N E W S L E T T E R O F T H E A M E R I C A N S C H O O L O F C L A S S I C A L S T U D I E S A T A T H E N S

ákoueákoueWinter/Summer 2005, Nos. 53/4

Aerial photo of Azoria excavation project, page 5

Photo: Donald Haggis

IN THIS ISSUE: Managing Committee Appointments 2 Excavations at Mitrou 3 Corinth News 4 Publications Office Wins Award 4 Azoria Excavations 5 2004 Agora Season 6 Kress Fellows Research 9 Student Reports: Mysteries of Andania, Early Athenian Democracy, Road Works in Roman Corinth, Influence of Rhetoric on Hellenistic Art, Soaring Votives, Industrial Cult in Antiquity, Plutarch’s Erotikos 13 First Wiener Visiting Professor Reports 21 Wiener Lab: Hunter-Gatherers, Tree Species at Dispilio, Minoan Tsunami 23 INSERT: Skouloudis Papers G1 Mandilas Room Dedi- cated G2 Medieval Greek Summer Session Debuts G2 Manousakas Honored G3 Cotsen Benefit G3 Myrivilis Papers G4 “The American School of Castle Studies”

Although “classical studies” is part of the joined, he didn’t miss an opportunity to— School’s official name, students and schol- as he says—“give a running commentary ars working here have long since branched on the Byzantine, Frankish, and Venetian out into other directions, preclassical as material,” so much so that students began well as postancient. This past year, under to refer to the “American School of Castle the inspired guidance of Whitehead Profes- Studies” thanks to the ubiquitous presence sor Glenn Bugh, the Whitehead Seminar of kastra and pyrgoi from each of these cul- introduced School Regular Members and tures. As a finale, Mr. Bugh led students

ákoue! others to a significant aspect of the Greek to Naxos and Paros, where they examined world after the end of antiquity: its centu- firsthand Venetian kastra, terracing, and ries-long relationship with the city-state tower-houses, as well as the rich ancient of Venice. and Byzantine remains on the islands. Beginning with the sixth century A.D., The seminar also enabled students to the seminar examined the relationship be- familiarize themselves with the resources tween Venice and Byzantium leading up of the Gennadius Library, thanks to the to the catastrophic events of the Fourth close collaboration of Director Maria Geor- Crusade (1203–1204), the emergence of gopoulou in planning and executing the Venice’s maritime empire, and the Vene- seminar. Participants were able to access a tokratia (1204–1669, 1687–1718), which reserve list of books housed in the Library’s saw Venetian settlements and presence Main Reading Room, and the seminar itself spread throughout Greece. met in the newly renovated Athanassiades On School trips, most of which Mr. Bugh Seminar Room. e

Managing Committee Confirms Appointments;

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF Makes Committee Selections CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS 54 Souidias Street, GR-106 76 Athens, Greece At the Managing Committee meetings in ciate Member in 1981, 1984–85, 1990–91, 6–8 Charlton Street, Princeton, NJ 08540-5232 Boston in January and New York City in 1994, 1997–98, and 2000–01. Mr. Rigsby ákoue, the newsletter of the ASCSA May, members tackled a full slate of ap- has been a member of Duke’s Department Winter/Summer 2005 Nos. 53/4 pointments and committee selections. of Classical Studies since 1971 and is cur- Executive Editor rently Professor of Epigraphy and Ancient Catherine deG. Vanderpool Appointments History. His areas of research interest in- clude the Hellenistic world, the Roman Editorial Associate In May, the Committee confirmed Charles Empire, religion, law, epigraphy, and nu- Sally Fay E. Jones as Head Librarian of the Blegen mismatics. Library, effective July 1. Mr. Jones, who Editorial Assistant Ms. Hofstra, who specializes in Greek Caitlin Verfenstein comes to the School from the Oriental In- and Roman archaeology (specifically My- stitute of the University of Chicago, where Design & Production cenaean texts and economy), was a Regular he was Research Archivist, will be profiled Mary Jane Gavenda Member of the School in 1996–97 and an in a future issue of ákoue. ákoue is published semiannually by the Associate Member (Thompson Fellow) in Also confirmed were the appointments ASCSA under the inspiration of Doreen 1997–98. of Whitehead Visiting Professors Leslie P. C. Spitzer, Trustee Emerita. Please address Mr. Levine has extensive Summer Ses- all correspondence and inquiries to the Day (Wabash College) and Kent J. Rigsby sion experience, both as a participant Newsletter Editor, ASCSA U.S. Office, 6–8 (Duke University), Rhys Carpenter Fel- (Summer Session 1974) and as a director Charlton Street, Princeton, NJ 08540-5232. low Susanne U. Hofstra (Rhodes College), (1987 and 1995). He was also a Regular Tel: (609) 683-0800; Fax: (609) 924-0578; and Summer Session Directors Daniel B. E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www. Member and Thomas Day Seymour Fellow Levine (University of Arkansas) and Wil- ascsa.edu.gr. in 1978–79. Mr. Hutton was a James Rignall liam E. Hutton (The College of William Wheeler Fellow at the School in 1986–87 and Mary). EDITOR’S NOTE: and an Associate Member in 1988–89 (as Ms. Day, a Managing Committee mem- This issue of ákoue combines Winter Jacob Hirsch Fellow) and in 1989–90. ber since 1979, has excavated at Kavousi, 2005 and Summer 2005. The newslet- As the result of a new rule allowing up Crete, for more than 20 years. She was a ter will return to its normal schedule to three Managing Committee members per of two issues per year beginning with Regular Member of the School and a George institution, the Committee added a number Winter 2006, scheduled for publica- Henry McFadden Fellow in 1969–70, As- of new representatives in May. Stephanie L. tion in February. sociate Member in 1971, and Senior Asso- continued on page 20

2 Excavations Launched at Mitrou

With support from the University of Tennessee, the Institute of Aegean Prehistory, the Loeb Classical Library Foundation, the 14th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities at Lamia, Colby University, and Cornell University, as well as from private donors, a new excavation began in the summer of 2004 at the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age site of Mitrou in East Lokris (Central Greece) under the auspices of the ASCSA. Co-directors Eleni Zahou of the Lamia Ephorate and Aleydis Van de Moortel (University of Tennessee) report on the inaugural season of this synergasia excavation.

The inaugural season of excavation at Mi- dic IIIC elite buildings identified until now trou took place from June 21 through July only in the northeastern Peloponnese. 30, 2004, followed by a short study season. The most important Early Iron Age struc- Our team consisted of almost 50 people ture at Mitrou is the large apsidal Building A. from 11 different countries, representing It was constructed inside the final Bronze more than 20 different institutions. Age Building B, and reused its support Mitrou is a small tidal islet on the North bases. This arrangement is another remark- Euboean Gulf. For most, if not all, of the able example of architectural and spatial Bronze Age, Mitrou was the largest and continuity across the Bronze Age–Iron Age Photo: Kostas Xenikakis most important settlement of East Lokris, divide. The construction date of Building Balloon photo of the 2004 excavation and it is in an excellent state of preserva- A is not yet known, but a large deposit of trenches. In the lower right corner is Early tion. It is situated not far from the Thermo- broken vases on the floor shows that this Iron Age Building A, which was construct- pylai on the main passageway, both by land elite building came to a violent end in the ed inside final Bronze Age Building B. and by sea, between northern and southern Middle Protogeometric phase, sometime in Greece. At several times in Greek prehis- the early or mid-tenth century B.C. fourth burial of a fetal cranium. The best- tory, major cultural changes have been at- Building A’s floor deposit of cups, bowls, preserved burial was that of a 6- to 9-year- tributed to migrations or cultural influxes kraters, jugs, amphoras, and pithoi include old child accompanied by four complete from the north. Mitrou promised to be an a large painted krater, which was obviously Middle Protogeometric clay vases and a ideal site to investigate those claims. a display item and compares very well to polished stone. An iron dress pin with a During the 2004 season, architectural the famous krater from the large apsidal bronze globe found in the left thigh area remains ranging in date from the Late Hel- “Heroon” at Lefkandi. The Lefkandi build- may have held a burial shroud. ladic I through the Middle Protogeomet- ing is about twice the width of the Mitrou Mitrou has thus far yielded the stron- ric phases (roughly the sixteenth through building and its krater much larger than gest evidence for continuity between the tenth centuries B.C.) were uncovered, the Mitrou krater. If size is any indication, Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age providing us with the opportunity to in- it seems that the elite at Mitrou were less of any mainland Greek site. Together with vestigate the crucial period of transition important than the elite at Lefkandi. the evidence from nearby sites such as Ky- from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, which Among earlier walls in the north and nos Livanaton, Kalapodi, and Elateia, this experienced the fall of the Mycenaean pal- west of the excavated area, five Early Iron suggests that, unlike southern Greece, the aces and the emergence of a new society Age cist tombs were found containing child North Euboean Gulf did not experience a that eventually led to the rise of the polis. inhumations. Most remarkable was a tomb major cultural break at the transition from Unlike in southern Greece, occupation at with three successive child burials sepa- the final Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, Mitrou does not show a break at the Bronze rated by pebble layers, all disturbed by the but remained quite flourishing. e Age–Iron Age transition. On the contrary, the similar orientation of its Bronze Age and Iron Age walls testifies to a surprising degree of continuity. Most of the excavated remains date to the Late Helladic IIIC and Protogeometric periods (twelfth–tenth centuries B.C.). The most important architectural find of the final Bronze Age is Building B, which was partially exposed over a length of 9 m in the southeast part of the excavated area. Its rubble walls are the most substantial ones found at the site so far. Two rows of roughly cut rectangular stone bases, 30 to 60 cm long, for wooden supports, probably belong to this building. If this is confirmed, Building B would be the first example in Photo: Winn Burke Central Greece of a new class of Late Hella- Middle Protogeometric cist tomb with the body of a 6- to 9-year-old child.

3 Tombs and Tomes at Corinth Other Corinth News Publication of the Panayia Field discov- eries is moving hand in hand with the The 2004 and 2005 seasons at Corinth saw the continuation of excavations in the Panayia excavation. Mr. Sanders’ “Problems in Field, while study and publication of the dig continued apace. Sarah James, Regular Member Interpreting Rural and Urban Settlement 2003–2004, who supervised the excavation of two tombs of the Geometric Period, reports on in Southern Greece, AD 365–700,” which their discovery in the first part of this article. appeared in N. Christie, ed., Landscapes of Change (2004), describes major changes During the 2004 season, the excavation of the earliest at Corinth. made to the chronology and urban history team at Corinth, under the direction of Guy On the north side of the Panayia Field, of Corinth as a result of the Panayia Field D.R. Sanders, uncovered an early Middle Mr. Sanders also opened three test areas, excavations and of recent remote sensing Geometric tomb partially destroyed by Ro- which yielded evidence that pointed to the work in the area around Ancient Corinth. man building activity in the Panayia Field. existence of earlier Roman and Hellenistic “Archaeological Evidence for Early Chris- A niche in the south side of the grave con- structures under the garden of the fourth- tianity and the End of Hellenic Religion in tained an amphora, an oinochoe, a pitcher, century urban domus. Corinth,” also by Mr. Sanders and derived and a cup, all beautifully painted and com- Mr. Sanders’ analysis of an assemblage from the same material, has appeared in pletely intact. of Hellenistic pottery found in a cistern Daniel Schowalter and Steve Friesen, eds., Since similar niches had been found in excavated in the Panayia Field in 2003 in- Urban Religion of Roman Corinth: Interdis- recent rescue excavations north of the vil- dicates that Corinthian Hellenistic pottery ciplinary Approaches (Harvard Theologi- lage, we returned to a grave excavated in chronology urgently requires reexamina- cal Studies, 53), 2005. This discusses the 2003, located immediately to the south of tion. The pottery was found with a coin of sculpture and wall paintings in the fourth- the newly discovered tomb. Its carefully cut Ptolemy III (247–232 B.C.). The material century Panayia domus and the late-fifth- sarcophagus, weighing 3.5 tons with its lid, suggests that many published contexts may and sixth-century appearance of Christian is one of the largest of any date known from have to be reexamined with a view to dat- burial practices and sixth-century basilicas Corinth. A niche was found hidden in the ing the material, in some cases, as much as at Corinth. west scarp of the tomb cut. It contained 100 years later. This will potentially have Kathleen Slane joined with Mr. Sanders 14 well-preserved Early Geometric I (ca. a wide-ranging effect on the chronology to write “Corinth: Late Roman Horizons,” 900–875 B.C.) vessels, ranging from large of the monuments in the area of the Ro- which appears in Hesperia 74, 2005, issue table amphorae to small aryballoi, as well man forum. 2. The article, down-dating Late Roman as a complete iron spear point. The pottery — Sarah James pottery at Corinth, was inspired by finds demonstrates that the sarcophagus is one University of Texas, Austin immediately above the Panayia domus and includes the largest of the Panayia Field’s post-domus contexts. “A Summary of Ex- School Publications Office Receives Award cavations in the Panayia Field at Corinth to 2004: Prehistoric to Hellenistic,” by Mr. The Association of American Sanders and James Herbst, was recently ac- Publishers (AAP) honored the cepted for publication in Hesperia, as was School’s publication Propylaia Christopher Pfaff’s “Geometric Graves in II: The Classical Building by Wil- the Panayia Field at Corinth.” “A New liam B. Dinsmoor and William Group of Mosaics from Corinth in their B. Dinsmoor, Jr., with an award Domestic Context and in the Context of for Outstanding Achievement in the City,” by Rebecca Sweetman and Mr. Professional and Scholarly Pub- Sanders, is forthcoming in H. Morlier, ed., lishing in the fields of Classics La mosaïque gréco-romaine, 9th Interna- and Archaeology. On hand to ac- tional Colloquium on Ancient Mosaics, cept the award at the February Rome. Arthur H. Rohn, Ethne Barnes, and 2005 ceremony in Washington, Mr. Sanders have completed “An Otto- Photo: Anthony Watkinson D.C., were Michael Fitzgerald, man Period Cemetery at Ancient Corinth,” the ASCSA editor who worked Michael Fitzgerald, Tessa Dinsmoor, and Carol while “Excavations in the Panayia Field at on the book; Carol Mattusch, Mattusch after accepting the AAP award. Corinth to 2005: The Panayia Domus” was Chair of the Publications Com- completed by Mr. Sanders and Mr. Herbst, mittee; and Tessa Dinsmoor, who labored long and hard to bring the outstanding both articles for submission to Hesperia. architectural scholarship of her husband and father-in-law to publication. James H. Other publications related to the Panay- Ottaway, Jr., Chairman of the Trustees’ Publications Committee, generously under- ia excavations and currently in preparation wrote the production of such a complex book. include studies of the frescoes, by Sarah Award winners, selected by an eight-member panel consisting of librarians, aca- Lepinski for her dissertation at Bryn Mawr demics, and working publishers, were chosen from hundreds of books submitted. Ph.D.; sculpture, by Lea Stirling; and the The ASCSA Publications Office was, by far, the smallest of the publishers selected, early modern phase in the Panayia Field as competing against university presses such as Princeton, Oxford, Johns Hopkins, and revealed by excavations up to 2005, by Mr. Yale, and commercial publishers like Elsevier and John Wiley. Further details about Sanders and Mr. Herbst. e the book are available at www.ascsa.edu.gr/publications.

4 Excavations at Azoria Clarify Function of Civic Buildings

Halfway through a five-year excavation program at Azoria (which was recently awarded an NEH grant for collaborative research), Project Director Donald C. Haggis (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) and Field Director Margaret S. Mook (Iowa State University) report on recent progress and review the evolving picture of this Cretan site.

The third season at Azoria, in 2004, fo- cused on the Archaic civic buildings on the South Acropolis, concentrating efforts on the andreion, the agora, and the southwest terrace. The excavations established the essential form of the andreion, a series of rooms that extends across two terraces on the west slope of the South Acropolis. The lower terrace consists of three storerooms, which are connected directly by doorways to a series of kitchens. A corridor linked the kitchens to a wide staircase that led to a porch and vestibule providing access to two separate areas of the main building: on the south a large dining hall; on the north a paved room with stone-built platforms, and beyond it the room with the concentra- tion of terracotta krater stands, recovered in 2002. We can now distinguish three main com- ponents of the andreion: storage and food processing on the lower level to the west and north, and ceremonial consumption on the upper level to the south. Furthermore, the porch and vestibule appear to separate and differentiate areas of consumption. A large dining hall with remains of terracot- Photo: Chronis Papanikolopoulos ta stands was accessible directly from the Various vessels from the kitchens and storerooms on the southwest terrace. porch; it is capable of seating a large num- ber of people, and perhaps functioned as a general dining room serving the routines terracotta amphora with an aperture at the lining the interior wall faces. The building’s of the syssitia—accommodating guests bottom, effectively creating a rhyton-like interior has an even and hard-packed clay and agelai as well as formal members. The installation within the center of the room. floor and a double row of dressed lime- rooms to the north, on the other hand, are A fragmentary terracotta votive plaque stone steps runs along the base of both accessible only through the vestibule via a was recovered in the northwest area of the south and east walls. The excavated floor narrow bedrock ramp; their special func- room. area revealed a very uniform hard-packed tion is indicated by the presence of pavers Excavation continued in areas along the clay surface under a deep layer of burned and platforms and the assemblage of krater southwestern terrace, west of the agora, ceiling debris which had, especially in the stands. The north rooms could therefore where in 2003 a large kitchen and store- eastern half, considerable amounts of ash have had a more restricted access and spe- room had come to light. It now seems that and carbon, evidently fallen roof beams and cialized function, suggesting a segregation these rooms form part of a series of food other elements of the building’s flat-roof of participants in various activities of din- preparation and storage areas—including superstructure. On the floor itself were ing, drinking, and libation. pithoi, strainers, lekanae, amphorae, and found a deep plain coarse bucket (situla); On the south slope of the acropolis, the cookpots among other finds such as weav- a fine painted lekane; a large number of eastern branch of a wide north-south street ing equipment and terracotta and bronze burnt animal bones, including meat bones was followed into the agora, where it runs stands. Adjacent to the buildings on the of pigs, rabbit, sheep, goat, and cow; and along the east side of a monumental build- north is a monumental structure that has a top shells. ing: a single room (12 m x 5.0 m) with a south wall extending for some 8.0 m from Although the function of this building large rectangular cut-bedrock platform in west to east where it forms a corner, turn- remains uncertain, the size (at least 180 m the center, a wide hard-packed clay plat- ing north for about 20 m. A narrow test square), internal refinements such as the form against the north wall, and parts of trench was excavated at the southern end interior rows of dressed blocks forming stone-built benches on the east and west of the building, exposing a section of the stepped seats, the use of megalithic con- sides. South of the bedrock platform, a building’s clay floor, the south wall, a sec- struction (large boulders) in the south stone-lined pit supported a large upright tion of the east wall, and a series of steps continued on page 8

5 Roman, Byzantine Levels Main Focus of 2004 Agora Season

Agora Excavation Director John McK. Camp II recounts progress made by his team of 42 students and supervisors during last summer’s six- week excavation season. Primary funding for the excavations was once again provided by the Packard Humanities Institute.

In Section BH, we continued to expose the Byzantine remains that lie behind the Painted Stoa. As usual, these consisted of rubble walls of fieldstones set in mud. Assorted walls were exposed, represent- ing several buildings and phases, though the area is too small to have allowed us to recover the full plan of any one building. The unglazed, very coarse pottery indi- cates that the main period of habitation is around 1000 A.D. and slightly later. A single pithos was found, containing a fair amount of fragmentary pottery and several coins. The fact that it was the only one found, however, suggests that the character Agora photos: Craig Mauzy of the remains in this area is somewhat dif- A gold solidus of Leo I, recovered from a layer of rubble and debris in Section BZ, may ferent from that found farther west. That be associated with a vandal attack on Athens ca. 470 A.D. area, with its numerous pithoi in almost every room, has a distinctive domestic feel to it, whereas the BH remains, with signs ing two or three centuries. When the area worn appearance of the piece suggest that of extensive burning, chunks of slag, and was reoccupied, the builders could appar- the pendant may predate its archaeological a crudely fashioned water channel, seem ently see the stumps of earlier walls still context by a couple of centuries. more industrial. Further work will be exposed and in many cases simply reused In the southern part of Section BZ, we needed to determine whether this is a real them. That the earlier remains were visible continued to work in the north-south street distinction in the use of the two areas or and available for reuse is also suggested by and in the buildings along its west side. simply an illusion. the fact that three Late Roman wells and at In the street, we stripped away assorted In the northern part of Section BZ, least one pithos in the area were cleaned layers of the Late Roman period, many of having already stripped off most of the out and reused, with new raised well-heads them dating to the fifth and sixth centuries Byzantine fills, we took off the last of the or mouths added to function at the upper, A.D. Among the finds at these levels was Byzantine foundation walls. Very often they Byzantine floor levels. a bronze beam from a steelyard or scale; follow—and are occasionally built right on Several threshold blocks give the ap- cleaning revealed a series of incised mark- top of—the lines of Late Roman walls. It proximate floor levels of the Late Roman ings to indicate different weights. Along the would appear as though the area, lying out- remains, though here, too, the plan of the eastern side of the street the surfaces were side the line of the post-Herulian fortifica- building is incomplete and its function un- not well preserved, dissolving into a series tion wall, was largely abandoned after the clear. A series of as many as four drains was of almost contiguous pits. The street sur- attack by the Slavs in 582/3 A.D. and was found, each cut through the long western faces were better preserved in the middle left in ruins and neglected in the succeed- street wall, conducting water out of the and along the west side of the road. Along building and into the street itself or, more the west side a round, terracotta pipeline probably, into a deep street drain not yet for fresh water, broken by several later pits, uncovered. The numerous drains, operat- was traced for much of the length of the ing independently, suggest that several of excavated street. the rooms may have functioned as inde- Further clearing in the buildings west of pendent units, each with direct access to the street did little to clarify the situation, the street. though the chronology is now better un- The Late Roman walls are themselves derstood. Still enigmatic are the two cours- set into earlier fill that seemed to be pre- es of extensive conglomerate foundations dominantly Early Roman in date, mostly supporting several handsome limestone first centuries B.C./A.D. Finds from this blocks. An anta block with narrow steps Roman fill included the usual array of terra- showing heavy footwear, found built into cotta figurines and moulds similar to others a late wall nearby, may also be associated. found earlier in this area. Also recovered It would appear that we have some good was a gold pendant in the form of an elon- Classical architectural blocks reused on an Gold pendant recovered from Early Roman gated wishbone, decorated with three 6- early Roman foundation, though the func- fill in Section BZ of the Agora Excavations. petalled rosettes and two triangles of gold tion of the structure is unclear. grains. The technique, style, and somewhat To the south, more of a layer of rubble

6 Agora Summer Session continued from previous page Breaks New Ground and debris found last year was cleared and with Turkey Trip in its midst was recovered a gold solidus of Leo I (457–474 A.D.). This coin, the debris With the Olympics looming in summer 2004, itself, and a hoard of some 431 bronze coins the School decided to postpone the traditional of the same date found less than 10 meters Summer Sessions in Greece for the year and away should perhaps be associated with replace them with a session focusing on “An- an attack on Athens by the Vandals in the cient and Medieval Turkey.” Charles Gates, 460s–470s A.D. Professor at Bilkent University, reports on his In Section BE, final clearing of Rooms 1 experience as Director. and 2 of the Classical Commercial Building was completed at last. Under the original The School’s 2004 Summer Session was his- floor in the northwest corner of Room 1 toric, the first ever in Turkey, and I was hon- two handsome red-figured stemless cups ored to have been asked to lead it. School were recovered in a small deposit of pottery Secretary Bob Bridges prepared an itinerary dating to the fifth century B.C. of just under one month (as opposed to A trial trench in Section BE revealed We also took advantage of the drying pottery fragments from the sixth century the six weeks typical of the Summer Ses- out of the whole area as a result of the con- B.C., including a cup tondo of a man on sions in Greece) consisting of a circular tinuous pumping of the Eridanos River by horseback. route that started in Istanbul and headed the Metro in Monasteraki Square. The gen- southeastward into the Anatolian plateau as eral lowering of the water table allowed us far as Hattusha and Cappadocia. Then the to excavate more deeply than ever before it was developed monumentally with the route descended south to the Mediterra- into the lower levels of the road that passes construction of the altar of Aphrodite (ca. nean coast at Antalya, proceeded westward by the west end of the Painted Stoa. Here, 500 B.C.) and the Painted Stoa (ca. 470 along the coast of Lycia, then north along in a trial trench, we encountered several B.C.). Why the road is so heavily traveled the Aegean coast to Troy and Canakkale very hard-packed cobbled road surfaces and what, if anything, it tells us about the before returning to Istanbul. of the Classical period. Beneath them, we elusive early fortification walls of Athens The aim of the program was to intro- hit a layer of densely compacted pottery of are questions that remain to be answered. duce the participants to a broad range of the sixth century B.C., with many pieces With Iron Age graves to the west of it and sites and monuments, including major clearly smashed in situ into tiny fragments. Bronze Age graves to the east, it may be Greco-Roman as well as pre-Greek (Neo- There were fragments of cups and kraters supposed that the line of the road is very lithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age) and post- and several black-figured pieces, includ- early, but if so it must have been a simple Roman imperial (late antique, Byzantine, ing a handsome cup tondo of a man on track, as we encountered bedrock immedi- Seljuk, and Ottoman) sites. In addition, horseback. Beneath this layer was another ately beneath the cobbled surface. the group was able to experience the rich very hard, very worn cobbled road surface, Further excavations in Sections BH and variety of landscapes in western Turkey. clearly indicating that the road is one of BZ are planned for 2005, as well as the ex- Our diverse group of enthusiastic the earliest and more important features tension of work in Section BH with the re- participants consisted of 19 M.A./Ph.D. of the urban landscape in this area, before moval of several modern houses overlying students, two advanced undergraduates, the area. e two university professors, and three pri- mary/secondary school teachers. All had good backgrounds in Classical archaeol- Position Openings and Application Deadlines ogy, ancient history, and/or Greek and Latin literature. Four, interestingly, were special- • Director of the School. Two- to five-year appointment beginning July 1, 2007. izing in late antique/early Christian stud- Applications are due by January 8, 2006. ies; their knowledge of religious history • Associate Librarian of the Blegen Library. Review of applications begins immedi- contributed much to our tour. The com- ately and will continue until the position is filled. mon background in Classical studies and shared interests lent a special atmosphere • Directors of the Summer Sessions (Gertrude Smith Professors) for Summer 2007. to our journey. Applications must be postmarked by January 15, 2006. In addition to my regular lecturing at most sites, the student presentations, and See the School website www.ascsa.edu.gr/positions.htm for further details on these occasional talks by our guide, we were positions. given detailed tours of four sites by the ex- • Two permits are available for excavation or survey projects in the summer of cavators. Although June is rather early in 2007: one regular and one synergasia. Applications should be submitted in elec- the excavation season in Turkey, the three tronic form to Jack L. Davis, Chair of the Excavations and Survey Committee, by American projects on our route were well November 15, 2005, and must follow the guidelines described at www.ascsa.edu. under way. At Gordion, Kenneth Sams and gr/Excavations/EXCSURVEY.htm. Richard Liebhart took us around the city continued on page 8

7 Azoria Fellowship Funding Benefits School continued from page 5

In memory of Ione Mylonas Shear, who in honor of Lloyd E. Cotsen, Chairman of died this past spring, her family has made a the Board. The grant of $1,800 will be made generous pledge to the School to establish to a graduate student or senior scholar a fellowship for Associate Members, to be whose project requires travel to Athens to awarded beginning with the 2007 academic work at the Gennadius Library. year. The fellowship will benefit students in Mrs. Shear’s fields of interest—Mycenaean Other Gifts and Grants archaeology or Athenian architecture and/ Another gift from the legacy of Lucy Shoe or archaeology. In case there is no one eli- Meritt brings the total received by the School gible from these fields, the fellowship may from her estate to $470,000, which funds be awarded for dissertation research in any Photo: Chronis Papanikolopoulos have been placed in Publications endowment. aspect of Aegean prehistory. In the event The School is one of three institutions (the Bronze tripod stand (podanipter) frag- there are no suitable candidates in any of others being Bryn Mawr and the American ment from the north kitchen on the these areas, the money will be used to fund southwest terrace. Academy in Rome) sharing her bequest. fellowships for outstanding undergraduates or graduate students to attend one of the  wall, and the building’s proximity to the Summer Sessions, with priority given to Lloyd E. Cotsen, Chairman of the Genna- centralized food storage and processing undergraduates. deion Board, has donated $25,000 toward areas of the southeast terrace all point to a five-lecture series at Cotsen Hall in the a formal civic function associated with  2006 academic year, to be organized by the public dining. On analogy with the pry- The family of Paul Rehak has endowed Gennadius Library. In other Gennadeion taneion at Lato—the best-preserved and a Memorial Traveling Fellowship in his development news, additional generous best-attested building of Classical-Helle- honor. The fund will generate awards of gifts from Elaine and Ted Athanassiades nistic date (fourth–third century B.C.) on up to $1,000 per year to senior scholars or and from Lana Mandilas and the Mandilas the island—the size, features, and finds of graduate students requiring travel funding family have made it possible to furnish the the Azoria building indicate a prytaneion for work associated with their projects. Athanassiades Seminar Room and the John function. While it has been suggested that  B. Mandilas Rare Book Reading Room, re- the risers at Lato were used for standing The National Endowment for the Humani- spectively. The Seminar Room’s elegant oak (observing formal sacrifices) rather than ties has granted the School $172,000 to tables and chairs and the Mandilas Room’s sitting, the individual steps at Azoria are renew the NEH senior research fellowship fine oak cabinetry, tables, and chairs were sufficiently high to have easily accommo- program for the years 2006 and 2007, with inspired by the 1920s furnishings in the dated either function. a third year promised for the next grant Library’s Main Reading Room. Work at Azoria in 2004 confirms the cycle. The funds will cover two to four fel- urban character of the site, presenting evi-  lowships of five or ten months; the stipend dence of at least three civic buildings of Thanks to Gennadeion Trustee Tod Sedgwick, for the full-year fellowship has risen from sixth-century date on the South Acropo- a gift in memory of Dennis Skiotis made it $35,000 to $40,000. lis—the andreion, a shrine on the edge of possible to plant an old olive tree in the East the agora, and a prytaneion—which can  Gardens. Uprooted from its home “some- help us to start unraveling the complexi- The Gennadeion Trustees have donated the where in Attica” by construction work last ties of the political economy of the nascent revenues from the June 2 benefit in Athens year, the tree came to the Gennadeion gar- city. Work in 2005 concentrated on clearing to endow a travel-to-collections fellowship dens in April. e the prytaneion, exploring more of the agora, and examining the habitation areas of the Summer Session settlement on the lower slopes of the South continued from page 7 Acropolis, as will work in 2006. We also spent an evening at the Ameri- The Azoria Excavations are being con- mound and the Midas Monument. Chris- can Research Institute in Turkey (ARIT)- ducted under the auspices of the American topher Ratté and several colleagues showed Ankara, where the Friends of ARIT pre- School of Classical Studies at Athens and us Aphrodisias, including the high-security pared a reception for us, with director the Archaeological Service of Eastern Crete. storeroom where the Sebasteion sculptures Bahadir Yildirim speaking about ARIT’s Funding for the 2004 season was provided are currently stored. And at Sardis, Craw- aims and activities. Our trip ended with by the National Endowment for the Hu- ford Greenewalt and Nicholas Cahill spoke a festive dinner and nightclub show at the manities; the National Geographic Society; about current work, with a climb down long Galata Tower. the Loeb Classical Library Foundation; the ladders to view the amazing preservation of Looking back, I feel confident that ev- College of Arts and Sciences, the Office of the Lydian fortification walls. The fourth eryone on this trip had a rewarding experi- the Vice Chancellor for Research, and the project that welcomed us was Sagalassos, ence, and I hope that, for them, Turkey has Department of Classics of the University of excavations of the Catholic University at been demystified and that they will be able North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and the Insti- Leuven, Belgium. Jeroen Poblome, associ- to return and travel around comfortably by tute for Aegean Prehistory. Interim reports ate director, led us on a fascinating visit at themselves to pursue research, visit sites, can be read online at www.azoria.org. e this upland Hellenistic-Roman city. or simply have a nice vacation. e

8 Kress Fellows Pursue Wide Range of Research at School

Over the years, student and senior scholars alike, representing a variety of interests, have benefited from School fellowships supported by the Samuel H. Kress Foundation. Here, recent recipients report on the work they achieved during their fellowship tenure.

My Publication Fellowship from the Kress appear as a fascicle of Corinth XVIII. Foundation was intended for completion of All of the technical drawings will be my work on the large-scale terracotta sculp- completed by the end of the summer; ture from my excavations in the Sanctuary these include simple outline drawings of a of Demeter and Kore in Ancient Corinth. In schematic figure in which have been placed particular, I had requested support in order photographs of specific fragments of the to complete work on the catalogue. This more fragmentary statues, in order to as- required considerable technical assistance sist the reader, as well as cross-sections of in the form of draftsmen to provide section specific details such as hair styles, faces, drawings of the most important pieces, and anatomy, or drapery. I have taken the neces- completion of photography. In addition, I sary photographs (some 500 in all) and also had wished to see some comparable mate- have scaled prints of all of them. rial now stored in the Museum of the Villa In Rome, I was able to study a group of Giulia in Rome. comparable statues from the Etruscan site This year, I completed the catalogue of Veii that is not on public view. These and essentially all of the initial, explana- are not typically Etruscan but very close tory chapters that deal with the excava- to Greek work. Because they are largely tions, description of the material, detailed unpublished but far better preserved than discussion of the technique of making such my material, it was very useful for me to statues, and the place of this material with be able to examine them closely. respect to other sanctuaries dedicated to The Kress Publication Fellowship made the same deities. It was and still is my inten- all the difference in my ability to complete tion to submit this manuscript for publica- this work more quickly. It also allowed me tion to the American School of Classical to do something different in the way of Photo: Andrei Opait¸ Studies before the end of the year. It will publishing sculpture. By introducing many Aegean amphora from the mid-third cen- cross-sections, a method that is not gener- tury A.D., one of nearly 200 analyzed by ally used, I hope to show other scholars Kress Publications Fellow Andrei Opait¸. the usefulness of such drawings in better understanding how one statue differs from another. and 14 North Pontic amphoras, which date mainly between the middle of the third — Nancy Bookidis century and the end of the sixth century 2004–05 Kress Publications Fellow A.D. However, working on this typology ASCSA required the study of earlier forms first produced in the Late Hellenistic and Early  Roman periods. Although these amphoras must be included in our typology, they will From February to April of 2005, I was be represented only by individual, albeit in Athens as a Kress Publications Fellow, well-chosen amphoras, my main focus be- working toward the publication of the Late ing on the bulk of Late Roman amphoras Roman and Byzantine amphoras (267–600 and on the economic information they A.D.) stored at the Stoa of Attalos. My long- provide. term objective is to produce a catalogue of In addition to working with the am- the amphoras followed by a presentation phora collection in the Stoa, I paid close of the main Athenian economic trends that attention to understanding the local en- can be deduced from the amphora collec- vironment and viewing other amphora tion. My strategy is to study amphoras collections. A visit to the amphora collec- from different areas of production, and to tion of the School’s excavations at Corinth divide them according to the products they clarified my ideas about Peloponnesian transported. amphora production. A trip to Sparta pro- Most of the Late Roman amphoras from vided perspective on the Peloponnesian the Athenian Agora collection were made Photo: Nancy Bookidis landscape and an opportunity to visit the in the Aegean. During this study season it local museum. Working with the amphora Terracotta statue, draped male, 550–525 was possible to process (clean, draw, and B.C. Votive offering to Demeter and Kore. photograph) over 170 Aegean amphoras continued on page 10

9 Kress continued from previous page collection of the local museum on the is- land of Kythera was extremely profitable for my understanding of the ancient trade practiced around this island. Here it was Watercolor by Piet de Jong of the decoration of a Geometric oinochoe from the area of also possible to study complete amphora the Athenian Agora (P 4885). This and other such finds are the focus of work by Kress types, which are represented in the Athe- Agora Publications Fellow John Papadopoulos. nian collection only by fragments. Having completed a fruitful two months at the Stoa, my work will continue in Can- that are simply not available in the United enance, with German-language scholarship ada, as I scan and scale the pictures and States), as well as to travel around Greece heavily favoring Syro-Palestine (Antioch or enter all the information I have gathered in search of comparative material. Jerusalem) and English-language scholar- into a database. To date, all of the work with the material ship raising instead the possibility of the relevant to this study has been completed imperial capital of Constantinople. Much of — Andrei Opait¸ and a significant portion of the manuscript my time at the Albright Institute was spent 2004–05 Kress Publications Fellow has been written. With some continued work considering the case for Syro-Palestine, first Chersonesos Excavations (consultant) in Greece this summer, I anticipate that the made by Austrian scholars in the 1930s. In first of the two volumes can be submitted for addition to offering a critique of previous  publication by the end of the year. German-language scholarship, I compared As a Kress Agora Publications Fellow, my the imagery in the Vienna Genesis minia- — John K. Papadopoulos aim was to complete, as much as possible, tures to new publications and finds in Israel 2004–05 Kress Agora Publications Fellow the study and publication of the Early Iron of artwork from the sixth-century Byzan- University of California at Los Angeles Age pottery and other small finds from the tine empire. I was able to visit a number of area of the later Athenian Agora. The mate- mosaics in Israel on site and also traveled to  rial in question spans the so-called Final Jordan to view the sixth-century Byzantine Mycenaean/Submycenaean, Protogeomet- This past year, I had the good fortune to mosaics excavated on the other side of the ric, Early, and Middle Geometric periods conduct research in Athens (at the Ameri- Jordan River over the past few decades. My from about 1200 to 750 B.C., and was ex- can School) and Jerusalem (at the W.F. research at the Albright indicates that the cavated by members of the ASCSA in con- Albright Institute of Archaeological Re- manuscript does not have any strong con- tinuing campaigns since the early 1930s. search) as the Samuel H. Kress Joint Ath- nection to art of the time period from the The material derives from over 100 tombs ens-Jerusalem Fellow. During this time, I Byzantine Near East, but has some similari- and some 35 non-funerary contexts, the made significant progress on my disserta- ties to art produced in the Western half of latter primarily, though not exclusively, tion on the famous sixth-century Byzantine the empire. While I don’t believe there is well deposits. The quantity of material illustrated manuscript known today as the enough evidence to assign the manuscript numbers into the tens of thousands and Vienna Genesis. firmly to Constantinople, I argue in this represents the single most important col- While in Athens, I used the incompa- chapter of my dissertation that the Vienna lection of Athenian pottery and other small rable resources of the Blegen and Genna- Genesis was most likely made in a scripto- finds of the period, not least because it de- dius Libraries on Greek art, palaeography, rium in the West and that there is little to rives from such varied contexts. and codicology to examine the question support and much to criticize with regard I intend to publish the material as two of the unusual palaeography of the Vienna to any attempt at localization of the codex Agora volumes: the first on The Early Iron Genesis as well as to consider the word in Syro-Palestine. Age Cemeteries, the other on The Non- and image relationship between the Greek My year as the Kress Joint Athens-Jeru- Funerary Deposits. Work on the first vol- Septuagint text of the codex and its icono- salem fellow was an enjoyable and produc- ume was largely completed thanks to the graphically complicated miniatures. As a tive one, and I am happy to report that I Kress Publication Fellowship, which al- result of my work in Athens, I am now will be finishing my dissertation next year lowed me to complete all of the necessary arguing in my dissertation that the changes as a Junior Fellow in Byzantine studies at study in the Agora Museum working with in the manuscript’s text, palaeography, and Harvard University’s Dumbarton Oaks Re- the objects themselves, as well as to check miniatures most likely indicate that the search Institute in Washington, D.C. all the relevant drawings and photographs. manuscript is a composite codex of two — Maureen O’Brien It also enabled me to work in close col- manuscripts rather than a unified whole. 2004–05 Samuel H. Kress Joint laboration with a physical anthropologist, I was also able to decipher and analyze Athens-Jerusalem Fellow Wiener Laboratory Visiting Professor Maria several miniatures in the manuscript that University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Liston, who will contribute an appendix to were previously thought by scholars to be the volume on the physical remains of the unexplainable. deceased. More than this, the fellowship In Jerusalem, I worked on the chapter  permitted me to read all the recent Greek of my dissertation that addresses the issue Supported by a generous fellowship from publications on subjects relevant to my of the place of production of the Vienna the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, I spent study (including numerous publications Genesis. There is currently a division in nine months at the School working on my scholarly opinion on the manuscript’s prov- dissertation, which focuses on images of

10 Kress the indigenous seated banquet may not recognized in the sixth- and fifth-century continued from previous page have a perfect parallel in ancient Athenian Athenian discourse about the symposium. thought, for many pictures of symposiasts They do not provide us with an Athenian symposia on Late Archaic and Early Clas- reclining on the ground seem to preserve image of the polis and its customs but show sical Athenian vases. Although these im- a tradition that defined the reclining sym- us worlds beyond the temporal and geo- ages are usually understood to refer to the posium as an institution native to Greece. graphical borders of civilization, inhabited symposia of the painters’ own time, close Later authors such as Athenaeus certainly by people whose customs the Athenians examination reveals numerous details for- understood the reclining symposium as an understood to be, in many ways, antitheti- eign to those symposia; more importantly, import rife with connotations of Eastern cal to their own. The relocation of these the suggestion that the images provide a luxury, but it remains to be seen how this images from a discourse about the polis to window into the symposia of this period is notion, if current in Archaic and Classical one about primitive societies encourages grounded in the erroneous belief that Ar- Athens, cohered with the understanding a broader reconsideration of the images chaic and Classical daily life is the subject evident on several of the vases of the sym- normally thought to show the symposia of any image whose content is not obvi- posium as indigenous. of Archaic and Classical Athens. e ously mythological. In a series of five case The images of the nude wine-pourer studies (two of which I focused on this and of the symposia on the ground sug- — Kathryn Topper year), my project attempts to locate more gest that notions of the primitive figured 2004–05 Samuel H. Kress Art History Fellow precisely the discourses about the sympo- more prominently than has previously been Harvard University sium to which the images belong and thus to further our understanding of how these images helped to shape the ancient Athe- nians’ perceptions of one of the defining institutions of their polis. Exchange Fellowships Fund Greek Much of my research this year focused on the figure of the nude wine-pourer, a Scholars in Turkey handsome youth who often attends the symposiasts on the vases and who has Thanks to funding from the Council of Age.” Maria Tsouli of the Epigraphical Mu- divine counterparts in Ganymede, Oino- American Overseas Research Centers seum in Athens visited the museums and pion, and (in Boeotian iconography) the (CAORC), the School and the American archaeological sites of Ephesos and Aph- son of Kabeiros. This figure is alternately Research Institute in Turkey (ARIT) have rodisias to study gladiatorial monuments, identified as an idealized slave or a future initiated an enriched program of scholarly the subject of her thesis for the University Athenian citizen and has therefore played exchanges between Greek and Turkish na- of Athens, “Gladiatorial Monuments in the a significant role in discussions of both tionals. The short-term fellowships make Greek-Speaking Provinces of the Roman slavery and coming of age in Athens. In it possible for Turkish scholars to pursue Empire.” In the social sciences, Ioannis Pa- fact, neither identification is correct: his their research interests in Greece through padopoulos, who is writing his thesis at the eromenos-like beauty precludes his identi- the School, and Greek scholars in Turkey, Panteion University, carried out research in fication as a slave, while his dignified status through ARIT. the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul and the excludes him from service at Archaic and Formerly known as the Aegean Ex- Archives of the American Board of Com- Classical symposia. An examination of the change Program, the fellowships are now missioners for Foreign Missions at Bog˘aziçi well-born wine-pourer in his clearly un- named after the late W.D.E. Coulson, Direc- University for his study of emigration from derstood contexts, both literary and visual, tor of the School from 1986 to 1996, and Ottoman Asia Minor to the United States reveals him to be a figure the Athenians the late Toni Cross, Director of ARIT in of America from the beginning of the nine- associated with the symposia of primitive Ankara. Their interest in promoting schol- teenth century to 1929. societies; he belonged to a social order that arly exchanges between the two countries Senior researchers also benefited from did not depend on a servile work force and was born at a meeting of CAORC that took the fellowship program. Despina Ignati- that was thus, in Athenian eyes, innocent place at the School in 1989. In subsequent adou, who works as Curator at the Archae- and utopian. years, the scholarships were awarded oc- ological Museum in Thessaloniki, visited This concern with the primitive sympo- casionally, depending on funding. It wasn’t Gordion and Labraunda, among other sites, sium is also evident in the second group of until 2004 that CAORC secured a perma- to examine glass vessels as part of her re- images I have begun to examine this year, nent source of revenue to support the ex- search in the history of the production of which show symposia on the ground. The change program. colorless glass vessels. Christina Kokkinia banquet on the ground, like the well-born Both predoctoral graduate students and from the Institute of Greek and Roman An- wine-pourer, carried heavy connotations senior scholars alike, from a wide range of tiquity, who is publishing new epigraphic of primitivism in Greek thought, and its fields, benefited from the program in 2005. finds from the town of Boubon in Lycia, frequent representation on the vases raises Athina Boleti, who is a Ph.D. candidate in used the grant to spend several weeks this questions about the Athenians’ understand- Aegean Prehistory at the University of Paris, summer at the site and its surrounding ter- ing of the prehistory of the symposium. used her grant to visit sites known to be the ritory to explore the architectural remains Specifically, it suggests that the modern sources of emery as part of researching her and to determine the possible functions of understanding of the reclining symposium dissertation, “The Exploitation of Emery in the inscriptions’ find-spots. e as an Orientalizing import that replaced Eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze

11 Pottery of Roman Date: Fine Ware Imports Working closely with Craig Mauzy at the Publications News (Agora 32), by J. W. Hayes Agora Excavations, the Publications Office Hellenistic Pottery: The Plain Wares (Agora will also produce two new Agora Picture Individual subscribers to Hesperia are re- 33), by S. I. Rotroff Books: Women in the Athenian Agora (Pic- ceiving new benefits with their renewals. Vessel Glass from the Athenian Agora, ca. ture Book 26), by Susan I. Rotroff and Rob- As well as receiving the usual four print 450 B.C.–A.D. 1800 (Agora 34), by G. ert Lamberton, and Marbleworkers from the copies, 2005 subscribers have free online D. Weinberg and E. M. Stern Athenian Agora (Picture Book 27), by Carol access to every issue published since Hespe- The Neolithic Pottery of Lerna I and II (Lerna Lawton. Mr. Mauzy and Irini Marathaki began in 1932. By special arrangement ria 5), by K. D. Vitelli have also been producing colorful Greek with JSTOR, the online archiving initiative A Historical and Economic Geography of Ot- editions of the most popular Picture Books, founded by the Mellon Foundation, they toman Greece: The Southwestern Morea beginning with John Camp’s Short Guide to also now receive complimentary access in the 18th Century (Hesperia Suppl. the Athenian Agora (Picture Book 16). to electronic versions of Hesperia Supple- 34), by F. Zarinebaf, J. Bennet, and J.  ments. Hesperia is still one of the least L. Davis expensive academic journals available, Thanks to the Trustees of the School, the The Greek Tile Works at Corinth: A Descrip- and new subscribers are always welcome. Publications Office was able to purchase tion of the Site and the Finds (Hesperia four new Macintosh G5s in 2004, loaded Further information is available at www. Suppl. 35), by G. Merker hesperiaonline.org or by contacting the with the latest design and production soft- The Chrysokamino Metallurgy Workshop and School’s Princeton office. ware. These are now in constant use and Its Territory (Hesperia Suppl. 36), by P. place the Office in a good position for fu-  P. Betancourt ture electronic experimentation in a rapidly The Editor of , Tracey Cullen, re- Kommos: A Minoan Harbor Town and Greek Hesperia changing publishing environment. e turned from sabbatical in June, working Sanctuary in Southern Crete, by J. W. on her publication of the prehistoric buri- Shaw — Charles Watkinson als from Franchthi Cave (to be published  Director of Publications by Indiana University Press). Ms. Cullen was a Research Associate at the Cotsen In- stitute of Archaeology at the University of California Los Angeles while on leave. The Publications Office was fortunate indeed Google Links Publications, Researchers that Molly Richardson, Assistant Editor of Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Members of the School’s Publications Office agreed to serve as interim editor in her ab- joined Google managers in New York this sence, working from Athens. past December to celebrate the launch of Google Print, a new initiative by the search-  engine giant to make the world’s information Carol Stein, who joined the Publications universally accessible and useful. ASCSA Office in 2002 from University of Michigan books are among the first to be incorporated Press, was promoted to the new post of in this virtual library of the future. Managing Editor in July. As well as hav- Google scanned the entire contents of ing substantial publishing experience, one hundred American School books. Not Ms. Stein has academic qualifications in only will these texts be searchable online; archaeology from Boston University and people will also have the opportunity to pur- the University of Michigan, and was an As- chase them. To ensure that the program does Photo courtesy Mickey Kataria sociate Member of the School in 1992–93. not undermine book sales, the engineers at Among many accomplishments over the Carol Stein and Charles Watkinson from Google have made it impossible to print out the Publications Office discuss electronic last three years, she has been responsible or copy the pages displayed, and users can publishing with John Lewis Needham of for the introduction of new technology that browse only a portion of each book. Google at the Campbell Apartment in has substantially increased the efficiency of Surveys made public at meetings of li- New York City. the publishing office. brarians and publishers in recent months  suggest that most researchers turn to freely Ms. Stein, her fellow editors, Michael accessible online search engines before vis- larly by North American classicists than Fitzgerald and Timothy Wardell, and Pro- iting their libraries, and that senior faculty in the past, but are also being found and duction Manager Sarah George Figueira are as likely to do this as undergraduates. used by the wider academic community. (who also typesets Hesperia) are keeping In this changing environment, the Publi- In the online world, Hesperia readers are busy, as the Publications Catalogue makes cations Office is involved in a number of almost as likely to be based in Beijing as clear. The catalogue is available from the programs with organizations like Google to in Berkeley, and to practice anthropology Princeton office, or it can be downloaded make sure that books and journal articles as study epigraphy. from the Publications website at www. published by the School are as easily dis- Readers of ákoue are encouraged to ascsa.edu.gr/publications. A record number coverable as possible. search Google for recent titles such as Ce- of books are in production: Early usage reports suggest that School ramicus Redivivus by John Papadopoulos to publications are not only cited more regu- see the innovative technology at work. e

12 Fritz Graf noted in a recent article that Student Reports the so-called lesser Mysteries are no less worthy of study, and I hope to shed new The Mysteries of Andania: light on this important cult and its sanctu- Sanctuary and Cult ary while exploring the rules that governed them.

LAURA GAWLINSKI  EUGENE VANDERPOOL FELLOW, 2004–05 Examining Early The essential requirement for creating a Democracy in Athens sanctuary in antiquity was demarcated space, but it was the human action that oc- GREGORY SHANE JONES curred in the set-off area that truly defined BERT HODGE HILL FELLOW, 2004–05 the site. Recent studies involving sanctuar- ies have sought to see them not simply as The School is an ideal setting for scholars settings for temples, but as locations cre- conducting research on virtually any aspect ated by people’s various needs, activities, of antiquity, but its allure for those of us and agendas. specifically interested in Athenian art, ar- For my Ph.D. dissertation, I am using chaeology, and culture is especially strong. the inscribed rules that governed one of the I was quite eager to return to the School most important festivals in Messenia, the as a Regular Member, and since arriving Mysteries of Andania, to explore the issues in September 2004, my zeal to conduct that were important in the routine manage- further research for my dissertation has ment of cult (IG V, 1 1390). Although the only intensified, despite the current trend Photo: Jennifer Palinkas sacred law concerns one specific, annual in scholarship to move away from topics festival, it imparts information relevant to Laura Gawlinski beside the inscription focused on “the A-word.” Perhaps even of the Sacred Law of Andania, now built the general nature of sanctuary activity. It more surprising to some, I am researching is particularly important for the evidence it into the wall of a church in the village of Konstantini in Messenia. the period of the early democracy, explor- contains about the kinds of things that did ing the intricate relationship between class, not leave a clear mark in the archaeological politics, religion, and art in the initial de- record, such as religious costume, oath- the text include the accurate measurement cades of the fifth century, or, as one profes- taking, and the impermanent tents and of unreadable spaces (which affects resto- sor here put it, “taking on the sacred cow” booths used for shelter and markets. The rations) and a new recognition of how the of Classics. inscription shows just how much work was layout of the stone implies the intended I enjoy relating these tongue-in-cheek necessary to produce and maintain what organization of the law. concerns for my academic well-being be- later would be preserved only as remains in The Mysteries regulated in the inscrip- cause they are really reflections of the enor- the ground. My work has three major com- tion were linked to Andania, the original mous level of interest, support, advice, and ponents: a new edition of the inscription capital of Messenia, and were held at a sanc- general goodwill that emanates from the made from autopsy, a commentary focused tuary called the Karnesian grove. According faculty, staff, and members of the School, on ritual and cult, and a reconsideration of to Pausanias, the founding of Messene was which allowed me to conduct my own re- the topography of the area where the site joined to the rebirth of the Mysteries, and search while participating in all that the was most likely located. that city eventually took on a major role in Regular Program demands. In fact, rather I was able to carry out much of this work the coordination of the festival. Although propitiously, our autopsy of sites in and in Greece with the support last year of a Andania and the Karnesian grove have around Athens served doubly as research Sage Fellowship from Cornell University, never been excavated, a convincing argu- opportunities, allowing me to talk with the continuing as Eugene Vanderpool Fellow ment for their location about 16 km from experts and bounce ideas back and forth in 2004. I have been able to view much of Messene has been made. Because of my among the entire group. the comparanda for my commentary, dis- interest in ritual space, I am incorporating During the Fall term, thanks to the covering things I would not have known an examination of the unexcavated site and wonderful resources of the Blegen Library about otherwise; but the greatest impact its surrounding landscape into my com- and the feedback I received from scholars came from examining the inscription and mentary on the inscription. The spring that at the School, I was also able to improve exploring the region of Messenia. The in- was in the Karnesian grove has been iden- upon and expand a paper I was to deliver scription was uncovered in 1858 and built tified with the modern Divari spring, the at the APA in Boston that presented some into the wall of a church in the small vil- size of which indicates the rich resources of of the research I have done in the past year. lage of Konstantini in Messenia, where it the ancient sanctuary. Last spring I walked In my paper, I argued that the Attic skolia, remains today. The last time an edition was from Messene to the grove, the route that the so-called drinking songs, originated made from autopsy was 1868, before the may have been used for the Mysteries’ pro- among the non-elite rural classes of Attica standardization of epigraphical notation, cession, under the gaze of the looming Mt. and were performed at public festivals and and few accessible images of the stone ex- Ithome. One cannot get these details from sacrifices rather than aristocratic symposia, ist. The improvements I have brought to just reading the inscription. continued on page 14

13 Student Reports continued from previous page

negotiation between these two competing m, as well as over 23 m of its length, has political forces within the city, with their been revealed. Considering Panaghia Street respective values and traditions, finds ex- within the context of Corinth’s road system, pression in the art, mythology, and tradi- and using data gathered from topographi- tions of Athens. cal and archaeological research, our poster  presented a revised city block unit for the centuriation of Roman Corinth: a city block A Productive Year of Work in the area of Panaghia Field is 81.0 m wide by 148.4 m long. on Panaghia Street and Systematic excavation of Panaghia Street Propylaia has uncovered a complex stratigraphy that illustrates the development and engineering JENNIFER PALINKAS of Roman roads in Corinth. Boundary walls STUDENT ASSOCIATE MEMBER, 2004–05 were introduced to define the limits of the road soon after its foundation. By the end On January 8, 2005, I was pleased to ac- of the first century A.D., the first utilities, cept the Poster Grand Prize Award at the such as drains and water pipes, were in- annual meeting of the Archaeological Insti- stalled at the street’s edges. As a result, over Herm on a red-figure sherd from the Agora. tute of America in Boston, for a poster cre- time the sidewalks became congested with ated in collaboration with James A. Herbst, water pipes but the road at the center was architect of the Corinth Excavations. Our free from disruption. Later, a heavy central thus giving us a firsthand expression of the project, “Road Works in Roman Corinth: drain was constructed and curb walls were middling ideology of the common citizen. A Newly Excavated Street in the Panaghia sliced through the road, further delineat- These short verses (prayers and invocations Field,” presented an early colony road that ing road from sidewalk. Numismatic and to gods and heroes, which seem rather more was established just after 10 B.C. Second in ceramic evidence indicates that Panaghia religious than bibulous) became objects of width only to the Lechaion Road, Panaghia Street continued in use until at least the ridicule for the oligarchic classes in Athens. Street was a major artery in the Corinthian fourth century A.D. For in those few instances in Aristophanes road network. In addition to a great variety of small when the Attic skolia are related to upper- Excavations from 1998 to 2004 revealed finds, including stamped amphora handles, class symposia, the songs are distorted and the complete width of Panaghia Street, 7.4 continued on page 15 turned into jokes deriding the Tyrannicides Harmodios and Aristogeiton, who figure so prominently in these songs. In my dissertation, I develop these ideas further by focusing on the concept of iso- nomia, which makes its earliest recorded appearance in the Harmodios skolia. This and other early “democratic” principles, with roots in popular religion, may then be associated with a widespread ideology that emerged organically from the soil of the rural masses, with a voice of its own, independent of competing aristocrats and elite politicians such as Kleisthenes, who surely rode the bandwagon of egalitarian reform but may not have had such a firm grip on the reins. In my dissertation I also plan to examine related images and iconog- raphy, including the ostensible “Kimonian monuments,” whose images and narratives express popular tenets and the budding egalitarian spirit of the time, rather than individual ambition. We have a great deal of testimony attesting to popular control over individual aristocrats and their activi- Photo: James Herbst ties in this early period, especially regard- Panaghia Street after excavation. ing public art and display. The conflict and

14 W I N T E R / S U M M E R e 2 0 0 5 GennadeionGennadeion NewsNews A SPECIAL INSERT TO THE NEWSLETTER OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

FROM THE ARCHIVES The Skouloudis Papers and the Greek Political Landscape

The fi nding-aid for the papers of Stephanos Skouloudis, a prominent Greek politician and former Prime Minister, was recently revised by historian Eleutheria Daleziou (University of Glasgow), who describes here his contributions to modern Greece.

he archive of Stephanos This was the starting point of his government for a short period of Skouloudis (1838–1928), memorable political career. time (1915–1916). This was to Twhich was donated to A close friend, both politically be his last service to his country. the Gennadius Library in 1986 and personally, of Charilaos Trik- With the return of Venizelos in by Skouloudis’ nephew, George oupis (Prime Minister of Greece 1917, he was accused of treason Athenogenes, is an important 1875, 1878, 1880, 1882–85, and imprisoned. Released two primary resource for students 1886–90, 1892–93, 1893–95), years later, he died on August 19, and scholars of modern Greek Skouloudis served in Trikoupis’ 1928, in Athens. history and politics. A success- cabinets as Minister of Education Skouloudis was an ardent ful businessman and one of the and Minister of the Marine. Dur- lover of the arts and an impor- co-founders of the Bank of Con- ing the fi rst government of Prime tant collector of paintings, which stantinople, Skouloudis became Minister Dimitrios Rallis (1897), he left to the National Gallery involved in Greek politics after he served as Minister of Foreign of Greece. He was also a philan- he moved to Athens in 1876. Affairs. At the peak of his career, thropist, and among his most Following the outbreak of the in the midst of the Great War important benefactions was the Eastern Crisis in 1875, when and the crisis in the Greek po- Ophthalmology Clinic at Baloukli Stephanos Skouloudis ethnic uprisings against the de- litical scene stemming from the in Constantinople. He was also Photo courtesy Gennadeion Archives clining Ottoman Empire started break between King Constantine involved with the ambitious in the Balkans, he was appointed and Prime Minister Eleftherios project to drain Lake Copais in as the Greek delegate to the Venizelos, Skouloudis was sum- negotiations with the Albanians. moned by the King to head the continued on page G4

Gennadeion Director Wraps Up Busy First Year

aria Georgopoulou, Yale’s Program for Hellenic Stud- research centers on the artis- ines the architecture and urban- who assumed her post ies, which focuses on the study tic and cultural interaction of ism of Venetian Crete in the later Mas Gennadeion Direc- of post-Classical Greece from the peoples in the eastern Mediter- Middle Ages. In 2004 she edited tor in August 2004, oversaw a Byzantine through the modern ranean, particularly during the the electronic publication Byzan- busy inaugural year, including period. Funded by the Niarchos Middle Ages, encompassing tium: Faith and Power, An exhibi- the launching of a new program Foundation, the program incor- Byzantine, European, and Islam- tion at the Metropolitan Museum in Medieval Greek. porates the teaching of Modern ic art. In addition to the colonies of Art (www.greekworks.com), With a Ph.D. from UCLA, a Greek along with courses in sever- of Venice, she has studied the due to appear as a book by the Maitrise from the Sorbonne, and al departments as well as public signifi cance of the Gothic style end of the year. She is currently a B.A. from the University of Ath- lectures, cultural events, sympo- in the architecture and sculpture writing a book on portable ob- ens, Ms. Georgopoulou taught sia, and research scholarships. As of Greece, and the material cul- jects in the thirteenth century at Yale University in the Depart- head of the program, among her ture of the thirteenth century. in their economic and social ment of the History of Art for many other activities she orga- In 2001, she published Venice’s context, and this past spring twelve years before taking up her nized the conference “Modern Mediterranean Colonies: Architec- organized at the Gennadeion the position at the Gennadeion. Dur- Greece and Its Monuments.” ture and Urbanism (Cambridge conference “Material Culture in ing her time at Yale, she founded Ms. Georgopoulou’s scholarly University Press), which exam- the Medieval Mediterranean.” e G2 G E N N A D E I O N N E W S

Frantz Fellow Receives Getty Mandilas Room Dedicated Postdoctoral Fellowship To honor John B. Mandilas and to formally dedicate the Rare Book Reading Room named in his memory, the Gennadius Library hosted an evening of music and poetry on April 6. The Library’s eronica della Dora, M. Athos has been constructed as own Gavriela Vasdeki, who has AlisonAlison FFrantzrantz FFellowellow tthishis a place of myth since Classical served the Gennadeion since Vpast year at the Genna- antiquity. 1998 as Secretary, recited poetry dius Library, has been awarded a Ms. della Dora will use her of Cavafy, Engonopoulos, Eliot, Getty postdoctoral fellowship for stay at the Getty Research Cen- Embiricos, Seferis, and Shake- 2005–06 within the framework ter to expand her project by speare set to music by compos- of the Getty Scholars Program, examining the eastern Mediter- ers from Debussy to Villa-Lobos, “The Persistence of Antiquity.” ranean conceived as a “Classical performed by harpist Maria Bildea The fellowship will enable her region” and how this affected and fl autist Panagiotis Drakos. to continue working on themes its mapping during the western Following the concert in Cot- evolving from her work at the Enlightenment, when the per- sen Hall, guests were invited to Gennadeion for her dissertation, ception of Greece and the Levant a dinner in Loring Hall as guests which focuses on visual and underwent a radical shift. She of Mrs. Theodoti-Artemis Mandi- written representations of Mount plans to expand the boundaries las, her daughter and Gennadeion Athos from the early eighteenth of her dissertation to include century to World War II. A grad- physical remains such as those at Trustee Lana Mandilas Trustee Lana Mandilas, and other uate student in UCLA’s geogra- Ephesos, Delphi, or Troy, as well Photo: Haris Akriviadis family members. phy department, Ms. della Dora as landmarks of pure memory used her time at the Gennadeion such as the Tower of Babel or the to complete her thesis, explor- Pharos of Alexandria. e ing the contexts in which Mount

Gennadius Library News

n February and March, the is “Containing Balkan National- newly opened Athanassia- ism: Pan-Orthodox Visions and Ides Seminar Room in the the Megali Idea (1850–1900).” The John B. Mandilas Rare Book Reading Room, set up for a Main Building of the Gennadius    Library hosted the second part small exhibition for the April 6 event. AMBROSIA—the computerized Photo: Nikos Daniilidis of Whitehead Professor Glenn union catalogue of the holdings of Bugh’s seminar “Venice and the Gennadius, Blegen, and Brit- Greece,” offered to the Regular ish School Libraries—and other Medieval Greek Summer Session and Associate Student Members bibliographic electronic resources of the School. Library Director can now be accessed from the Maria Georgopoulou also pre- he Gennadius Library Parisinus Graecus 1115 and its Gennadeion’s Main Reading sented a lecture to the class on inaugurated a new four- Archetype. Room. AMBROSIA is designed to Venetian Crete. Tweek Summer Session in Mr. Papaioannou, Assistant enable users to search for books in July 2005 designed to familiar- Professor of Greek and Latin    all three libraries simultaneously. ize participants with Medieval at The Catholic University of On May 18, the Gennadeion    Greek. The brainchild of Library America, is a member of the sponsored the presentation of the Friends and benefactors of the Director Maria Georgopoulou, Steering Committee for the documentary “Elias Petropoulos. Gennadius Library celebrated the seminar was led by Profes- Medieval and Byzantine Stud- An Underground World,” directed Clean Monday for the fi fth year in sors Alexander Alexakis and Eu- ies Program and the Executive by Kalliopi Legaki and produced a row at Estiatorio Milos in New stratios Papaioannou. In addition Committee of the Center for the by Maria Gentekou. The fi lm was York City with a special treat—a to daily intensive instruction and Study of Early Christianity. . awarded the FIPRESCI Prize at concert by Grigoris Maninakis tutorials, the Summer Session Made possible by the generos- the 7th Documentary Film Festi- and the Mikrokosmos Ensemble. introduced the eight participants ity of Lloyd Cotsen, Chairman of val at Thessaloniki. to sites and monuments in Thes- the Gennadeion’s Board of Trust- Under the patronage of H.E. The saloniki, Athens, and Boeotia. ees, the Summer Session will    Ambassador of Greece and Mrs. Mr. Alexakis, currently As- take place biannually, alternating Denis Vovchenko (University of George V. Savvaides, the event sociate Professor of Byzantine with Dumbarton Oaks’ summer Minnesota) has been selected as raised $35,000 for the renovations Literature at the University of program. e the M. Alison Frantz Fellow for to the Library’s East Garden. e Ioannina, is the author of Codex 2005–06. Mr. Vovchenko’s project G E N N A D E I O N N E W S G3

Material Culture in Middle Ages Topic of Symposium Benefi t Honors Lloyd Cotsen It took more than a cloudburst to dampen the enthusiasm of 200 ssues of artistic exchange, Bakirtzi (Archaeological Institute friends of the Gennadius Library, who turned out for a concert and technological innovation, of Macedonian and Thracian dinner in honor of Gennadeion Board Chair Lloyd Cotsen on June Iand cultural assimilation fo- Studies), Guy D.R. Sanders 2. Grigoris Maninakis joined with singer Argyro Kaparou to pres- cusing on the material culture of (Corinth Excavations), Scott ent “A Musical Journey,” performing the poetry of Seferis, Elytis, the medieval Mediterranean were Redford (Georgetown Univer- and others set to music by some of Greece’s greatest composers. the topics of a symposium orga- sity), Robert Ousterhout (Uni- After the concert in Cotsen Hall, the skies opened, but the party nized by Library Director Maria versity of Urbana-Champaign), went on, with dinner served under tents in the Gennadeion East Georgopoulou in April 2005 at and Anna Ballian and Anastasia Gardens. Thanks to generous underwriting, the benefi t earned the Gennadius Library. The sym- Drandaki (Benaki Museum). some $40,000 towards establishing a travel fellowship in Mr. posium convened archaeologists They explored artistic encoun- Cotsen’s honor. and art historians expert in Latin ters and the industrial arts, fo- European, Byzantine, and Is- cusing on specifi c artifacts and lamic cultures to examine issues media from an archaeological, of production and consumption technological, and stylistic per- in the multiethnic Mediterranean spective. Papers and discussions during the Middle Ages. alike highlighted problems tran- Symposium speakers includ- scending traditional disciplinary ed Vaso Penna (Center for the boundaries and raised awareness Study of Early Modern Pottery of issues of cultural translation and University of the Pelopon- within the context of the medi- nesos), Demetra Papanikola- eval Mediterranean. e

Conference Honors Manousakas Photos: Haris Akriviadis

anousos I. Manousakas of Thessaloniki, Director of the (1914–2003) was Hellenic Institute for Byzantine Mhonored in a day-long and Post-Byzantine Studies in conference at Cotsen Hall this Venice, Director of the Center past January organized by the for Byzantine and Modern Greek Research Center for the Study of Studies at the National Research Medieval and Modern Hellenism Foundation in Athens, President of the Academy of Athens and of the committee that established the Hellenic Institute for Byzan- the University of Crete; and a tine and Post-Byzantine Studies Member of the Academy of Ath- in Venice, with the support of ens (1982–2003) and its Presi- the Gennadius Library. A mem- dent until 1996. ber of the Academy of Athens In 1986, Mr. Manousakas ed- and an expert on the history and ited and presented the book His- literature of Venetian Crete, Mr. tory of Athens by John Benizelos Clockwise from upper left: Lloyd Cotsen at the entrance to Manousakas was also active in (+1807), a work closely related Cotsen Hall; Gennadeion Trustee and speaker Edmund “Mike” promoting the intellectual pro- to the founder of the Gennadius Keeley with Margit Cotsen; Director of the Gennadeion Maria fi le of the Gennadeion and its Library, John Gennadius. Benize- Georgopoulou, Director of the American School Stephen V. treasurers during his tenure as los, an intellectual and a teacher Tracy, and Gennadeion President Catherine deG. Vanderpool Member and then as President from Athens, was Gennadius’ after their tributes to Mr. Cotsen. of the Philoi of the Library in the great-grandfather. After discover- mid-1980s. ing Benizelos’ unpublished In an illustrious academic manuscript in England in 1926, At the conference, ten stu- CORRECTION career that spanned much of Gennadius prepared an edition dents and colleagues of the late An article about the acquisition of the second half of the twentieth for publication in 1930, but it was academician spoke on his intel- a book on astronomy by Dionysios Pyrrhos (Summer 2004 Gennadeion century, Mr. Manousakas was Di- Mr. Manousakas who initiated lectual and academic contribu- News) incorrectly listed the publica- rector of the Medieval Archives its publication and incorporated tions to the study of medieval tion date as 1896. The work was section of the Academy of Ath- Gennadius’ introduction into the and early modern Hellenism. e published in Athens in 1836. ens, Professor at the University text. G4 G E N N A D E I O N N E W S

FROM THE ARCHIVES Walton Lecturer Chronicles of Modern Greece: Myrivilis Papers Focuses on

Leda Costaki, Special Cataloguer in the Archives of the Gennadius Library, recently completed the fi nding-aid Byzantium for the papers of Stratis Myrivilis, donated in 1999 by his widow Eleni Myrivili, daughter-in-law Kaiti Myrivili, elen Evans, Curator and children Haris Myrivili and Drosoula Angelopoulou, following on Myrivilis’ own wishes. Ms. Costaki of Medieval Art at the describes here the collection and its importance. HMetropolitan Museum of Art, presented her “Visions of ne of the most impor- Minor, and he also worked as a Byzantium: Past, Present, and tant fi gures in Modern reporter at the Albanian front. Future” in the twenty-fourth OGreek literature, Stratis A revolutionary idealist, Myrivi- annual Walton Lecture, orga- Myrivilis is perhaps best known lis was a supporter of demotike nized by the Gennadius Library for his novels Life in the Tomb (Η (the popular form of Greek now at Cotsen Hall in early Febru- ζωή εν Τάφω, 1930), The School- written and spoken throughout ary. Since 2005 marks the 100th mistress with the Golden Eyes (Η Greece, in opposition to the anniversary of the fi rst Byzantine ∆ασκάλα µε τα Χρυσά Μάτια, more formal katharevousa) and exhibition at Grottaferrata, Italy, 1933), and Vassili (Βασίλης ο a pro-Venizelist. Eventually he Ms. Evans spoke about the his- Αρβανίτης, 1943), which have became known as one of the tory of Byzantine exhibitions been widely read by several greatest prose writers of modern in the last 100 years, including generations of Greek readers. Greece. those she has organized at the Most of his writings, however, The Gennadeion collection Stratis Myrivilis and his family. Metropolitan Museum, as well as consisted of newspaper articles includes personal documents, Photo courtesy Gennadeion Archives her future projects in the fi eld of (chronographemata) and texts for manuscripts, papers delivered Byzantine art. his radio programs, evidence of on various occasions, correspon- An expert on Armenian il- another side to Myrivilis—active dence, newspaper clippings, tions of his work and reviews published in Greece and abroad, luminated manuscripts and their journalist and broadcaster. and a press collection, includ- artistic relationships with Byzan- There are hundreds of such ing newspapers that Myrivilis as well as secondary materials compiled by his son, Lambis, tine and Western medieval art, articles, some reworked for pub- himself published or directed Ms. Evans has been instrumental lication in collections of short (Καµπάνα, Σάλπιγξ, Ταχυδρόµος) including newspaper clippings, studies on Myrivilis and his in showcasing Byzantium as a stories. In them, Myrivilis covers as well as underground publica- major component of medieval a variety of themes, ranging from tions that circulated during the work (especially his novels), and material from exhibitions and culture. In 1997 she planned the the relationships of people living German Occupation (παράνοµος exhibition “Glory of Byzantium” close together in the neighbor- τύπος). Among the earliest docu- public events in his honor. Myri- vilis’ work also has been trans- as a sequel to the “Age of Spiri- hoods of Athens to those of ments in the collection are Myri- tuality” that had taken place 20 characters in rural areas, and vilis’ notebooks from elementary lated into many languages, and the Myrivilis family has donated years earlier. The show reached a from the beauty of nature or the school, various school certifi - wide audience and its catalogue change of seasons to the moral cates, and picture postcards that to the Gennadeion a number of his books in translation. e has since become a standard values and political situations of he exchanged with his friends. reference book. Following on the time. These writings capture His military career is also well this success, in 2004 Ms. Evans the atmosphere of a period and attested, not only by documents Skouloudis Papers organized an equally signifi cant society now lost, and display the related to his service (φύλλα continued from page G1 exhibition on Late Byzantine art, same lyrical yet realistic qualities πορείας, απολυτήρια), but also “Byzantium. Faith and Power of Myrivilis as a novelist. by awards, medals, and even the Boeotia in the late nineteenth (1261–1557),” encompassing Myrivilis’ life, closely tied offi cial record of the wound he century; his papers relating to the last centuries of Byzantine art with the history of modern received in the battle of Kilkis in the project were catalogued by and culture. Ms. Evans’ presence Greece, is itself like a novel. 1913. Of particular interest from N. Melios and A. Papadopoulos at the Metropolitan Museum and Born on the island of Mytilene in the perspective of cultural and in 1989. in the museum world in general 1892, he died in Athens in 1969. social history is the material re- The papers, comprising six has been a catalyst for the pro- During his lifetime, he witnessed lating to his activities as director linear meters, include Skou- motion of Byzantine studies in world wars and war in Greece, of a military theatrical group for loudis’ offi cial correspondence, the United States. e the liberation of his native is- the entertainment of the soldiers scrapbooks of press clippings, land, rebellions and disillusion- at the front. His correspondence and books from his private li- This publication of the American ment, and the despair and hope with relatives, friends, intellectu- brary. They provide a wealth of School of Classical Studies at Athens that followed World War II. As als, and fans also reveals infor- information about Skouloudis’ is produced semiannually. Address an ardent young patriot, Myrivi- mation about the cultural and political career and the history of all correspondence to Newsletter lis volunteered twice for war ser- political concerns of his time. modern Greece in the last part of Editor, ASCSA, 6–8 Charlton Street, Princeton, NJ 08540-5232. vice, serving in the Balkan Wars The collection also includes the nineteenth and the fi rst quar- e Tel: (609) 683-0800 or e-mail: as well as the campaign in Asia a signifi cant section of transla- ter of the twentieth centuries. [email protected]. Student Reports continued from page 14 glass vessels, obsidian cores, bronze ob- Miller’s conclusion that the Colossus can- jects, a gold earring or pendant, and an not be associated with Oikoumene. But it ivory figurine, Panaghia Street has pro- did more than suggest that the statue is bet- duced an outstanding assemblage of coins. ter identified as a seated emperor or other Among the highlights of the collection are prominent man in militaristic clothing; many coins of the duoviri, as well as Julio- it highlighted the diversity of the School Claudian, Flavian, Antonine, and Severan community: Professor Sickinger, Sarah, and coins, including especially noteworthy ex- Chris are philologists and ancient histori- amples of a coin of Domitian and one of ans, Maureen’s specialty is Medieval art, Julia Domna. Our favorite type of object and I study Classical art and archaeology. from Panaghia Street, however, is the water Most importantly, it demonstrated the use- pipe. We have excavated some twenty-plus fulness of being at the School when writing water-pipe lines, installed, repaired, and re- a dissertation. placed over the centuries, and revealed in a My AIA paper is an excerpt from my dis- complicated but decipherable stratigraphic sertation about the influence of rhetoric on sequence. We are currently engaged in pro- Hellenistic art. Through the generous sup- ducing a typology of these water pipes. port of a Fulbright Scholarship and a Brittan As our research on Panaghia Street Fellowship from the Classics Department progresses, I continue work on my dis- of the University of California at Berkeley, sertation, considering the propylaia of the I’ve been able to work on my dissertation Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis, as a Regular and an Associate Member at Photo: James Sickinger under the direction of Bonna D. Wescoat the School. My research combines close (Clockwise) ASCSA Associate Members of Emory University. I examine the archi- readings of texts with close autopsies of Chris Welser, Kris Seaman, Sarah tecture and space of the entrances to the artworks, and so I’ve benefited from visits Bolmarcich, and Maureen O’Brien at the sanctuary within the context of the festival to the Blegen and the Gennadius Libraries, Porto Raphti Colossus. and procession of the Mysteries, in order the other foreign archaeological schools in to show that every aspect in the design and Athens, and Greek sites and museums. decoration of the propylaia shaped the ex- My dissertation seeks to explain why difficulty, including ekphrasis (descriptive perience of the pilgrim. Owing to the un- Greek art looks so different in the Hel- speech), prosopopoiia (imitation of the paralleled resources of the Blegen Library, lenistic period. The art of the Hellenistic character of a person or a thing), and di- and to the easy proximity of Eleusis, I made courts experienced dramatic changes in egema (narrative). I trace the educational great progress this year, in both research description, characterization, and narra- impact of these widely used exercises on, and writing, and I plan to submit my dis- tive as well as an increased awareness of for example, the hyperrealism of Sosos’s sertation by the fall of 2005. style. Explanations for these innovations Unswept Room Mosaic, the personifica- often look to such factors as Alexander tions on the Archelaos Relief, and the nar-  the Great’s conquest of the Near East or rative techniques of the Telephos Frieze Art, Rhetoric, and a the cosmopolitanism of Hellenistic cities. from the Great Altar at Pergamon. My research, however, focuses on internal Rhetorical theorization also grew in- Soggy Hike developments in Greek cultural produc- creasingly sophisticated beginning in the tion—specifically, advances in rhetoric fourth century. Treatises devoted much KRISTIN SEAMAN that, I argue, transformed both literature space to the concept of lexis (style), con- STUDENT ASSOCIATE MEMBER, 2004–05 and art in the Hellenistic age. structed style-based histories of rhetoric, The introduction of progymnasmata, or and compared the styles of orators with Recently, while preparing my 2005 AIA pa- preliminary rhetorical exercises, into the those of artists. Using old standbys like the per on Hellenistic and Roman personifica- standard curriculum changed the nature Rhetorica ad Herennium and recent addi- tions of Oikoumene (the Inhabited World), of rhetorical education. Progymnasmata are tions like the new Poseidippos papyrus, I visited the Porto Raphti Colossus with preserved in handbooks attributed to four I explore analogies of art and rhetoric as ASCSA Mellon Professor Jim Sickinger Greek authors—Theon, Pseudo-Hermo- well as the birth of a new genre in the Hel- and three fellow Associate Members, Sarah genes, Aphthonios, and Nikolaos—and to lenistic period: the history of art and art Bolmarcich, Maureen O’Brien, and Chris one Latin author, Priscian. Although the criticism. Welser. earliest surviving handbook dates to the In one history of art that was written As the photograph accompanying this first century B.C., other ancient sources during the Roman Empire, Pliny famously article only hints, the trip was a quintessen- suggest that progymnasmata were part of said that art ceased after Alexander. For the tial School outing. It included driving rain, educational practices by the very start of sake of my dissertation, I’m certainly glad an old salt of a fisherman, and a slippery, the Hellenistic period. These progymnas- that he was prone to exaggeration! uphill hike on an uninhabited island. The mata consisted of ten or more exercises fun-but-muddy day trip reaffirmed Stephen that were arranged in order of increasing continued on page 18

15          

Photo, left: ASCSA Assistant Professor Michael Nelson, and Senior Associate Member Albert J.

 Ammerman (Colgate University) at the September 2004 garden party to welcome the class of

People & Places People ’05. Photo, right: James Rignall Wheeler Fellow Paul Salay (California State University at Long Beach) and wife Marie at the party.

Attending the reception for new Gennadius Library Director Maria Georgopoulou, held in the School gardens in September 2004. Photo, left: Associate Member Christine Smith (Washington University), Eugene Vanderpool Fel- low Laura Gawlinski (Cornell University), Associate Member Jennifer Palinkas (Emory University), and Regular Member Alicia Carter (University of Texas, Austin). Photo, right: Wendy Porter (Metal Storage Supervisor, Agora Excavations) and Mellon Professor James P. Sickinger.

Photo, left: School staff gathered at the Director’s house in December 2004 for a festive holiday party. From left: Maria Tourna (Blegen Library Secretary), Tarek Elemam (Information Systems and Technology Manager), Dina Zissopoulou (Assistant Accountant), Demetra Bakodima (Accountant), Elena Kourakou (Secretary), and Amalia Zaharaki (Receptionist). Photo, right: Attending the November 2004 lecture “H.S. Robinson and the Modernization of the Corinthian Excavations,” Andrew Siebengartner (Philip Lockhart Fellow, University of London) and Seth G.

All photos by Caitlin Verfenstein, unless otherwise credited. All photos by Caitlin Verfenstein, Bernard (Fulbright Fellow, Amherst College).

16 Photo: Catherine Vanderpool Photo: June Allison John Younger donated five benches with The School’s Fall 2004 trip, led by Mellon Professor James P. Sick- memorial plaques in honor of Paul Rehak, inger and Director of the School Stephen V. Tracy, included a visit Secretary of the School’s Alumni/ae Associa- to Pherai in Thessaly. tion 2000–04, who died in June 2004.

On hand to mark the official opening of Cotsen Hall on January 24, 2005: President of the Hellenic Republic, Constantine Stepha- nopoulos, and Lloyd E. Cotsen, Chair of the Gennadius Library Board of Trustees.

School members gather in the theater at ancient Orchomenos during the School’s Fall 2004 trip to the Peloponnese.

ASCSA Receives Medal of Athens ➤ In a December 2004 ceremony at the Byz- antine Museum, ASCSA Director Stephen V. Tracy accepted the Medal of the City of Athens from Mayor Dora Bakoyannis on behalf of the School. The medal honors institutions founded before 1900 that have contributed to the intellectual and cultural growth of Athens.

17 Student Reports continued from page 15

Some Thoughts on the that the statue engaged the worshiper in a tantalizing game of appearance, disap- Placement of Soaring pearance, and reappearance, in which its Votives full majesty was revealed only upon entry into the temple precinct. PHOEBE SEGAL As the literal and symbolic center of STUDENT ASSOCIATE MEMBER, 2004–05 the Greek world, Delphi stands out as a place where private citizens and city-states On January 7, 2005, at the Annual Meeting self-consciously presented themselves to of the Archaeological Institute of America each other through lavish dedications. I in Boston, I delivered a short paper based contend, therefore, that the height and This Attic red-figure kylix is the name- on my dissertation, “Soaring Votives: Anath- position of the Naxian sphinx maximized piece of the Foundry Painter: Berlin, emata in Archaic and Classical Greek Sanc- the potential of the sloped topography of Staatliche Museen (Antikensammlung, tuaries” (Columbia University, under the the site, resulting in a visual feast in which inventory number F 2294). direction of C. Marconi, R. Brilliant), which the sphinx statue was seen from above and addresses a crucial aspect of votive practice below, in frontal and in profile view, never in Greek religion, the practice of elevating leaving the sight of either the community of the Archaic to the Hellenistic Period,” on three-dimensional sculpted images above worshipers or Apollo himself. The sphinx, which I was able to work at the School eye level in the Greek sanctuary. I argue a monster whose mystifying smile simul- through the generous support of the Gor- that the ostentatious method of displaying taneously intrigues and repels the viewer, ham P. Stevens Fellowship, I examine the votive statues on columns, pillars, and tall seems ideally suited to act as both a beacon archaeological and iconographic evidence pedestals served dual purposes: to please for and guardian of Greek sanctuaries. for workers’ cult, a previously neglected the gods and to enhance the status of the This past year I was an Associate Mem- aspect of ancient Greek popular religion. dedicator in the eyes of his community. The ber at the American School of Classical Workshop sites provide much of the im- Greek impulse to one-up one’s neighbor ap- Studies at Athens thanks to a fellowship portant material regarding workers’ cult. As pears to have functioned as a driving force from the Department of Art History and Ar- early as the Bronze Age, there is evidence in the design and placement of elevated chaeology, Columbia University. I am cur- linking craft, particularly metallurgy, with votive statues, which were visible to gods rently assembling a catalogue of Archaic and religious rituals designed to protect pro- and worshipers alike from a wide range of Classical soaring votives out of which my duction, and similar conclusions have been points both inside and outside the bound- dissertation will take shape. I am grateful reached regarding cult practices at potters’ aries of the sanctuary. Although soaring for the opportunity to visit so many of the quarters and quarry sites. A general over- votives are found all over the Greek world, Greek sanctuaries at which soaring votives view of cult activity at workshop sites may from the Athenian Acropolis to Cyrene, appear and to be surrounded by colleagues also help shed light on specific, and some- from Olympia to Thasos, I limited my dis- so knowledgeable and eager to share their times unexplained, religious practices, such cussion to two case studies from the first ideas and experiences with me. as the “ritual pyres” found in Athens. As half of the sixth century B.C.: the sphinx-  many of these deposits were found beneath column from the sanctuary of Aphaia on floor levels in buildings devoted to indus- Aegina and the Naxian sphinx dedicated in Worker Protection: try in the commercial areas surrounding the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi. the Agora, they may have served in ritual In both instances, I contend that the Applications of Industrial cleansing of structures, ultimately imple- sphinx-column functioned as both a bea- Cult in Antiquity mented to protect the workshop. con, drawing worshipers to the sanctu- Painted scenes of workshops on black- ary and symbolizing its prosperity to the CHRISTINE A. SMITH and red-figure vases also provide interesting world outside, and a guardian, protecting GORHAM PHILLIPS STEVENS FELLOW, 2004–05 clues regarding industrial cult. Especially the sanctuary from the world of the profane interesting are scenes with votive objects, by its commanding presence. Although the In antiquity, industrial activity was danger- plaques, or masks in the background of the sanctuary of Aphaia is at first glance a rural, ous business, in which even highly skilled action, which seem to serve an apotropaic local sanctuary, I posit that the gargantuan workers could encounter personal dangers function, an attempt by workers to protect sphinx-column, reconstructed by Gottfried or the unplanned failure of the industrial production processes. That this sort of im- Gruben at twelve m in height, most likely process. To ensure success in their work, agery was required to ensure the safety of could be seen below from the Saronic Gulf, as well as their personal well-being, many the workers and their shops is suggested and that, therefore, the dedication func- workers relied on religious measures, such by several depictions in which demonic tioned not only as a votive but also as a as prayers and apotropaic devices, which figures wreck workshops and torture their symbol of Aeginetan piety and prosperity to can be collectively referred to as work- employees, as well as an episode from a a wide audience of merchants and seafarers. ers’ or industrial cult. In my dissertation, Life of Homer, known as the “Kiln Poem,” In discussing the visual and psychologi- “Controlling Miasma: The Evidence for in which demons threaten to destroy a ce- cal effects of the sphinx-column, I argue Cult Practices of Greek Craftspeople from ramic workshop if not appeased.

18 Student Reports School Archives News continued from page 18

I am also examining religious dedica- at the School as the Doreen C. Spitzer Fel- tions placed in sanctuaries by the workers low this past year. Plutarch’s dialogue is a themselves. Although the surviving exam- philosophical discussion among the author ples undoubtedly represent only a fraction and his friends about pederastic and con- of the original corpus, enough examples jugal love, and arises out of a scandal that remain to indicate that these dedications, breaks out at Thespiai (possibly the most many of which were “first-fruit” offerings, important Boiotian city of imperial Greece) were given to the gods both as prayers for during the festival of Eros: Ismenodora, a future good fortune and as thankful gifts wealthy widow, kidnaps Bacchon, a hand- for past favors. some and younger ephebe, and proceeds Greek craftspeople employed various to marry him. methods and rituals in their attempt to What the impact of Rome had been on maintain divine favor through sacrifices, of- the traditions and thought of the Greeks ferings, festival participation, or the elimi- concerning marriage in the socially and Archival photograph of Virginia R. Grace nation of dangerous sources of miasma. The ethnically diverse world of the Empire has threat of miasma was a dominating concern been a question that is guiding much of my for the ancient Greeks; literary evidence in- research. I have been able to conclude that More than ten years have passed since the dicates that they believed religious danger the society of Thespiai, a longtime friend death of legendary School Member Vir- was contagious, and that the consequence to Rome with a prosperous Roman com- ginia R. Grace, but her lifetime of work of pollution was divine anger. I believe munity of its own, had merged Greek and on stamped amphora handles remains that pollution was a particular concern for Roman wedding practices at the end of the uniquely important. This spring, the am- craftspeople because many of these jobs first century A.D. After a century of close phora archive and the rest of the Virginia brought them into contact with chthonic contact between the Greek and Roman Grace papers were transferred from her of- deities, who represented the ultimate form communities, one should not be surprised fice in the Stoa of Attalos to the Archives of of pollution. Ancient Greek industrial ac- to find Roman traditions and practices in- the American School, where they have been tivity resulted in “matter out of place”—to filtrating a very traditional institution such placed in an area that will be named after borrow Mary Douglas’ classic definition of as marriage. My paper at the APA meet- her. Tania Panagou, a graduate student in pollution—which resulted from interaction ings in Boston, titled “Ismenodora at the the Department of History and Archaeol- in areas between the worlds of men and Gymnasium: Plutarch’s Erotikos and IG VII ogy at Athens University, author of an M.A. the divine. Workers’ cult practices dem- 1777,” has now become part of a larger thesis on “Stamped Amphora Handles from onstrate a desire to exercise control over project that includes a new edition of the a Cistern in the Area of Theseion,” and a an economically vital process, and an ap- inscription. Having “married” philology great admirer of “Miss Grace,” has been peal to the divinities that craftspeople felt and epigraphy, I argued for the identifica- hired on a part-time basis to process and were capable of offering protection from tion of Plutarch’s heroine in the Erotikos catalog the papers. the dangers inherent in their work. with M(arkia) Ismenodora of the inscrip- The School’s Archives received two do- tion. This identification affirms intermar- nations of note this past year. On the initia-  riage between Greek and Roman citizens tive of Professor James C. Wright, longtime Member of the School and the Managing Love and Marriage in at the end of the first century. Marriage as a civic institution that aims Committee, Bryn Mawr College donated the Plutarch’s Erotikos at both personal and social harmony was excavation notebooks of the 1922 ASCSA/ the topic of my paper “The Role of Mar- Fogg Museum excavations at Colophon directed by another archaeological legend, GEORGIA TSOUVALA continued on page 27 DOREEN C. SPITZER FELLOW, 2004–05 Hetty Goldman. Professor Mark Usher (Uni- versity of Vermont) has donated the papers Marriage was as fundamental and con- of Samuel Elliot Bassett (ASCSA student in troversial an institution in the past as it 1901–02, professor of archaeology in 1932, is today. Often intertwined with issues of and Chairman of the Committee on Fellow- gender and the role of the state, marriage is ships from 1917 to 1936). viewed as the traditionally legal institution The bulk of the Lerna Excavations re- through which humans have procreated cords (notebooks, drawings, photos, and and bestowed their values and valuables notes concerning the publication) were upon their legal heirs. The role of eros and sent to the School’s Archives by the Lerna conjugality in Plutarch’s Erotikos, and the Publication Committee. The latter has re- historical context of the work in the so- ceived an INSTAP grant to cover the cata- cieties of imperial Greece (and Boiotia in loging expenditures of the Lerna records Photo: Georgia Tsouvala particular), are the main foci of my disserta- at the Archives. e tion “Plutarch’s Erotikos: A Social and His- Squeeze of IG VII 1777. torical Commentary” and of my research — Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan Archivist

19 Managing Committee continued from page 2

Larson (Regular Member 1997–98; Associ- tive Keith DeVries. Hector Williams of the 2005–07, David G. Romano (University ate Member 1998–99), classical archaeolo- University of British Columbia (John Wil- of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology gist Janet D. Jones, and Kevin F. Daly (Van- liams White Fellow 1968–69; Edward Capps and Anthropology) and Kathleen M. Lynch derpool Fellow 1998–99; Hirsch Fellow and Canada Council Fellow 1969–70; Pub- (University of Cincinnati); Excavation and 1997–98; Norton Fellow 1993–94; SS 1990) lications Committee Member 1992–97 and Survey Committee, 2005–10, Timothy E. were elected to represent Bucknell Univer- Chair, 1994–97) was chosen to replace Gregory (Ohio State University) and Mar- sity, following the resignation of Managing Phillip Harding, who has also retired. garet S. Mook (Iowa State University); Committee Member Greta Ham. Linda C. Executive Committee, 2005–09, Barbara Reilly (Abby Leach Fellow 1966–67; Senior Committee Elections Tsakirgis (Vanderbilt University) and James Research Associate 1986–87, 1995–96) and C. Wright (Bryn Mawr College); Commit- The following committee election results newly appointed Summer Session 2006 Di- tee on Personnel, 2005–10, Susan I. Rotroff were announced subsequent to the May rector William E. Hutton will represent The (Washington University); Committee on Managing Committee meeting: Committee College of William and Mary, while John Publications, 2005–10, Diskin Clay (Duke on Admission and Fellowships, 2005–09, W.I. Lee (Wheeler Fellow 1996–97) and University) and Jon D. Mikalson (Univer- Katherine A. Schwab (Fairfield University); Brice L. Erickson (Bert Hodge Hill Fellow sity of Virginia); Committee on the Sum- Committee on the Blegen Library, 2005–09, 1998–99; honorary Schliemann Fellow mer Sessions, 2005–09, Elizabeth A. Fisher Celina Gray (McMaster University) and 1997–98) will represent the University of (Randolph-Macon College) and Marjorie Jeremy J. McInerney (University of Penn- California, Santa Barbara. Classicists Dim- Venit (University of Maryland). e sylvania); Committee on Committees, itrios Yatromanolakis and Nancy Felson were elected to represent Johns Hopkins University and the University of Georgia, respectively. Former Geoarchaeology Fel- Trustees Travel to Crete low (1999–2000) James M.L. Newhard will represent the College of Charleston; recent Wiener Laboratory Visiting Research Pro- fessor Maria A. Liston (Wiener Lab Senior Research Associate 2002; Associate Mem- ber 1989–90) represents the University of Waterloo in consortium with Wilfrid Laurier University; and longtime School Member and former Summer Session Di- rector (1990) John G. Younger was elected to represent the University of Kansas. Previously, at the January Managing Committee meeting in Boston, five repre- sentatives had been elected to Committee membership, including a second represen- tative from Grand Valley State University. Assistant Professor of History William S. Morison, who was the George Henry Mc- Fadden Fellow at the School in 1993–94 Photos: Catherine Vanderpool and an Associate Member in 1996–97, joins fellow faculty member (and spouse) Melissa With a rigorous hike through the Samaria Morison in representing the University. Gorge, a group of School and Gennadeion Among those elected to fill vacancies on Trustees brought to a close their five-day visit the Managing Committee were Sarolta A. to Crete in late May and early June. Under the Takács, elected to represent Rutgers, The leadership of Thomas Brogan, Director of the State University of New Jersey, replacing INSTAP/East Crete Center, Trustees received Jack L. Cargill, who resigned; and Michael an intensive introduction to the archaeology A. Tueller, elected to fill the position left of Minoan and post-Minoan Crete, starting vacant by the death of Brigham Young Uni- with sites excavated by Americans and their versity representative Nanci DeBloois. Da- Greek colleagues in eastern Crete. vid G. Romano (Regular Member 1976–77; Vanderpool Fellow 1979–80; Secretary of Photo, top: Margit Cotsen, wife of Lloyd Cotsen, Gennadeion Board Chair and School the School 1977–78; Whitehead Professor Trustee; Tom Brogan; and Alan Boegehold, in the Samaria Gorge. Photo, bottom: School 1994–95) will represent the University of Trustee Emeritus and Gennadeion Trustee Andre Newburg and School Trustee Judith Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Thomson take a break at the 15th century Venetian villa of Etia, in eastern Crete. Anthropology, replacing retired representa-

20 First Wiener Visiting Research Professor Forges New Links Between Lab and School

Serving in the newly created position of Malcolm H. Wiener Visiting Research Professor, Maria Liston (University of Waterloo, Ontario) reports on her goals and aspirations, and ultimately her achievements, for her year at the School.

appropriate application of laboratory analy- ses such as isotopic and trace-element stud- ies. Using readings drawn primarily from reports on skeletal remains at Greek ar- chaeological sites to illustrate these topics, the students acquired a familiarity with the research done in Greece by anthropologists associated with sites they would probably visit during the year. Using the collections of the Wiener Laboratory, we were able to spend much of our class time in hands-on practice, developing a basic knowledge of anatomy and trying out various techniques of analysis. The class included guest lectures by 2003–04 Zooarchaeology Fellow Thanos Webb and Wiener Laboratory Director Sherry Fox, and field trips to examine the skeletal collections in the Athenian Agora.

Photo: Alicia Carter By the end of the term I believe that the students were equipped to make better Wiener Lab Professor Maria Liston dives into the job (ASCSA Trip I, Abdera). use of the available skeletal data, and to understand the potential and limitations This past year I had the privilege of being vided a starting place for many conversa- of that data. the first Wiener Visiting Research Profes- tions and subsequent visits to the Lab’s While trying to keep up with the Regu- sor, and it was a marvelous experience library and collections. I also reported on lar Members, I also worked on a number indeed. Many years ago, when I was a Stu- Greek skeletons ranging in date from Hel- of research topics. A manuscript on the dent Associate Member of the School, the lenistic (Phillip II?) to Lower Paleolithic analysis of the human remains for John Pa- Wiener Laboratory existed only as a series Homo heidlebergensis. I continued to join padopoulos’ volume on the Early Iron Age of architect’s plans and drawings. During the students on some of the morning trips graves from the Athenian Agora is near- that year, I did not need a lab as much as in Athens, and I tried never to miss the ing completion. The project involves the I anticipated, since I didn’t have a study Friday trips into Attica. In February I had re-analysis of many skeletons first studied permit until late February. As a result I the chance to lead the group through the by J. Lawrence Angel, as well as the initial spent much of that year participating in sites I have worked on at Kavousi and Azo- study of more recently excavated graves. the Regular Program rather than conduct- ria in Crete. As my primary new research project, I am ing my own research on the human skeletal During the Winter term I offered a semi- also currently reconstructing and analyz- remains from Kavousi, Crete. Little did I nar entitled “The Use and Abuse of Physical ing skeletons from 103 graves at the site realize how useful that would be to me, Anthropology.” The response was enthusi- of Liatovouni in Epirus. The project is in- both in my future teaching and in develop- astic, with nine Regular Members, two Stu- teresting in its own right, offering some ing this new position at the School! dent Associates, and one Senior Associate contrasts with Early Iron Age sites to the One of my goals for the year was to participating in the course. The purpose of south, and it provided a useful immediate make the Wiener Laboratory and its fa- this seminar was to enable non-specialists source of examples for the student seminar cilities more accessible to the students in to interpret reports on human skeletal and as I strove to bridge the traditional program the School’s Regular Program. Participat- mortuary data, since students with little of the School and the activities of the Wie- ing in the fall trips seemed the best way to background in biological anthropology may ner Laboratory. e begin that process. I participated in Trip have difficulty in applying anthropological I to Northern Greece and Trip IV to the data from cemeteries to their own work. Deep Peloponnese. I had forgotten how fun Specific topics included a brief history of NEW this issue! and exhausting School trips can be, but the bioarchaeological research including the A color edition of this newsletter can now experience certainly got me involved. We successful (and unsuccessful) techniques be viewed online at www.ascsa.edu.gr/ found bones, either human or animal, at of analysis, evaluation of biological catego- newsletter/newsletter.htm. nearly every site we visited, and that pro- ries (age, sex, race, etc.), and the use and

21 Solow Fellows Study Argive Heraion, Animal Bones

Fellowships from the Solow Art and Ar- signed with a subtle curvature reflecting a bone and shell, most of which Gejvall chitecture Foundation helped two scholars previously observed curvature in the South never saw. His research will be published make significant progress on their research Stoa positioned above the staircase. The as a chapter on the Lerna IV (Early Helladic in summer 2004. Christopher Pfaff (Florida existence of curvature in both the staircase III) animal bones and shells in E. Banks’ State University) spent six weeks mapping and Stoa attests to a remarkable degree of Lerna, A Preclassical Site in the Argolid V, architectural remains at the site of the Ar- integration of the Stoa with its architectural to be submitted to Princeton University give Heraion, while David S. Reese (Yale setting. Mr. Pfaff notes that he knows of Press. Also planned are chapters to appear University) used his time at the School to nothing else quite like this phenomenon in volumes on Lerna I and II (Neolithic) study for publication the animal bones and in Greek architecture and observes that the by Banks, Lerna V (Middle Helladic) by C. shells from the Sanctuary of Demeter and only comparable situation is the relation- W. Zerner, Lerna VI (Late Helladic I) by Kore at Corinth and from Lerna. ship of the west façade of the Parthenon M. Lindblom, and Lerna VIII (post-Bronze Mr. Pfaff and assistant David Scahill and a series of rock-cut steps below it. Age) by B. Erickson. continued their project of mapping the ar- Mr. Reese spent his time at the School For Lerna III (Early Helladic II) and chitectural remains of the Argive Heraion completing a study of all the food and Lerna VII (Late Helladic II-III), the final site using a computerized global position- burned (sacrificed) animal bones and shells excavation reports have already been pub- ing system (GPS). A Leica Total Station was from the 1961–73 and 1994 excavations of lished by M. Weincke (1998, 2000). After employed to complete a detailed survey the Corinth sanctuary. He was also able to completing chapters for the other Lerna of the grand staircase that lies below the study all the worked bone objects as well volumes, Mr. Reese plans to republish the fifth-century B.C. portico known as the as the bronze animal figurines, terracotta Lerna III and VI material as one or two South Stoa. Also surveyed were a series of animal figurines, and terracottas of priest- Hesperia articles. retaining walls on the hillside behind the esses or votaries carrying young pigs. Mr. Meanwhile, the work of other research- South Stoa and nearly all of the Stoa itself. Reese’s work will be published as a chapter ers promises to yield new material to aug- In order to record the context of the Stoa in a forthcoming volume of Corinth XVIII: ment Mr. Reese’s studies. In the course within the larger terraced complex of the The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore. Results of republishing the Lerna human bones site, they also surveyed two section lines of his related study of specific shells and (originally published by the late J. L. An- through the entire site. worked bones from other Corinth excava- gel in 1971), Sevasti Triantaphyllou found Although the work carried out by Mr. tions will be published as comparanda to unwashed animal bones and shells among Pfaff and Mr. Scahill focused on data collec- the Demeter and Kore material. the human bones. Having had had a first tion rather than analysis, Mr. Pfaff reports Mr. Reese also completed work on all look at the material she extracted in 2003 one significant new finding: the z-coordi- the Lerna faunal remains stored in the Ar- and 2004, Mr. Reese anticipates the discov- nates of points measured on the treads of gos Museum and first studied by the late ery of more nonhuman faunal remains, and the steps of the grand staircase revealed that N.G. Gejvall in 1958. Further, he studied he plans to include all this material in his the horizontal courses of the steps were de- the inventoried objects made of animal future publications. e

Whitehead Professor Focuses on Ancient Law

As one of 2004’s Whitehead Visiting Profes- the advantages of study at the School was of Utrecht; for College Year in Athens; at sors (along with Glenn Bugh of Virginia Poly- the opportunity to study a Hellenistic Attic the University of Crete; and at a conference technic Institute and State University), Adele lease that resides in the ASCSA Archives on the island of Rhodes. e Scafuro (Brown University) spent her year at collection. the School focusing on legal matters. Ms. Scafuro’s year as a Whitehead also Among Ms. Scafuro’s contributions to gave her the opportunity to advance her NEH Fellowships 2006-07 the Regular Program was an epigraphy work on several scholarly projects. She Two to four awards are available for seminar, “Law and Dispute Settlement in wrote and revised chapters for a book on postdoctoral scholars and professionals Athens and the Greek World,” which fo- “Prosecutors at Risk and Athenian Legal in the humanities who are U.S. citizens cused on disputes about boundaries, de- Procedure” and examined inscriptions or foreign nationals and who have been marcation of sacred land, leases of sacred and investigated interstate arbitrations for U.S. residents for three years immediately and public property, and cultic practices her work on the “Contexts of Judgment preceding the application deadline. Ap- and membership requirements in civic and and Dispute Resolution in Athens and the plicants must hold their Ph.D. or equiva- religious groups. The seminar also incor- Greek World.” Several journal articles and lent terminal degree at the time of ap- porated epigraphical texts related to sites reviews in various stages of production plication. Terms: Maximum stipend of that the students were to visit during the were also advanced during Ms. Scafuro’s $40,000. Deadline: November 15, 2005. Regular Program (for example, the Gor- time in Athens, and she delivered papers Application information at www.ascsa. tynian law code, and poletai inscriptions at the Università degli Studi di Milano, Is- edu.gr/forms/nehapplication06.pdf. prior to the trip to Laureion). Highlighting tituto di Diritto Romano; at the University

22 Wiener Lab Reports

While one may think that life on earth today bears little resemblance to that of long-ago eras, studies undertaken by Wiener Laboratory Research Associates touch upon aspects common to the human condition, and, at the same time, enhance our interpretation of the past. Here, archaeologists Paraskevi Elefanti and Stamatis Chatzitoulousis and seismologist Tatyana Novikova offer, respectively, an examination of the exploitation of environmental resources in the Paleolithic, an analysis of Neolithic tree species, and—tragically—a topical report on the effects of the Late Bronze Age tsunami on Minoan civilization.

Raw Material Procurement ties of fine-grained chert have been identi- fied and sampled. However, comparisons as an Indicator of Hunter- with excavated material and the results of Gatherer Mobility Strategies experimental knapping have strongly sug- gested that very little of this local material PARASKEVI ELEFANTI was being used for tool manufacture at Kas- ASCSA SENIOR ASSOCIATE MEMBER, 2004–05 tritsa. All of the chert collected within and UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON around the Ioannina basin during this first phase of fieldwork was found to be exten- In one of their pioneering papers on the sively fractured, probably due to tectonic Early Stone Age of Greece forty years ago, activity. Consequently, the survey is being Sotirios Dakaris and his colleagues stated expanded to include outcrops further from that the area remains a blank page on the the site. Paleolithic map of Europe. However, it is In light of my work so far, it would ap- now clear that Greece has been inhabit- pear that the majority of the lithic material ed since the Lower Paleolithic. Epirus in discarded at Kastritsa was moved into the northwestern Greece is one of the most site by individuals carrying small but good- suitable areas for the investigation of the quality nodules or partially worked cores. Paleolithic; there, several regional surveys This material was being sourced away from as well as a series of recent systematic ex- Photo: Paraskevi Elefanti the site, probably from distances greater cavations have identified the presence of a South-southeast facing view towards the than 25 km, while the local fine-grained range of subsistence strategies much more mouth of Kastritsa cave. but completely shattered chert appears to complex than originally thought. Human have been largely ignored. This is not to say occupation of the uplands and coastal plains that these were never used, but that in the has suggested that hunter-gatherers were Excavations have suggested that the site majority of cases individuals were relying not simply moving between areas occupied acted as a focal point in the landscape, with on material that they were carrying around alternatively during winter and summer, structures including formal hearths point- themselves, and that had been collected but that mobility allowed greater exploi- ing to regular and repeated use, and stone elsewhere. The aim of the next phase of tation of a wider variety of environmental artifacts and debitage indicating that tool the project is to locate these sites. niches and resources. This is likely to have manufacture and maintenance were being  extended beyond the present boundaries of undertaken. Epirus into central and southern Greece, To this end, the excavated collection Identification of Tree Albania, Greek Macedonia, and the former from Kastritsa is being investigated and Yugoslavia. One theory holds that by being geological survey in the Ioannina basin Species at Dispilio mobile, groups are better able to structure undertaken. Both the archaeological and their use of the landscape by positioning geologically sampled material is being stud- STAMATIS CHATZITOULOUSIS themselves close to important resources ied macroscopically (defining basic rock ASCSA STUDENT ASSOCIATE MEMBER, 2004–05 ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI such as water, food, and stone, and to characteristics such as size, color, and the regulate group size and social networks. nature of the exterior surfaces) and micro- Defining the scale of these systems, while scopically through thin sections (including The site of Dispilio, in Kastoria in north- difficult, may be achieved by examining the identification of mineral structure and trace western Greece, is a Neolithic lakeshore transport of stone, where transport from fossils). settlement located at an altitude of 627 m, source to discard site provides a proxy mea- Cataloguing of the stone tool and deb- a few meters from the shore of the Lake Or- sure for human movement. itage collection from Kastritsa, which is estiada. The stratigraphic sequence ranges The aim of my project is to investigate held in the Archaeological Museum in from the Middle Neolithic up to the early the scale and direction of this movement Ioannina, is well under way, and a num- stages of the Bronze Age (from 5500 to for hunter-gatherers in Epirus during the ber of interesting patterns in the range of 3500 B.C.). It is the only systematically later Upper Paleolithic between 26,000 stone types present have been identified. excavated wetland site in Greece. and 10,000 years ago. To do this I have Geological survey is well advanced, and ap- The archaeological significance of wet- chosen Kastritsa, a late Upper Paleolithic proximately 30 limestone outcrops within lands lies mainly in the preservation of or- cave site located on the shores of Pamvotis a radius of 25 km of the site have been ganic material, such as wood, which can Lake in the Ioannina basin, Eastern Epirus. investigated, in which significant quanti- continued on page 24

23 Wiener Lab Reports continued from previous page be extremely informative regarding mul- wooden material: the vertical foundation utilization issues, such as species selection, tiple aspects of prehistoric communities’ piles (107 samples) and the horizontally woodland management, woodworking lives. In these environments the prevailing positioned brushwood, twigs, and timber techniques, and the utilization of timber anaerobic conditions prohibit the devel- (33 samples) found at the stratified deepest in building adaptations. The preliminary opment or the survival of organisms such archaeological deposits of the excavated results of this small project will provide the as insects and fungi that would normally area. The sampling was required to answer starting point for a comprehensive discus- destroy the wood. some of the more fundamental questions sion of all these parameters and factors as The extended use of timber at Dispilio regarding species-selection strategies and indicators of the technological, economic, is documented not only by organic remains woodland-management practices adopted and sociocultural interaction of a prehistor- but also by the numerous posthole features by the Neolithic habitants of the lakeshore ic community with its natural environment and imprints of wattle on burned clay, doc- settlement. through the transformation of a natural raw umenting the typical Neolithic building The wood analysis resulted in the iden- material, an ecofact (wood), to a finished tradition prevailing in Northern Greece and tification of five taxa: juniper, pine, fir, de- cultural product, an artifact (timber). the Balkans. The basic architectural unit ciduous oak, and ash. Among the vertical  was the pile dwelling, built either on stable structural elements, juniper was by far the ground or erected on specially constructed best represented taxon, on average account- raised wooden platforms supported by long ing for approximately 77.57% of sample Modeling of the Minoan vertical piles driven into the bed of the lake. composition, followed by pine (12.14%) Tsunami and Evaluation of According to this tradition, the walls of the and fir (8.4%), while oak was much less Its Possible Effects structure were formed by rows of wooden represented, comprising only 1.8% of the piles, while the intermediate space appears sample population. The dominance of coni- TATYANA NOVIKOVA to have been filled with beams of wood, fers was equally documented in the analysis ASCSA SENIOR ASSOCIATE MEMBER, 2004–05 branches, sticks, reeds, vines, or other ma- of the horizontal roundwood and timber NATIONAL OBSERVATORY, ATHENS terials. This framework, or “wattle,” was samples, representing 72.72% of the total then covered with clay, or “daub.” Roofs sample, but with a slightly wider selection It has been suggested that the tsunami were commonly of grass thatch, supported of hardwoods, representing 27.27%. generated by the seventeenth-century B.C. by interior roof posts or merely resting on This wood analysis points to a consis- eruption of the volcano at Thera caused the wattle-and-daub walls. tency of the Neolithic builders and car- widespread destruction along the Late Vertical piles and horizontal roundwood penters of Dispilio to the use of particular Bronze Age coastal settlements of the Aege- and timber are the two broad archaeologi- species, mainly softwood (predominantly an Sea and may have triggered the eventual cal categories of wooden material found in juniper and pine), for specific constructive collapse of Minoan society. This hypothesis the deepest archaeological deposits found purposes (for example, a building’s sub- has important archaeological implications. so far at the Dispilio site. Wooden verti- structure), indicating that they used to take My current research aims to contribute cal piles constitute the biggest portion of advantage of the properties and morpho- substantially to this topic, answering such structural elements (around 2500), either logical characteristics of each species. crucial archeological questions as which as waterlogged timbers or as impressions A remarkably wide range of information Minoan sites were most likely to have been on the archaeological deposits (postholes). concerning the multidimensional role of affected, and what kind of damage, both at The piles do not show any working signs timber in prehistoric times can be revealed sea and on land, might be expected. pointing to any form of conversion of the through the development of systematic sci- Unfortunately, the lack of sufficient data parent tree trunks; it seems that the build- entific analysis of waterlogged wood. The (because the event occurred at a prehistoric ers preferred to use roundwood timber tree-species identification of any category date) has resulted in a poor understanding from relatively young trees for their con- of wooden material, such as roundwood, of both the volcanic eruption of Thera and struction. The horizontal timbers consist timber, brushwood, woodworking debris, its accompanying tsunami. There has been mostly of natural roundwood (brushwood and off-cut, can significantly contribute to a great deal of speculation about the tsuna- and twigs) and a few worked timbers and the reconstruction of woodland composi- mi source mechanism, the history of events boards. They seem to belong to collapsed tion and management practices and to the leading to the generation of the tsunami, structural elements either of floor, roof, and more comprehensive understanding of spe- the initial tsunami height, and the height wall parts or of platforms, although it is cies selection and exploitation strategies distribution in the eastern Mediterranean. equally possible that some of the succes- that the prehistoric carpenter developed Modeling is required to shed light on these sive layers of interwoven branchwood and in order to support his daily needs, his questions and, consequently, I must elabo- other organic material might be intended to architectural adaptations, his economic rate the simulation model. Several impor- insulate the living floors against the damp decisions, and his technological activi- tant aspects of my study involve collabora- of the ground. ties, or even to express his nonfunctional/ tions with other scientists: Prof. Floyd W. Tree-species identification, which was “ideological” thoughts. McCoy (University of Hawaii) and Mr. G. based principally on the microscopic obser- Tree-species identification constitutes a A. Papadopoulos (Institute of Geodynam- vation of the wood’s anatomical structure, significant methodological and explanatory ics, National Observatory of Athens). was done via a representative sampling pro- tool in my ongoing Ph.D. research, which I began my research with an examina- cess including the two broad categories of deals with a broad range of Neolithic wood tion of the Thera volcano-eruption sce-

24 Wiener Lab Reports Blegen Library News continued from previous page nario, using a wide range of published In the current stage of my research pri- As of March 2005, the Blegen’s book order- material. It is important to note that, ac- ority will be given to the consideration of ing and cataloguing have been moved onto cording to recent studies (McCoy 2003), two possible tsunami-generating mecha- ALEPH and are done online. Library Secre- the eruption of Thera had a Volcanic Ex- nisms: the caldera collapse, combined with tary Maria Tourna and Assistant Librarian plositivity Index (VEI) of 7.0, which is a large tectonic earthquake, proposed by Elizavet Gignoli have been trained to enter equivalent to the Tambora 1816 eruption, Pararas-Carayanis (1992), and the pyro- “missing” entries and make corrections in but not to that of Krakatoa in 1883 with clastic flow entering the sea, suggested by Ambrosia, the union electronic catalogue VEI = 6.0 (as has been previously sug- McCoy (1984). The numerical models in- shared with the British School of Archaeol- gested). The eruption of Thera occurred volving such tsunami mechanisms are so ogy and the Gennadius Library. There are ap- in four major phases, preceded by a minor complex that they have not been analyzed proximately 12,500 “missing” or inaccurate precursor phase (which does not generate a in publications to date entries to be addressed, a daunting task. tsunami); eruption activity during three of Eventually, the model of Minoan tsu-  these phases very likely produced tsunamis nami development will give us informa- Assistant Librarian Phyllis Graham resigned (McCoy 1984). tion about its effect in near and far fields from the Blegen Library effective Novem- Depositional mechanisms, in combina- and will be important for archaeologists ber 30, 2004. Mrs. Graham has served the tion with the inferred vent position, attest in both educational and practical terms: it Blegen Library with loyalty since 1998. The that there was no tsunami generation dur- will greatly help them to better understand School and the Library organized a fare- ing the first major phase of the eruption. the real process of tsunami as triggered by well party for her in November where staff Consequently, in the second-phase activity, volcanic eruption and to apply this knowl- members and friends had a chance to wish tsunamis may have been generated wherev- edge to the analysis of similar events that her the best and to thank her for her contri- er pyroclastic flows entered the sea around have left their signatures on archaeological butions to the Library over the years. the perimeter of the island. Analysis of de- sites. The information from the modeling posits on land shows that tsunamis could will also be helpful for archaeologists in  have been larger than those produced ear- analyzing damage courses on structures in Benjamin Millis, who has been working as a lier in this eruption stage. In addition, large Aegean coastal zones. The model created part-time employee since February 2003, is tsunamis might also have been produced might also bring to light new areas in the now working full-time, replacing Ms. Gra- by seawater filling the collapsing caldera. Aegean for excavation and surface-sur- ham. With a Ph.D. in Classical Philology Furthermore, in the final stage of eruption a vey work. Currently, the only areas under from the University of Illinois, Mr. Millis tsunami was generated by both a pyroclas- investigation for Minoan tsunami depos- is primarily involved with book selection tic flow and a lahar/debris flow entering the its are northern Crete, western Cyprus, and ordering. e sea. This phase also marked the completion and the eastern Mediterranean coast of — Demetra Photiades of caldera collapse, and as a consequence Israel. e Acting Librarian, Blegen Library the generation of a tsunami. Thus, following the scenario of the Thera eruption briefly described above, there is more than one tsunami-generat- Wiener Lab News ing mechanism, including: 1) pyroclastic flows of scalding gases, ash, and other Hariclia Brecoulaki (University of Paris I, under a geoarchaeology fellowship; Frang- particles that the eruption swept into the Panthéon-Sorbonne) has been selected as kiska Megaloudi (Ph.D. 2004, École des sea; 2) caldera collapse or subsidence; 3) the 2005–06 Malcolm H. Wiener Visiting Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris) earthquakes accompanying eruptions; and Research Professor. Her research will focus was awarded an environmental archaeology 4) the pressure changes caused by explo- on “Materials, techniques, and execution: fellowship for her project “Agriculture and sions. All of these mechanisms are involved a scientific investigation of the Mycenaean cultural influences in Thasos during the in the present study. wall paintings from the Palace of Nestor at final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age: a view All studies completed thus far attri- Pylos.” A field trip focused on wall painting from the archaeobotanical remains”; and bute the Minoan tsunami to the explo- and seminars on the technology of ancient Paraskevi Tritsaroli (National Museum of sion-collapse of the volcano at Santorini, painting from the Bronze Age to the Roman Natural History, Paris) received the Angel which formed a large submarine caldera. period are among her planned contributions Fellowship (physical anthropology) for the Such simulations, however, result in wave to the academic program at the School. project “Burial custom variations in North- heights of more than 15 m in near-field but ern and Central Greece through Byzantine 6 m to 11 m at a far-field distance in north-  times: analysis of biological and spatial dis- ern Crete. Thus, models that incorporate The Wiener Laboratory has awarded three tribution of the osteological and archaeo- sudden volcano collapse, caldera forma- fellowships and one research associateship logical data.” The research associateship tion, inrush of water into the caldera, and for 2005–06. Elissavet Hitsiou (Ph.D. 2004, was awarded to Maria Ntinou for her proj- collision of water masses with the caldera Sheffield) will research the “Production and ect “Wood charcoal analysis at Mochlos wall can only partly explain the destruction circulation/trade of Greek transport am- and Azorias: a tool for the reconnaissance in restricted coastal zones of Crete and in phorae from two newly excavated Classical of plant use in eastern Crete during the certain areas of the Aegean coast. and Hellenistic sites in Pieria, Macedonia” Bronze Age and the Archaic period.” e

25 ployed. It was hard to predict that such In Memoriam MICHAEL H. JAMESON a close engagement with the major Asian 1924–2004 languages would give way to a lifelong de- PHYLLIS WILLIAMS LEHMANN votion to the Classics, yet Mike’s natural 1912–2004 Mike Jameson, as he was known to both ability to pick up foreign languages was ap- family and friends, passed away on August parent from early on. Perhaps it was due to Phyllis Williams Lehmann, ASCSA Man- 18, 2004, at Stanford Hospital in California, his early exposure to non-Western cultures aging Committee Member Emerita, died a few miles away from his Palo Alto home that throughout his life Mike displayed a on September 29, 2004, at her home in of the last 28 years. lively interest in world cultures, looking for Haydenville, Massachusetts. An archaeolo- Multilingual, cross-cultural, and inter- anthropological insights beyond the Clas- gist and art historian, she was a two-time continental from his early years, Mike lived sical field, keeping his French, German, Senior Associate Member of the School and a fascinating and rich life. Born in England, Italian, and Modern Greek active by read- represented Smith College on the Manag- he soon moved with his parents to China, ing literature in the original languages, as ing Committee from 1956 until her retire- where his father accepted a teaching ap- well as forming and maintaining close and ment. Ms. Lehmann is perhaps best known pointment as a professor of Western litera- dear friendships with nationals of many for reuniting the hand of one of the icons ture. Growing up in a foreigners’ colony in countries. of Western art, the Winged Victory of Samo- Beijing, Mike learned to speak Mandarin Mike’s academic achievements and thrace, with two of its fingers. and retained an interest in Chinese culture his cursus honorum are well known, and Ms. Lehmann was an authority on the for the rest of his life. Later, as a recipient his long publications record is striking in monuments and architecture of Samothra- of prestigious academic fellowships, he its breadth and variety, spanning all the ce, where she was assistant field director would spend a year or two at a time living branches of the Classics: philology, history, of the excavation from 1948 to 1960 and in England, Italy, and Greece, and would and archaeology. Mike was a preeminent acting director from 1960 to 1965. From use the opportunity to immerse himself in scholar in the field of Greek epigraphy, the 1946 to 1978 she was a member of the fac- the local culture. discovery and publication of Themistokles’ ulty at Smith College, serving as dean of Mike came to the U.S. shortly before Decree being only one of his many con- the college from 1965 to 1970. She held a World War II broke out and began work on tributions to the field. In Greek archaeol- bachelor’s degree from Wellesley College a B.A. at the University of Chicago, gradu- ogy, Mike can be said to have rediscovered and received her Ph.D. from New York ating in 1942. Although he was mobilized the Greek countryside as a legitimate and University in 1943. Among her many pub- and put to the task of learning Japanese, profitable area of scholarly attention, pio- lished works are The Pedimental Sculptures the war was over before Mike could be de- neering the techniques of aerial (balloon) of the Hieron in Samothrace and Samothrace III: The Hieron, winner of the Society of Architectural Historians’ Alice Davis Hitch- Sti yia sou, sti yia cock Book Award in 1969. In 1950, a team led by Ms. Lehmann’s mas, Spiro! husband Karl unearthed the missing right hand of the famed Winged Victory. The On Sunday afternoon, December 12, 2004, hand had lost its fingers, although the tip a small group from the School met at the of the ring finger was discovered nearby. Epiros Restaurant, which sits a stone’s On the way home from Samothrace that throw from the Agora excavations, to year, on a serendipitous stop in Vienna, Ms. celebrate the name day of Spiridon Spi- Lehmann had the opportunity to examine ropoulos, conservator and potmender at an assortment of marble fragments at the the Agora for many years who was knowl- Kunsthistorisches Museum, unidentified edgeable about many other aspects of the remnants of an Austrian excavation at Sa- excavations, including the thousands of mothrace in the 1870s. Among them she inscriptions housed in the Stoa of Attalos. discovered the rest of Winged Victory’s ring Spiro died in 1983. The group was joined finger and a thumb. The fragments were re- by Spiro’s nephew, George Chalas, and his Photo courtesy of G. Vanderpool attached to the hand, now displayed at the wife, and Spiro’s old friend Gene Vander- Louvre in a glass case next to the statue. pool called from Boston with greetings. For Spiro at the Epiros, mid-1970s. Ms. Lehmann discovered a second-cen- many years, workers and scholars from the tury B.C. marble statue of Nike, the god- School and the Agora would join Spiro at his regular table in the front window of dess of victory, at Samothrace in 1949. The the Epiros for lunch and beer. Empty bottles would collect on the table and on the third Nike to be found on the island (the floor, around the feet of the gathered, and customarily would be left there so that the first was the Winged Victory now displayed Epiros staff could tally the logariasmos as the afternoon came to a close. This year, at the Louvre, found in 1863), it is today on the Epiros has shut its doors forever to make room for further Agora excavations, display in a museum on Samothrace. perhaps a fitting end for a tradition, a life, and the restaurant that played host to so Ms. Lehmann was named an honorary many of us. Yia sas, Spiro. citizen of Samothrace in 1968. — June Allison

26 In Memoriam News & Notes continued from previous page continued from back page photography, shallow-water archaeology, During their last visit to Greece, in the kis Publishers, has received enthusiastic and survey methodology during numer- spring of 1999, Mike and his wife Virginia reviews and coverage in the Greek press. ous seasons of fieldwork in the Southern stayed at the Queen’s Megaron in Loring The book, in Greek and English, includes Argolid. Hall. A three-time Senior Associate Mem- introductory essays by Gennadius Library Mike’s contributions to teaching during ber of the School himself, Mike won the Trustee Edmund Keeley and Agora Exca- two decades at the University of Pennsylva- hearts of all the School members that year, vations Director John McK. Camp II. In nia, and then at Stanford, can be properly coming to afternoon tea every day and conjunction with the book’s publication, measured only by the sense of deep ap- making sure to meet every student and lend the National Bank Cultural Foundation preciation and of acute loss that his stu- a willing ear to their interests and plans. organized an exhibition of Mr. McCabe’s dents feel after his departure. Many of his Mike understood neither life without hu- pictures at the Eynardos Mansion in Athens students have become professors and can man contact nor human contact without a in February. pride themselves on having nurtured good genuine interest in others.  students of their own, while others are still To commemorate Mike’s contribution to Borderlines: A Memoir, written by noted au- shaping their careers, but we all have one the study of ancient Greece and his connec- thor, Princeton University Professor Emeri- thing in common: having had Mike as a tion to the ASCSA, which included more tus, and Gennadius Library Trustee Edmund mentor, we came to rely on his untiring than 40 years as a Managing Committee Keeley, was published in May by White accessibility for professional advice, critical Member and member emeritus, a colloqui- Pine Press. The memoir tells the story of reading of works in progress, and fascinat- um was held in June at Cotsen Hall, and a the author’s many journeys across cultural ing conversations on subjects of common magnolia tree was planted in his memory divides, from his first years in Greece, when interest. Mike was generous with both time in the School garden in Athens. Mr. Keeley’s father was the American Con- and energy when it came to learning about sul in Thessaloniki, to his time as a student the work of others and was always ready and —Irene Polinskaya in Washington, D.C., and Princeton, to his able to understand others’ points of view. return to Greece as an adult. REV. EUGENE J. COTTER 1932–2005  Student Reports The Empress Theodora: Partner of Justin- continued from page 19 Classics professor Rev. Eugene J. Cotter, who ian (University of Texas Press, 2002), by taught for many years at Seton Hall Uni- Managing Committee Member Emeritus riage and Pederasty in Plutarch’s Lives and versity, died this past May. An alumnus of James Allan Evans (University of British Moralia,” delivered at the Seventh Inter- three of the School’s “On-Site” programs in Columbia), was recently published in an national Conference of the International the 1990s, Father Cotter served four terms Estonian translation. Mr. Evans’ book was Plutarch Society in Rethymno this May. The as chair of the classical studies department the result of research conducted while he rejection of pederastic love (intellectually, at Seton Hall, and authored, among other was a Whitehead Professor at the School at least) and the promotion of conjugal eros works, “The Roots of English: An Etymo- in 1998–99. as the only lawful eros by Plutarch at this logical Dictionary,” published on the web.  particular point in time may be explored in terms of societal pressures within Greek so- Richard S. Mason (1970–71 Regular ciety at the beginning of the second century NATHANAEL V. DAVIS Member and George McFadden Fellow and A.D. For Plutarch, at least, conjugality be- 1915–2005 longtime Fellow and Member of the School comes the institution that quells uproar in thereafter) has been named Outstanding the polis, joins ethne together, and promotes Industrialist and philanthropist Nathanael Teacher of the Year by the students of the harmony at all levels of the socially and V. Davis, who served on the School Board Honors College of the University of Mary- ethnically diverse world of the Empire. from 1959 to 1977 before becoming an land, Baltimore County. The need for an historical approach that Emeritus Member, died this past April. Af-  weds different disciplines is paramount in ter World War II and for the next three Managing Committee Member Jeffrey the study of imperial Greece, and it is my decades, Mr. Davis led Alcan, the world’s S. Soles (University of North Carolina, hope that my research will place Plutarch second-largest supplier of aluminum. He Greensboro) has received a grant from the and the Moralia in their rightful place also served for 30 years as Chairman of NEH for collaborative research to support among the primary sources for the Greek the Arthur Vining Davis Foundations, the final seven-week excavation season history of the first and second century A.D. named for his uncle, who spearheaded the at Mochlos in Crete and to write up field The School is unique because of the wealth development of the modern industry of reports. e of its resources (both animate and inani- aluminum by founding Alcoa in 1886. It mate) in providing the ideal locus for this was thanks to Arthur Vining Davis, him- type of interdisciplinary work to take place. self a trustee from 1939 to 1962, that the Ione Mylonas Shear, longtime Member Such work would not be possible without School received funds from the Foundation of the School, passed away in the spring the contributions of many generous indi- in order to build a new wing for the Blegen of 2005. She will be remembered in the viduals from the School community and Library, named after him and dedicated in next issue of ákoue. beyond. e 1959. e

27 at the 4th Annual Bellarmine Forum on Regular Member and Fulbright Fellow

 Violence at Loyola Marymount University 1954–55), was recently published by the

in Los Angeles; lectured on Linear B tablets Journal of Roman Archaeology. The book at the University of British Columbia; and is co-authored by John Peter Oleson. Also presented three lectures and a seminar as recently published: Terra Marique: Studies Lansdowne Lecturer at the University of in Honor of Anna Marguerite McCann on the Victoria, British Columbia. He also served Receipt of the Gold Medal of the Archaeo- as a consultant for the Discovery Channel logical Institute of America (Oxbow Books, documentary on the Trojan horse and war- 2005). Edited by John Pollini (University of fare in the Iliad, and he continues to write Southern California), the volume includes regular op-ed pieces for the Austin Ameri- papers presented at a special colloquium    can-Statesman and reviews for the London held in Ms. McCann’s honor, along with Times Higher Education Supplement. essays from colleagues and friends.   Managing Committee Member Emeritus School alumnae/i, Managing Committee Lionel Casson (New York University) was Members, and staff were well represented at News & Notes News presented with the Archaeological Institute the annual meetings of the Archaeological of America’s Gold Medal Award for Dis- Institute of America in January, with several Two articles in the Herakleion (Crete) tinguished Archaeological Achievement at making multiple appearances. Managing newspaper Nea Krete and a segment on the AIA’s annual meeting, held in Boston Committee Member Jodi Magness (Uni- Krete TV featured the results of summer in January. Also honored at the meeting versity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) 2004’s excavations at Azoria, directed by were Managing Committee and Wiener presented papers on excavations at Yotvata, ASCSA alumnus Donald C. Haggis (Uni- Laboratory Committee Member Jane Bui- Israel, and on the interdisciplinary status versity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) kstra (University of New Mexico), who of classical archaeology and was a discus- and Managing Committee member Marga- received the AIA’s Pomerance Award for sant in a plenary session on archaeology’s ret S. Mook (Iowa State University). Ar- Scientific Contributions to Archaeology; interaction with history, art history, philol- ticles on the Azoria Project also appeared Managing Committee Member Eric Cline ogy, and anthropology in the academic con- in Eleftherotypia (Athens, 7/16/04), the (George Washington University), recog- text, while Managing Committee Secretary Raleigh News and Observer (9/6/04), and nized with the Excellence in Undergradu- Carla M. Antonaccio (Wesleyan Univer- Durham Herald Sun (9/19/04). ate Teaching Award; and ASCSA Student sity) organized a colloquium on Morgan-  Associate Member Jennifer Palinkas and tina (in which she presented a paper on Corinth Excavations Architect James A. recent fieldwork and research) and served Managing Committee Member Thomas Herbst, who received the Poster Grand as a panelist in a workshop on ancient and J. Palaima was awarded the University of Prize Award for “Road Works in Roman modern imperialism. Texas at Austin Texas Exes Jean Holloway Corinth: A Newly Excavated Street in the Award for Excellence in Teaching 2004.  Panaghia Field.” Recently busy on the lecture circuit, he Greece: Images of an Enchanted Land, 1954– delivered the 14th Annual Leventis Lec-  1965, a collection of 110 black-and-white ture in Nicosia, Cyprus, on “The Triple Deep-Water Shipwrecks off Skerki Bank: The photographs by School Trustee Robert A. Invention of Writing in Cyprus and Cy- 1997 Survey, by underwater archaeologist McCabe, published last October by Pata- priote Sources for Cypriote History”; spoke Anna Marguerite McCann (MIT; ASCSA continued inside on page 27

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