s Artistic Performance as Crusader ...................................... 63 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 71 Figures……………………………………………………………………………....... 76 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Raid of the Mansur of Cordova; Mansur plundering St James; punishment of the Saracens. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Royal 16 G VI, fol. 185v. ............................ 76 2. Mahun defecating on altar. Hereford Map (detail). Lincoln, 1290s. Hereford Cathedral. ...................................................... 76 3. Richard the Lionheart versus Saladin. Luttrell Psalter. Diocese of Lincoln, c. 1325-1335. British Library, London; Add. MS 42130, fol. 82 (detail)... ................. 77 4. Agolant and his Moors attack a castle. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Royal 16 G VI, fol. 167r. ............................... 77 5. Charlemagne besieging Agolant in Agen. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Royal 16 G VI, fol. 170r…….................................................. 78 6. Charles defeating the Saracens at the battle of Poitiers. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Royal 16 G VI, fol. 117v…………………… 78 7. Battle scene (Charlemagne slays Saracen Prince). Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Royal 16 G VI, fol. 171r…………………... 79 8. Battle scene. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Royal 16 G VI, fol. 171v……………………………………………. 79 9. Roland binding his prisoner; a battle. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; 178v… ............................ 80 10. Roland fighting Marsile. Charlemagne Window (detail). Chartres, 1225. Chartres Cathedral……………………………………. 80 viii FIGURE PAGE 11. Battle; Charlemagne taking the standard. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Royal 16 G VI, fol. 174v…………………………………………… 81 12. Charlemagne receiving an envoy from Amor of Saragossa; parley; voyage of Pepin. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Roya 16 G VI fol. 147r…………………… .. 81 13. Saracens sacking Jerusalem; the patriarch before Constantine; Constantine sending envoys to Charlemagne. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Royal 16 G VI, fol. 155r ........................................................................ 82 14. Battle of Roncevaux. Grandes Chroniques de France. Paris, 1370s. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris; MS fr. 2813, fol. 121 (detail)……………………………………………. 82 15. Ganelon before Marsile and Baligans; Ganelon before Charlemagne. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London, Royal 16 G VI; fol.177r………………………………… ..................... 83 16. Charlemagne sending Ganelon to the Saragossan Kings, Marsile and Baligant. Chroniques de Saint-Denis, France, c.1275. Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève, Paris; MS 782………………………. 83 17. Saracens frightening the French knights’ horses. Grandes Chroniques de France. Paris, 1370s.Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris; MS fr. 2813, fol. 119 (detail)………………………….. 84 18. Treacherous attack by Saracens. Grandes Chroniques de France, France, 1332-1350. British Library, London; Royal 16 G VI, fol. 442r………. 84 19. Roberto d’Oderisio, Malchus of Maronia attacked by Saracens. Vitae patrum, Naples, ca. 1350-1375. The Morgan Library & Museum, New York; MS M. 626, fol. 30r………………………………………………… ... 85 20. Louis IX in prison. Vie et miracles de Sainte Louis, Paris, ca. 1330-1340. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris; MS. fr. 5716 fol. 92r……… 85 ix ABSTRACT WHITE SARACENS, BLACK MUSLIMS, AND BROWN HAFSIDS: IMAGINATIONS OF THE “SARACEN PRINCE” IN LES GRANDES CHRONIQUES DE FRANCE (ROYAL MS 16 G VI) by © Tirumular Chandrasekaran Narayanan 2019 Master of Arts in Art California State University, Chico Summer 2019 This project seeks to examine the various depictions of so called “Saracens” in London, British Library MS Royal 16 G VI (1332-1350), made for the future French king, Jean II “le Bon.” The political moment, including the Hundred Years War, which surrounded the production of this Grandes Chroniques de France, only highlights the text’s purpose as a symbol of royal legitimacy. Following the death of Louis IX during the eighth crusade and the lukewarm success of the ninth, the crusades came to a lull. Nonetheless, crusade remained an important part of French cultural history, quickly turning into legend, as evinced by the manuscript itself. The manuscript repeatedly depicts “crusade narratives” presenting “Saracens” in various, dynamic, and conflicting ways; they exhibit a plethora of skin colors, hair, costume, weaponry, and even behaviors. The soldiers of Al- Mansur appear white and in Christian armor but defile Santiago de Compostela via defecation, the Tunisian Saracens alone appear shoeless, Agolant
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