MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA, 2018 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS REPORT: DOMINICA, 2018

Led by Dominica Emergency Management Organisation Director Mr. Fitzroy Pascal

Author Gelina Fontaine (Local Consultant)

National coordination John Walcott (UNDP Barbados & OECS) Marlon Clarke (UNDP Barbados & OECS)

Regional coordination Janire Zulaika (UNDP – LAC)

Art and design: Beatriz H.Perdiguero - Estudio Varsovia

This document covers humanitarian aid activities implemented with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein should not be taken, in any way, to reflect the official opinion of the European Union, and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

UNDP CDEMA IFRC ECHO United Nations Caribbean Disaster International Federation European Civil Protection Development Emergency of the Red Cross and and Humanitarian Programme Management Agency Red Crescent Societies Aid Operations Map of Dominica. (Source Jan M. Lindsay, Alan L. Smith M. John Roobol and Mark V. Stasiuk Dominica, Chapter for Volcanic Hazards Atlas) List of Tables List 5. Systemic GapsandRecommendations 4. MHEWS Specific Gaps As It Relates To International Standards 3. MHEWS Capacity and Assets 2. Dominica Context 1. Executive Summary 9. Annexes 8. References 7. Acronyms 6. Conclusion t.8 t.7 t.6 t.5 t.4 t.3 t.2 t.1 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 9.1 CONTENTS

Potential Hazards toDominica

Regional Early Warning Systems Support

Disaster History ofDominicafrom 1920–2017

Dominica National Emergency Planning Organization History of Volcanic Events inDominica Document Inventory Early Warning Systems tools/resources nationally Annex 1.EWS Survey Findings Disaster RiskKnowledge Gaps Organization Culture and Readiness Gaps inPreparedness andResponse Capabilities Disaster RiskKnowledge Recommendations Warning DisseminationandCommunication Gaps Recommendations for detection,monitoring,analysis andforecasting Gaps indetection,monitoring,analysis andforecasting Recommendations for Warning DisseminationandCommunication Recommendations for Preparedness andResponse Capabilities 58 38 56 36 30 59 39 35 54 43 23 24 27 16 10 19 51 15 13 31 14 17 21 8 6 2

1 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY existing gaps. The core anticipated results include: and tomove toward the realization of amore integrated system,through concrete actions addressing at acostof USD1.2 Million, and the initial implementation period is18months (until February 2019). St.Vincent and the Grenadines, St.Lucia and the Dominican Republic. Thisinitiative isfunded byDIPECHO Caribbean through knowledge and tooltransfer.’ Other countries involvedinclude Antigua and Barbuda, to ‘Strengthen Integrated EarlyWarning Systems (EWS)for more effective disasterriskreduction inthe Cross and five countries in the Caribbean including the Government of Dominica have created a partnership Agency (CDEMA),the United Nations Development Program (UNDP),the International Federation of the Red Systems asapriority through everysector, strategy and agenda thatimpacts the livesof itspeople. is tosurviveand thriveitmust imbedDisasterRiskReduction and particularly Multi-Hazard EarlyWarning of twotectonic platesand centered inthe Hurricane Belt,including itssmall economies of scale, ifthe island projected brunt of whatmay come. DuetoDominica’s rugged terrain, it’sprecarious location near the border monitoring global changes in Climate, and Dominica and the Caribbeanislands are not exempted from the EC$4 billion. An increase in disaster events is predicted by most scientist who have been studying and Maria (2017)withinthe lastthree years. Accumulated losseswillrequire yearsand recovery costsof over and highly intense hydro-meteorological events such asTropical StormErika (2015)and Category 5Hurricane to natural hazards inparticular and hasrecently faced some eyeopening experiences due tothe frequent Library), and 21outof 182onthe Climate RiskIndex (climatewatchdata.org). Dominica ishighly susceptible The initiative seeks to ‘Improve EWS for more effective Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in the Caribbean, To assistDominica instrengthening itsresilience tohazards, the CaribbeanDisasterEmergency Management T 2. 1. he Commonwealth of Dominica ranks 12thoutof 111inthe CompositeVulnerability Index (Commonwealth 1. EXECUTIVESUMMARY Increased accesstoexisting toolsand knowledge of EWSatanational and regional level; Provision of integrated EWSsolutions in fivetarget countries through knowledge sharing;

3 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA individual andcommunityneeds modernization of EarlyWarning Systems coordinated and integrated processes, resources and facilities needed tomake things work;the Key recommendations include the insufficient accesstosustainable resources. planning, inadequateEarlyWarning Systems, insufficienthumancapacityandcultural readiness enactment andenforcement of legislationandpolicy, inadequateriskanalysis andemergency The major findings are detailed withinthis report and some of the major gaps identified relatedto checklist and contributing toanational workshop tovalidate the surveyfindings. to EarlyWarning Systems gaveinputtothe process byparticipating inanonline surveyof the EWS Representatives from multiple sectors in Dominica that have varying levelsof responsibilities as it relates advancing Multi-Hazard EarlyWarning Systems inDominica. stakeholders and adelegation of EWSexperts from Cubaoncritical gapsand recommendations towards Warning Systems and thisreport wasproduced toinform the Government of Dominica, key partners and During the months of ApriltoMay 2017,the island of Dominica completeditsGapreview of itsEarly These results are expected tobegenerated bythese five main concrete activities: and isbuilding off of related activities yearsprior. These included: The Office of Disaster Management (ODM)inDominica is leading the enhancement of thisinitiative locally needed toprovide and sustainthe bestof EarlyWarning Systems. gaps and recommendations inthisreport: The understanding of Hazards and Early Warning Systems isessential toprovide abasic context toidentified 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 4. 3. Community AlertProject for Portsmouth. 3. Facility (CCRIF). of the UWISeismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC)and funded bythe CaribbeanCatastrophic RiskInsurance 2. Climate Change, Knowledge Enhancement. Vulnerability Assessment, FloodManagement, Community DisasterPlanning, EarlyWarning System, 1. CaribbeanDisasterManagement 3yearProject which placedfocus onHazard Mapping and Development of anEWSchecklist EWSgapreview and validation incountries Project which installed instruments tostrengthen earthquake monitoring inJune 2014withsupport Identification of EWStoolsthat respond togaps EWSknowledge transfer, documentation and communication Two DIPECHO pilotprojects completedinDominica; the Common AlertProtocol (CAP)and the Field visitbyexperts Increased EWSeffectiveness infivetarget countries through concrete priority actions; Designing orrevision of toolstooffer asolutions package and the prioritization andharmonizationof EWS mobilization andeconomizationof sustainableresources toolsand equipment,

the contextualization of EWSto and allthe regulations, and

4 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA adequate and sustainable support.” hazard earlywarning systems and disaster riskinformation and assessments tothe peopleby2030through the Sendai Framework for 2015-30isto,“Substantially increase the availabilityof and accesstomulti- Early Warning Systems are sovitaltocountries’ sustainable development thatone of the targets setby throughout the report. disaster risksinadvance of hazardous events (OIEWG).”Thisdefinition isfurther elaborated and dissected that enables individuals, communities, governments, businesses and others totake timely action toreduce and prediction, disasterriskassessment, communication and preparedness activities, systems and processes A Multi-Hazard Early Warning System is defined as “an integrated system of hazard monitoring, forecasting devastating intheir ownways(Types of EarlyWarning Systems, Kelman 2003)” may bemore costlyand more disruptivethanthe quick onset hazardous events, though bothkinds are because the impactsof incremental cumulative changes onsociety and environment inthe long run of creeping environmental problems. Such environmental changes are inneed of earlywarning systems aspects of desertification, airpollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and globalwarming are examples implicated are of the creeping kind: soilerosion, land fill, deforestation, rangeland degradation, various environment and for society, ifleftunaddressed. Most environmental problems inwhich peopleare “Slow-onset (creeping environmental and societal) changes eventually causeserious problems to Warning Systems, Kelman 2003)”. that are being monitored rather thanasthe abruptshocking events thatthey seemtobe(Types of Early mudslides, tsunamis, though there are waystolookatthem asthe end result of incremental processes wind storms). Geological hazards generally include the quick onset kind: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, technological, biological (e.g., viruses, mosquitoes...) and space-related hazards (e.g., meteors, solar medium and long-term hazards and into geological, hydrometeorological, anthropogenic (human-induced), “Hazards canbedivided into quick onset and slowonset hazards. They canalsobedivided into short,

5 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 2. DOMINICA CONTEXT Valley of Desolation which hosts the Boiling Lake. Many hot springs are also accessible in several locations capital, and Sulphur deposits canbefound inthe Roseau Valley, inSoufriere, Morne auxDiables and the on apyroclastic flowflan derived from the Wotten Waven caldera situated on the easternoutskirts of the ft near the main Douglas-Charles Airport (formerly Melville Hall Airport). Roseau, the island’s capital sits The island islargely composedof volcanic rocks withthe highest elevation being Morne Diablotin at4747 black sand beaches and the second largest boiling lake inthe world. coastline. It is an extremely lush island comprised mostly tropical rainforest, 365 rivers, several waterfalls, than 26mountains inageographical spaceof 291square miles(754square kilometres) with91milesof that Dominica hasone of the highest concentration of ‘live’volcanoes (9 of them) inthe worldand more be quite challenging to maneuver or manipulate. This impression from the air is reflective of the fact ridges withbarely aflatplaininsight. It appearslike anunending cluster of majestic folds thatwould afternoon, one experiences anaweinspiring view of formidable, dark green blocksof mountain peaksand to the South,when approaching the eastern coast of the island of Dominica from the airduring the late Situated at1525North, 6120West betweenthe French islands of Guadeloupe tothe north and Martinique been rendering the rugged landscape and the peopleincreasingly vulnerable tofuture hazards. of readiness to prevent, prepare and respond to major emergencies, particularly as cascading events have two yearsof highly intense and catastrophic disastershaveevoked arecalculation of the country’s state measures for disasterswere airtight and resulted inmanageable lossesand minimal lossof life. The last Physical Context J ust afewyearsago the island of Dominica couldboastthatduring the pastdecades, itspreparation EARLY WARNINGSYSTEMS CONTEXT AS IT RELATES TO 2. DOMINICA COUNTRY

7 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Table 1.Potential Hazards toDominica the island extremely vulnerable tomultiple geological and hydro meteorological hazards. tectonic plate. Justthese two characteristics of its location alone, coupledwithitsrugged terrain, renders miles near the crumbling fault line of the overriding Caribbeantectonic plateand the subducted Atlantic Dominica appearscentered inthe EasternCaribbeanisland chainand itisnestled approximately 50 Eastern Caribbean. Annual rainfall averages over400inches (10,000mm)ranking Dominica among the wettestislands inthe dropping from 18–22degrees Celsiusincoastalareas to10–12degrees Celsiusinmountainous areas. Celsius incoastalareas and decreasing to19degrees Celsiusathigher elevations, withnight temperatures Due tothe island’s mountainous terrain, annual average temperatures canrange between27degrees Pitons National Park (aWorld Heritage siteand Carbonsink). including: Soufriere, Wotten Waven, Trafalgar Falls, Check Hall, Layou, TitouGorge, Picard and Morne Trois Tsunami Epidemic Drought Flood Landslides Earthquake Hurricane Volcanic Eruption Natural Civil Strife Toxic Chemical Spills Mass poisoning Spills) HazardousMaterial (Hazmat Spills Major Road Accidents Construction Failures Construction Failures Toxic andOilSpills Aircraft Crash Strikes Shipwreck Invasion Power Failure Pollution Fire Man Made TYPES OF HAZARDS Radioactive Other Nuclear Explosions Extraordinary

8 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA is one of several countries inthe Eastern Caribbeanthatimplement Citizenship byInvestment programs debt hadrisentoover70%in2016.The economy currently relies mostly onAgriculture and Tourism, and faced a sharp decline since Category 5 Hurricane Maria, was in the range of 25,000 persons and public than 30%and Services accounting for justover70%(CIAWorld Factbook).The labourforce, which has of origin comprisedof Agriculture, Industry and Services withAgriculture and Industry accounting for less Dominica’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for 2017wasEC$680million and the GDPcomposition bysector majority of those who are poor, withchildren accounting for 52% of allliving inpoverty. poor and account for 49.8%of the totalpoor. Generally, women, the Kalinago and children make upthe and mostly reside inthe Kalinago Territory onthe EastCoastof Dominica are overrepresented among the nationally.. The indigenous peopleofficially referred toasthe Kalinago who are about3,000persons strong higher levelsof unemployment thanmen, and female headed households accounted for approximately 40% were unemployed. It further stated that whether women were poor ornot, inDominica, women faced indicated thatwhereas 20%of poormales were unemployed, ahigher rate of 33.8%of poorfemales or underemployment. The 2009Country Poverty Assessment reported a13.9%unemployment rate and Poverty in Dominica similar to other Caribbean islands is primarily defined in the parameters of unemployment population deemed ‘vulnerable’ and alikely increase inthe percentage of indigence. Post DisasterNeeds Assessment reports for recent disastersindicate anincrease inthe percentage of the initiated during thattime period withthe primary objectiveof creating safetynets and empowerment. Assessment and this was largely due to the Government’s innovation of Social Protection Programmes brink of poverty. Overall poverty had dropped 10% from the 39% reported by the 2001 Country Poverty below the povertyline, 3%were totallyindigent (extremely poor)and 11%were vulnerable and onthe 34,882 females. The 2009Country Poverty Assessment (CPA) reported 28%of the population were living few decades. The 2011Population Census noted apopulation of 71,293comprising of 36,411males and Dominica’s average population peaksjustbetween69,000and over73,000residents annually inthe last 2017, and the resulting temporary and permanent emigration of thousands of persons to other countries, People andEconomy RiskProfile Natural B earing in mind the recent catastrophic onslaught by Category 5 Hurricane Maria in September Health Emergencies violence threatsBomb threatsother and of Pest anddisease Terrorism Man Made TYPES OF HAZARDS Extraordinary

9 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Table 2.DisasterHistory ofDominicafrom 1920–2017 the northern volcanoes havenot beenstudied withsimilardepth asthose inthe Southof the island. Southern Dominica). The absence of predictions for eruptions inthe North are onlydue tothe fact that Morne Anglais inthe Bellevue(south central) area withinthe next 100years(Volcano Hazard report for studied the island’s geology inthe lastfewyearspredict afair probability of avolcanic eruption from Plan Hazard Report,isfound inthe subsequent Table 3.Scientists and other professionals who have Table 2below. Information onthe estimated timeline of volcanic eruptions, extracted from the Volcanic related), Insurrection Social Unrest and more sointhe lastdecade, DiseaseEpidemics aspresented in include Tropical Storms, Hurricanes, Landslides, FlashFloods, Fire, Drought, Earthquakes (mostly volcanic Disaster History develop innovative strategies toregain balance and sustained financial growth and prosperity. economy renders Dominica highly vulnerable tohazards, and itwillbeincumbent uponallstakeholders to challenge for average citizens. These combined issuesrelated tothe physical landscape, peopleand the living against wages earned, coupled withhigh importation costsand high energy billspresent a persistent scattered throughout alargely underutilized land mass posesachallenge for economic growth. The costof its mountainous terrain, hasfairly high infrastructure needs percapitaand having asmall population term riskreduction, physical infrastructural worksand povertyalleviation programs. Dominica, due to It hasbeenastrugglefor the island tobalance high debt toGDPratios, rapid recovery versuslong countries, which combined, wouldhighly impacteconomic growth. geothermal energy inorder toutilizecleaner and more costeffectiveenergy and for export toneighbouring and programs. Additionally, due to its abundance in natural resources, Dominica is currently exploring whereby foreigners canpurchase Dominican passportsand the revenue contributes togovernment budgets 2015-2018 DATE P revailing hazards thathavebeennoted inDominica’s DisasterHistorybetween1920and 2017 the Office of Disaster Management, butthe top events during thattime period include: The national DisasterHistoryhasnot beenofficially cataloguedbetween2015and 2018by losses particularly inhousing, Agriculture and infrastructure) • • dollars indamage toinfrastructure and landscape), evacuated communities, hundreds of internally displacedpersons and justover1Billion EC • Sector companies inthe capitalof Roseauand homes of privatecitizens inSalisbury), • • • Category 5Hurricane Maria (28deaths, 31missing, over3Billion ECdollars indamage and The SilverLake Fire (multiple apartments destroyed inurbanpoorsettlement) Tropical StormErika of 2015(which resulted injustover13lives lost,2‘permanently’ 2major incidents of Insurrection Social Unrest (which resulted indamage toPrivate Tourist BusAccident (resulted inlossof life), The EbolaVirus(Alertonly),the ZIKAVirus(which affectedafewamong the population), EVENT IMPACT LOSSES CLASSIFICATION

10 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 2007 2008 2009 2009 Jul 2010 May 24 2010 Jul14 2010-2011 2011 2011 Jul28 2011 Jul29 2011 Oct6 2012 Jul22 2013 Sept5 2013 April 2013 Dec24 2013 Dec24 2013 Jul21 2013 Nov 21 2013 Dec- DATE Hurricane Dean(Cat2) Hurricane Omar H1N1 Flooding Fire (Coulibistrie) Fire (Bioche) season of 2010 and extended rainy Severe Drought Storm Ophelia flooding (Layou) Miracle Lake Landslide Soufriere Fire (Morne Prosper) Fire (Zicack) Landslide Morne Prosper country landslides across the Heavy rains 30+ and landslides Trough, flashflooding and landslides Trough, flashflooding Fire (Roseau) Fire (Roseau) Chikungunya EVENT and housing Damage toagriculture fishing industry Damage tocoastand Alert infrastructure Damage to 3 houses destroyed destroyed 4 houses, IDisco agricultural sector Loss of income in and infrastructure Damage tohousing and road network agriculture, fisheries Damage toecosystem, Road blocked 3 houses destroyed House destroyed Road blocked and agriculture Damage toroads and infrastructure damage tohousing 3 damaged 3 houses destroyed, destroyed 1 business place house destroyed IMPACT 2 deaths 1 death Over 3000affected No deaths No casesreported 1 death LOSSES Flash Flooding to 30feet Sea surge 20 Alert/ phase CLASSIFICATION

11 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 1983 1984 1986 Nov 12 1986 Nov 11 1988 1989 1995 1995 1995 1997 1998 Aug 23 2000 1998 to 1999 1999 April 2001 2003 2003 2003 2004 Nov 21 2007 Nov 29 2007 DATE Chopin Landslide Bellevue Hurricane Klaus Landslide CastleBruce Landslide GoodHope Hurricane Gilbert Hurricane Hugo Hurricane Iris (Cat 1) Hurricane Marilyn Hurricane Luis Landslide Bagatelle Small aircraft crash in the south Seismic activity Hurricane Lenny north 100+ Landslides inthe Drought Seismic activitynorth Chopin Landslide Bellevue Carholme landslide Earthquake Richter Scale) Earthquake (6.5 Landslide Campbell EVENT infrastructure agriculture and Damage tohousing, infrastructure agriculture and Damage tohousing, infrastructure agriculture and Damage tohousing, Coastal Damage and housing Damage toroads and Tourism Damage toagriculture housing inthe north Damage tochurches and Housing Infrastructure IMPACT No deaths No deaths No deaths 2 deaths 1 death 1 death 11 deaths 1 death LOSSES in one week 500+ events hazard area Flood prone / 6.4 magnitude 7.2 magnitude a disasterarea North declared one day 168 tremors to 40feet Sea Surge 30 CLASSIFICATION

12 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Table 3.History of Volcanic Events inDominica Total eruptions Foundland Morne auxDiables Morne Diablotins Hills Grande Soufriere Morne Watt Desolation/ Valley of Pitons/Micotrin Morne Trois Morne Anglais Morne PlatPays VOLCANO 1920 1960 1970 1975 May 21, 1977 1979 May 29 1979 Aug 29 1980 DATE in RoseauValley Landslide and flooding Chopin Landslide Bellevue Chopin Landslide Bellevue Vehicular accident Morne Prosper Disaster Bagatelle Landslide Social Unrest / Insurrection Change of Government Hurricane David (Cat5) & Allen(Cat1) Hurricanes Frederick EVENT 1160 6700 685 KNOWN RECENT ERUPTION AGE OF MOST ? ? <40000 11000 1020 Total devastation Economy Agriculture > 80 ? ? 2-? 1-? 3-6 10-20 5-10 20-40 50,000 YEARS LAST ERUPTIONSIN THE NUMBER OF IMPACT ~ 10 ? ? 0 ? 0 ? 2 1 1 2 10,000 YRS LAST ERUPTIONSIN THE NUMBER OF 1 death 28 deaths 13 deaths 1 death homeless 43 deaths 60% No deaths 1 family died LOSSES lava flow lava dome pyroclastic pyroclastic pyroclastic lava dome pyroclastic lava dome BEHAVIOUR ERUPTION CHARACTERISTIC LATEST Revolution Disaster Disaster CLASSIFICATION

13 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Hydrology, Landslide, and Rainfall. The following Hazard Maps of Dominica presented belowrelate toFlood, CoastalSurge, Volcanoes, Figure 12.Flood Hazard Map Figure 13.Coastalsurge hazard map

14 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Figure 15.LandslideHazard Map Figure 10. Volcanic Hazard Map Figure 11.Hydrology Map Figure 16.RainfallMap

15 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 3. MHEWS CAPACITY AND ASSETS Table 4.DominicaNational Emergency Planning Organization the advancement of EarlyWarning Systems inDominica. support, and a fair inventory of Early Warning equipment and tools that form an optimistic foundation for responsibilities before, during and afteremergencies include: foremost toensure that the country is in a state of preparedness at all times. Among many others, key with the Honourable Prime Minister through thiscommittee. General Responsibilities include firstand This isthe senior Dominican disaster management body. The general direction and control of NEPOresides National Emergency Executive Committee(NEEC) (24+ members) National DisasterPlan. maintain aNational Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC)inaccordance withrequirements specified inthe within the Public Service and the PrivateSector. One of NEPO’skey functions istodevelop, operate, and to disastersand emergencies. These structures are made upof critical representatives from various sectors structure of committees, teams and taskforces withinterconnected responsibilities and activities related NEPO isthe national coordinating authority for emergencies and disastersinDominica. It isanoverarching National Emergency Planning Organization (NEPO) (120+ members): T he Commonwealth of Dominica hasthe structural capacity, the guiding framework, regional and donor ASSETS (MHEWS)CAPACITY AND WARNING SYSTEMS 3. MULTI-HAZARD EARLY

17 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA processes. Committeesperdistrict are asfollows: with vulnerability assessments, hazard maps, aswellaDisasterEmergency Plans through participatory with the Office of Disaster Management and the Dominica RedCross to enhance capacities and assist Development Committees where Village Councils do not exist. These committees work in collaboration Disaster Management Committee. This should mainly bespearheaded byVillage Councils orImprovement/ Operations Centers when necessary. NEPOpromotes thateachcommunity inDominica establishes itsown Disaster Management Committeesare responsible for activating and operating Community Emergency skilled persons from key sectors asPolice, Health, Fire Services, Education, Construction. Community are sometimes comprisedof ordinary community members, community leaders, village councillors, and Such committees coordinate planning and response activities at the community or village level. They Community Disaster Management Committees (133 total): necessary. Committees are responsible for activating and operating District Emergency Operation Centers (DEOC)when districts: Portsmouth, St.Joseph, Roseau,Grand Bay, LaPlaine, CastleBruce, Marigot. District Disaster planning and act as communication liaison between the community committees and NEPO. There are seven These are umbrella bodies through which Community DisasterManagement Committeescoordinate their District DisasterCommittees (7 total): NEPO SubCommittees/ Task Forces (9 total): mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. basis the ODMand NEPOcoordinate overall DisasterManagement programs onthe principles of prevention, responsibility for the planning and organization of counter-disaster measures atcentral level.Onaregular (NEOC). The ODMisagovernmental organization thatworkscloselywiththe NEPOand hasthe primary The ODMoperates asthe Secretariat toNEPOand ithouses the National Emergency Operations Center Office ofDisasterManagement (ODM) (2.5 program staff) • • • • • • • • • Governmental Authority • • by regular meetings using availablecommunications. • • • • Provide resources for the administration of allaspectsof assistance during and afteranational disaster Environmental Protection Public Information and Education Transport Evacuation and Equipment Telecommunications Food and General Supplies Welfare Health Services Emergency Shelters Public Utilities Monitor the activities of the annual disasterworkprogram Manage the National DisasterPlan Pass legislation togovern disastermanagement, Provide executive and management functions during and afteranational disasterfrom the NEOC,or Ensure that information and direction are given to the general public and appropriate levels of

18 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Table 5.DocumentInventory Guidelines Policies Legislation budget. initial intense training, the NERTand CERTS may undergo training once ortwice per yearbasedonavailable often trained, prepped and equippedtomanage search and rescue atthe localcommunity level.Post their CERTS are decentralized satelliteteams of the National Emergency Response Team atthe community level, Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTS); 230trained during and afterhazardous events. volunteers who are equippedand primed toconduct search and rescue among other lifesaving activities This teamiscomprisedtrained professionals from the sectorsof Health, Police, Fire, Education and other National Emergency Response Team (NERT); 40trained • • • • • • • Marigot District inthe North East(15committees) Castle Bruce District inthe East(9committees) La Plaine District inthe East(14committees) Grand BayDistrict inthe SouthEast(17committees) Roseau District (West and Central) (29committee) St. Joseph District onthe West Coast(27committees) Portsmouth District inthe North West (22committees) Economic Evaluation for RiskAssessment for the Tourism Sector • Determination of Wind Forces onBuildings and Other Structures • • • • • • • • • • (Evacuation) Regulations 2014,Early Warning Systems Regulations 2014] Management (Volunteers) Regulations 2014,Comprehensive DisasterManagement Disaster Relief and Assistance Regulations of 2014,Comprehensive Disaster Management Act 2014,Comprehensive DisasterManagement Regulations of 2014, • • • Standard for Conducting Hazard Mapping, Vulnerability Assessment and Engineering Guidelines for Incorporating Climate Change into the Disaster Auxiliary Corps National Strategy onDisasterManagement National Policy onDisasterManagement Relief Supplies Policy Emergency Shelter Policy Emergency Housing Policy Damage Assessment Policy National Climate Change Adaptation Policy, adopted bythe Cabinet in2002. (CDEMA Articles 2009) Comprehensive DisasterManagement Bill2014[includes: Comprehensive Disaster Emergency Planning and DisasterManagement Bill2006 Emergency Powers (Disaster)Bill1991 DRR DOCUMENT INVENTORY FOR DOMINICA

19 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Table 5.DocumentInventory colour coded alertsystemontheir Dominica Hydrometeorological Website. hydromet events butisusefulfor multiple hazards. The METOffice hasand receives notifications from this by the METOffice soonafter Tropical StormErika (2015)toprompt swiftaction from NEPO mainly for The following colourcoded International Warning, Alertand Response Notification framework wasinitiated GREEN Reports Sector Plans By Disaster Plans Disaster National (SOPs) Procedures Operating Standard ALERT LEVEL meeting Green Post DisasterNeeds Assessment -Erika Final Dominica Post DisasterNeeds Assessment (PDNA)-Maria Emergency Plans and Business Continuity plans thatare testedand revised yearly. • Hospital Plan,Community Health Plan,RecoveryInfluenzaStrategic Plan] Plan, Environmental Health Plan,Mass Casualty Management Plan,Princess Margaret • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • MEETING Utility Companies (DOMLEC,DOWASCO, LIME)and some Petrol and BulkStations have Health Sector(Concept of Operations, Mitigation Plan,Preparedness Plan,Response Education Sector(Dominica National School-Vulnerability Reduction Plan) Telecommunications Plan DANA Plan3-REA-Vol 2 DANA Plan2-REA-Vol1 Volcanic Plan3[Area 2Evacuation Plan Volcanic Plan3[Area Three Evacuation Plan] Volcanic Plan3[Area One Evacuation Plan] Volcanic Plan2-Hazard Report(South) Volcanic Plan1 Landslide Response Plan Flood Response PlanV1.3 Hurricane Plan The Commonwealth of Dominica National DisasterPlan2001 SOP for Declaring aDisasterasenshrined inLaw SOPs for Agencies of the Dominica Emergency Management Organization SOPs for the National Emergency Operations Centre DEMO DEMO DRR DOCUMENT INVENTORY FOR DOMINICA permanent planning for evacuation and execution of simulation exercises. level. Otherwise, activities willbe:permanent public awareness campaigns; Meeting isonlynecessary when coming down from yellow, orange orred ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY NEPOMEMBERS.

20 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Table 6.Early Warning Systems tools/resources nationally several of the systems and toolshaveregional oversight and supportasportrayed briefly in Table 7. Warning Systems inDominica. These resources are hosted byboththe privateand public sectorsand Table 6 presents the various equipment, tools, systems and human resources directly contributing to Early Hydromet Seismic RED ORANGE YELLOW EWS TOOLS / EWS TOOLS RESOURCES ALERT LEVEL meeting Red meeting Orange meeting Yellow MEETING • • • • • • Colihaut, Salisbury,Belles, P.C) • • • • Capuchin, Salisbury-Owned byPort Authority and Mahaut) • • Pennville, Morne Daniel, Paix Bush,Portsmouth) (Bellevue, Soufriere, LaPlaine, Salisbury, Morne Espanol, • DEMO DEMO Wind Hazard Map Rainfall Hazard Map Rain, soil,humidity &temperature stations Sea levelgages Water levelstations Automatic rainfall stations Automatic weather stations (Micotrin, Dublanc, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqVEda3E6Cw (2014) Earthquake Hazard map Volcano Hazard map Floating jetties (Anse de Mai -Owned byPort Authority, GPS Tracking Reference Stations (3) Seismograph network of seismograph stations EWS SPECIFIC TOOLS/RESOURCES NATIONALLY the volcanic eruption. Response/recovery activities depending onthe magnitude and duration of Emergency Operations Center (EOC)activated. Analysis of the situation. exercises. Ensure itiscompletelyevacuated. hazard zone (s)atriskasplanned and aspracticed through simulation Emergency Operations Center (EOC)activated. Immediate evacuation of population go backtohazard zone (s)depending onthe situation. down from Orange orRedlevels, analyse the possibilityof letting the for evacuation. Execution of asimulation exercise ifpossible. When coming zone (s)atrisk.Revision and updating of emergency plans and preparations announcing the immediate need for preparations for evacuation of hazard Increase population awareness measures and advisories through the media ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY NEPOMEMBERS. MET office ODM HOST

21 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Additional Chemical Fire / Security Radio Television Telecoms Community Health Tsunami Hydrologic EWS TOOLS / EWS TOOLS RESOURCES of multi hazards butrelies oninternet connectivity • • • • • Analysis inatimely manner tosupporteffectivedecision –making). • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50% active(givetotalnumber) • • • hospitals and 1national hospital • meeting religiously once perweek) • • • • • in Fond Coleand ….inPortsmouth? • • • Common AlertProtocol (CAP)which facilitates warning 2 Ambulance Stations 5 Fire &Ambulance Stations (130fire officers) Crime StoppersDominica 18 Police Stations (500+)Police officers (30 current trainees) Regional SecuritySystem(providing intelligence and Trend Radio AbanMango Voice of LifeRadio Vibes Radio Q95 Kairi FM Dominica Broadcasting Station (DBS) Government Information Service (GIS) Marpin CBN4 television DigiPlay Satellite phones (2+) Amateaur Radio (20+) Digicel (cellservice, internet, cable) FLOW (landlines, cellservice, internet, cable-Marpin T.V) Village Councils (42) Disaster Committeesinalmost allcommunities, CERTS (230trained persons from across-section of Dominica) NERT (40trained) 52 Health Clinics/centers, 2district Public Health Surveillance (detection &monitoring Broadband Seismometer Tsunami Hazard Map Coastal Surge Hazard Map Tsunami Public Service Announcement YouTube videos Sea Levelgages: atthe CoastGuard base Hydrology Map Streamflow Gages (7 destroyed) EWS SPECIFIC TOOLS/RESOURCES NATIONALLY ODM MOH seismic network Wayne Abraham’s Portsmouth- Coast Guard & DOWASCO and ICT Unit MET Office Sector Police &Private & Government Private Sector & Government Private Sector Private Sector HOST

22 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Table 7. Regional Early Warning Systems Support (CAP) Alert Protocol Common Security Drought Hydrological Tsunami Seismic CATEGORY tested for integrationintonational EWS) via multiplemediasimultaneously, (willbe further developedand pending hazardanddisseminate warningmessagestothepopulation The CAP, whichisdesignedtoprovideautomatednotifications of a Regional SecuritySystem the region(Farrell2016;Trotman 2010). Drought forecasting et al2003;CADM2006;WMO20110). Martinique, Guadeloupe, Dominican Republic andJamaica(Villagran the regioninBarbados, Belize, Guyana,Trinidad, FrenchGuiana, Doppler radars andsatellite imagery forecasting systemfor hurricanesthatissupportedbyanetworkof The Caribbeanregionbenefitsfromawell–developedwarningand and adjacentregions.’ http://redsismica.uprm.edu all earthquakes of magnitude4.5orgreateroccuredintheCaribbean time. Thegoalistodetectandreportpromptly, accuratelyandprecisely stations fromothersCaribbeannetworks (Figure1),available inreal Seismic Network(PRSN),thePuertoRicostrongmotionnetworkand ‘The Tsunami AlertSystemmonitorstheseismicstations in PuertoRico Islands andtheCayman(SRC2016). networks arestrategicallylocatedthroughoutCuba,Jamaica,theVirgin de Paris (IPGP).InadditiontoSRC’s instrumentation, seismographs Observatory incollaborationwiththeInstitutdePhysiqueduGlobe of theEasternCaribbeanandalsomanagesMontserratVolcano ‘ monitors earthquakesandvolcanoes throughthequarterlyprecipitation outlooks for REGIONAL EWS SUPPORT for theEnglish-speakingislands strategicallyplacedthroughout Colombia, Puerto Venezuela, Warning Center, Pacific Tsunami similar in Seismic Network, Puerto Rico & Tobago in Trinidad the West Indies The University of Centre (SRC)of Seismic Research IFRC (CIMH) and Hydrology Meteoroloyg Institute of Caribbean Cuba & Jamaica Republic and Dominican Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Guyana, Trinidad, Barbados, Belize, Jamaica Republic, Rico, Dominican HOST

23 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 4. MHEWS SPECIFIC GAPS AS IT RELATES TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 4.1 Disaster Risk Knowledge Gaps 4.2 Disaster Risk Knowledge Recommendations 4.3 Gaps in detection, monitoring, analysis and forecasting 4.4 Recommendations for detection, monitoring, analysis and forecasting 4.5 Warning Dissemination and Communication Gaps 4.6 Recommendations for Warning Dissemination and Communication 4.7 Gaps in Preparedness and Response Capabilities 4.8 Recommendations for Preparedness and Response Capabilities to DisasterRiskReduction (OIEWG),adopted bythe General Assembly on2February 2017(A/RES/71/276) 1 in contexts where hazardous events may occur alone, simultaneously, cascading or cumulatively over “Multi-hazard earlywarning systems address several hazards and/or impacts of similarordifferent type or alackof coordination across them couldleadtothe failure of the whole system.’ to gage progress and tofoster continuous improvement. It isoften noted that ‘failure inone component adhere tothe principle of end-to-end and people-centered, the system must include feedbackmechanisms at multiple levels, particularly invulnerable communities for the systemtoworkbest.Furthermore, to respond tothe warnings received. These core element must becoordinated withinand across sectorsand warnings and associated information onlikelihood and impact;and (4)preparedness atalllevelsto (3) dissemination and communication, byanofficial source, of authoritative, timely, accurate and actionable assessments; (2)detection, monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards and possibleconsequences; elements: (1)disasterriskknowledge basedonthe systematic collection of data and disasterrisk Effective EarlyWarning Systems are “end-to-end” and “people-centred” and compriseof four interrelated businesses and others totake timely action toreduce disasterrisksinadvance of hazardous events.” preparedness activities, systems and processes thatenables individuals, communities, governments, system of hazard monitoring, forecasting and prediction, disaster risk assessment, communication and Preamble UN 2016(A/71/644):Reportof the Open-ended Intergovernmental ExpertWorking Group onIndicators and Terminology Related W STANDARDS INTERNATIONAL AS IT RELATES TO 4. MHEWS GAPS ithin the framework of Disaster Risk Reduction1 1 , anearlywarning system is defined as “an integrated

25 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 2 national workshop onthe validation of the surveyfindings: Survey respondents from the following agencies contributed tothe surveyfindings and the subsequent mainframe: or no progress towards standard. The questions were categorized withinEarlyWarning Systems core attainment of standard, Major progress towards standard, Moderate progress towards standard, and Minimal online. One hundred and four (104)questions requested Attainment Levelrating options of: Complete Warning Systems through the administration of the CDEMAversion of the EWSchecklist onMonkey Survey During the months of ApriltoMay 2018,specific and systemic gapswere identified inDominica’s Early promoted. cultural perspectivesare integrated inallpolicies and practices, and women and youthleadership are of the system.The systemalsorequires agender responsive approach sothatgender, age, disabilityand effective plans which are testedregularly and afeedbackprocess which enables continuous improvement operational capacities, clearlydefined roles and responsibilities for allstakeholders, adequate resources, elements and itmust reside inanenabling environment which comprises:good governance, adequate An effectivemulti-hazard earlywarning systemrequires afunctioning framework founded onthe four core updated and accurate hazards identification and monitoring for multiple hazards’ (EWSChecklist). coordinated and compatiblemechanisms and capacities. Furthermore, itinvolvesmultiple disciplines for the abilitytowarnof one ormore hazards increases the efficiency and consistency of warnings through time, and taking into account the potential interrelated effects. Amulti-hazard earlywarning systemwith Government of Dominica Telecommunications Engineer (partially) Government of Dominica Information, Communication &Technology (ICT) Unit (partially) Office of Disaster Management Dominica RedCross Society National Telecommunications RegulatoryCommission Dominica Fire and Ambulance Services Voice of LifeRadio Dominica Air&SeaPort Authority Ministry of Health (MOH) -Primary Health Care Services Dominica Meteorological Service Chronicle Newspaper Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force Dominica Amateur Radio ClubInc. Ministry of Health (MOH) -Health Promotion Unit (4) actionable warnings and associated information onlikelihood and impact Dissemination and communication, byanofficial source, of authoritative, timely, accurate and (2) (1) Disasterriskknowledge basedonthe systematic collection of data and disasterriskassessments Detection, monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards and possible consequences (3) Preparedness atalllevelstorespond tothe warnings received. 2

26 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA analysis, riskprojections oroffer convincingly concrete recommendations. cover sufficient depth orare often not based off of orinclude scientific observations. related tosome communities. Samplesof those conducted and documented atthe community leveldo not and related reports. documented data onhazards are found inseparate planning documents (i.eVolcanic Plan,Hurricane Plan) procedures exist tosome extent withinsome organizations. However, several challenges exist: hazards and related threats that have and would affect the island. The corresponding plans, policies and Assessing Hazards measures, includingprevention,preparednessandresponse (EWSChecklist). to motivatepeople, prioritiseneedsandinterventionsguidepreparationsfor disaster riskmanagement community’s genderdifferentiatedcopingandadaptivecapacities. Riskassessmentsandrelatedmapshelp social normsthat determine their behavior. Therefore, theriskassessmentmustincludeanof the vulnerabilities; whichresultsinwomenandmenfacing differentrisks duetotheirdifferentgenderrolesand Risk isbasedalsoongenderdifferentiatedrolesandvulnerabilitiesinequalitiesthatcreate/increase study of reactions to different hazards can also provide insights to better manage theemergency in real-time. available tomanagetherisk,actualimpactsandtheirconsequences. Humaninteractionandbehavioural environmental degradationandclimatechange. Riskisalsodependentontheresourcesandcapacities coupled withvulnerabilitiesthatarisefromprocessessuchasunplannedurbanization,ruralland-usechange, collection andanalysisof data andshouldconsiderthedynamicscompoundingimpactsof hazards vulnerabilities andcopingcapacitiesataparticularlocation.Assessments of theserisks requiresystematic Universal Standard: 4.1. DISASTER RISK KNOWLEDGE GAPS: reference for the findings. universal standards thatprecede eachsection are alsoderived directly from the checklist and provide a applicable tothese sections, butrecommendations are summative toallidentified gaps. The international/ Note thatgapfindings under the following sections / headings directly correlate tochecklist items 1.3 1.2 1.1 T R here hasbeenmoderate tomajor progress inassessments of most of the natural and manmade There isno indepth, comprehensive documented hazard assessment for Dominica. The majority of isks arisefromthecombinationof hazards, exposure of people andassetstothehazardstheir The information isalsoverymuch nationalized withfewassessments specifically conducted and Many of the hazard assessments do not contain sufficient depth in scientific (natural, social..)

27 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA on the premise of the drafts. Hence, itissafe to conclude thatthere exists amajor legislativegap. None of the draft billspreceding the latterhavebeenenacted into law byParliament though they function increase vulnerability havebeenanalyzed. Thisdraft isnot currently withinthe grasp of key personnel. reviewed bylocaland regional stakeholders, and itisuncertain whether gapsin the legislation thatmay that iscurrent orrelevant torecent circumstances. very limitedraw quantitative and qualitative data thatincorporates special participation bythe public and Disaster RiskCountry Profile, few research studies, needs assessments and other documents. Butthere is and attention. are not sufficiently analyzed and againtaking into consideration gender and equity. vulnerability of locations such asrural, urban, coastline, elevatedsettlements. infrastructure, sectorsand systems. would inform ongender, disability, age differentiated data, social and cultural norms, vulnerability of vulnerability todisastersthrough standardized methodology and inasingle document ordatabase that Assessing Vulnerability andCapacity Seismic Research Center inTrinidad. met, butfortunately, thisdoes not interrupt the information alertsand other services provided bythe a manned portfolio. Emergencies and isnot proactively, collectivelyand consistently monitored, enhanced, oranalyzed under of DisasterManagement are often inseparate organizations under minimal useexcept during times of review due tolessons learned from recent disasters. and are not sufficiently adaptable for useby key agencies and the general public. Several also require 1. 22 1.21 1.20 1.10 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 Inthe caseof geo hazards, financial obligations related toseismic monitoring are not consistently Several hazard maps alsoexist, butthey are not dynamic, do not include gender differentiated data Most of the hazard assessments were conducted several yearsago Vulnerability data isalsonot sufficiently mapped for all relevant hazards thatincludes aswell Information onhazards compiledinthe various plans /reports, although housed bythe Office Similartothe statusof hazard assessments, there hasbeenno comprehensive analysis onDominica’s Some data and information onspecific indicators are availableinvarious documents such as‘The Furthermore, activityand behaviour of peopleorgroups of peoplethatincrease orcompound risks Integration of historical and indigenous knowledge inriskassessments isnot givenadequate space There isupcoming legislation (the Comprehensive DisasterManagement Bill2014)thatisbeing

28 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project (DVRP)and isfurther expanded oninthe Recommendations. Office of Disaster Management). Thisisinthe pipeline of one of the multiple objectives of the island’s disasters and risk information, but there is no central standardized repository (located for example at the telecommunications companies such as FLOWand Digicel). and communication is hardly officially assessed or documented (except in the case of private sector to ensure massive coverage incommunications. Otherwise, vulnerability and risksrelated toinformation channels and early warning systems hardware resilience in advance toreduce the impact of events and utilized although the planaddresses varying communications modes and locations). the national Telecommunications Plan,the vulnerabilities are implied butnot specifically assessedor that may increase vulnerability orprevent persons invulnerable conditions from receiving messages. (In organizations inevaluating multiple communication channels and coverage and possiblepoints of failure of 52Health Clinics /Centers, 2District Hospitals and 1national hospital, has the edge overother key somewhat hasafair handle onthisbutitisquiteunder resourced. other agencies /organizations; not inasystematic, structured and wellresourced manner. The Met Office with roles and responsibilities of stakeholders clearlyidentified. Butthis is not the casewith most of the resources such ashuman, financial, and technical apparatus, the Ministry of Health hasthis down pat information on new or emerging vulnerabilities and hazards. Except for the major deterrent of inadequate same situation applies for the process for maintenance, regular review and updating of riskdata including capacities aspernational and international standards, thisisnot similarly the casefor other sectors. The sharing and assessment of riskinformation and data related tohazards, exposures, vulnerabilities and Volcanic Area 1inthe Southof the island). infrastructure thatmay now beinaccessible (Petite Savanne Road, for example, isanevacuation route for relevant toevacuation plans when the riskassessments may not becurrent and the planisrelying on hence itcouldbeinferred thatplans may not befullyinformed oraccurately guided (thisisparticularly local plans seldom include relevant, detailed riskassessments thatformulate the premise for the plans, often clear and in an easy to understand language (though mostly in English and Creole minimally). But Information Management for Risk Data Ministries such asPlanning, clearly stipulatepost-disasterneeds assessments butrarely hazard assessments except inthe caseof afew Operations Centre (EOC)hardly stipulatevulnerability assessments aspartof pre-disaster duties. They 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.21 Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)for Ministries and sectorsrepresented onthe Emergency Localriskmanagement plans do incorporate results of riskassessments and warning messages are The Ministryof Health, equippedwithaHealth Promotion Unit and aPrimary Healthcare network Except for the Ministryof Health which hasaccomplished major progress inthe systematic collection, The twoagencies (Health and the Dominica Meteorological Office) alsoevaluate communication The Ministryof Health and the Met Office do havestandardized repositories tostore allevents /

29 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA RECOMMENDATIONS: 4.2. DISASTER RISK KNOWLEDGE preparation and response mode ascompared toResearch, analysis and sustainable planning. consultants guided bythe ODM,orother organizations such asthe Dominica RedCross for example. and CapacityAssessments (HVCA)for ALLareas and sectors. Generally riskassessments are conducted by except inorganizations such asHealth &METOffice. for conducting postdisasterneeds assessments butnone exist for conducting pre-disaster riskassessments (including social and gender experts) do havesome inputatvarious stages of the process. There isapolicy experts toreview the accuracy of riskdata and information developed; though some of these experts committee established toleadand overseeriskassessments. agencies and partners who may participate insome riskassessments, there isno specific subteam/ hazard identification and riskinformation. Roles andResponsibilities ofStakeholders critical disasterprone areas. Assessment /HVCA)withmass participation of the Dominican public and particularly toinclude adaptive capacities, economic and livelihoods profile, assets, critical needs etc). and history, social and cultural norms, communication channels, land use, infrastructure, coping and collected pertaining toamultitude of critical factors (age, gender, disability, indigenous knowledge need tohavearole. though NGOsand sectorsrelated togender, children, the elderly and persons withdisabilities would documents etcorthiscouldbecome aspecific duty of the Information Management Task Force; 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.27 T he Office of Disaster Management (ODM)isthe national organization responsible for coordinating 1.c 1.b 1.a Although, the ODMhasadetailed structural network of various committeescomprisedof key Unfortunately, legislation hasnot beenpassedtomandate the preparation of Hazard, Vulnerability Additionally, there is no official protocol /guide for external and local scientific and technical Generally, the roles of stakeholders are predominantly occupied with actions related toimminent Initiate acomprehensive RiskAssessment for Dominica (i.eHazard, Vulnerability, Capacity Establishacore team/committee toinitiate, oversee, host and disseminate allriskassessments, Devise a national standard for conducting HVCAs, and this should make reference to data

30 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA time. Data,forecasts andwarnings willbegenderresponsiveandculturallyappropriate should bearchivedinastandardized waytosupportposteventanalysisandimprovements of thesystemover of shared institutional, procedural and communication networks and capacities. Data, forecasts and warnings warning for whichmaycomefromaseparateauthority)andcoordinatedwherever possible togainthebenefit hazard perspective(e.g. heavyrainfall maynotonlytriggerfloodingbutalsolandslides, the resources used and different activities carried out bymen and women.Warning servicesshould have amulti- of the data under international standards when these are available, taking into consideration the different systems usedfor detectionandmonitoring,whichcouldbeautomated,shouldallow for strictqualitycontrol community orcommunitiestoenacttheirdisaster management plansappropriatefor thathazard.The is essentialtogenerateaccuratewarningsinatimely fashion thatallowssufficient time for theaffected Continuous monitoringof hazardparametersandtheirprecursors(whenavailable for aparticularhazard) the systemand reliable technology for: Universal Standard: HAZARDS AND POSSIBLECONSEQUENCES ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING OF THE 4.3. GAPS INDETECTION, MONITORING, Warning Systems. data thatinform roles and actions withinthe plans. W 1.h 1.g 1.f 1.e 1.d staffed byqualifiedpeople. a forecasting andwarningsystem thatoperates24hoursaday, 365days/yearwhichismonitoredand monitoring anddetectinghazardsinreal-timeornear-real-time; arning services lie atthe core of anearlywarning system.There must beasound scientific basisto Establishacentral standardized repository tostore allevent/disaster, riskinformation etc. Local disaster / emergency plans should explicitly incorporate risk assessment and vulnerability Enact legislation thatmandates riskassessments and knowledge byand of the people. Review and develop new and updated, dynamic hazard maps. Honor localand regional financial obligations toestablished teams, processes and Early

31 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA stand-by ‘on-call’basisafterregular work hours. systems exist independently inaselectfeworganizations and most staffare trained and operate ona Forecastingand Warning Institutional Mechanisms toSupportHazard Monitoring, do utilizeaclearplanalong withthe necessary appendages such asmanuals. minimal to moderate within key organizations / agencies except in the caseof the METOffice where they to the point of inadequate provisions tocontract technical maintenance staff. majority of their workrely ontheir systems and equipment. Buttheir maintenance budget isalsolimited maintenance. The situation of the METOffice isslightly different asthey are forced toaddress thisasthe there is an issue and a need to utilize the same, and there is limited annual budget secured for routine conveyed byTrinidad. maintenance afterwhich ODMofficers conduct a field visit and address issueswithspecific instructions of seismic data, the ODMiscontacted bythe seismic unitinTrinidad pinpointing which equipment needs issues orprocessing issues. The METOffice is more proactive and consistently addressing this. Inthe case this internally. This ismostly implemented inTrinidad for seismic data, butthe METOffice and Ministry of Health address with quality controls, archived and accessiblefor verification, research purposesand other applications. some of their EWSequipment. Center inTrinidad. The METOffice receives monitoring data immediately ontheir devices (computer)from on their portabledevices such ascellphones. The information isfirstlyfiltered by the Seismic Research time for the most part.ODMofficers for example receive data near real time through their email including monitoring data isreceived, processed and availableinaninteroperable format inreal time ornear real hazards, health hazards and those related tonational security. Hazard Monitoring 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 Hazard monitoring ismoderately tomajorly continuous, particularly geo hazards, hydrometeorological There is no centralized 24-hour Multi Hazard Early Warning center for Dominica. Early Warning Measurement parameters and specifications are documented for each relevant hazard and the The monitoring and data analysis systems’ health is moderately monitored for data gaps, connection The monitoring data (and metadata in the case of hydromet and seismic events) is routinely curated Withinorganizations, maintenance of monitoring hardware and software isaddressed mostly when Plans and documents for monitoring networks and endorsed byexperts and relevant authorities are

32 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA agencies. The Common AlertProtocol is geared towards addressing some component of thisgap. compared toconsistency of language orcommunication strategies for multi-hazards overseenby different quite minimal orlacksufficient depth. Rolesand responsibilities of key organizations are betteroutlined as language and communication responsibilities where different hazards are handled bydifferent agencies are (e.g. bathymetric and topographic data for tsunami modelling). established for data exchange of monitoring systems and baseline data necessary toproduce data products documents, butthere are hardly any official agreements and inter-agency protocols withincountry Standard Operating Procedures and other hazard related plans butnot byenacted legislation. warnings are established and guided byauthoritative instruments such asthe National DisasterPlan,the in Parliament several yearsago, none havebeenenacted into law. and Emergencies aslistedinTable 5Document Inventory, and although the earliest 2hadafirst hearing example, thisisnot currently mandated byexisting legislation. There are several Billsrelating toDisasters outline of their clear roles and responsibilities in the Standard Operating Procedure for DEMO agencies for replacing on-callpersonnel systems withpermanent staffonshiftsystem. and on-call personnel systems, survey respondents expressed a need for more equipment redundancy and including data quality and warning performance; archival of warning and forecast processes and systems. standards. older technology allowing for exchange of data among countries withdifferent technical capabilities. as science and technology evolveand the systemismoderately abletocombine and benefit from new and analysis and processing, modelling, prediction and warning products canbe integrated easilyin the system methodologies and disseminated withininternational standards and protocols for the most part.New data modelling, prediction and warning products generated are basedonacceptedscientific and technical Fortunately, and withregards toseismic, hydromet and health hazards, data analysis and processing, technicians. to weathering, destruction byflood, vandalism and other man-made and natural events. 2.18 2.17 2.16 2.15 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.9 2.8 Personnel are often trained onsitetoconduct maintenance asopposedtousing routine trained Technical equipment islimitedand moderately suitedtolocalconditions assome are easilysubjected Software and data analysis for the received data israrely updated periodically and tohigh security Ahigh degree of cooperation exists among sectorsand is mostly informal and guided byvarious Although there are some Fail-safesystems inplace, such aspowerback-up, equipment redundancy The following are also moderately done: routine monitoring and evaluation of operational processes, Whilethere iscorporation among organizations generating and issuing warnings, including the The systems though are hardly orminimally subjectedtoregular system-wide testand exercises. Standardized process, and roles and responsibilities of allorganizations generating and issuing Similarly, Agreements and inter-agency protocols established toensure consistency of warning

33 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA unpredictability inweather. Forexample, the public was warned of arecent trough system thatresulted hydromet events and mainly due tolimitedforecasting, overstatedwarnings and rapid changes and certain trust inwarnings issuedand there continues tobeachallenge with‘false warnings’, particularly with reached allprincipal stakeholders. members orcommunity leaders. There ishardly any other strategized process toensure warnings have women and persons invulnerable situations wouldbethrough shelter managers, disastercommittee or simultaneously. chats, butwouldaswellbehampered otherwise and unable towarnallthe community members rapidly telecommunications systems were functional) would perhaps receive the information in their cell group insufficiently informed. At thistime some persons onthe disastercommittees(depending onwhether hand held radios and therefore wouldmiss outonwarning updates and face greater risksdue tobeing switched off the electric grid asasafetymeasure. Furthermore, many households wouldnot haveportable certain areas may not receive /access the warning updates asthe powercompany wouldhavealready of storms rapidly developing instrength, sometimes withinjustafewhours, some persons living in consequences. slightly off from actual events, persons may disregard ortake lightly future warnings and face unfavourable to beachallenge for warning issuersincommunicating probability and consequently if the warnings are of certainstrengths for example and actions persons should take tokeep safe. Incidentally, there appears in Laudat were undergoing major tests. water inthe Boiling Lake disappearseveryfewyearsand when staffatthe Geothermal development site that hadalready taken place. Butperiodically there havebeenclearwarnings/advisories issuedwhen the and clearlyannounced). Warnings related toseismic events havebeenmostly toreport onearthquakes to gender (for example, the ZIKAvirusand the high riskposedtopregnant women isveryspecifically response actions. Warning messages are not always gender sensitive unless the threats are directly related messages are often clear, consistent, and sometimes include riskand impactinformation withadvice on Hazard Forecasting and Warning Services or regulations. different warning systems isminimally and informally inplace. It cannot befound inany specific document respect which organizations are responsible for generation and issuance of warnings. 2.11 2.10 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.20 2.19 Most warnings onisland havebeenrelated tohydromet events orHealth threats and warning Another challenge faced regards the timing of hydromet warnings. Withthe recent experience Recently, warning messages haveelaborated abitonthe potential impactof storms /hurricanes Minimal tomoderate progress has beenmade indevising strategies tobuildcredibility and Generally, warning systempartners, including localauthorities and the media, are aware of and do At thispoint the onlyprocess toascertainwhether warnings reached the general public particularly Amulti-hazard coordination strategy toobtain mutual efficiencies and effectiveness among

34 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES FORECASTING OF THE HAZARDS AND MONITORING, ANALYSIS AND 4.4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DETECTION, would begivenfor forecasts being inaccurate orwarnings being overrated. and online. Some organizations noted though that with these announcements hardly any explanations more serious warning due toeventhe share sizeof the systemthatdid impactthe island head on. Storm Erika where itwasannounced asheading pastthe north of Dominica butcouldhaveprompted a in barely any rain for Dominica, butcausedhailinMartinique nearby. Another example relates toTropical experts asmuch aspossible. which host them along withactivity logdatabases. the preliminary stages of implementation. major activities scheduled withinthe DisasterVulnerability Reduction Project (DVRP)and already in backup and equipment redundancy should beensured. Thiswouldbean acceleration of one of the practices onisland. Routine health checks, systemwide testsand fail safe systems such aspower DRR related plans, and information for dissemination and orientation tohelp guide allactivities / near real time. Inclusive should bea repository for storing and managing not onlyEWSdata butall with modernized systems and equipment thatdetect and monitor multiple hazards inreal time / center, manned 24hours daily bylocallytrained technical staff.Thiscenter should beequipped external events such asvandalism, floods, high winds etc installation, maintenance, and discard, inclusive of services of the relevant human resources. 2.12 2.f 2.e 2.d 2.c 2.b 2.a Oftenwarnings are officially discontinued aswouldbeannounced primarily on radio, television, Devisestrategies toimprove hazard forecasting for more accuracy Annual budgets should ensure sufficient allocations for modern equipment purchase, upgrade, Proactively source and establishaprincipal Multi-Hazard EarlyWarning Systemcommand Initiate the mapping of allEWSequipment /systems byand withinallagencies /organizations Maintenance plans, procedures, should bedeveloped for allEWSequipment and endorsed by Safeguard the placement of EWSequipment toensure more resilience toweathering and

35 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA place toensure coordination across warning issuersand dissemination channels; though, coordination, Additionally, warning communications strategies atthe national, subnational and locallevels are alsoin of Health threats, the Health Promotion Unit woulddisseminate the warnings further tothe communities). Officer, Chief Medical Officer for Health threats and endorsed messages by the Prime Minister. In the case addressed through government policy atalllevels(Warnings are mainly issuedbyODMDirector, Senior MET Organizational &DecisionMakingSystem are warned, toavoid failure of any one channel, and toreinforce the warning message.. established. The useof multiple communication channels isnecessary toensure asmany peopleaspossible national and local level communication systems must be pre-identified and appropriate authoritative voices cannot betrusted, real communication isimpossible—and ittakes along time toestablishtrust.Regional, organizations and communities. Trust isabig partof effectiveriskcommunication. Ifthe information source are critical toenable proper preparedness and response thatwillhelp safeguard livesand livelihoods by reach everyone inthe community equally. Clearmessages containing simple, usefuland usableinformation Universal Standard: COMMUNICATION GAPS WARNING4.5. DISSEMINATION AND Sector cooperation and resources. in the most vulnerable communities asapriority time and maximum information coverage 3.1 W Functions, roles and responsibilities of eachactorinthe warning dissemination process ismoderately 2.j 2.j 2.i 2.h 2.g arnings must reach those atrisk,particularly peopleinvulnerable situations. Messages should also Create and implement strategies for building trustamong agencies and withthe public Formalize allnecessary agreements and interagency protocols, including those requiring Private Identify and establishindigenous EarlyWarning Systems atthe community level,particularly Buildcapacityinformatting and issuing warnings and communicating ‘riskprobability’ Developwarning strategies thatbothrely and do not rely onelectrical powertoensure real

36 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Ministry of Health, much of their data isalsoshared withPAHO and through anonline database. various weather stations and other equipment positioned atseveral locations onisland. Inthe caseof the case of the METOffice which has multiple basesatthe Canefield airport and Melville Hallairport and have risk profile) Ministry of Health is also still in need of a high quality laboratory as recommended in the country Disaster of property, multiple equipment need replacing and maintaining and several require modern upgrades. (The maintenance services onhydromet equipment. staff which are mostly female staff toventure into remote and sometimes dangerous settings toprovide instructions via cellphones tofixlocalseismic equipment. Likewise the METOffice alsoutilizesitsown Dominica) promptly and internally bylocalstaff(e.g localseismic readings alert Trinidad before the ODMstaffin sophisticated, there isstillno central command basewithrepository where data alertsare captured of EWSneeds. opposed tointernal planning and funding. Thisimplies agapinnational strategic planning and resourcing Communications Systems andEquipment social media) where appropriate. very few official agreements developed to utilize private sector resources (e.g television, amateaur radios, supporting roles of the PrivateSectorare stipulatedinnational emergency plans. Butotherwise, there are lives of others when they are onthe receiving end of onlythe warnings issuedtothe public. sometimes they loseoutonproductivity orthey delay critical decisions thatimpacttheir workand the general public inorder tomake quick, informed, decisive choices for their sectorof work.They feelthat critical agencies wouldprefer receiving additional, special warnings besides whatisannounced tothe disasters butinteraction isheightened inthe aftermath of disasters/emergencies. planning and review meetings between warning issuers and the media are not quite regular preceding 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 C 3.3 3.2 ommunications Systems and Equipment present the most gapsinallthe EWScategories: Unfortunately, due tothe recent impactof multiple hazards and the resulting looting and vandalism There ismoderate tomajor progress interms of trustbetweenand among stakeholders though Most EWS equipment have been installed mostly due to external goodwill (from donors, INGOs) as Corporation betweenthe PrivateSectorand the established agencies isgenerally veryhigh and EWSequipment are mostly seismic orhydromet related and although some of them are fairly Maintenance of much of the equipment isalsoachallenge. ODMstaffrecall days of receiving distant There isminimal progress onBackUpequipment and systems inthe event of failure except inthe

37 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA DISSEMINATIONCOMMUNICATION AND 4.6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WARNING communities are not prompt, routine orstructured. facilitate some swiftfeedback,butgenerally feedbackand adaptation processes particularly involving the various sectors and community teams on the ground. In some situations the licensed HAM Radio operators responsible for detecting and alerting (e.g seismic, and hydromet) orbetweensuch agencies and the failures indissemination and communication are alsominimal. Thisismostly implemented withinagencies in the event of anon-traditional event such asatsunami, volcanic eruption, or invasion for example. systems thatappealtomultiple senses and thatcandraw the attention of mass populations simultaneously media alertsand neighborly assistance, there islimiteduseof automated systems orswift,indigenous this door to door network, community meetings via P.A systems, radio and television broadcasts, social vulnerable groups and remote settlements, though this reliant strategy can be time consuming. Besides emergency response teams do proactively assistinexpanding the reach of communicated warnings to be effectiveand targeted tothose most atrisk. impairments. Hence linear / regular strategies implemented to reach adiversepopulation may not always groups with vulnerabilities and even those with language, literacy and other physical and psychological of Communications systems are mainly reflective of such experiences: experiences with EWS on island are related to weather, the following gaps identified regarding the Efficacy fairly healthy sense of trustbetweenand among key sectorsand stakeholders. Giventhatthe majority of sector. They alsotrustthatadvisories and warnings are sound and intheir bestinterest. There isalsoa of Health orany other Ministerreporting inanemergency specifically and majorly related tohis/ her such asthe President, the Prime Minister, the Director ordelegate of the ODM,the METOffice, The Ministry Efficacy ofCommunications Systems acquisition &resource plan 3.11 3.10 3.9 G enerally the Dominican public trustsdeclarations and warnings of disasterprimarily from authorities 3.b 3.a Earlywarnings do not sufficiently take account of different risks of subpopulations, including Feedbackmechanisms toverifythatwarnings havebeenreceived and the correction of potential Fortunately, the vastnetwork of localvillage councils, disastercommitteesand community Establishthe critical EWSequipment needed through adetailed analysis and develop an Prioritize the sourcing and installation of critical EWSequipment and resources

38 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA in the useof DRRtoolsand methodologies under aspecific DRRcourse orcurriculum thatwould provide Knowledge isfairly basic and imparted mostly through theory rather then participation or engagement topic bitesscattered through subjects such asGeography, Integrated Science, Social Sciences and the like. Public Awareness andEducationPrograms strong socialandgendernormsarealsonecessarywhen promoting safebehaviour. routes, andhowbesttoavoid damageandlosstoproperty.Knowledge, acceptance andconsiderationof well informed on options for safe behaviour to reduce risks and protect their health, knowavailable escape It is also essential that disaster management plans are in place, well-practicedandtested.People should be safety conditionsinreliefshelters, andimprovemitigation. reduce mortalityandmorbidityratesaswellfacilitate equitabledistributionof emergencyrelief,improve responsive planningandpreparationfor earlywarningand responsetoadisasterisalsoessentialasitcan how to react to the warning messages. Education and preparedness programmes play a key role. Gender Universal Standard: RESPONSE CAPABILITIES 4.7. GAPS INPREPAREDNESS AND warnings level (e.g belltowers, sirens etc) EWS equipment 4.1 At alllearning institutions onisland, students are educated on DisasterRiskReduction through I t is essential that people understand their risks; respect the national warning service and understand 3.f Support the resourcing and installation of indigenous systems and equipment at the community 3.d 3.c Establishand enforce feedbackmechanisms and systems teststoevaluate receipt of alerts/ Fund /strategize and develop the technical capacitytooperate and maintain the various Incorporate Backupsystems and locations inEWSprioritization

39 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA police, firefighters, volunteers, healthservices) who disseminate warnings to the public and decide public to events, butthe evacuation of last mileoperators ishardly explicit inthese protocols (e.g local for maintaining preparedness for longer return periods and for cascading hazard events. during the last3yearshavetrapped the country inResponse mode and hashardly allowedrecovery space funding and costeffectivestrategies for emergencies islandwide. Recent catastrophic events particularly entire annual budgets and energies nationally, forcing the need for innovation inestablishing sustainable preparedness and mitigation initiatives. The economic impact of multiple recent disasters have surpassed are veryminimally done nationally and withininstitutions and communities. processes, including preparedness and response, assessing aswellthe management of vulnerable groups are then compelledtomake announcements inthe public of various preparatory and response actions. a reference product for DisasterCommitteesand other Planowners until adisasterisimminent and persons of these plans toallmembers of the community soonafterthe plans are developed. Oftenthe plans remain special needs of vulnerable groups toacertainextent. The main issuehere isregarding the dissemination buses’ (MOH Health Alertand Response Plan),which indicates thatplanning and response actions consider state that‘the sick, the aged and persons withdisabilities willbepicked upfrom their homes bydesignated and observatoryriskassessments) todevelop and update the said plans. Many of these plans alsoexplicitly assessments (often lessons learned from post disaster needs assessments rather than documented scientific is drafted, butunfortunately not enacted. To acertainextent, organizations utilizemulti-hazard risk that are for the most part developed in a participatory manner and underpinned by a legislation that Disaster Preparedness andResponse Readiness all communities of diversegroups through multi communication strategies. emergency strikes. There isno formatted, holistic ongoing education and awareness programming targeting the public awareness and education campaigns are often seasonal either soonbefore orsoonafteran and DisasterCommitteesare alsoperiodically trained ororiented oncertainDRRaspects. Having said that, hazards and actions needed tobetaken bythe public. Furthermore, Community Emergency Response Teams organizations alsosometimes educate the public through radio and television broadcasts aboutvarious multimedia and print materials abouthealth hazards and preparedness and response strategies. Other meetings onthe streets through mobile P. Asystems oreducating persons inthe churches, through DRR components. advanced, age appropriate depth into multi hazards, exposure, vulnerabilities, mitigation and other key 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 There are several protocols established for emergency and health services topromptly respond The Ministryof Health does agreat jobof visiting schools, health centers and hosting public There are multiple national, sectoral and community emergency preparedness and response plans Communication strategies utilizedare alsorarely evaluated and adjustedfor maximum effect. Regularexercises undertaken totestand optimizethe effectiveness of the earlywarning dissemination This is interlinked with the inadequate financial allocations in the National Emergency Fund for

40 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA when funds are availableand often without the majority of the community participating orobserving. First responders are often training orconducting drills (onaverage twice ayear due toverylimitedbudget) community, ledbythe Fire Services, the Police, Health, RedCross and the Office of Disaster Management. children, women, persons withdisabilities /illnesses, the elderly, vagrants etc) The latterwouldentail throughout, plans and response provisions thoroughly tailored tothe needs of: is mostly for placement inshelters, but itisnot done inastructured, holistic and consistent manner. do planpreparedness and response actions mindful of the needs of vulnerable persons/groups and this how women, children and vulnerable persons wouldhavefared. (Disaster committeesand Village Councils processes, preparedness and response isveryminimal. localized orcontextualized community basedEarlyWarning Systems for various /multiple hazards. HVCA and emergency operation planning process which should conclude bythe end of thiscalendar year). organizations and businesses in the communities (Commendably, schools are currently conducting a mass their lives, butmost households stilldo not haveFamilyEmergency Plans, neither do most schools, other Response Testing pursue orfail toundertake intheir daily and annual operations (seeTable 7onCultural Readiness). 50% of the time inaconsistent /conscious mode of readiness basedonroutine practices they proactively culture of readiness for emergencies confirmthatorganizations inpractical reality are justabit more than national EWS Gaps validation workshop to some participating organizations assessing their organization annually. Unfortunately thisisminimally enforced. Ashort additional checklist administered during the plans are tobereviewed, updated and submittedtothe Office of Disaster Management by March 31st line responders and decision makers tofacilitate the acceleration of response plans. communication and transport networks, considerations must bemade for the initial rounding upof first for briefing and instruction,’ butgiven Dominica’s terrain and disaster impacthistory of severed road, in one of the Volcanic Evacuation Plans, itstates‘Senior management and specific unitpersonnel meet of firstline responders to duty stations particularly during orpostadisaster/emergency. For example and some are lefttosecure themselves. measures including issuing orders for evacuation orshelter inplace. Inpractice, thisismoderately done 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.9 4.8 In Dominica many persons including children are aware of hazards in general that can impact As aresult of not having community ororganizational plans inmost areas, there isacritical gapin Lessons are often mostly evaluated postadisaster/emergency, and thisincludes anassessment of Relatedly, regular exercises totest and optimize the effectiveness of the earlywarning dissemination There is also minimal to moderate drills and exercises conducted with first responders and The Commonwealth of Dominica National DisasterPlan2001stipulatesthatallsectoral emergency More critically, withinthe protocols, there isno explicit mandate for the collection orfacilitation

41 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA CAPABILITIES PREPAREDNESSRESPONSE AND 4.8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR islandwide as inpractice emergencies as well as the evacuation of last mile operators in existing and new protocols as well of said plans withinsectors on the 31st of March and monitor or supervise the dissemination, orientation and implementation the elderly, vagrants etc) special and vulnerable persons/groups (e.g children, women, persons withdisabilities/illnesses, community and organizational levels(thisincludes the PrivateSector). community emergency preparedness and response plans. of their indigenous knowledge and assetsand capacities independently orideally aspartof the inclusive inthe HVCAs and emergency protocols withinlearning institutions. multiple hazards and EWSutilizing multiple communication strategies. various target audiences, communication modalities, associated risks, mass coverage, etc. 4.j 4.i 4.h 4.g 4.f 4.e 4.d 4.c 4.b 4.a Establishand increase sustainable funding and costeffectivestrategies for emergencies Stipulateand ensure the facilitation of firstline responders to duty stations during and post Enforce the conducting of regular drills /simulations and the testing of EWSatnational, Promote and facilitate FamilyEmergency Plans. Localize and contextualize EWS in communities for multiple hazards from the strengths Design and implement anational Communications Planfor disaster and emergencies detailing Developadvisoryguides for communities tobeguided onunique/appropriate provisions for Design and implement aholistic Education and Awareness program for communities on Mainstream DRRinschool curriculums and planning processes, ensuring student engagement Enforce the revision, adaptation and submission of allsectoral emergency plans annually

42 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA and particularly EarlyWarning Systems wouldmost likely yield minimal progress aswell. act, their corresponding relations withbeneficiaries and the general public with regards toEmergencies practices. The assumption isthatifindividually organizations are minimally equipped, alertand ready to and activities withintheir organizations. Thisthen ledtoalookinto their individual organizational ascertain whether these wide margins were due toindividual knowledge gapsof the DRRrelated processes in Table 8.It wasinitiated, basedonthe noticeable margins inratings of the standards inthe EWSsurvey, to their organizations withregards totheir routine DisasterRiskReduction practices. Findings are summarized Table 8.Organization Culture andReadiness for Emergencies 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 # E WS surveyrespondents completedthisadditional checklist inorder toassessthe internal culture of Totals with national emergency systems? Is yourorganization meaningfully integrated/networked Does yourorganization have/store emergency supplies? gency alert&dissemination system? Does your organization have internal & external emer response? gencies/major hazard… i.etrainings, drills, mitigation, Is there budget allocatedbyyourorganization for emer Does yourorganization conduct emergency drills? ing for staff(atleastonce peryear)? Does yourorganization conduct emergency related train them? your organization’s policies & protocols, and sign off on Are ALLyourstafforiented atleastonce peryearon related toemergencies? Does your organization have internal policies/protocols updated Emergency Plan? Does yourorganization havean assessment? Does yourorganization conduct aRiskAnalysis/ Hazard ORGANIZATION CULTURE &READINESS FOR EMERGENCIES Question - - - 58/120 YES 58 10 9 6 6 3 4 6 4 6 4 3/120 Prog In 1 1 1 ------51/120 NO 62 3 6 5 7 8 6 7 4 5 - 8/120 sure Not 1 1 1 2 - - Sum 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

43 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Local Government, Ministryfor Telecoms Participants: Fire &Ambulance, Police, Health Promotion, FLOW, ODM,Met Office, GIS, NTRC, ICTU, MOE, h. Organizations appear50%ready nal alert&dissemination systemand store emergency supplies g. ½of the organizations haveupdated emergency plans, conduct annual training, haveinternal/exter f. Many feelno budget isallocated e. Majority do not conduct drills d. Many of the organizations facilitate policy orientation for staff c. Most of the 12organizations haveinternal policies and protocols b. ICT &Gov’tTelecoms do not feelfullyintegrated inthe Emergencies network a. The majority feelmeaningfully networked ORGANIZATION CULTURE &READINESS FOR EMERGENCIES -

44 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 5. SYSTEMIC GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS education and readiness, and sustainable resources. guidelines, inadequate riskanalysis and emergency planning, limited Early Warning Systems, public Enactment andenforcement oflegislationandpolicy guidelines would heighten the stateof awareness and readiness aswellamong the general public. • roles and behaviour of allorganizations involved. target regions for continuous monitoring, infrastructural worksfor facilitation of EWSand the desired • lives. Furthermore, itwouldmandate priority actions and hold actorsaccountable. administration of EarlyWarning Systems which wouldadd great valuetoallsectorsimpacting people’s • the eyesof the citizens sothey feeltheir livesmatter. related duties. Legislation setsthe caring tone and reinforces the political willof the government in should care, whether they should make the effort tokeep informed and willingly carryouttheir DRR Key organizations involvedare leftdoubtful astowhether they should trusteachother, whether they of duty bearers (key organizations) tosaveliveswhich isthe bottomline of EarlyWarning Systems. post haste. The absence of enacted legislation weakens the intentions, the actions and the ability • T Enacted legislation wouldset in motion anew energy and sense of purposewithinallkey actorsand Laws legislating DisasterRisk Reduction and EarlyWarning Systems inDominica need tobeenacted Policy guidelines wouldsetthe minimum standards for EarlyWarning systems, tools, equipment, Legislation wouldalsoaccelerate the provision of resources, regulations and structure for the he major Systemic gapsidentified relate to:enactment and enforcement of legislation and policy RECOMMENDATIONS 5. SYSTEMIC GAPS &

46 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Early WarningSystems Inadequate riskanalysis andemergency planning and health related hazards. replaced, installed and modernized wherever applicable, particularly EWSrelated tohydromet, seismic • perhaps review and enhance itbasedonthe multi hazard concept. Multi-Hazard Early Warning System. Hence the need to accelerate the DRVP related objective and is additional reason for the government toworktowards the consolidation of aNational Integrated exchange information (LocalNews 2016citation inLessons Learned from Tropical StormErika). This synchronized. Government, regional agencies and disastermanagement offices must collaborate and rest of the region, isthatthe science and management of natural and weather-related events must be • all stakeholders, and thisshould bemonitored against anestablished setof priority EWSindicators. as such. EWSresults need tobeexplicitly embedded instrategic plans and workplans of key actorsand • NEPO’s Task Forces orunder aspecial committee/unit. should beenforced. Oversight of thismandate should beexplicitly withinthe objectivesof one of universities &tourisminstitutions which host foreign nationals, and timely submission of allplans • equipment ortoolsstrategically placed around the island. • of modern and indigenous EWSthatwouldbestworkfor them. • 5 Hurricane Maria. cause asmuch damage asafullblownhurricane). Acaseinpoint Tropical StormErika and Category to timing of onset, intensity, location and duration and evenimpact(e.g., atropical depression can otherwise havebeenthe case. To besure, there willbesurpriseswithrespect tohazards withregard of changes thatcansetthe stage for the impactsof hazards tobecome much worsethanwould the science and impactsare uncovered. It isimportant toidentify triggers, catalystsand drivers In addition, the listof indicators for various hazards needs tobereviewed asnew insights into the EWSprinciples and policy guides agreed atBonn2003and the selection of EWSindicators… • vulnerable groups) withintheir worksectorsand their communities. of scientific and participatory toolsthatfullyengage persons’ input(particularly marginalized and hazards and their overall planning and coping strategies. The assessment toolsshould beamix manifest and in what stages, including various differentiated groups of persons’ awareness of these the surface. It isimperative to study natural and manmade hazards, what triggers them, how they Thus far thiscomponent of national and community emergency plans isverylimitedand justtouches Hazard, Vulnerability, CapacityAssessments of sectors, communities, organizations /institutions. • Early Warning Systems need tobedeclared atoppriority and allprovisions made for ittobeviewed The risk analysis should be a tangible part of emergency planning that incorporates people’s views Government experts expressed thatthe most important lessonTS Erika taught the island, and the All systems and equipment onisland should bemapped and assessedand should bemaintained, As suggested bythe CDEMAregional report onEWS,countries should [consider and adopt/adapt Emergency plans should bemandatory for allsectors, organizations and communities including Best practice toolsneed tobesourced and utilizedtoconduct comprehensive, scientific based Nationally coordinated butdecentralized planning wouldleadtothe increase of EarlyWarning

47 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA focal points were not adequately informed on related matters. among sectors. Organizations assessed either did not have key focal point persons for emergencies or knowledge and information gapswithin sectorsand integration and consistent sharing betweenand advising localand national initiatives and much more. Thiswouldassistinaddressing twomajor gaps: so thatinformation isreadily availablefor routine planning, for orienting existing and new staff, hosting allvitalinformation such asmaps, emergency plans, assessment tools, various databases etc and ready for sharing internally and externally when appropriate. They should also be incharge of when requested. As much current and historical information as possible should be at their fingertips should actasadvisorsand supporttrainers totheir organizations and tonational taskforces ifor should bethe most familiarized withalldocuments, regulations, structures and associated news and Reduction and Early Warning Systems at every organization, institution, office etc. These delegates • Human capacity andculturalreadiness • localized hazards thatposesure and impending danger such asthe following: • and wherever possible. There are several effectivepractices around the worldthatcanbeemulated. economize withstrategies thatrely veryminimally onfunds aswell,particularly EWSincommunities • • • forecasts (World Bank10/05/2017) weather forecasting, focusing onthe impactof specific weather forecasts rather than generalised for small island statesisamajor challenge. The primary need istoimprove regional and national • establishing indigenous EarlyWarning Systems for multi hazards need tobecommenced soonest. systems become majorly affectedbydisastersinDominica leaving many communities cutoff. Work on historical and indigenous knowledge as much as possible since road networks and national communication • The advancement of EarlyWarning Systems should not onlyrely onlarge financial budgets butshould Systems should alsobecontextualized tolocalizedareas and deliberately designed inconsideration of At least2focal point persons should beassigned and operative withaspectsrelating toDisaster Risk Weather forecasting and modelling haveimproved tremendously overthe pastyears, yetforecasting Build capacityineverycommunity tooperate HAMradios and other communication devices. It isessential toinstall alarms and systems thatinterrupt broadcast toalertat-riskpopulations. Multi -hazard EarlyWarning Systems should be acritical agenda of the new incoming CREADbody. Strategies toadvance EarlyWarning Systems incountry should payspecial attention toslow-onset -Delice Gorge -Campbell -Geothermal SiteinLaudat &one-way in&outof the Valley Area Canefield, Macoucherie +] -Rivers [RoseauRiver, Melville Hall, Loubiere, Pichelin-Geneva, Bagatelle, Checkhall, to the Northeast) -Areas along the Faultline from Portsmouth through BellestoPagua (Northwest tocenter -Dubique Cliffand Canelfield Cliff -Antrim

48 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA • storage, and other critical topics onaconsistent basis. evacuation protocols, regulations applicable toemergency shelters, building codes, land use, food hazards, earlywarning signs, ideal behaviours and actions before, during and afteremergencies, • institutions and health facilities and should besupervisedbytrained personnel. exits for mass evacuation. Drillsshould bemandatory for everyplaceof business, including learning the largest population, traffic and business congestion in a single, low lying area with minimum implemented soonest, and the capitalcityof Roseauneeds toleadasanexample asitaccommodates and vulnerable areas. Drillsrelated toseismic activityand Tsunamis need tobedesigned and • maintain EWSequipment. their DRRand EarlyWarning Systems knowledge, and thisincludes skilledpersonnel tooperate and • updated information and facilitate sharing • On arelated note, the ODM’swebsiteshould beconsistently managed and refreshed toaccommodate Increase human capacityatkey agencies /organizations, including community groups and enhance Conduct mandatory drills and simulations withinsettimes and inparticularly key organizations Consider non-traditional approaches thatenable EWS: Educate allpersons, through anumbrella program, inage appropriate and diversewayson ** the safeguarding of floodprone settlements. communities canalsocontribute toRiverManagement, the building of retaining wallsand ** with recommendations tomitigation projects intheir communities. Employment Program can support this hazard monitoring activity. They can also assist along main transportation route...perhaps the community teams under the National land cracks, erosion, undermining and toreport &toclearlandslides/rockslides particularly ** etc) drains, basket cliffs, building of stormshelters, food storage sites, data monitoring unit works and other initiatives thatfacilitate end-to-end EarlyWarning Systems such asstorm emergencies such asevacuation routes, floating jetties, ferryservices, infrastructural ** damaged roads and other infrastructure, atareas of slowonset hazards etc ** village councils, health clinics etc ** routes key details of hazard manifestation and Response plans including graphics of evacuation ** Have amaster planfor Land Reform byterracing/re-shaping...land zoning and marking. Establish anetwork of community persons tomonitor landslide prone areas todetect Install and maintain critical public infrastructure facilities to beutilizedduring Foster apractice of installing EarlyWarning signage towarnof impending dangers on Brochures onthese couldbedisseminated toallhouseholds through school children, All national and localizedHazard maps should bepostedatpublic service siteswithbrief These community persons monitoring multiple hazards withinand around their

49 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA management thattogether positivelyimpact Warning Systems toensure quality standards of analysis, monitoring, forecasting, warning, and data • • wherever possibletheir awards could bematched orcomplemented withnational resources. groups should beencouraged and empowered tosource resources for their specific initiatives and tives and sinch and expand the National Emergency Fund. Allsectors, organizations and community establishes avigorous and innovative strategy toconsistently mobilize resources for priority initia exacerbated vulnerabilities leftinthe aftermath of recent disasters, itisimperative thatthe country resourcing critical EWSneeds. Inspiteof thislimitation, withthe onslaught of Climate Change and Gross Domestic Product. Thislimits the ideal generation and allocation of funds for planning and multiple and cascading hazards withinnear proximity of time atcoststhatare surpassing the annual • Sustainable resources Plan and implement cost-effectiveinitiatives Dominica isinaprecarious position financially asitpertains toemergencies. The country faces Plan and allocatethe financial and human resources tocritical organizations involvedinEarly loss of livelihoods. post disasterssothe persons do not become evenmore vulnerable due toexploitation and ** but weakonresources torespond (Disaster RiskCountry Profile) ening of health facilities and services. The Health sectorisgood atprevention, promotion, ** plans and invitepersons tocallinand askquestions clinics ornotice boards and havecitizens tuned intolearnaboutthe hazards and related ** disasters and are lasttobereconnected toenergy sources. ** areas prone toisolation uponhazard impact. ** emergencies. for and educate households and organizations onbasic health related items tohaveinstorage ** Develop aguiding policy for the privatesectoronhow they manage cleanupand recovery Devise awaytoretain Health and other critical skilledprofessionals, including the strength Host mass radio programs thatfirstannounce themselves through churches, schools, health Install public solar lighting in communities that generally get cut off and isolated due to Prior toimpending disasters, station health workers inallcommunities, particularly in Ensure asustainable supplyof equipment and resources atallHealth Centers and hospitals - -

50 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 6. CONCLUSION must beasimultaneous undertaking. Forthese multiple reasons, sustainable resources wouldneed to that facilitate the effectiveness of EWSsuch assafeand reliable roads, shelters and smart land use ensuring atriskpopulations are warned inthe quickest possible time. Critical infrastructural works hazard earlywarning center would mean the ideal for monitoring multiple hazards round the clockand boost and key actors need to be held accountable for any default or dereliction of duty. A multi- The culture of emergency planning and conducting routine drills and simulations requires aserious that limitsthe effectiveness of planning and sustainable riskreduction practices. systematically shared among key stakeholders. The inadequacy of riskanalysis isanother shortcoming implemented and information isnot atthe fingertips of service providers and advisors, nor isit Though several documents and draft legislation exist, actions are not sufficiently regulated and options. community level,especially ones thatincorporate hazard and community historyaswell asindigenous also beexplored. Onarelated note, there are insufficient alertand alarmequipment / resources atthe would address thisbutother options thatdo not rely onelectrical powerorinternet wouldhaveto vulnerable, isnot sufficiently diverseand effective. Implementation of the Common AlertProtocol nationally, but the communication strategies to reach all persons in the quickest time, particularly the It is a fact thatthere are some Early Warning equipment in place for seismic, health and hydromet events just over50%ready. prepared interms of End to End, People Centered EarlyWarning Systems. Generally, the country appears conclude thatthere hasbeenmoderate progress towards EWSstandards and the country ismoderately Checklist, anEarlyWarning Systemtoolinventory and discussions withkey organizations, itissafeto B ased onareview of EarlyWarning Systems inDominica through the administration of anEWS 6. CONCLUSION

52 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA in the Commonwealth of Dominica. End-to-End, people-centered EarlyWarning Systems inorder topreserve and enhance the quality of life Government of Dominica embraces this support and acts on a firm commitment to promote and safeguard and help devise aplanwithkey actorstoadvance EWSonisland. Consequently, itishoped thatthe report willentail anEWSsitevisitbyaCubandelegation who willthen solidify key recommendations wake of Tropical StormErika (2015)and Hurricane Maria (2016).Immediate next stepsbuilding onthis for Dominica isquitetimely withinanew context of exposure and heightened vulnerability leftinthe Currently, the initiative toreview, revamp and establishahigh quality Multi-Hazard EarlyWarning System strategies should alsobepursued. be identified and mobilized toaddress Early Warning priorities although minimally financed, lowcost

53 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 7. ACRONYMS SOP - SAR - PDNA - ODM - NEPO - MOW - MOH - MOE - MHEWS - INGO - IFRC - ICTU - HVCA - EWS - EOC - DVRP - DRR - DASPA - CMU - 7. ACRONYMS

Hazard Vulnerability CapacityAssessment Disaster RiskReduction Ministry of Works Ministry of Health Multi Hazard EarlyWarning Systems Standard Operating Procedures Post DisasterNeeds Assessment International Federation of RedCross and RedCrescent Societies Information and Communications Technology Unit Early Warning System Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project Dominica Airand SeaPort Authority Search And Rescue Central Medical Unit International Non-Governmental Organizations Emergency Operation Centre Office of Disaster Management National Emergency Planning Organization Ministry of Education

55 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 8. REFERENCES Types of EarlyWarning Systems byIlman Kellman (Dominica Seismic Stations and the CaribbeanTsunami Warning System) (The Installation of the EarlyWarning SysteminDominica) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqVEda3E6Cw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dn0ubNP2pIU http://www.rss.org.bb/core-services/ Lessons Learned from Tropical StormErika, ACAPs Final Report,EarlyWarning Systems inthe Caribbean,ADeskReview 2016 Final EWSChecklist Revised2018 Disaster RiskReduction Country Profile 2014 Dominica: Natural Disastersand Economic Development inaSmall Island State2001 Documents listedinthe Document Inventory inTable 5 Climatewatchdata.org CIA World Factbook 8. REFERENCES

57 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 9. ANNEXES 5.1 Annex 1. EWS Survey Findings: Dominica Dominica Red Cross (1) Survey Respondents: DOMINICA 9.1 ANNEX 1.EWS SURVEY FINDINGS: 1. DisasterRiskKnowledge: DRR country documents Population censuses Answer Choices Which sources ofinformation will usetocompletethissurvey? EWS ChecklistSurvey 1:DisasterRiskKnowledge Survey 9. ANNEXES Information and Communication Technology Unit Office of Disaster Management (1) Government of Dominica(Telecoms Engineer) (1) Dominica Meteorological Service (2) Public Health Community (1) 25.00% 0.00% Responses 1 0

59 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA for useinthe validation of EWSreport digitally withNational DisasterManagement Office Please specifythe documentation usedand share Community vulnerability and capacityassessments Awareness-raising materials, dissemination sources Training plans/programs, listsof qualified personnel, etc simulations, joint actions, etc. Reports of meetings, courses, simulations, Digital databases Printed maps Risk assessment report Inventory of resources Manuals and protocols Meetings of the national DRR,listsof participants, etc Agreements, collaboration agreements, etc Institutional Diagnostics Institutional response plans Evacuation plans Contingency plans Response plans Plan of National investment and portfolio projects National Development Plan Answer Choices Which sources ofinformation will usetocompletethissurvey? EWS ChecklistSurvey 1:DisasterRiskKnowledge Survey 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 25.00% Responses Skipped Answered 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 0.00% 0.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

60 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 25% major progress (including hazard, vulnerability, and capacityassessments) are identified and roles defined.... -ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS ... into consideration the needs of allpeople(women, children, older people, peoplewithdisabilities, etc.) minimal, 25%moderate a gender differentiated manner... inequalities and environmental sensitivities considered... and riskmanagement solutions considered toincrease resilience... urban areas and coastlines... and mapped for allrelevant hazards aswellof any compounding risksatlocallevelinbothrural and hospitals) and critical infrastructure (e.g. electricity and waterworks, quality of building stock)conducted risk maps... · RISK COMPONENTS AND CAPACITIES could beaffectedbyhazards and include gender differentiated data... analyzed, historical data evaluated and potential future risksassessed... · KEY HAZARDS AND RELATED THREATS moderate progress 9. 7. 6. 19. 23. 16. 13. 12. 11. 10. 8. 5. Women and men from main organization groups involvedequally inthe development of hazard and Characteristics of key hazards (e.g., intensity, diseasetransmissibility, frequency, probability) Impactstocritical infrastructure and secondary risksassociated tothese impactsshould beevaluated Hazard maps (dynamic when possible)developed thatidentify the geographical areas/people that Assessment and quantification of exposed people(include gender considerations), services (e.g. Vulnerabilities of key economic sectorsatnational leveltolocallevelsassessed.... Integration of historical and indigenous knowledge into riskassessments... Activities of people or groups of people that increase or compound risks identified and evaluated in Key national government agencies and organizations from major groups involvedinriskassessments Vulnerability factors such asgender, disability, accesstoinfrastructure, economic diversity, societal Cultural norms and gender inequalities assessedtoidentify gapsthatmay increase vulnerability.... Process toactivelyengage rural and urbancommunities inlocalhazard and riskassessments taking minimal 50%-moderate tomajor 50%- 75% minimal, 25%major progress 75% minimal, 25%moderate 50% minimal, 50%moderate 50% minimal, 50%moderate-major moderate tomajor progress moderate tomajor progress 50% minimal, 50%moderate moderate 75% moderate,

75%

61 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 25% major progress (including hazard, vulnerability, and capacityassessments) are identified and roles defined.... -ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STAKEHOLDERS ... into consideration the needs of allpeople(women, children, older people, peoplewithdisabilities, etc.) minimal, 25%moderate a gender differentiated manner... inequalities and environmental sensitivities considered... and riskmanagement solutions considered toincrease resilience... urban areas and coastlines... and mapped for allrelevant hazards aswellof any compounding risksatlocallevelinbothrural and hospitals) and critical infrastructure (e.g. electricity and waterworks, quality of building stock)conducted risk maps... · RISK COMPONENTS AND CAPACITIES could beaffectedbyhazards and include gender differentiated data... analyzed, historical data evaluated and potential future risksassessed... · KEY HAZARDS AND RELATED THREATS moderate progress 9. 8. 7. 6. 19. 23. 16. 13. 12. 11. 10. 5. Women and men from main organization groups involvedequally inthe development of hazard and Characteristics of key hazards (e.g., intensity, diseasetransmissibility, frequency, probability) Impactstocritical infrastructure and secondary risksassociated tothese impactsshould beevaluated Hazard maps (dynamic when possible)developed thatidentify the geographical areas/people that Assessment and quantification of exposed people(include gender considerations), services (e.g. Vulnerabilities of key economic sectorsatnational leveltolocallevelsassessed.... Integration of historical and indigenous knowledge into riskassessments... Activities of people or groups of people that increase or compound risks identified and evaluated in Key national government agencies and organizations from major groups involvedinriskassessments Vulnerability factors such asgender, disability, accesstoinfrastructure, economic diversity, societal Cultural norms and gender inequalities assessedtoidentify gapsthatmay increase vulnerability.... Process toactivelyengage rural and urbancommunities inlocalhazard and riskassessments taking minimal 50%,moderate tomajor 50% 75% minimal, 25%major progress 75% minimal, 25%moderate 50% minimal, 50%moderate 50% minimal, 50%moderate-major moderate tomajor progress moderate tomajor progress 50% minimal, 50%moderate moderate 75% moderate,

75%

62 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA approaches and monitoring of linkages and cascading impacts... physical vulnerability and capacity)assigned toone national organization withaview toconsolidating assessments for allareas inplace... identified withappropriate funding... new oremerging vulnerabilities and hazards established withroles and responsibilities of stakeholders minimal, and capacities (utilizing agender responsive process when possible)... collection, sharing and assessment of riskinformation and data, related tohazards, exposures, vulnerabilities enabled) established tostore allevent/disaster and riskinformation... review the accuracy of riskdata and information developed... messages.... points of failure thatmay increase vulnerability orprevent peopleinvulnerable conditions from receiving 50% minimal, 50%moderate &major reduce the impactof events overthe infrastructure and determine ifwarnings willreach peopleequally... clear and easytounderstand language... -INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR RISK DATA review the accuracy of riskdata and information developed.... 27. 26. 25. 24. 22. 18. 17. 15. 14. 22. 21. 20. Communication channels and earlywarning system hardware resilience evaluated inadvance to Responsibility for coordinating hazard identification and risk information (exposure, social and Resultsof risksassessment integrated into localriskmanagement plans and warning messages ina Legislation assessed to identify gaps that may increase vulnerability... Process for maintenance, regular review and updating of riskdata including information onany Communication channels coverage and multiple channel evaluation to identify gapsand possible Central standardized repository (including butnot limitedtoaGeographic Information System(GIS) Process for scientific and technical experts (including social and gender experts) toassessand Process for scientific and technical experts (including social and gender experts) toassessand National standards (where possiblefollowing international standards) established for the systematic Legislation or government policy mandating the preparation of hazard, vulnerability and capacity Standardized vulnerability data and information disaggregated bysex, age and disability....

25% major 75% minimal,

25% major 75% minimal, 25%moderate 75% minimal, 75% minimal, 25%moderate

25% major 75% minimal, 25%moderate 50% minimal, 75% minimal, 25%moderate 50% minimal, 50%moderate &major 75% minimal,

25% moderate, 75% minimal, 25% moderate

25% major

25% complete 75%

63 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Survey Respondents: hazards andpossibleconsequences 2. Detection,Monitoring, Analysis andForecasting ofthe Training plans/programs, listsof qualified personnel, etc simulations, joint actions, etc. Reports of meetings, courses, simulations, Digital databases Printed maps Risk assessment report Inventory of resources Manuals and protocols Meetings of the national DRR,listsof participants, etc Agreements, collaboration agreements, etc Institutional Diagnostics Institutional response plans Evacuation plans Contingency plans Response plans Plan of National investment and portfolio projects National Development Plan DRR country documents Population censuses Answer Choices Which sources ofinformation will usetocompletethissurvey? EWS ChecklistSurvey 1:DisasterRiskKnowledge Survey Dominica RedCross (1) Office of Disaster Management (1) Dominica Meteorological Service (3) 00.00% 0.00% Responses 00.00% 00.00% 0.00% 0.00% 00.00% 00.00% 00.00% 00.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 00.00% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

64 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA authorities.... connection issuesorprocessing issues.... 50% moderate considered from the beginning toensure the optimal operation of the systemovertime.... verification, research purposesand other applications.... real time... -HAZARD MONITORING and response actions.... are designed sothey reach everyone, withconsideration for linking threat levels toemergency preparedness -HAZARD FORECASTING & WARNING SERVICES for useinthe validation of EWSreport digitally withNational DisasterManagement Office Please specifythe documentation usedand share Community vulnerability and capacityassessments Awareness-raising materials, dissemination sources Answer Choices Which sources ofinformation will usetocompletethissurvey? EWS ChecklistSurvey 1:DisasterRiskKnowledge Survey 18. 15. 28. 17. 10. 9. 8. 6. Measurement parameters and specifications documented for each relevant hazard... Monitoring data and metadata routinely curated withquality controls, archived and accessiblefor Monitoring data received, processed and availableinaninteroperable format inreal time, ornear- The monitoring and data analysis systems health iscontinuously monitored for any data gaps, Warning messages are clear, consistent, gender sensitive and include riskand impactinformation and Monitoring hardware and software maintenance isaddressed routinely and costsand resources are Warning messages provide clearguidance totrigger reactions (e.g. evacuation) ... Plans and documents for monitoring networks availableand agreed withexperts and relevant 75% moderate tomajor 50% minimal, 50%moderate moderate tomajor progress 75% minimal, 50%moderate 50% minimal, 50%moderate &major Skipped Answered 00.00% 100.00% Responses

75% moderate to major 3 1 0 0 0 moderate tomajor 50% minimal,

65 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA personnel, following appropriate national and international standards.... easily inthe systemasscience and technology evolve... protocols... accepted scientific and technical methodologies and disseminated within international standards and data among countries withdifferent technical capabilities.... 50% moderate considered from the beginning toensure the optimal operation of the systemovertime.... in placeand personnel trained inits useand maintenance... -INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS TO SUPPORT HAZARDMONITORING, FORECASTING & WARNING system.... moderate between forecasts and warnings) without prejudice towho delivers the warning... evaluated.... 75% moderate women and peopleinvulnerable conditions... moderate moderate tomajor 27. 26. 25. 23. 22. 21. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 7. 20. 19. Technical equipment, suitedtolocalconditions and circumstances and gender differentiated needs, The systemisabletocombine and benefit from new and older technology allowing for exchange of Data analysis and processing, modelling, prediction and warning products generation based on Process established toverifythatwarnings havereached the principal stakeholders, particularly Warning centres are operational atall times (24 hours/day, seven days/week) and staffedby trained New data analysis and processing, modelling, prediction and warning products canbeintegrated Warnings generated and disseminated in anefficient, timely manner for eachtype of hazard... Monitoring hardware and software maintenance isaddressed routinely and costsand resources are Warning and forecast archival processes and systems inplace? Mechanisms inplacetoinform peoplewhen the threat and itsimpactshaveended... Operational processes, including data quality and warning performance are routinely monitored and Strategies tobuildcredibility and trustinwarnings developed (e.g., understanding difference Warning system(s) subjected to regular system-wide tests and exercises.... Falsealarms minimizedand improvements communicated tomaintain trustinthe warning 50% minimal, 50%moderate 75% moderate tomajor 25% minimal, 75%moderate minimal progress 75% moderate tomajor 50% minimal, 50%moderate 75% moderate tomajor 50% minimal, 50%moderate 100% minimal 75% minimal, 25% 50% minimal, 50% 50% minimal, 25% minimal,

66 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA organizations are responsible for generation and issuance of warnings... warning systems established.... 50% moderate communication responsibilities where different hazards are handled bydifferent agencies... tsunami modelling).... systems and baseline data necessary toproduce data products (e.g. bathymetric and topographic data for minimal, 50%moderate authorities.... systems.... evaluated..... women and peopleinvulnerable conditions... connection issuesorprocessing issues... standards.... warnings established and mandated bylegislation orother authoritative instrument (e.g., MoU, SOP).... 33. 32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 27. 24. 23. 21. 20. 17. 16. The monitoring and data analysis systems health iscontinuously monitored for any data gaps, Process established toverifythatwarnings havereached the principal stakeholders, particularly Agreements and inter-agency protocols established toensure consistency of warning language and Software and data analysis for the received data updated periodically and tohigh security Warning and forecast archival processes and systems inplace?... Fail-safesystems inplace, such as powerback-up,equipment redundancy and on-callpersonnel Warning system(s)subjectedtoregular system-wide testsand exercises.... Amulti-hazard coordination strategy toobtainmutual efficiencies and effectiveness among different Operational processes, including data quality and warning performance are routinely monitored and Standardized process, and roles and responsibilities of allorganizations generating and issuing Warning systempartners, including localauthorities and the media, are aware of and respect which Plans and documents for monitoring networks availableand agreed withexperts and relevant Agreements and inter-agency protocols within country established for data exchange of monitoring 50% minimal, 50%moderate 50% minimal, 50%moderate 75% moderate, 25%minimal 50% minimal, 50%moderate 75% minimal, 25%moderate 75% minimal, 25%moderate 75% minimal, 50%moderate ?? 100% minimal 50% minimal, 50%moderate 75% moderate, 25%minimal 75% minimal, 25%moderate 50% minimal, 50%

67 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Survey Respondents: 3. Warning Dissemination&Communication Printed maps Risk assessment report Inventory of resources Manuals and protocols Meetings of the national DRR,listsof participants, etc Agreements, collaboration agreements, etc Institutional Diagnostics Institutional response plans Evacuation plans Contingency plans Response plans Plan of National investment and portfolio projects National Development Plan DRR country documents Population censuses Answer Choices Which sources ofinformation will usetocompletethissurvey? EWS ChecklistSurvey 1:DisasterRiskKnowledge Survey Dominica RedCross (1) Dominica Amateur Radio ClubIncorporated (1) The Chronicle Newspaper (1) Office of Disaster Management (2) Ministry of Health, Health Promotion (1) Dominica Meteorological Service (3) Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (1) Fire &Ambulance Service (1) Government of Dominica (Telecoms Engineer) (1) Voice of LifeRadio Station (1) Dominica Airand SeaPort Authority (1) 10.00% 20.00% 10.00% 20.00% 10.00% 10.00% 0.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% 20.00% 0.00% 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% Responses 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 1 2

68 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA failures indissemination and communication.... minimal, 50%moderate tomajor -COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT radios, social media) todisseminate warnings.... minimal, 58%moderate coordination across warning issuersand dissemination channels.... through government policy orlegislation atalllevels... -ORGANIZATIONAL &DECISION-MAKING SYSTEM Office for validation of the EWS report digitally withthe National DisasterManagement Please specifythe documentation usedand share Community vulnerability and capacityassessments Awareness-raising materials, dissemination sources Training plans/programs, listsof qualified personnel, etc simulations, joint actions, etc. Reports of meetings, courses, simulations, Digital databases Answer Choices Which sources ofinformation will usetocompletethissurvey? EWS ChecklistSurvey 1:DisasterRiskKnowledge Survey 9. 8. 15. 11. 7. 6. 5. Functions, roles and responsibilities of each actor in the warning dissemination process enforced Feedbackmechanisms inplace toverifythatwarnings have beenreceived and correct potential Warning communication strategies atthe national, sub-national and locallevelsinplacethatensure Professional and volunteer network established toreceive and widely disseminate warnings... Regular coordination, planning and review meetings betweenthe warning issuersand the media..... Trust among and betweenstakeholders established.... Agreements developed toutilizeprivatesectorresources where appropriate (e.g., television, amateur 85.7% minimal, 14moderate 57% minimal, 43%moderate tomajor 78.57% moderate 71% moderate tomajor 78% moderate tomajor Answered 20.00% 40.00% 40.00% 20.00% 0.00% Responses Skipped 10 3 2 4 4 2 0 4 50% 50%

69 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA people invulnerable conditions.... meetings).... channels (e.g., social media, flags, sirens, bells, public address systems, door-to-door visits, community in vulnerable conditions, seasonal populations and remote locations through multiple communication and rural populations, women and men, older people and youth, people withdisabilities, etc.).... 64% moderate tomajor failures indissemination and communication... -EFFICACY OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS etc.).... vulnerabilities (urbanand rural, women and men, older people and youth,peoplewithdisabilities, tunnels, stopelevatorsinclosestfloor, openfire-truck gates, etc.)... systems should beinplacetomitigate impacts(e.g. automatic stopof transport, red lights activations in interoperability.... radios, social media) todisseminate warnings.... meetings)..... channels (e.g., social media, flags, sirens, bells, public address systems, door-to-door visits, community in vulnerable conditions, seasonal populations and remote locations through multiple communication minimal, 36%moderate tomajor 14. 13. 11. 9. 20. 19. 17. 16. 15. 13. 12. 10. Feedbackmechanisms inplacetoverifythatwarnings havebeenreceived and correct potential Trust among and betweenstakeholders established.... Back-upsystems are inplacethe event of failure... Communication and dissemination systems tailored tothe different needs of specific groups (urban Evaluation of communication strategies toensure messages are reaching the population, particularly Warning communication and dissemination systems reach the entire population, including people Warning communication and dissemination systems reach the entire population, including people Agreements developed toutilizeprivatesectorresources where appropriate (e.g., television, amateur In the case of events with a short time-frame for reaction (e.g. earthquake early warning), automated Mechanisms toupdate the information are inplaceand are resilient tothe event.... Equipment ismaintained and upgraded toutilizenew technologies (when appropriate) toensure Earlywarnings should take account of different risksof sub-populations, including groups with 71% minimal, 28%moderate tomajor 57% minimal, 43%moderate tomajor 57% minimal, 43%moderate tomajor 71% minimal, 29%moderate tomajor 57% minimal, 43%moderate tomajor 85.7% minimal, 14%moderate 57% minimal, 43%moderate tomajor 71% moderate tomajor 85.7% minimal, 21moderate tomajor 93.8% minimal, 7%major 35.7% minimal, 64%

70 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA Survey Respondents: 4. Preparedness &Response Capability message.... etc.).... vulnerabilities (urbanand rural, women and men, older peopleand youth,peoplewithdisabilities, conditions.... actions thatcanbetaken toreduce risksand understood byeveryone, particularly peopleinvulnerable Meetings of the national DRR,listsof participants, etc Agreements, collaboration agreements, etc Institutional Diagnostics Institutional response plans Evacuation plans Contingency plans Response plans Plan of National investment and portfolio projects National Development Plan DRR country documents Population censuses Answer Choices Which sources ofinformation will usetocompletethissurvey? EWS ChecklistSurvey 1:DisasterRiskKnowledge Survey 21. 20. 18. Public and other stakeholders understand whose authority itistoissuethe warnings and trusttheir Impact-based early warning messages should communicate risk clearly and provide advice on Earlywarnings should take account of different risksof sub-populations, including groups with 71% minimal, 29%moderate tomajor 78% moderate tomajor 43% minimal, 50%moderate tomajor, 7%complete Dominica RedCross (1) The Chronicle Newspaper (1) National Telecommunications RegulatoryCommission (1) Office of Disaster Management (1) Dominica Meteorological Service (4) Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (1) 33.33% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 33.33% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 33.33% Responses 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

71 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA in vulnerable persons/groups.... plans... vulnerabilities... minimal to the community, practiced and underpinned bylegislation where appropriate.... -DISASTER PREPAREDNESS &RESPONSE READINESS for useinthe validation of EWSreport digitally withNational DisasterManagement Office Please specifythe documentation usedand share Community vulnerability and capacity assessments Awareness-raising materials, dissemination sources Training plans/programs, listsof qualified personnel, etc simulations, joint actions, etc. Reports of meetings, courses, simulations, Digital databases Printed maps Risk assessment report Inventory of resources Manuals and protocols Answer Choices Which sources ofinformation will usetocompletethissurvey? EWS ChecklistSurvey 1:DisasterRiskKnowledge Survey 8. 7. 6. 5. Multi-hazard riskassessments utilizedtodevelop and update disasterpreparedness including response Disasterpreparedness, including response plans, developed inaparticipatory manner, disseminated Disasterpreparedness measures, including response plans account for the needs of peoplewith Community ability to respond effectively to early warnings assessed, particularly women and people 66.6% moderate, 33.3%minimal 83% moderate tomajor, 50% minimal, 50%moderate 33.33% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 33.33% 33.33% Responses Skipped Answered 0.00% 66.6% moderate, 33.3% 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 3 1 0

72 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA (e.g., women, children, older peopleand peoplewithdisabilities).... improve public awareness..... respond.... robust no-regret response measures..... disease signs and symptoms inorder tocontribute tocommunity surveillance and toallowand promote impacts builtinto school curricula from primary through university.... -PUBLIC AWARENESS &EDUCATION PROGRAMMES minimal into preparedness and response plans and into capacitybuilding strategies.... processes, preparedness and response.... orders for evacuation orshelter-in-place..... health services) who disseminate warnings tothe public and decide public measures, including issuing promptly..... events.... 33% minimal across time-scale and informed byclimate projections and scientific research.... minimal, 17%moderate 10. 21. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 20. 14. 13. 12. 11. 9. Contingency planning isdeveloped inascenario-based manner following forecasts orlikely scenarios Strategies implemented tomaintain preparedness for longer return period and cascading hazard People educated onhow warnings willbedisseminated, which sources are reliable and how to Protocols established for emergency and health services thatneed tobeready torespond toevents Public awareness strategies and programmes evaluated regularly and updated asrequired... Regularexercises undertaken totestand optimizethe effectiveness of the earlywarning dissemination Protocols established toevacuate lastmileoperators (e.g. localpolice, firefighters, volunteers, Public awareness and education onhazards, vulnerabilities, exposure and how toreduce disaster On-going public awareness and education campaigns tailored tothe specific needs of target groups Response actions atalllevelsare linked tosustainable funding... Public education provided torecognize hydro-meteorological and geophysical hazard signals and Utilization of most effectivemedia (i.e, established media, social networks, alternative media to Previous emergency and disasterevents and responses analysed, and lessons learnt incorporated 67% minimal, 33%moderate 73% moderate tomajor, 33%minimal 83% moderate tomajor, 17%minimal 73% moderate tomajor, 33%minimal 67% moderate tomajor, 33% minimal 60% minimal, 40%moderate 60% minimal, 40%moderate 83% moderate, 33%minimal 83% moderate, 17%minimal 67% minimal, 33%moderate 67% moderate tomajor, 50% 67% moderate tomajor, 83%

73 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 33% minimal processes, preparedness and response.... in vulnerable persons/groups.... -PUBLIC AWARENESS &RESPONSE TESTING 22. 14. 8. Community ability to respond effectively to early warnings assessed, particularly women and people Regularexercises undertaken totestand optimizethe effectiveness of the earlywarning dissemination Drillsand exercises conducted withfirstresponders and community.... 50% minimal, 50%moderate 60% minimal, 40%moderate 67% moderate tomajor,

74 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA 75 MULTI-HAZARD EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS GAPS ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF DOMINICA