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Studiu Istoriografic Şi Arhivistic EVENIMENTELE DIN IULIE-AUGUST 1917 ÎN REGIUNEA MUNŢILOR PIND – ÎNCERCARE DE CREARE A UNEI STATALITĂŢI A AROMÂNILOR. DOCUMENTE INEDITE ŞI MĂRTURII. STUDIU ISTORIOGRAFIC ŞI ARHIVISTIC STOICA LASCU Se împlinesc în acest an nouă decenii de la evenimentele din Munţii Pindului (nordul Greciei), respectiv „încercarea nereuşită a aromânilor, în 1917, de a crea un Principat al Pindului, cu capitala la Aminciu (Metsovo). Este, într’adevăr, vorba de o pagină interesantă din trecutul nostru asupra căruia s’a scris foarte puţin”1. 1 V. Tega, Aromânii văzuţi de călători francezi. Extras din „Buletinul Bibliotecii Române” (vol.XI /XV/ – Serie nouă), 1984 (Institutul Român de Cercetări – Freiburg-Germania, Biblioteca Română – Freiburg-Germania), 1984, pp. 172-173. Autorului îi este prilejuită această constatare în contextul relevării informaţiilor francezului J. Bourcart, membru al Corpului Expediţionar Francez din Primul Război Mondial, despre faptul că „în mijlocul populaţiei albaneze subzistă câteva colonii străine mai puţin importante. Cei mai numeroşi sunt românii, numiţi de asemenea cuţovlahi, ţinţari sau aromâni. (...) Ocuparea temporară a Pindului de către trupele franceze şi apoi de către cele italiene a trezit încă odată aceste vechi amintiri, abandonate, din păcate, din nou după plecarea armatelor aliate”. Cunoscutul geograf francez (1891-1965) a susţinut, în 1923, o conferinţă în cadrul cursurilor Universităţii Populare „N. Iorga” de la Vălenii de Munte, prezentată într-o revistă din Capitală („spicuiri”) de către liceanul – pe atunci – Valeriu Papahagi (1906-1984). Arătând că „În Occident nu se ştie (determinare prea categorică, totuşi – n.n.) de existenţa românilor din Macedonia. Ba nici numele lor nu este cunoscut”, conferenţiarul afirmă: „Eu cred că numai în Pind sunt cel puţin 20.000 de români grupaţi în jurul oraşelor Meţova şi Samarina, adică în partea cea mai frumoasă a Pindului, aşezată între Albania de Sud şi Thesalia de Nord. Dar dacă pătrundem mai adânc, în toată Thesalia se găsesc încă urme de cântece, de costume şi de moravuri româneşti, care contrastează curios cu mediul grec; eu cred că cea mai mare parte a locuitorilor din munţii Pindului sunt românii. Ei au dat Greciei mai ales, pe primii ei binefăcători”. Relevând rolul lui Apostol Mărgărit („adevăratul apostol al Macedoniei”), el arată că „În acest moment (la începutul secolului al XX-lea – n.n.), cu toată propaganda lui Apostol Mărgărit, o bună parte din aceşti români din Pind ţinea încă la cultura greacă. Erau oameni (bilingues) cari vorbeau două limbi, cari învăţaseră greceşte în şcoli şi cari nu puteau să se despartă cu totul de Grecia. Numai când a venit marele răsboi, şi când hazardul împrejurărilor a făcut ca regimentele noastre de cavalerie să pătrundă în Pind ca să cureţe acest cuib de comitagii cari ameninţau comunicaţiile armatei franceze – noi cari nu cunoşteam deloc această chestiune, văzurăm apărând în toată regiunea tricolorul francez alături de cel român. Stoica Lascu Studiul de caz din prezentele pagini ia în considerare o analiză comentată şi adnotată a izvoarelor edite – memorialistice, documentare –, a publicisticii şi comentariilor istoriografice2 şi introduce în circuit câteva documente arhivistice inedite ce relevă mai apropiat de adevăr dimensiunea amintitei „încercări”; o simplă proiecţie ideatică, fără nici un suport politic, animată, în fapt, de simţămintele antigreceşti ale acelor aromâni, din cîteva aşezări pindene, care în dorinţa de-aşi păstra individualitatea etnolingvistică şi conştienţi de apartenenţa la românitatea balcanică, au forţat – fără a ţine seama de contextul geopolitic respectiv – o construcţie statală „autonomă” sau „independentă”, cu nici şansă, în contextul istoric dat, de viabilitate (realitate relevată, mai apoi, de unii dintre participanţi, de martori oculari sau publicişti/comentatori români de sorginte aromână). Cronologie 17 iulie. Într-o circulară, consulul României la Ianina recomandă institutorilor români din aşezările din Munţii Pindului „prudenţă şi rezervă” (raport Consulat, 9 septembrie). - 22 iulie. Telegramă către consulul Franţei la Ianina, expediată de către „reprezentanţii românilor din satele din Pind reuniţi la Meţovo” (26 de semnatari). - 23 iulie. În scrisoarea-răspuns (la circulara din 17 iulie), directorul Şcolii Române din Turia, N. Nibi – „funcţionar al neamului nostru (a României)” – exprimă starea de spirit, tot mai radicalizată, a românilor pindeni: „Mai bine morţi, decât sub jugul grecesc”; „De când au venit italienii am gustat şi noi din libertate şi din odihnă!”; „Trăiţi în oraş şi nesupăraţi de nimeni; dar nouă, de la sate, ne-a ajuns cuţinutl la os”. - 27 iulie. Telegramă către Ion I.C. Brătianu, primul-ministru al României, adresată – de la Samarina – de primarii şi delegaţii aşezărilor locuite de aromâni din zona Munţilor Pind: Noi credeam, pe baza hărţilor, că pătrundem într’un teritoriu cu totul grec şi ajuserăm, la Meţova de exemplu, într’o regiune unde aproape fiecare casă era gătită cu drapel franceze şi româneşti. În vremea acestei scurte ocupaţiuni franceze şi mai ales în timpul celei italiene care urmă şi care de asemenea încurajă această mişcare, numeroase şcoli fură redeschise în Pind” – V. P/apahagi/., Constatările unui francez privitoare la românii din Macedonia. Spicuiri din conferinţa ţinută la Universitatea din Văleni de Munte de dr. Bourcard (sic!), în „Tribuna românilor de peste hotare”, I, nr. 2, februarie 1924, pp. 16-17. 22 Comentariile, de pildă, despre „une éphémère «république des Roumains du Pinde et du Zagor» /qui/ fut proclamée par des représentants des bourgs (sic! –n.n.) et des villages de la région se réunirent à Metsovo, le bourg pressenti pour être la capitale de ladite république, selon Georgios Plataris (...)” – N. Trifon, Les Aroumains un peuple qui s’en va. Suivi de L’aroumain parlé à Metsovo, par Stamatis Beis. Le nomadisme chez les Roumains, par Thede Kahl, Acratie, f.l. /La Bussière/, 2005, pp. 270-271. 92 Evenimentele din lunile iulie-august 1917 în regiunea Munţilor Pind…. Samarina, Avdela, Perivole, Băiasa, Aminciu/Meţovo, Paleoseli, Turia, Breaza, Laca, Dobrinova, Armata, Smixi. Telegrame către şefii de state, prim-miniştrii sau miniştrii de Externe ai S.U.A., Angliei, Franţei, Rusiei, Italiei, Belgiei. - 28 august. Scrisoare (nedepistată în arhiva M.A.E) adresată „de cei în drept” institutorilor români din aşezările pindene (raport Consulat, 7 septembrie). - 29 august. La Samarina „Românii au proclamat autonomia Pindului” (raport Consulat, 7 sept.). „La 29 august (marţi – n.n.) au proclamat indipendenţa Cantonului românesc din Pind, punându-se sub protecţia Italiei”. După sfinţirea drapelului, „Resculaţii au constituit apoi un Comitet diriguitor compus de şapte persoane şi anume: D-nii Dr. Demetru Diamandi, Ianaculi Dabura, Mihali Teguiani, Tache Nibi, Zicu Araia, Alcibiade Diamandi şi Sterie Caragiani” (raport Consulat, 9 septembrie). Telegramă a Comitetului provizoriu de la Samarina către Francesco Faţi, comisar general italian la Ianina: „Faţă de noua ocupaţiune grecească, ce ne ameninţă, şi care a fost iniţiată la Abela prin acte de abus de putere şi de represalii, populaţia română din Pind, resculată ca un singur om, şi înaintea unor meetiguri impunătoare, a proclamat independenţa sa, sub protecţiunea Italiei” (raport Consulat, 9 sept.). Telegramă (neprimită; oprită de cenzura italiană) către Consulatul Regal al României la Ianina – în care se cerea intervenţia Guvernului român „spre a fi protejaţi şi a se susţine cauza lor” (raport Consulat, 9 sept.). - 30 august/31 august. Consulul României şi, respectiv, al Italiei la Ianina se desolidarizează de acţiunea românilor din Pind, spunându-i lui Alcibiade Diamandi că „pasul lor a fost greşit, inoportun, fiind-că nu e aprobat de nimeni şi nu poate fi sprijinit din nici o parte” (raport Consulat, 9 septembrie). - 31 august: „vre-o 4-5 geandarmi greci, însoţiţi de alţi civili trimişi anume din Janina – zice-se spre a calma spiritele agitate ale românilor –, au voit să intre în comuna Băeasa”, evacuată de trupele italiene; li s-a interzis intrarea „deoarece populaţiunea nu-i primeşte, căci românii au proclamat autonomia Pindului” (raport Consulat, 7 sept.). - 3 septembrie. Scrisoare către directorul Şcolii Române din Băeasa – semnată de revizorul Şcolilor Primare Române din Pind (redactată de către consulul României la Ianina) –, în care acestuia i se cere: „să calmaţi spiritele şi să sfătuiţi pe români de a nu pune nici o rezistenţă autorităţilor elene, cari sunt însărcinate cu ocuparea comunelor” (raport Consulat, 7 septembrie). Sosirea trupelor greceşti (200 de soldaţi) la Băiasa: „Din fericire populaţiunea de acolo a rămas liniştită, astfel că episodul n’a luat alte proporţii şi predarea comunei din partea italienilor a avut loc în toată liniştea” (raport Consulat, 7 septembrie). - 4 septembrie. Maltratări a unor aromâni din Băiasa din partea jandarmilor greci, ceea ce-i face „pe români să recurgă la tot felul de mijloace regretabile” (raport Consulat, 7 sept.). - 5 93 Stoica Lascu septembrie. Delegatul „Guvernului revoluţionar” de la Samarina sondează autorităţile italiene în legătură cu represaliile greceşti asupra „românilor din Băiasa” (raport Consulat, 9 septembrie). - 6 septembrie. Telegramă a consulului român la Ianina, către Legaţiunea de la Atena, în care se vorbeşte despre „Guvernul revoluţionar” şi delegatul acestuia, cu care a avut o întâlnire pe tema asigurării securităţii fizice a „românilor” (raport Consulat 9 sept.). - 7 septembrie. Samarina – şi alte comune
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