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Land Use and Population in St. Vincent, 1763-1960

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LAND USE AND POPULATION IN ST. VINCENT, 1763-1960 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PATTERNS OF ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN A SMALL WEST INDIAN ISLAND By Joseph Spinelli A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1973 ^ @ 1974 JOSEPH SPINELLI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED To the Memory of My Father and My Mother ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the course of this study, I have incurred innumerable debts to persons and Institutions who have assisted me in one way or another. I can never repay Professor David L. Niddrie for his faithful guidance, sharing of experiences, sage advice, constructive criticisms, and patience throughout the preparation of this work. It was, Indeed, Professor Niddrie who first sug- gested to me a study in the former British Caribbean, particular- ly in St. Vincent. His knowledge of the Vest Indies opened many doors for me and smoothed the path for my initial reconnaissance of the area and, later, for a more extensive stay in the island. For this impetus and understanding, I remain forever in his debt. I wish, in addition, to acknowledge the valuable help and encouragement I received from the past and present members of the Department of Geography at the University of Florida. It is impossible to thank personally the many people in St. Vincent and elsewhere in the West Indies who aided me during my three visits to the area. Several individuals and institu- tions, however, deserve mention for their welcomed contributions to my work. Dr. I. A. E. Kirby, Chief Veterinary Office, St. Vincent, his wife, Monica, and their two children took me into their family life and introduced me to the non-academic side of Vincentian society. They made my stay in Kingstown an iv unforgettable experience. In addition, "Doc" Kirby helped me to see and understand the physical environment of St. Vincent to an extent uncommon even among many native Vincentlans. For this , I am ever grateful. Among the others who rendered valuable service, advice, and experience, I wish to thank: Miss Grace Malcolm of the Save the Children Foundation in Kingstown; Mr. Clifford Williams, formerly Acting Chief Surveyor of St. Vincent, and his ever-eager staff in the Department of Lands and Surveys; Mr. O'Neil Barrow, Clerk of the Legislative Council, St. Vincent; Mr. Ernest Laborde, Labor Commissioner, St. Vincent; Christian I. Martin, formerly Economist in the St. Vincent Planning Unit; the personnel of the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Statistics, the Central Housing Authority, the Office of the Registrar-General, and the St. Vincent Banana Grower's Association. Mr. Joe Brown, who captained the yacht Stella Vega , has my gratitude for his kindly allowing me twice to accompany him on trips through the Grenadine dependencies. For services rendered outside of St. Vincent, I wish to thank the staff of the Central Statistical Office in Port-of- Spain, Trinidad and Tobago; the members of the United Nations Eastern Caribbean Physical Planning Project in St. Ann's Court, Barbados; and the Chief Librarian of the Population Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin who provided a copy of the elusive 1911 census of population for St. Vincent. I also wish to thank the Director of the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida for a grant-in-aid to cover the costs of transportation and housing for the initial reconnaissance and later field work in St. Vincent. My gratitude to the many Vincentians who freely offered information and hospitality during my many trips through the countryside will be repaid by my memory of their kindnesses. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments List of Tables List of Figures Abstract Chapter I Chapter II TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Early Settlements in St. Vincent, Pre-1763 49 The Advent of the Sugar Industry, 1764 to 1800 52 The Zenith of the Sugar Industry, 1800 to 1828 63 The Waning of the Sugar Industry Before Slave Emancipation 68 Summary 76 Notes to Chapter III 77 Chapter IV The Sugar Industry cf St. Vincent, 1839 to 1902 83 Post-Emancipation Labor Shortages 83 Free Villages 87 Land Purchase 89 Squatting 90 Labor Supply Problems 91 Alien Labor Immigration, 1845 to 1880 95 Portuguese Madeiran Immigration 95 "Liberated" African Immigrants 96 East Indian Immigration 99 The West Indian Encumbered Estates Act in St. Vincent 104 The Sale of Encumbered Estates in St. Vincent, 1856 to 1888 106 The Number of Working Estates in St. Vincent, 1854 to 1902 113 The Demise of the Vincentian Sugar Economy, 1854 to 1902 115 The Sugar Cane Industry 116 Beet Sugar Competition 120 Natural Disasters 124 Epilogue 126 Summary 128 Notes to Chapter IV 129 Chapter V Kajor and Minor Economic Crops in the Vincentian Economy 141 The Arrowroot Starch Industry 141 Nineteenth-Century Birth of the Industry 142 Market Gluts in the United Kingdom 146 The Competition of Other Local Crops 147 The Emergence of the United States Market 149 The Supply Difficulties and Distress in the Arrowroot Industry 154 The Cotton Industry 156 The Cotton Trade in the Late 18th Century 157 The Cotton Trade in Decline, 1800 to 1850 163 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) The Cotton Industry in the Second Half of the 19th Century 164 The Introduction of Sea Island Cotton of St. Vincent 167 The Early Years of Development and the First World War 170 The Cotton Boom and Slump, 1919 to 1928 174 The Great Depression and the Second World War, 1929 to 1945 177 The Demise of the Sea Island Cotton Industry in St. Vincent 180 The Banana Industry 183 The Early Banana History in St. Vincent 183 The Development of the Modern Banana Industry of St. Vincent 187 The Minor Agricultural Industries of St. Vincent 190 The Cocoa Industry 191 The Copra Industry 194 A Review of the Agricultural Economy 197 The Balance of Trade 200 Summary 203 Notes to Chapter V 204 PART II THE POPULATION OF ST. VINCENT 221 Chapter VI Population Change in St. Vincent, 1763 to 1960 222 An Evaluation of Historical Population Data 222 The Periods of Population Change in St. Vincent 224 Pre-Censal Estimates: The Era of Slavery and Apprenticeship 225 The Era of Alien Labor Immigration, 1844 to 1881 232 The Era of Emigration, 1881 to 1931 236 The Era of Rapid Population Growth, 1931 to 1960 241 Population Distribution and Density 252 Population Distribution in St. Vincent 252 Population Density in St. Vincent 254 Percentage Distribution of Population 265 Summary 273 Notes to Chapter VI 275 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Chapter VII The Composition of Population in St. Vincent 284 The Age Structure 285 The Age Composition of St. Vincent 286 The Age Structure, by Sex, for St. Vincent 290 Intra-Island Variations in Age and Sex Structure 299 Variations in St. Vincent's Burden of Dependency 314 The Sex Composition 317 The Sex Ratio for St. Vincent 317 Intra-Island Variations in the Sex Ratio 322 The Sex Ratio by Age Group 325 The Racial Composition 330 The Historical Racial Composition of St. Vincent 333 Intra-Island Variations in Racial Composition 334 Racial Variations by Age and Sex 335 The Rural-Urban Composition 337 The Number and Size of Settlements in St. Vincent 338 The Sex Ratio of Principal Settlements 340 The Occupational Status 346 The Composition of the Labor Force 346 Summary 355 Notes to Chapter VII 358 Chapter VIII Summary and Conclusions 369 Problem and Hypothesis 369 Summary of the Export Economy 370 The Sugar Industry 370 The Arrowroot Starch Industry 372 The Sea Island Cotton Industry 373 The Banana Industry 375 Minor Cash Crops 377 Summary of Population Change 379 Pre-Censal Estimates 379 The Era of Alien Labor Immigration, 1844 to 1881 380 The Era of Emigration, 1881 to 1931 380 The Era of Rapid Population Growth, 1931 to 1960 381 The Spatial Distribution and Density of Population 382 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Summary of the Composition of Population 382 The Age Structure 383 The Sex Composition 384 The Racial Composition 384 Rural-Urban Residence 385 Occupational Status 386 Conclusions 387 Appendix I 391 Appendix II 393 Bibliography 395 Biographical Sketch 427 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Land Capability Class, St. Vincent 44 Table 2 Number of Slaves, by Parish, St. Vincent, 1819 and 1833 73 Table 3 Number of Slaves, by Parish, St. Vincent, 1819-1852 85 Table 4 Number of Portuguese Madeiran, Liberated African, and East Indian Immigrants, by Year, St. Vincent, 1844-1880 97 Table 5 Estates Sold Through the West Indian Encumbered Estates Act, St. Vincent, 1858-1888 Table 6 Arrowroot Exports to Principal Markets by Volume and Per Cent, 1922-1932 Table 7 Estimated Percentage Peasant and Estate Arrowroot Production, by Crop and Season, St. Vincent, 1940-1945. Table 8 Average Price per Pound of Arrowroot, Decennially, St. Vincent, 1910-1960 Table 9 Area of Banana Cultivation, St. Vincent, 1934-1940 Table 10 Area of Banana Cultivation, St. Vincent, 1956-1960 Table 11 Banana Exports as a Percentage of Total Exports, St. Vincent, 1950-1960 190 Table 12 Components of Population Change, St. Vincent, 1735 to 1960 228 Table 13 Child-Woman Ratio, St. Vincent 1911-1960 246 Table 14 Vital Rates, St. Vincent, 1947-1959 249 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 15 Population Density, Selected Caribbean Countries, 1844-1960 260 Table 16 Population Densitv, St. Vincent, 1844-1960 262 Table 17 Area of St. Vincent 263 Table 18 Percentage Distribution of Population, by Enumeration District, St. Vincent, 1844-1861 268 Table 19 Total Age Profile, Kale and Ferrule Coo- bined, by 10-year Age Groups, St.
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