Politics ·Armed Forces · ·Procurement Technology June 2016 • www.euro-sd.com • ISSN 1617-7983 ES & D in Germany in Defence Procurement

SPECIAL International Security and Defence Journal Defence and Security International

ISSUE June 2016 June a 7.90

Content Masthead European Security & Defence Special Issue June 2016 ISSN 1617-7983 · www.euro-sd.com 4 Well equipped Published by The Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Mittler Report Verlag GmbH Information Technology and In-Service Support A company of the Tamm Media Group

6 Directorate P Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Peter Bossdorf (pb) Consultant to the executive level, in charge of overall Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Henning Bartels (hb) Managing Editor (Magazine): Stephen Barnard (sb) project control and strategy, and BAAINBw‘s interface Managing Editor (Newsletter): Dorothee Frank (df) to the outside world Industrial Editors: Jürgen Hensel (jh), Gerhard Heiming (gwh), Dieter Stockfisch (ds) Correspondents: Rolf Hilmes (Army Technology), 10 Combat Directorate (K) Peter Preylowski (Airborne Systems) Regional Correspondents: Tamir Eshel (Israel), Tim 15 Air Directorate (L) Guest (UK), Beka Kiria (Georgia), Shinichi Kiyotani (Japan), Yury Laskin (Russia), J. Bo Leimand (Den- mark), Jay Menon (India), Chet Nagle (USA), Luca 19 Sea Directorate (S) Peruzzi (Italy), David Saw (France) Supported by the editorial team of “Europäische Sicherheit & Technik” 25 Land Support Directorate (U) Publishers: Rainer Metzner, Henning Bartels Layout: 31 Information Technology Directorate (I) davis creativ media GmbH, Bonn, Germany Production: 38 "IT Support" Directorate (G) Lehmann Offsetdruck GmbH 22848 Norderstedt, Germany 42 HERKULES Special Organization (SO H) Office address: Mittler Report Verlag GmbH Baunscheidtstraße 11, 53113 Bonn, Germany 45 Purchasing Directorate (E) Phone.: +49 228 3500870, Fax: +49 228 3500871 Email: [email protected], www.mittler-report.de 50 Quality/Logistics Directorate (Q) Director of Marketing Jürgen Hensel (jh) Baunscheidtstraße 11, 53113 Bonn, Germany 53 Central Affairs Directorate (Z) Phone: +49 228 3500876, Fax: +49 228 3500871 Email: [email protected] 55 The BAAINBw Agencies Advertising Representatives: Dipl.-Betrw. Uwe Nemeyer, optiproject GmbH – 58 Preview Agentur für sicherheitspolitische und wehrtechnische Kommunikation Von-Imhoff-Weg 5, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany Phone: +49 2226 909637, Fax: +49 2226 909653 Email: [email protected], www.optiproject.de UK/Ireland/Eastern Europe: Stephen Barnard, c/o Mittler Report Verlag GmbH Phone: +49 228 35 00 886 Email: [email protected] USA/Canada: Black Rock Media, Inc., Diane Obright, 810 Val Sereno Drive, Olivenhain, CA 92024, USA Phone: +1 858-759-3557, Email: [email protected] Russia & CIS: Laguk Co., Yury Laskin, General Director Krasnokholmskaya Nab., 11/15, 132, RF-109172 Moskau, Russian Federation Phone: 007-495-911-1340, Fax: 007-495-912-1260, Email: [email protected] Subscription/Reader Service: PressUp GmbH, Postfach 70 13 11, 22013 Hamburg, Germany Phone: +49 40 38 66 66-319, Fax: +49 38 66 66-299 Email: [email protected] European Security & Defence © 2016 Mittler Report Verlag GmbH The views expressed are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission of the publisher in Bonn. Cover Photo: MBDA, BAAINBw Annual subscription rate (6 issues): €49.80 incl. postage

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 3 Well equipped The Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support

rocuring defence technology is just not defence products must meet the highest be used for decades. In part, commercially Pas easy as privately shopping online. requirements. You are looking for the most available equipment can be used; in many If you are dealing with defence technol- modern technology, that is robust enough cases, however, it is necessary to improve ogy development, you quickly realise that to survive military operations and that can or newly develop special defence materiel.

Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support

Director-General

Deputy Deputy Director-General Director-General (military)

SekrLtg FAS GleiB ziv GleiB mil

Commissioner for Commissioner for Office of the Occupational Gender Equality Gender Equality Director-General Safety Officer (civilian) (military)

P K L S U I G H E Q Z

Equipment Information Special Management Combat Air Sea Land Support IT Support Purchasing Quality/Logistics Central Affairs Technology Organization and Strategy Directorate Directorate Directorate Directorate Directorate Directorate* Directorate Directorate Directorate HERKULES Directorate

Local Regional General Local Staff Regional Staff General Staff Spokesperson Spokesperson Spokesperson for for Council at Council at Council at for Disabled Disabled Disabled BAAINBw BAAINBw BAAINBw Employees Employees Employees BAAINBw BAAINBw BAAINBw

Foreign Liaison Offices at BAAINBw Defense Public Works and Engineering * At the same time Defense Materiel Disposal Officer at BAAINBw Government Services Advisory Canada (PWGSC) Group Date: January 2016 at BAAINBw

4 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 And thus, it takes time to procure such complex materiel: Time to come up with the required technical solutions and to test them with demonstrators. Not every new idea from the development departments passes the practical test on the first at- tempt. Realistic concepts of time are indis- pensable. The procurement process must be as efficient as possible. Test and quality control measures must be strengthened. These are also objectives of the reorienta- tion of the Bundeswehr.

Responsibility for the Entire Life Cycle The “Bundesamt für Ausrüstung, Infor- mationstechnik und Nutzung der Bun-

deswehr (BAAINBw)” (Federal Office of Photos: BAAINBw Bundeswehr Equipment, Information BAAINBw office buildings in Koblenz-Rauenthal Technology and In-Service Support) was founded within the scope of the reorienta- readiness, starting with the analysis phase The performance spectrum of the office is tion of the Bundeswehr. Before the BAA- and ending with disposal. supplemented by modern test and research INBw had been founded, the responsibility centres. Six Bundeswehr technical centres, of the civilian Bundeswehr procurement or- Complementary Capabilities two Bundeswehr research institutes and ganisation ended with the handover of the of Directorates and Agencies the Bundeswehr Information Technology new defence materiel to the user. The new Center (IT-ZentrumBw) deal with testing procurement procedure, however, – the The technical expertise for defence materiel of defence materiel, development of new revised CPM (Customer Product Manage- is pooled in ten directorates and one spe- technologies and the analysis of potential ment) – focuses on an integrated approach cial organisation. Six project directorates, improvements of already fielded systems. and support of defence materiel during the responsible for Combat (K), Air (L), Sea (S), The Naval Arsenal ensures the operational entire life cycle – the so-called material re- Land Support (U), Information Technology readiness of the German Navy and is thus sponsibility for operational readiness. This (I) and Information Technology Support a direct and valuable partner of the Navy global view requires a new way of thinking (G) are available for implementation of ar- in operational theatres. The liaison office in in terms of equipment and procurement maments projects. The in-service support Reston/USA represents Germany’s defence processes in order to implement this inte- tasks taken over from military offices and technology and armaments interests vis-à- grated approach. And this is the approach commands are integrated into the direc- vis government organisations and industry of BAAINBw. torates‘ projects on a product-by-product in the United States and Canada. Material responsibility for operational basis. readiness is a new task for BAAINBw. The HERKULES special organization is Solid Basis and Constant Never before has the Bundeswehr dealt responsible for customer management Adaptation with such a task using the integrated ap- within the HERKULES project, the largest proach. It is therefore particularly impor- IT modernisation project in Europe, with BAAINBw and its agencies are well pre- tant to bring those together who have which the Bundeswehr is well prepared pared for the demanding tasks in order to previously been in charge of certain as- with modern equipment for administrative accomplish the new task of the integrated pects. The new office not only combines IT tasks, even in areas of operation. view and responsibility for defence mate- the tasks of the former Federal Office of The “Equipment Management and Strat- riel. For almost three years, BAAINBw has Defense Technology and Procurement egy“ (P) Directorate is responsible for pro- successfully completed its tasks of being (BWB) and the former Federal Office of ject coordination as well as strategic and responsible for material for operational the Bundeswehr for Information Manage- operations-related tasks for all directorates. readiness. ment and Information Technology (Bun- Within the scope of the integrated plan- However, there is still potential for optimi- deswehr IT Office). It also integrates those ning process and the analysis phase of the sation. To achieve this, processes that used elements of the military offices responsi- CPM (rev.), this directorate focuses on re- to be heterogeneous are thoroughly ana- ble for in-service management. search and technology topics and is also in lysed, checked for their harmonisation po- At the same time, personnel from the mili- charge of plotting the capability state and tential and implemented accordingly. Also, tary offices tasked with in-service manage- the conceptual further development of the the procurement process CPM (rev.) as a ment had to be transferred to the BAA- Bundeswehr IT system. Furthermore,it is a whole is subject to evaluation. INBw. Thus, the knowledge from the two point of contact for external departments, One thing is for sure: The new approach of previous offices in the area of procurement political or media representatives, and the transferring responsibility for the entire life is effectively supplemented. Only by this general public. cycle to the BAAINBw makes sense. The transfer of competence and know-how The Purchasing (E), Quality/Logistics (Q) Bundeswehr can achieve added value by will the BAAINBw be able to competently and Central Affairs (Z) Directorates assume the integrated responsibility in the office assume its comprehensive tasks in the area central administrative and cross-sectional and by harmonised in-service manage- of material responsibility for operational technical and economic tasks. ment. 

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 5  EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY Directorate P Consultant to the executive level, in charge of overall project control and strategy, and BAAINBw's interface to the outside world

n a modern procurement process, a mul- analysis phase of the amended CPM, advis- aerospace, and cyberspace, as well as the Ititude of influencing factors have to be ing the BAAINBw executive level on general capability domains reconnaissance, com- taken into account if the requirements for or prioritised project matters, compiling pro- mand and control, effectiveness, and sup- effective and technically up-to-date armed ject-related status information, coordinating port. It also evaluates feasibility with a view forces are to be met. This is one of the rea- all operations-related tasks, as well as coor- to the factors of time, costs, and technology. sons why Directorate P was established: to dinating research and technology. P1.1 thus supports the Bundeswehr Plan- provide purposeful leadership and control in Within the Integrated Planning Process, the ning Office from the start of the procure- the early stages of complex armament pro- Bundeswehr Planning Office is in charge of ment process in collecting essential data of jects. According to its mission, Directorate P plotting the capability state and identify- a planned product over its entire life cycle serves as a hub for all projects, providing in- ing capability gaps. If such gaps are to be from development and service use up to its formation internally as well as to the outside closed by materiel solutions, Branch P1.1, disposal, and in including this data in the world. In addition to its advisory function as main interface to the Bundeswehr Plan- decision-making process. for the executive level and the Federal Min- ning Office, contributes the technical and This work provides the basis for a require- istry of Defence (FMoD), the Directorate also economic know-how of BAAINBw to the ments management taking into account plays a key role in BAAINBw‘s project man- processing of initiatives and the production system relations throughout a product‘s agement. It verifies compliance with strate- of the Capability Gap and Functional Re- complete life cycle. The systematic risk gic project specifications and interfaces with quirement (FFF) document in the first part analysis and assessment is a first substantial the Bundeswehr Planning Office which rep- of the analysis phase of the procurement contribution to the risk management of ar- resents the interests of all stakeholders in the process. To this end, P1.1 considers lessons maments projects. procurement and in-service process. Directorate P is entrusted with cross-project BAAINBW FMoD and inter-directorate tasks. This gives it direc- Execu6ve level AIN V 1 tive authority over the project directorates, Informing the Directorates ExecuEve Level although it does not interfere with their re-

spective technical and specialist authority. (Graphics: BAAINBw) P U K InformaEon CooperaEon Opera6onal evalua6on bodies Aside from its management role, the Direc- records, I E L evaluates, torate also handles a number of strategic distributes, P 1.3 BwJFOCOM Q G documents tasks for the Bundeswehr. They include co- S controls and

coordinates OpCOM mil org element ordinating the implementation of strategies Fast-­‐track iniEaEves and concepts for IT system architecture, IT Reports via Armed Forces CCIS and LoNo for operaEons Bw Planning Office service design, and IT portfolio manage- ment, as well as the concept development and experimentation (CD&E) process. Commander Field office of defense BwJFOCOM Furthermore, Directorate P coordinates administra6on Command engineer Fast-­‐track iniEaEve research and technology, the provision of Outpost * Technical Officers for operaEons modeling and simulation (M&S) tools within BAAINBw i.E. Planning office BAAINBw‘s area of responsibility, and non- Mil. user FMoD project-related international armaments co- Evalua6on staff

operation. BAAINBW project staff *Specialist BAAINBw personnel in operations Industry Since its reorientation on 1 October 2015, in opera6ons since 3/2010 part of German contingent for ISAF the Directorate also serves as BAAINBW‘s Industry and/or RS (Resolute Support) external interface – it is the point of contact for external departments, political or media Branch P1.3 – working relations representatives, and the general public. To this end, organisational units assigned to the learned in own projects, system contexts, The number and complexity of projects, as processing of inquiries or audit assignments commercially available products, as well well as new tasks during in-service use, re- by external bodies have been integrated into as those products and services still being quire resources close to the executive level Directorate P. developed, results from defence research, capable of providing information on the The Directorate is divided into four divisions international armaments cooperation, op- current armaments, IT and in-service situ- and a total of eleven branches. erations, and in-service use. As far as is ad- ation with a focus on programmes relevant The core activities of Division P1 “Equip- missible by contracting law, expertise from to the executive level at any time. Branch ment Management” include coordinating the economic and industrial sector is also P1.2 performs this task by summarising and and handling BAAINBw activities under the taken into consideration. Branch P1.1 cov- evaluating important information from the Integrated Planning Process (IPP) and in the ers the performance dimensions land, sea, project directorates for the BAAINBw ex-

6 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY 

(Content and context of the architecture) All View ation is given to new conceptual guidelines, Capability View (Purpose?) derived from the Bundeswehr Planning Of- Strategic fice’s capability analysis, the developing links context Programme View between security and defence research, and (Timeframe?) the internationalisation of R&T, particularly Operational View in Europe. In this context, it is important (Who does what?) Operational to develop a common understanding with context the Bundeswehr Planning Office on how to Service-Oriented View (How?) provide the right R&T findings in a timely manner for decision-making in the CPM Systems View (By which means?) (amended) framework. Division P2 “Strategy” performs long-term Technical View work across different areas, and coordinates (Which standards are being used?) the implementation of strategies and con- ! ApplicaEon allows for comprehensive idenEficaEon of dependencies! cepts for the Bundeswehr IT system, net- work enabled operations, concept devel- NATO Architecture Framework opment and experimentation (CD&E), and modelling and simulation (M&S) tools in ecutive level. It also uses new findings from to both technical tasks and necessary con- BAAINBw‘s area of responsibility. It also co- operations, which it receives from Branch tractual activities. Monitoring of procedures ordinates international cooperation across P1.3. A future-oriented view of projects is is crucial as mission requirements are ex- different areas. crucial. In this context, risk management is tremely urgent, resulting in tight schedules. an essential tool. The second major task is controlling after- IT Strategy In the framework of the new procurement action assessments. As any equipment pro- process, the project council, headed by vided under the “Fast-track initiative for op- The FMoD IT strategy states that the “ar- the BAAINBw Director-General, was intro- erations” is introduced into the Bundeswehr chitecture method” for the Bundeswehr IT duced. The project council decides on the with a challenging timeline, the need to System (IT-SysBw) is to be applied to the way forward when problems occur in the retroactively evaluate the user experience is identification and satisfaction of demands. projects and, if required, orders project re- particularly strong. For the purpose of after- While the operational architecture is to be views, which are executed by the project action assessment, BAAINBw specialist per- prepared by the armed forces, BAAINBw managers under Directorate P control. Re- sonnel with military status participating in is charged with establishing the system sources for this control function are kept operations has continuously been present architecture and the technical architecture available at Branch P1.2, whereas other in Afghanistan since March 2010, playing for all performance dimensions and capa- BAAINBw branches contribute other re- a major role in quickly resolving technical bility domains. Branch P2.1 “Bundeswehr sources, depending on the task to be ac- issues with defence materiel in the area of IT System, Architectures and Interoper- complished. operations. The responsibility for selecting ability” is the IT system architect, and as P1 collects, documents, and evaluates all and leading this personnel lies with Branch such, responsible for the development of BAAINBw contributions for the financial P1.3. Before leaving for a mission, this staff the overall architecture of the Bundeswehr requirements analysis. This contribution to is introduced to current projects by vari- IT System. It harmonises guidelines with the financial requirements planning provides the ous project teams and technical centres or Bundeswehr Planning Office on syntax, se- basis for all budget items managed by BAA- research institutes, and is prepared for the mantics and architecture development and INBw in a leading capacity. It includes finan- main technical challenges defence mate- modification tools which serve as a basis cial requirements for research, development riel faces in the area of operations. Lessons for the production of specific architectures and testing, procurement and maintenance, learned from operations – including those by the projects to highlight cross-project POL products, IT and communication lines, by the major (military) organisational ele- system interactions with little effort, and as well as any existing operator contracts for ments themselves – are provided by Branch to continuously and consistently docu- improvement placed by the Bundeswehr. In P1.3 to BAAINBw project work or to the ment the current status. This facilitates the this context, the total financial requirements documentation of the armaments/IT and in- evaluation of new capability requirements of all ongoing armaments projects are tak- service use situation. The information col- of fielded products and products in the en into account, starting with the analysis lected is used directly in the improvement process of being fielded, in the context of phase and post-design services, and ending of defence materiel, serving to improve op- the overall technical system, and allows the with modifications to fielded products. erational readiness. results to be incorporated in the FFF docu- Branch P1.3 mainly deals with coordinating Branch P1.4 supports the Director P in as- ments via the Bundeswehr Planning Office. and controlling the procurement of mission- suming responsibility for the coordination The expected result is a better integration essential and urgent demands, and the of all R&T activities of BAAINBw and its of new materiel procurement solutions in evaluation of lessons learned with defence subordinate agencies. To achieve a focused, the Bundeswehr procurement system. In materiel in Bundeswehr operations abroad. efficient and effective execution of defence the long term, this also means a transition Coordinating the “Fast-track initiative for op- research and technology activities, P1.4 from Bundeswehr IT System architectures erations” in accordance with the amended closely cooperates with the points of con- to operational and functional chains of ef- CPM to meet urgent mission requirements is tact in the BAAINBw directorates responsi- fects within the “Bundeswehr as a system”. a key task across all project directorates and ble for R&T tasks and the different fields of A further task of P2.1 is to advise the pro- technical centres of BAAINBw. Starting with R&T at BAAINBw and its agencies, without ject managers on methods in all matters the take-over of responsibilities, all activities infringing upon their responsibilities in the related to working with architecture. The are coordinated and supervised with regard technical field. In doing so, special consider- branch also handles the representation of

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 7  EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY the method and the architecture tool to the area of responsibility of the FMoD. As purposes, the parameters of technical and external parties (such as Bundeswehr Plan- Service Portfolio Management has been tactical issues can be analyzed in-depth ning Office, major organisational elements, allocated to Directorate P with no relation through technical and agent-based simula- etc.). to a specific project, it can focus on all per- tion, augmented by data farming. The FMoD IT strategy states that all Bun- formance dimensions to an equal extent. Branch P2.3 also hosts BAAINBw‘s simula- deswehr IT projects are to have a service- The provision of services using one single tion centre – the central platform for M&S oriented architecture. The key control platform only is thus prevented; instead, application and use. Aside from an advi- mechanism for this purpose is the IT Ser- existing IT services can be re-used and co- sory function with regard to the improve- vice Portfolio for the Bundeswehr IT System used as much as possible. Control and co- ment of the simulation infrastructure for managed by the Bundeswehr Service De- ordination of strategic guidelines are han- network-based simulation experiments, its signer. This function is allocated to Branch dled on the level of the Strategic Objective work also includes the harmonisation of P2.2 “Service Design and Strategy” and of BAAINBw Systems and the AIN directo- standards with international partners. handles the integration of new IT services rate-general of the FMoD. By disassociat- P2.3 also includes the CD&E Centeer coor- into the service design of the Bundeswehr ing the strategic from the implementation dinating BAAINBw‘s contributions to CD&E IT System. level, the quality-focused implementation projects managed by the Bundeswehr Customers Planning Office. At present, the Branch supports the following national CD&E IT Service projects: “Situation in the Information En- vironment”, “Bundeswehr-wide Setup of Warranty Network Enabled Operations”, “Initial Op- erations”, and “Air Surface Integration”. On Organization Processes Management systems a multinational basis, it also contributes to the “Multinational Capability Development Knowledge Campaign”, a series of projects led by the USA. Consequently, the work of P2.3 fo- cuses on mission orientation and on issues Funding and finances Reporting Technology relating to network enabled operations. By

UElity participating in the CD&E process, P2.3. intends to gain insights for actual project development and to support experiment- based projects with resources provided by project directorates, Bundeswehr technical IT service tablet centres and research institutes, and the Bundeswehr IT Center. The receiving office To this end, the Bundeswehr Service De- of strategic concepts becomes possible. for conceptual ideas by industry is also part signer analyses and contributes to policy Branch P2.3 “Concept Development and of P2.3. This office ensures that conceptual and CPM documents in order to identify Experimentation (CD&E), Modelling and ideas from industry are dealt with in a le- new IT services and adapt existing IT ser- Simulation (M&S) Tools, Knowledge Man- gally permissible manner, in particular with vices accordingly. The common IT platform agement” is in charge of implementing the regard to compliance with contracting law pools the common IT services defined and guidelines from the Bundeswehr Concept and copyright. updated by the Service Designer. His/her and the subconcepts by creating an M&S Terminology efforts by the Bundeswehr work generates mandatory standards of landscape shared by the whole armaments are aimed at establishing and maintain- use for existing common IT services and sector. Integrating technical/technological ing an unambiguous technical vocabulary standards for the design of new services. solutions into a testbed environment allows for all Bundeswehr processes not covered If sufficient resources are available, P2.2 for quick and effective testing. Using the by the generally accepted Duden defini- also offers consulting services to bodies of VIntEL2 system demonstrator, simulation tions. In this context, BAAINBw is one of analysis phases I and II. systems already available at many agencies the responsible agencies for technical and Strategic IT Services Portfolio Manage- have been documented and connected. business-related terms. P2.3 is home to the ment means the central management of Through this project, an architecture pro- terminology coordination centre coordinat- all IT services of the Bundeswehr IT System viding a reliable coupling of real, simulation ing BAAINBw‘s participation in nine termi- across all technical areas and organisations. and C2 systems has emerged. In addition, nology committees. The Branch itself par- It covers the complete life cycle and aims to an initial number of central services have ticipates in two terminology committees, optimise the portfolio from a technical and developed that enable “Fair Fight” in a “C² Support and IT” and “Operations and economic point of view, with operations in distributed simulation. These services now Conduct of Operations”. mind. There is close interaction between need to be subjected to further review in The knowledge management coordina- IT Service Design and IT Service Portfolio order to allow for a reliable interconnec- tion centre aims to improve the work and Management. In accordance with existing tion of heterogeneous training simulators C² processes tailored to the mission of the procedures such as IPP and CPM (amend- on the one hand, and to support the supply Bundeswehr by ensuring an effective and ed), and based on best practices accord- of geoinformation to simulation systems on efficient handling of knowledge. This in- ing to ITIL®1, the IT Service Management the other hand. The evaluation of systems cludes, first and foremost, the control and processes required for this are planned and and the analysis of combat action are an- design of the prevailing conditions such as introduced into the process landscape of other two possible applications. For these conceptual groundwork, HR, and organi- sational aspects. In practice, the range of 1 IT Infrastructure Library 2 Distributed Integrated Test Environment tasks also includes training aspects, as well

8 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGY  as practical IT support and trouble-shoot- New Tasks is in charge of strategic controlling, project ing in day-to-day operations. At present, controlling, complex services controlling, the knowledge management coordination On 1 October 2015, the Directorate was resources and agency controlling, as well centre at Branch P2.3 is involved in several expanded through the establishment of as advising directorate and agency control- IT platforms such as Wikis, SharePoint solu- Divisions P3 and P4 and the integration of lers. Branch P3.1 analyses and evaluates tions, and the BAAINBw intranet site. the Press and Information Centre (PIZ AIN), the progress of armaments projects on a Branch P2.4“International Cooperation” thus acquiring additional responsibility for regular or incident-related basis. This is part coordinates and controls, for all direc- central affairs. In order to provide the BAA- of project controlling. In addition, an initial torates, international interdisciplinary, INBw executive level with a comprehensive capability for viable risk management has project-independent defence cooperation and centralised information basis and allow been established at this branch. The results within the area of responsibility of BAA- for harmonised communication, the Press of subprojects within the armaments man- INBw, and the German spokespersons and and Information Centre, Central Control- agement (RüM) project will be taken into delegates of BAAINBw in international ling, Cabinet and Parliamentary Issues, as account for further planning. bodies. Branch P2.4 is the administrator well as Federal Audit Office affairs were Strategic Controlling at Branch P3.2 sup- of the central “International Cooperation integrated into Directorate P. ports the management process at BAA- INBw‘s executive level, which is directed toward medium-term and long-term ob- jectives. Resources and Agency Control- Data ling, in turn, allows for evaluations and HLA E. / DIS FACTS Services Farming recommendations to be made based on SE Model FIERS Modules the quantitative representation of perfor- Bw-­‐FOM IVCT Plugins PAXSEM DSEEP mance. It is aimed at making processes and performance more efficient. In the context Simula6on Simula6on Simula6on Tools for of Complex Services Controlling, Branch standards and analysis services simula6on-­‐based P3.2 analyses and evaluates the progress of tools analyses complex services on a regular or incident- related basis. What is more, P3.2 contrib- SEP – Synthe6c Environment Providing utes to continuous performance reviews Simula6on-­‐based (BEK) regarding the outsourced services for analyses MTDS – Mission Training Through Distributed Simula6on vehicle fleet management (Bundeswehr- Basic groundwork for advanced development FuhrparkService GmbH, BwFPS), Armed Forces clothing (LH Bundeswehr Beklei- Bundeswehr simula6on and test dungsgesellschaft mbH, LHBw), and Army NATO, EDA and bilateral ac6vi6es environment; Bundeswehr modeling maintenance logistics (Heeresinstandset- and simula6on working group zungslogistik GmbH, HIL) by preparing a special report. In order to ensure the uni- Key R&T activities in the field of M&S form application of all controlling proce- dures in the directorates and agencies, P3 Database” (DBIZA). This database provides The Press and Information Centre of the also acts as an advisor. … information on the results from interna- organisational area for Equipment, Infor- Division P4 encompasses Parliamentary tional armaments bodies and cooperation mation Technology and In-Service Sup- and Cabinet Issues, Federal Audit Office programmes for spokespersons, delegates port (AIN) handles information activities affairs, and Internal Revision. and the BAAINBw executive level. It is also by being the point of contact for media Branch P4.1 “Parliamentary and Cabinet BAAINBW‘s central point of contact with representatives or citizens regarding any Issues” is responsible for coordinating and regard to all matters relating to OCCAR questions relating to the range of tasks answering all cabinet and parliamentary (Organisation Conjointe de Coopération en covered by the AIN organisational area. inquiries (e.g. major and minor interpel- Matière d‘Armement) and EDA (European When it comes to public relations work, PIZ lations, petitions, correspondence with Defence Agency), ensuring that German AIN is responsible for any participation by the Parliamentary Commissioner for the interests are represented in the context of BAAINBw in public events, and for creat- Armed Forces) in cooperation with the international armaments cooperation dur- ing multimedia information. What is more, competent elements within BAAINBw and ing the reform and further development the Centre also handles general media op- its subordinate agencies. It also handles the of the European testing landscape. Other erations: evaluating press publications on preparation of political visits (by members tasks handled by P2.4 include the support a daily basis, preparing articles for various of parliament, the FMoD executive group, of ITOPs (International Test Operating Pro- (specialist) magazines, and similar activities. etc.) to BAAINBw and its agencies. In addi- cedures) and the consolidation of Test & In the AIN organisational area, PIZ AIN is tion, this Branch prepares information and Evaluation (T&E) capacities on a European also home to the online editorial team in documents required by BAAINBw‘s execu- level by using the DTEB (Defence Test and charge of maintaining the BAAINBw‘s in- tive level for participation in the meetings Evaluation Database). This Branch is also tranet and internet webpages, as well as of the Defence and Budget Committee. responsible for developing concepts for the providing conceptual support to AIN with Concerning Federal Audit Office affairs, support of foreign delegations as part of regard to online work. P4.1 manages in a leading capacity, all au- bilateral annual armaments programmes. Division P3 “Risk Management and Con- dit projects brought forward by the Federal The spectrum of issues covers the whole trolling” is responsible for BAAINBw con- Audit Office and the regional audit offices. range of tasks of BAAINBw and its subor- trolling tasks across directorate or agency It also coordinates the auditing affairs of dinate agencies. boundaries, i. e. Central Controlling (ZC). It Internal Revision. 

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 9  COMBAT Combat Directorate (K)

The BAAINBw Combat Directorate (K) is mainly responsible for K1.2 evaluates systems and assesses costs, i.e. supports the system-specific part in weapon systems and their associated components. Projects focus on the development of weapon systems, main battle tanks, armoured transport vehicles and a wide range of evaluates the technical and tactical system performance and conducts cost-benefit armament, air defence and artillery systems. The Combat Directorate analyses. is also in charge of infantry and engineer systems. As another main task it also models and evaluates the effect of ammunition on ground and air targets. Particular impor- AAINBw‘s technical expertise is split analyses relevant project and performance tance is attributed to the protection against Bamong four project divisions: data in preparation of executive decisions. the latest threats to vehicles in operation. • Ground-Based Air Defence Systems (K3) Its main responsibilities are strategic con- All directorates and projects deal with the • Air-/Shipborne Weapon Systems, Anti- trolling, project controlling, budget control- various aspects of protection subsumed Armour Systems (K4) ling and resource management. under the heading of “survivability“. • Armoured Combat and Transport Sys- The Economic and Technical Affairs Divi- Network centric operations, increasingly tems (K5), and sion (K1) supports the Directorate in tech- required by intelligent mobile platforms, • Artillery, Infantry and Engineer Systems nical and economic matters across pro- are handled by K1.2 under the topic “sys- (K6). jects. The K1 Division Chief is responsible tronics“. National and international dem- These four divisions are supported by the for planning and realising all research and onstrators such as the “Joint Operational interdisciplinary Divisions for Economic and technology activities for ground-based Demonstrator for Advanced Applications“ Technical Affairs (K1) and Economic and weapon systems. (JODAA) have already been presented in Legal Affairs (K2), assisting them in project The Division is split into three branches. this context. and in-service management as well as re- Research and technology, system tech- K1.2 also manages the “Joint Fire Support“ search and technology. nology and international cooperation are programme. The Director of the Combat Directorate is pooled in Branch K1.1, with K1.1 taking Branch K1.3 is responsible for technical supported by KAS Directorate Staff and charge of these matters for the entire safety and documentation. This includes KAC Directorate Controlling. directorate. Among others, K1.1 handles ensuring operational and functional safety KAS Directorate Staff is responsible for cen- and coordinates all fields of technology of defence materiel and ammunition in tral organisational and administrative mat- within its responsibility. Its main focus is particular. Projects are supported by ma- ters relating to personnel, initial and further on protection, ground vehicles, autono- terial documentation. State-of-the-art training and the organisational structure of my, weapons, ammunition, missiles and technology helps developing “Interactive the Directorate. KAS is the central point rockets, extended air defence and the sol- Electronic Technical Documentation“ to of contact for all members of Directorate dier as a system. support the users. K1.3 also manages pro- K and an interface to the other BAAINBw Study results are immediately integrated jects on fuse technology and initiates ap- directorates. into projects and analyses. Furthermore, propriate research and technology studies. An essential element of command and con- K1.1 represents BAAINBw in international It takes care of all central matters of am- trol support, KAC Directorate Controlling research and technology bodies. munition use and all interdisciplinary tasks and supervises the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Protective and Special Technolo- RaLBCC gies (WTD 52) and the Bundeswehr Techni- • Operations command cal Center for Weapons and Ammunition • Mission planning Longe-range radar Warfare • • Volume search (WTD 91). Fire control Source: Bundeswehr MFCR • • Slew to cue for The five branches of the K2 Division for • Fire control MFCR • Classification, Economic and Legal Affairs are in charge of Diskrimination public procurement, contract management & Identification Communication • Integrierted fire control network and contract award for the Combat Direc- • Flexible ad-hoc Architecture torate. These branches prepare, conclude IRIS-T SL • Cost-efficent and process contracts for the individual • Airborne targets at medium distances projects but also contracts that affect more PAC-3 MSE • Vertical launch than one project within the Directorate‘s • Hit-to-kill cabability against TBM Medium range radar area of responsibility. This includes – as • Airborne targets at large distances • Volume search was the case in the past – contracts on the • Almost vertical launch • Fire control for IRIS-T SL in-service phase of defence materiel. The contract branches also support the projects in concluding national and international MFCR = Multifunctional Fire Control Radar agreements. K2 also assists foreign nations RaLBCC= Roll and Level-Based Combat Center which bought defence materiel from the PAC-3 MSE = Patriot Advanced Capability-3 Missile Segment Enhancement IRIS-T SL = Infra Red Imaging System Tail/Thrust Vector-Controlled Surface Launched Federal Republic of Germany in conclud- ing and handling contracts with German An overview of all TLVS sub-systems industry. One branch of this Division is spe-

10 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 Photos: WTD 52

AUTOFLUG milSERVICE SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE ARMED FORCES

Free-field test track The German Armed Forces and AUTOFLUG are working side by side in order to rescue and ensure the survival of soldiers on deployment. A winning model with a future – THINKING SAFETY

Economic full-service concepts for the maintenance and repair of rescue and safety equipment for all mission critical applications and systems – just-in-time and around the globe for maximum mission readiness.

EFFICIENT CAPACITY Free-field test track covered by tent UTILIZATION

HIGH LEVEL OF SAFEGUARDING QUALIFICATION CORE SKILLS FOR SOLDIERS

Construction of the land mine and IED detection facility in Oberjettenberg

cialised in matters of pricing regulations for public contracts and in charge of negotiating prices with contractors. Two examples of the work done by the Combat Directorate are described below: the tactical air defence system project, and physical IED detection as part of functional supervision.

Tactical Air Defence System (TADS)

In June 2015, the Chief of Defence chose a new tactical air de- fence system for the Bundeswehr. From the mid-2020s onwards, it will replace the Patriot weapon system currently in use by the German Air Force. The new TADS is a ground-based air defence missile system within the lower intercept envelope. It will have the ability to More at www.autoflug.de/milserv detect and engage airborne threats with a 360° coverage.

THINKING SAFETY

AFG_Anzeige_ServicesKoop_RZ_030516.indd 1 04.05.16 09:22 Source: WTD 52 physical IED detection are discussed in the working group and managed by K6.4, the competent branch of BAAINBw. WTD 52 is also in charge of projects and stud- ies regarding physical IED detection and promotes international cooperation in this field. The necessary studies, trials and tests re- quire a specific infrastructure to ensure that specific basic conditions (including different types of IED, varying environmental con- ditions, and diverse soil compositions) can be adequately simulated. For this purpose, WTD 52 has a unique test environment at "visibility limit" its disposal. The year 2014 saw the comple- tion of a free-field test facility for vehicle- Simplified illustration of how ground properties affect the detection mounted IED detection systems. This facil- depth of a ground-penetrating radar. Note the “visual limit” ity consists of six test tracks, each of them approx. 13 m long and 5 m wide. Each of The TADS will thus be able to provide with the naked eye. There are, however, the test tracks has been furnished with a protection against current and foresee- technologies that – under certain condi- different ground surface to include many able airborne threats such as helicopters, tions – allow the detection of subsurface different degrees of difficulty when testing planes, UAV, and cruise missiles, as well objects. The most successful IED detection a broad range of detector systems. Special as short and medium-range ballistic mis- systems available today make use of a com- attention is paid to ensuring that tests are siles. It can be used under all weather bination of metal detectors and ground- comparable, regardless of the specific de- conditions and has been designed with penetrating radar (GPR). ployment area. network-centric operations in mind. To make sure that the tests conducted at The new air defence missile system will Physical Detection the free-field facility can be reproduced, allow Germany to make a significant In the context of the reorientation of the the impact of weather conditions has to be contribution to NATO‘s capability profile Bundeswehr since 2012, the issue of physi- eliminated as far as possible. To this end, a with regard to ground-based air defence, cal IED detection has been assigned to the tent provides provisional coverage for the particularly for the interception of tactical Bundeswehr Technical Center for Protec- free-field test tracks. ballistic missiles within the lower intercept envelope. By utilising the system‘s vari- ous sensors and weapons, Germany can respond to future operational scenarios in a manner that is tailored to the threat and situation at hand. Specific modules, for example, will make the situation-based planning of operational contingents more effective and efficient. Furthermore, the TADS‘ open systems architecture supports a “plug & fight” option, i.e. the automatic integration of different system compo- nents into one overarching system, as well as total interoperability in accordance with NATO standards. This allows for a thorough integration of partner nations into one joint integrated air defence system.

Physical IED Detection Geophysical ground analysis at WTD 52

Improvised explosive devices (IED) have tive and Special Technologies (WTD 52). Its At present, WTD 52 is building another test increasingly been a threat to our soldiers work includes identifying and facilitating environment – an almost metal-free facility in many of the countries the Bundeswehr new potential IED detection technologies, for land mine and IED detection – to meet operates in, particularly in Afghanistan. as well as compliance demonstration ac- the physical IED detection requirements of In asymmetric conflicts, such devices are tivities for innovative detection systems. In the future. Due to its special type of con- usually the weapon of choice for the tech- addition, WTD 52 takes part in the monthly struction, the detector systems to be tested nologically inferior party. They are a major meetings of the integrated project team will remain mostly unimpeded by interfer- cause of fatal and severe injuries of soldiers, (IPT) for the “German route-clearance sys- ences from metal components in the facil- local security forces, and civilians alike. In tem (GE RCSys)”, contributing its specific ity structure. The new facility is also unique many cases, IED are hidden in the ground, expertise on this issue. WTD 52 also chairs due to its dimensions: it is a building 70 m e.g. beneath the road surface, making a subgroup of the Armaments Working long, 20 m wide and has a ceiling height them hard or even impossible to detect Group on C-IED. Any matters relating to of 4.5 m. Once it has been completed, it

12 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 COMBAT  will feature six detection tracks with differ- penetrating radar (GPR) bridges this gap. Current Testing ent surface types. This land mine and IED Ground-penetrating radars, like other sen- At the moment, planning for compliance detection facility in Oberjettenberg will be sors, require electronics and software; in demonstration activities regarding the used as a technical test centre for hand- addition, they comprise transmitting and FUCHS KAI ATV is going full speed at all held and vehicle-mounted systems for the receiving elements. Based on the radar BAAINBw agencies involved. The FUCHS physical detection of IED. principle, electromagnetic waves are emit- KAI ATV is a supplement to the GE RCSys, ted into the ground. Then, the returning a combination of vehicles used for detect- Core Principles of Physical IED reflections are analysed. Just as with metal ing and clearing subsurface IED. The FUCHS Detection detectors, the efficiency of a GPR is limited KAI ATV was designed to support the The infrastructure created at WTD 52 is by ground characteristics such as attenua- search for IED placed along road margins used for compliance testing of physical tion or electric permittivity. and hard-to-access locations. It is a modi- IED detection systems. The systems most Under certain ground conditions, IED can- fied version of the FUCHS ATV augmented widely used today combine a metal detec- not be detected by a GPR. In order to tackle by detection, recce and manipulation com- tor and a ground-penetrating radar. this risk, adequate methods and proce- ponents. Metal detectors include, as a minimum, dures for ground analysis and assessment For the most part, the detection systems a search coil and a receiving sensor, plus are required. currently available and undergoing testing the necessary electronics and software. A The Hanover-based Leibniz Institute for Ap- can detect IED only once the detector vehi- low-frequency alternating current pass- plied Geophysics (LIAG) is currently coop- cle is right above the object posing a threat. es through the search coil, producing a erating with WTD 52 to examine an easy- It would be preferable to have detection magnetic field. If this field meets a metal to-use ground analysis procedure which systems capable of detecting IED from a object, the object itself will produce an- would allow users to decide whether or longer distance as this would significantly other field which can then be detected not using a GPR makes sense under the reduce the risk to our own forces. To this by the metal detector‘s receiving coil. given ground conditions. If the examina- end, a forward-looking radar is in the pipe- The efficiency of a metal detector signifi- tion is successful, this ground analysis pro- line. cantly depends not only on the system‘s cedure might be integrated into a commer- While there have been some promising im- particular characteristics but also on the cial device. After successful development, pressions, the forward-looking radar tech- ground‘s magnetic permeability. Metal this ground analysis procedure may then nology tested is not yet what one might call detectors are, however, not suitable for become part of the GE RCSys and its sup- “marketable”. There are still several years of detecting nonmetallic IED. A ground- plementary systems. research work to go. 

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Combat Directorate – Glossary

Project managed by Multi-option mortar/artillery fuse K1 Joint Fire Support (JFS) K1 PATRIOT (upgraded) K3 MEADS K3 SysFla air defence system K3 NBS C-RAM (close-in range counter rocket artillery mortar) air defence weapon system K3 TORNADO precision weapon K4 EUROFIGHTER precision weapon K4 FUCHS ATV: improvement of protective properties K4 90 mm direct/indirect fire effector for special operations forces K4 MELLS weapon station K4 Laser target designation system K4 TAURUS 2.1 MSOW for engagement of infrastructure targets K4 RAM Block 2 ship-to-air guided missile K4 ESSM ship-to-air missile K4 Standard Missile 2 (SM 2) ship-to-air missile K4 RAM upgrade K4 IRIS-T short-range air-to-air guided missile K4 METEOR medium-range air-to-air guided missile K4 PUMA armoured infantry fighting vehicle K5 WIESEL 2 armoured tracked vehicle K5 BV 206 S K5 FENNEK scout vehicle K5 BOXER MRAV K5 Upgrade of 120 mm tank gun for LEOPARD 2 MBT K5 30 mm KETF (kinetic energy time fuse) cartridge K5 30 mm x 173 LS practice cartridge K5 120 mm x 570 HE cartridge K5 Recoilless naval gun K5 Mortar combat system command vehicles K6 PzH 2000 self-propelled howitzer K6 MARS/MLRS GMLRS guided rocket K6 Rocket launcher upgrading K6 120 mm mortar delivery platform K6 155 mm HE MOD 2000 projectile K6 120 mm high-explosive mortar cartridge NG K6 Multispectral 120 mm mortar smoke shell K6 120 mm infrared illuminating mortar shell K6 155 mm projectile (smoke, multispectral) K6 FENNEK equipment K6 GFF/GTF mobile weapon station K6 Follow-on generation MG K6 Instrumentation for armoured vehicle-launched bridge K6

14 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 AIR  Air Directorate (L)

The Air Directorate (L) of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw) is responsible for the management of all aviation projects. When Directorate L assumed Material Responsibility for Operational Viability, in-service support tasks were added to its original tasks such as realisation. The in-service and supply responsibility, however, remains with the services.

his meant that the Air Directorate (L) and deals with cross-sectional and cross • L1.5 is responsible for “software main- Thad to take over a large number of tasks project tasks of the Air Directorate. tenance of flying weapon systems” and from the services previously responsible, • Branch L1.1 is responsible for topics deal- cooperates closely with the Systems particularly from the Air Force. For the pur- ing with defence research and technolo- Center 14 in Manching. pose of handling these tasks, Directorate gy (R&T). The so-called task area 30 “Aer- • L1.6 provides the specialist competence L has doubled its number of posts – par- ospace Systems” is particularly character- for aviation-specific product families as ticularly military posts – to approx. 750 by ised by the research on and provision of well as for common ground support incorporating personnel from all services. concepts and technologies for manned and test equipment, maintenance de- Directorate L deals with important major and unmanned aerial vehicles (helicop- pot equipment and training equipment. projects as well as aeronautical equipment. ters and fixed-wing aircraft) including Furthermore, it is intended to set up a The spectrum ranges from very agile fighter the associated aspects such as functional central branch responsible for depot level jets, transport and special aircraft, state-of- on-board systems, mission planning and maintenance planning and control. the-art helicopter systems, unmanned aer- management, avionics, flight guidance, The “Economic and Legal Affairs” Division ial vehicles, tactical UAVs and space-based flight control and cognition as well as (L2) – consisting of altogether five con- reconnaissance systems down to crew res- aviation propulsion systems. Specifically, tracting branches provides project support cue and protection systems, simulators as the tasks are focused on unmanned air- with respect to contractual/legal issues well as training equipment. Furthermore, craft systems (UAS), aircraft propulsion (contracting branches L2.1 to L2.4) and is Directorate L is responsible for maintaining systems, system concept and associated responsible for price negotiations (Branch the operational viability of weapon systems technologies for a Future Combat Air L2.5) in the context of contract negotia- in use which have been introduced recently System (FCAS), increase of the degree tions and administration. Furthermore, Di- or many years ago. of automation (not only) for rotary wing vision L2 provides project support within Almost all major projects are managed by aircraft taking into consideration crew as- the scope of international negotiations and multinational – mainly European – partner- sistance systems, certification and team- agreements. ships and management agencies. ing as well as on a stratospheric platform The additional L3 to L7 divisions of the Air Directorate L monitors its (weapon) sys- for C4ISR1. These topics are handled at Directorate are particularly product- and tems over the entire course of the project national as well as international level project-oriented. The L3 to L7 divisions in accordance with the amended Customer (e.g. EDA or NATO); thus, an overarching are mainly responsible for managing and/ Product Management (CPM) procedure analysis and assessment capability has to or monitoring products and services within covering the following aspects: be ensured. the aforementioned spectrum over their • system-related research and technol- • For organisational reasons, the designa- entire life cycle. The individual divisions ogy, tion of branch L1.2 has not been deter- have the following responsibilities: • participation in the analysis phase in mined yet. • L3: In-service transport and special air- cooperation with the Planning Office • L1.3 is responsible for aspects regard- craft, MPA P-3C, TORNADO, rescue, (partly via Directorate P) as well as in ing the in-service use of aerial systems, special flight and parachute systems, • the realization and in-service phase by technical supervision of the Bundeswehr aviation-specific aspects within the cur- means of management and support of Technical Center WTD 61 in Manching, rent regulatory space. In this context, it all projects regarding manned and un- questions of flight safety such as the should be noted that L3 supports the manned aerial vehicles (aircraft) as well handling of aircraft accidents/incidents holder of the military type certification as flying or space-borne reconnaissance as well as for issuing special flight op- in exercising his/her duties; systems of the Bundeswehr as well as erations waivers (flight operations on • L4: all Bundeswehr helicopters/rotary • system engineering and integration of weekends, supersonic and low-level wing aircraft; subsystems including armament. flights). • L5: Airborne and space-based reconnais- This includes high-priority procurement in • L1.4 is responsible for materiel docu- sance systems, electronic warfare (EW) the context of “fast-track initiatives for op- mentation regarding status 5 (= Air including unmanned aerial vehicles; erations“. Force) materiel as well as materiel under • L6: EUROFIGHTER and the in-service and supply responsibility • L7: A400M. Structure of the Chief of Staff, Air Force that is The Directorate Staff (LAS) supports the used by other Bundeswehr major or- Director in administrative matters. Further- Directorate L is structured as follows ac- ganisational elements. more, the Directorate Controlling organisa- cording to its tasks and products: tion (LAC) is responsible for the project-re- The “Economic and Technical Affairs” Divi- 1 Command, Control, Communications, Computers, lated data processing for continuous time, sion (L1) currently comprises five branches Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance performance and cost monitoring.

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 15  XXXXXXX: XXXXXXXX

The aircraft taken over from the Nether- lands between 2004 and 2006 in used condition show strong signs of fatigue and corrosion in the wing area requiring exten- sive repair work. The purpose of the “Rewinging” project is to replace the wings and horizontal tail by new parts. To this end, a contract with a consortium consisting of the original parts manufacturer – Lockheed Martin – and the integrator – Airbus – was concluded to real- ise these extensive measures by 2023. Since the acoustic processors and the weapon computer, which are highly important for antisubmarine warfare, are obsolete, major parts of the mission avionics have to be ex-

Photo: MFG3 picture library changed because supply and maintenance P-3C during flight with extended MX-20 camera of the old parts are no longer provided. Since the systems to be replaced include software components in which the US Na- vy has property rights, this modernisation measure is performed as Foreign Military

Source: BAAINBw Sales (FMS) case under US Navy control. This means that configuration control of the hardware and software that is subject to restrictions in accordance with the Inter- national Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) is ensured. To this end, the US Navy will conclude a contract with the original air- craft manufacturer – Lockheed Martin – which in turn will award a subcontract to Airbus for the integration. The respective Letter of Acceptance (LOA) was signed on 6 July 2015. The equipment currently used for instru- ment flight no longer complies with the legal requirements. Furthermore, there are major problems with respect to com- munication and navigation due to obso- Schematic representation of the lescences. Thus, a prototype installation repair work approved by the German parliament and for the exchange of significant navigation the respective contracts were concluded and communication components was A detailed explanation of all weapon sys- shortly afterwards. performed within the scope of the project tems and their associated simulators, train- ing equipment, facilities etc. would be far beyond the scope of this article. Therefore, a few selected projects of the Air Directo- rate are presented below which are repre-

sentative of the large number of projects Photos: Bundeswehr and the broad spectrum of project tasks:

P-3C ORION Maritime Patrol and Anti-Submarine Aircraft In June 2014, the Chief of Defence decid- ed to extend the service life of the P-3C ORION maritime patrol and anti-submarine aircraft. Based on this decision, extensive measures to maintain the weapon system‘s capability until 2035 were initiated. In this context, three major upgrade projects were initiated to ensure the weapon sys- tem‘s operational readiness over this pe- LUNA airborne unmanned short-range reconnaissance system; riod. On 1 July 2015, all three projects were launch in Afghanistan

16 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 “Maintaining the Instrumented Flight Rules (IFR) capability”. Airbus is the prime con- tractor and Rockwell Collins (USA) as well as Rohde & Schwarz are the major subcon- tractors. The necessary change projects altogether comprise a financial volume of almost €600 million, and the branch with lead responsi- bility will have a large amount of coordina- tion work over the next few years since the upgrade measures are partially performed in parallel to other maintenance and repair tasks to further ensure maximum opera- tional availability of the aircraft. KZO target acquisition drone (Kleinfluggerät Zielortung) HUSAR – the Future Tactical Air Reconnaissance System manned system for medium range recon- to operation, take-off and landing ca- of the Army naissance) project was already started in pability without using fixed structures; 2012 in order to replace the LUNA and • ballistic protection for the operators; The plans for the future tactical unmanned KZO systems in due time by a successor • endurance of more than 12 hours; air reconnaissance system of the German system adapted to the extended Army ca- • reconnaissance ranges of up to 100 kilo- Army were based on the highly important pability requirements in this field. The re- metres; mission-relevant reconnaissance require- quirements to be fulfilled by such a system • operating altitudes of up to 6,000 ments, which continue to increase in qual- have been summarised in the “Capability meters (International Standard Atmos- ity and quantity. Since the planned service Gap and Functional Requirement” (FFF) phere, ASL) and life of the systems used so far – LUNA and document under the project name “Ab- • use of an efficient, commercially avail- KZO – will end in 2020, the German Army bildende Aufklärung in mittlerer Reich- able and modular multi-sensor system. will be confronted with a capability gap in weite für bodengebundene Operationen” In order to ensure sustainable operation the field of airborne reconnaissance in the (Medium-range imagery reconnaissance of the new system within the entire op- range of up to 100 kilometres. for ground-based operations, AAmRbO). erational area of the Bundeswehr – par- Based on this, the HUSAR (Hocheffizientes The system‘s technical core parameters are ticularly with respect to common opera- Unbemanntes System zur Aufklärung summarised as follows: tions with partner nations – while meeting mittlerer Reichweite – Highly efficient un- • maximum mobility and availability due future needs, the standardisation agree- ESD Spotlight

Published by New Fortnightly Newsletter

Issue 2 / 2015 European Security & Defence is escorted by the new bi-weekly newsletter ESD Spotlight which is distributed by email. ESD Spotlight is available free of charge. You can order your subscription by Procurement programmes in Sweden sending an informal email message to [email protected]. Sweden not only chairs the Nordic Defense genera- Cooperation (NORDEFCO), the Swedish Ar- tion sub- med Forces have also several procurement marines projects on schedule for 2015. The largest (NGU) Alternatively, there is a subscription order form on the magazine’s website at www.euro-sd.com. three programmes comprise the develop- for Swe- ment of the next generation of the JAS Gripen den. Content fighter system (JAS E), the development of The new the next generation submarine (NGU) and the subma- • Sweden modification of the Leopard main battle tank rines will base on the Type 612 submarines, Issue 2 / 2015 system. that Saab Kockums has built for the Royal Aus- Issue 2 / 2015 • Defence Issue 2 / 2015 tralian Navy. 2 7 • Technology Next generation of the JAS Gripen But there will be changes, since the Australi- The Swedish government ordered 60 JAS Gri- an submarine has 4,000 tonnes and the Swe- 3 • Industry pen E (plus 10 as option) with scheduled de- dish NGO programme is heading for a 3,000 defence • IDEX Preview livery from 2018 to 2027. Contrary to initial tonnes submarine with some elements of the technology plans all the future JAS Gripen E will be new- cancelled A26 programme included. gressive dive/ decisions to strengthen NAtO built fighters and not upgrades of existing Gri- The first of the five Swedish submarines is The second firing was at very close range - pull-up evasi- the size and scope of a new very high rea- The defence ministers also decided to IRIS-t SL demonstrates to the launch point to prove the missi ve manoeu- Defence) Diehl (Photo: (df) The defence ministers of the NATO diness force or Spearhead Force. “We deci- immediately establish six command and MAStheAd pen C. The first flight of the pre-production planned to be operating by 2023. full performance le´s short range engagement capabilities. vres. countries have taken several decisions to ded that this very high readiness force will control units in Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, JAS Gripen E is expected within this year. During this firing, IRIS-T SL jettisoned its IRIS-T SL is strengthen the Alliance’s collective de- consist of a land brigade of around 5,000 Lithuania, Poland and Romania. (df) With system validation completed Roketsan eSd Spotlight The JAS Gripen E will be slightly larger than Modification of the Leopard last year, Diehl Defence´s IRIS-T Surface - aerodynamic cover shortly after launch the missile fence. NATO Secretary General Jens Stol- troops. These will be supported by air, www.nato.int Email newsletter of the bimonthly magazine Launched (IRIS-T SL) SAM system demons immediately initiating a hard turn-over of the new tenberg said the decisions would “ensure sea and special forces”, said Stoltenberg. (df) Roketsan will display several new and/ the predecessors. Giving place to an increase The Swedish version of the main battle tank “European Security & Defence” (ESD) trated its full performance. All of the jet - manoeuvre towards the low flying target. IRIS-T SLM that we have the right forces, in the right He explained the Spearhead Force would or enhanced products at the IDEX 2015. tegrated and used by AH-1W Cobra helicop- of the fuselage tank with the new and bigger Leopard has additional protection, including target drones of different sizes, which per The entire engagement lasted less than 10 air defence place, at the right time”. The ministers be backed up by two more brigades “as a Very interesting is the 2.75” Laser Guided ter, AT-802 Arc Angel Border Patrol Aircraft editor-in-Chief: Dr. Peter Bossdorf system and NATO) (Photo: Missile, so called “CIRIT”, an all-up round nose bearing most of the main gear. The com- overall coverage, mine protection, an extra formed a large variety of realistic evasive seconds with a direct hit. agreed on the implementation of a so rapid reinforcement capability in case of and on EC635 Light Combat Helicopter. weapon stations, autonomous stationary/ deputy editor-in-Chief: Henning Bartels manoeuvres, were directly hit. The third firing was carried out against is planned to called Spearhead Force. a major crisis. Altogether, the enhanced missile designed to eliminate light armored, CIRIT is also integrated on vehicle mounted mobile weapon platforms, stabilized naval Managing editors: Dorothee Frank (newslet- pany Saab stated, that the new fighter has an bomblet protection for the turret, a modern The first target was engaged at a distance of a very small, fast and agile target drone - be a compo- Also the NATO Response Force will be en- NATO Response Force will count up to stationary/moving opportunity targets with weapon platforms for patrol boats and Tac- ter) and Stephen Barnard (magazine) increase of 40% in internal fuel capacity. command system and an improved fire-con- more than 30 km. The IRIS-T SL missile flight featuring high agility and extreme mano nent of the future German Air and Missile hanced. The Defence Ministers agreed on around 30,000 troops.” high precision and affordable cost. CIRIT, tical UAV. The combat proven CIRIT has a editors: Gerhard Heiming (gwh), Yuri Laski (yl) Defence System. designed as the main weapon system of Apart from this two additional weapon sta- trol system. time was about one minute reaching an alti- euvrebility. A direct hit was achieved at a quite long range with 8 km, MEMS Based tude above 12 km. Despite an evasive mano- range of 12.5 km range at an altitude of 1.5 www.diehl.com/en/diehl-defence.html T-129 ATAK Turkish attack helicopter, is in- IMU, restriction-free components, Type V Layout: davis creativ media GmbH, Bonn, tions have been installed. The JAS Gripen E At the moment the Swedish Armed Forces euvre involving changing direction and alti- km even though the drone performed ag- NORdeFCO plans more cooperation border defence cooperation. Also Sweden from Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania insensitive munitions characteristics for Germany tude, a direct hit of the target was achieved. (Photo: Roketsan)warhead and rocket motor against bullet im- Photo front page: Matthias Kabel will also have a new landing gear, modern sen- plan further improvements and uses of the (df) The Nordic Defense Cooperation is pushing forward an initiative to form and Norway. te Connectivity nes and IED, which will be completed by pact and liquid fluid fire and smart launcher. sor configuratuions like the Selex Skyward-G Leopard. Especially the communication sys- (NORDEFCO), consisting of Denmark, Fin- a modular Nordic-Baltic battle group The aims of the Swedish initiatives are to guarantor of basic protection against small mine-protection-seats and spall-liners. A (df) TE Connectivity will display it’s latest www.roketsan.com.tr Published by land, Iceland, Norway and actual chaired (NBBG), that could be seen as a counter- give more protection to areas, such as Arc- infrared search and track (IRST) turret or the tems and a weight reduced armour system are Protected Bulat 6x6 for the fire and shell splinters. The V-shaped bel- remote weapon station may be fitted to electrical interconnect solutions that provi- vehicle must carry. The result of networ Mittler Report Verlag GmbH by Sweden, wants to improve the collec- part of the EU Nordic Battle Group (NBG), tic region or Baltic Sea. Russian Army ly provides protection against blast of mi- the roof. Kamaz contributes subsystems - de connectivity and high-speed data trans- king is an overall reduction in the size and A company of Tamm Media Group advanced interrogation friend-or-foe suite. in the focus. Elements of the Leopard 2A7, in tive border defence by installing a cross- that is led by Sweden with soldiers coming www.government.se (gwh) The Russian Army has ordered 50 like the Diesel power train with 191 kW in mission for networking in armored vehicles weight of systems within each vehicle, less - space savings, and a variety of options in service at the German Armed Forces, will be cluding transmissions and suspensions for - in electronic warfare and C4ISR applications. redundancy in the network, and yet great Mittler Report Verlag GmbH protected type Bulat SBA-60-K2 armoured The equipment fit inclu gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) con Next generation submarine included. personnel carriers for a crew of ten from axles and wheels. Goldstein new General Manager A system of networked ground vehicles ability for vehicles to share data and elec- nectivity to help meet tough application

Baunscheidtstrasse 11 Khlopotov) A. (Photo: Improved HAWK Officer Course at the GAF Manager des a central tire inflation system (CTIS), air NAMeAdSMA provides situational awareness for troops tronic warfare capabilities. challenges. Also on display at the booth, - 53113 Bonn, Germany The first programme on procuring modern sub- Additionally Sweden purchased three Leguan the manufacturer Zashcita. The first 15 are Air Defense School, Ft. Bliss, Texas, in 1981. & Director to be delivered before the end of 2015. conditioning, fire suppression system and on the battlefield, as well as reduces the TE will feature several rugged and flexible TE will be showcasing its compact, high- Phone: +49 228 350087-0 (df) Col. Michael T. Goldstein of the Ger- Later, Goldstein served as a platoon leader Technical In- marines to replace the four Walrus serving in bridge layers on Leopard 2 chassis. In this vari- With less than 20 tons gross weight the racks for personal weapons. number of independent systems that each end-to-end solutions that offer design speed CeeLok FAS-T connector. The CeeLok Telefax: +49 228 350087-1 man Air Force was assigned the position Hawk at the 4th Battery SAM Battalion 34 tegration on NAMEADSMA) (Photo: the Swedish Navy, known as the A26 program- ant, the Leguan is capable of laying a 26 metre vehicle features a payload of 3.5 tons www.zashchita.ru engineers modularity for easy integra- FAS-T connector among the most rugged, Email: [email protected] of General Manager of the NATO Medium in Manching, later Head of Patriot Scena- 01 July 2014 depending on the protection level. The tion, advanced components for weight and 10 GbE, field terminable I/O connectors in www.mittler-report.de me, has been cancelled in February 2014. Then bridge or two 14 metre bridges independent Extended Air Defense System Manage- rio Generation Seciton, GAFADS, Ft. Bliss, and now Ge- FN herstal all-welded steel monocoque hull is the the defence marketplace. going to test the containers with regard to ment Agency (NAMEADSMA) on 01 Febru- Texas. Other assignments included Deputy neral Mana- Managing Directors: Thomas Bantle, Dr. Peter in December 2014 an agreement between of each other, whose MLC 80 (approx. 70 ton- (df) FN Herstal will show several of it’s www.te.com ary 2015. He took over the responsibili- System Manager Patriot at the Federal Mi- ger & Direc- Bossdorf and Peter Tamm Saab and Damen Shipyards was announced nes) load capacity can be used by even heavy ners from Multicon Solar and can be used if and how solar power can be integrated modern weapon systems and firearms at fence, this highly modular system gives Smart energy container ties from Gregory Kee, who had been the nistry of Defence for almost three years. On tor Technical The company is located in Bonn as power plants for military camps and bi- with the energy supply of military camps. IDEX and also be hosting a variety of exhi- naval ships and coastguards the armament to jointly develop, offer and build the next equipment. Dorothee Frank agency‘s General Manager since Novem- 01 August 2012 Goldstein became Director Integration District Court of Bonn – HRB 18658 (gwh) The German Armed Forces have - vouacs. They are designed to replace or to - www.multicon-solar.de bits that allow attendees to view up close to be in control at all times. It can be moun- ber 2008. Goldstein joined the German Air Technical Integration at NAMEADSMA, fol- NAMEADSMA. Identification number DE 811 223 089 procured mobile containers with high per bolster fuel-operated generators. The Ger www.aleo-solar.de its equipment. On display for the first time ted on a variety of vessels, from fast patrol formance photovoltaic modules from Aleo man procurement agency BAAINBw is now Force on 01 July 1975 and completed the lowed by the position as Deputy General http://meads-amd.com/ in the Middle East will be FN Herstal’s Sea boats up to large ships, and its universal

Herstal) Solar. The modules are integrated in contai- deFNder remote weapon station. cradle can house an extensive range of FN Whether intercepting smugglers, running Herstal weaponry. to: FN It support for Norwegian logistics (Pho fitted to a number of the Volvo Group‘s civil 1999 for military logistics including con- repair, overhaul (MRO), and supply chain. anti-terrorism operations, or for self-de- Packed with several new features, the Sea hybrid drive system vehicles that have demonstrated pollution (gwh) The Swedish International Financial figuration management, document and The Navy’s recent decision to cover addi- deFNder also has a sight module (CCD + pad control handle, and 2-axis gyroscope reduction and consumption qualities, and Services company (IFS) has rolled out the spare parts management, maintenance, tional users means that IFS’s industry solu- (gwh) As part of an advanced design plan Defense) Trucks Renault (Photo: IR uncooled or cooled), one-hand or game to provide rock solid stability on any naval Savox Communications assigned to Renault Trucks Defense, the could now be used for military applications. IFS applications to cover additional Navy tion will empower more personnel working operation. Electer demonstrator fitted with a parallel The features of the hybrid drive system are: personnel, now supporting 2,500 users deployed on one of its vessels or on land. (df) Savox Communications will be unvei- www.fnherstal.com hybrid drive system and developed on the Booster with more than 170 kW additional Large generator delivering power of up to in the Armed Forces with mission-critical The solution is distributed between vessels ling at IDEX a new future infantry soldier nally in the Middle East, where Savox alrea- (Photo: FMV) (Photo: basis of a VAB MK III has been delivered to electrical power, thereby reducing its tac- - 15 kW for mobile internal and 70 kW for configuration management, MRO, and lo- and onshore sites, also offering integration modernisation headgear system that has dy has a number of Special Forces custo- static external use. the French defence procurement agency tical “leap forward” time. Stealth mobili gistics. with the government finance and HR sys- major applications for soldiers on tomor mers, and globally. system, IMP, on which CPIC is based. The www.renault-trucks-defense.com (DGA) on 13 January 2015. ty to move silently over more than 10 km The Norwegian Armed Forces (Air Force, tem. row’s battlefield, as well as for homeland Savox will also show the compact intercom new intercom system is suited to applica- Combining an electric machine and a Diesel through the sole use of the electric motor. Army, and Navy including the Coast Guard) www.forsvaret.no security and special ops forces, both regio-- system, CPIC. The system broadens the tions on land, for the widest B-vehicle in engine, the parallel hybrid drive system is have been using IFS Applications since www.ifsworld.com C3 capabilities of Savox’ software-defined ventory, and at sea, aboard smaller vessels, lightweight, rugged command and control such as RIBs, as well as the largest, such as - destroyers and aircraft carriers. www.savox.com

MITTLER REPORT VERLAG GMBH Baunscheidtstraße 11 · 53113 Bonn · Germany Fax: +49 228 35 00 871 · [email protected] · www.mittler-report.de

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 17 ability as well as to minimise the system‘s Source: BAAINBw

product improvement logistic, infrastructural and personnel of UAS in service in footprint and provide an economic cost the Bw calculation for the next few years, a mod-

new ular structure of all system components development (including modular training) as well as the limitation of the UAV maximum takeoff weight to 150 kilograms is considered to combination of service new procurement of a be essential for the system. life extension and new commercially available procurement tactical UAS The competent Branch L5.2 is currently re- sponsible for preparing detailed solutions within the scope of the established Inte- grated Project Team (IPT). On the basis of these solutions, the Chief of Defence will make a decision. Based on current plans, the first new HUSAR system will be avail- able in the second half of 2018 and service use will start in 2019. Proposed solutions currently investigated based on the user With respect to its intended system per- requirements formance, the HUSAR system perfectly fits into the overall UAS Bundeswehr con- ments of the NATO nations applicable to “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) – Sys- cept and supplements the Medium Alti- tactical UAS are consistently taken into tems Airworthiness Requirements light” tude Long Endurance (MALE) as well as consideration. In addition to the certifica- are also applicable. the High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) tion-relevant Bundeswehr regulations, the In order to meet the user‘s core require- systems of the German Air Force at low requirements laid down in STANAG 4703 ments such as mobility and quick avail- altitude. 

Air Directorate – Glossary Designation Branch Renewal of the medium and long-haul fleet of the FMoD special Air Mission Wing L3.1 Maintenance of long-range maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare capability until 2035 L3.2 Integration of MIDS multifunctional information distribution system into TORNADO aircraft L3.3 Chaffs / Infrared decoy container for TORNADO aircraft L3.3 Upgrading electronic warfare TORNADO aircraft (IDS/ECR versions) L3.3 Upgrading TORNADO aircraft display L3.3 Service life extension of TORNADO aircraft L3.3 Product improvement CH-53 G L4.1 Light utility helicopter for Special Forces L4.1 Sensor based landing aid for CH-53 L4.1 TIGER support helicopter L4.3 NH-90 helicopter for transport and naval operations L4.4 Airborne, long-range SIGINT surveillance and reconnaissance system (SLWÜA) L5.1 Deep theatre reconnaissance and imaging system (Heron 1) L5.1 Unmanned imaging reconnaissance and surveillance in the depth of the theatre of operations L5.1 Sea-based reconnaissance drone (AlmEG); reconnaissance and identification L5.2 in the maritime theatre of operations Medium Range UAS L5.2 Radar satellite system for worldwide imaging reconnaissance (SARah) L5.3 Optical satellite system for worldwide imaging reconnaissance L5.3 Radar jamming system for Bundeswehr aircraft L5.4 EUROFIGHTER aircraft L6 AESA radar for EUROFIGHTER weapon system L6 A400M electronic warfare; DIRCM self-protection equipment L7 A400M transport aircraft L7

18 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 SEA  Sea Directorate (S)

The Sea Directorate is centrally responsible for matters related to ar- divisions are interconnected in a matrix organisation. maments and the in-service use of ships and boats of the German Na- Starting in the pre-analysis phase, the vy, navy-specific shore-based facilities, communication systems and Economic and Technical Affairs Division training facilities as well as other navy-specific equipment. It manages prepares new ship concepts in close coop- eration with the Equipment Management the units from the first procurement phases to their disposal. Thus, the Division of the P Directorate and the Bun- directorate assumes the single manager responsibility for its assigned deswehr Planning Office. The required tech- nical and economic contributions are based units, facilities and equipment “from the cradle to the grave”. on the results of a timely planning of the study and research activities with respect to contents and schedule in order to be able he Sea Directorate consists of a total of A project manager (PM) is responsible for to determine the costs in a goal-oriented Tsix divisions with different tasks and of the armaments management and in-ser- way. The branch responsible for functional the Directorate Staff and the Directorate vice support of one ship class. The project supervision (S1.1) is the control element for Controlling. Organisationally, three project managers head “integrated project teams” the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Ships divisions deal with the units afloat: in all phases of the CPM (amended). and Naval Weapons, Maritime Technology • Surface (frigates, corvettes and MKS In addition to the project divisions, the and Research (Wehrtechnische Dienststelle 180) (S3); Sea Directorate also comprises three für Schiffe und Marinewaffen, Maritime • Subsurface (submarines, mines, mine functional divisions which support the Technologie und Forschung – WTD 71) and countermeasures, subsurface weapon projects. These are the Economic and the Naval Arsenal (Marinearsenal – MArs). systems) (S4); Technical Affairs Division (S1), the Eco- The division lays the conceptual, technical • Support Units, Auxiliaries and Support nomic and Legal Affairs Division (S2) and and logistical groundwork for the projects Systems (S5). the Navy C2 Systems Division (S6). The six and provides support in all issues concern-

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Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 19 effective target engagement capabilities to counter asymmetric threats, particularly at short and very short range. The sensor suite includes, among other things, an all-new TRS-3D NR (non-rotating) radar, optronic components for short and very short range surveillance, as well as a diver detection so- nar. The F125‘s armament suite supports gradual, selective and precise effects. The ships are equipped with remote-controlled 12.7 mm Heavy Machine Guns (HMG) and two 27 mm naval recoilless guns (MLG 27) to counter asymmetric threats. The RAM (Rolling Airframe Missile) close-in weapon

Photos: Bundeswehr system and the MASS (Multi Ammunition F125 NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN after undocking in Hamburg Softkill System) decoy launcher protect the F125 from conventional threats. For ing naval engineering and with regard to steaming hours per year. The crew was re- long-range weapon effects, the vessel was the certification of all military maritime ca- duced to about half the size of the previous outfitted with HARPOON anti-ship missiles pability platforms. In addition, the division F122, F123 and F124 classes. It is planned to and Oto Melara‘s new 127mm/L64 gun is responsible for projects if the material have a permanent crew of 120 members. which allows for naval gunfire support with of different ship classes is affected cross- A number of extensive studies regarding high-precision VULCANO ammunition. sectionally. operational procedures, system availability In addition to two shipboard helicopters The Economic and Legal Affairs Division is and crew workload were conducted in or- the F125 has four 10 m tactical boats. in charge of all contracting and pricing is- der to implement the requirements regard- ARGE F125, a joint venture of ThyssenKrupp sues. ing intensive use and the crew concept. Marine Systems and Fr. Lürssen Shipyards, The Navy C2 Systems Division supports Apart from the selection of robust and low- is in charge of the construction of the ves- the project managers and the Navy dur- maintenance systems and installations with sels. In December 2013, the first class 125 ing the complete life cycle of combat di- a high degree of automation numerous ad- ship, the BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG, was rection systems (CDS) and other important ditional technical and organisational meas- christened at Blohm & Voss in Hamburg, IT-based complex subsystems like automa- ures are derived from the results. As far followed by the NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN tion systems, marine message handling as possible, the verification of the intensive on 16 April 2015. The production and out- systems (MMHS) or tactical data links use capability will be demonstrated during fitting of the BADEN-WÜRTTEMBERG have (TDL). Furthermore, the S6 Division man- ship construction until 2016. However, the almost been completed; currently extensive ages IT-based cross-sectional products of actual “acid test” will be carried out by the activities regarding the commissioning of maritime shore-based facilities, communi- Navy in the context of a 12-month opera- the equipment and systems are ongoing. cation systems and training facilities and tional suitability test. These will lead to the testing of the weap- is also responsible for the approval of the The F125 is equipped with innovative sen- on system at sea (contractor trials) in April above-mentioned IT systems with regard sors and weapons providing good surveil- 2016 and the final acceptance trials of the to software safety and IT security. lance, target detection, target tracking and employment systems in January 2017. The Sea Directorate is completed by the Directorate Controlling and the Directo- rate Staff. The Directorate Staff handles any organisational and personnel-related matters, while the Directorate Controlling provides advice to the Director regarding management and control of the procure- ment and in-service process.

Status of the Class 125 Frigate Project The four new class 125 frigates (F125) were designed for multinational, joint military operations of low and medium intensity. Its design was dictated by several impor- tant requirements: heavy use, worldwide operation and defence against asymmetric threats. In order to be able to support long-term stabilisation missions, the F125 was de- signed to allow for in-theatre deployment periods of up to two years without planned The Bundeswehr is facing the challenge of maintaining the capabilities yard periods and with 5,000 underway of the class 123 frigates for operations

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According to current planning, the delivery of the first ship is scheduled for the end of May 2017, with the other vessels following until the beginning of 2020. Progress has also been made as far as the shore-based facilities associated with the project are concerned. On 20 August 2015 the first complete shore-based system for the F125, the training facility for the Naval Operations School (Marineoperationsschule – MOS), could be handed over to the Navy.

Completion of K 130 Integrated Compliance Demonstration U212A in the Kiel Fjord during winter The operational suitability test of the RBS15 Mk3 heavy antiship missile was the last worth in numerous international opera- detect and are equipped with an air-inde- pending test in order to prove initial op- tions. pendent fuel cell propulsion, long-range erational capability of the material of the However, the limits of supportability will sonars and an adapted armament suite. class 130 corvettes and took place in the soon be reached for essential parts of the The submarines are considered to be al- context of the integrated compliance dem- combat direction system (CDS) and the fire most “invisible” because they can operate onstration at the sea range off the coast of control systems as well as other important submerged for a significantly longer period North Sweden. engineering systems due to age and obso- of time than comparable diesel-electric Under the direction of the Bundeswehr lescence. The Bundeswehr is now facing powered submarines. The four submarines Technical Center for Ships and Naval Weap- the challenge of maintaining the capabili- of the first batch will be complemented by ons, Maritime Technology and Research ties of the class 123 frigates for operations, the two submarines of the second batch. (WTD 71) and supported by the German especially in terms of antisubmarine war- The submarines are procured in the context Navy and the Swedish government the fare (ASW), ship automation and for the of a successful German-Italian cooperative antiship missile was fired successfully from use as a command platform. The measures project and supported jointly during the in- the MAGDEBURG corvette and followed for maintaining the material operational service phase. Four German and two Italian the flight profile specifically developed for capability are summarised in an overarch- submarines of the first batch have already this test according to plan. Among other ing project plan, the so-called “F123 mas- been commissioned, which means that things, the missile demonstrated its capa- ter plan”, which is the basis for all planned currently there are six submarines in service. bility for independent re-attacks. system-relevant conversions and also takes Both nations have ordered two additional Since August 2015, after the evaluation of into consideration technical and contrac- submarines each in the second batch. The the test results and the approval of the RBS tual interdependencies as well as financial goal of the cooperation is to have as many 15 Mk3 functional chain, it has been pos- planning parameters of all required indi- identical components as possible in order sible to equip the class 130 corvettes with vidual actions. to enable a reduction of costs during the the RBS 15 Mk3 heavy antiship missile. In terms of capability maintenance meas- procurement and in-service phases and a The RBS15 Mk 3 is an antiship missile with ures the focus is on new tactical radars and high degree of operational interoperability. a range of approximately 200 kilometres. fire control systems, the conversion to the During the in-service phase questions are Flight path and flight altitude can be modi- ESSM missile1, the RAM Block 2 integration aligned and common solutions for occur- fied several times by means of program- as well as the modernisation of the engi- ring problems are sought. Among other mable waypoints in order to approach neering automation system and the gyro things, the spare parts and exchange items targets from virtually any angle. Stream at- compass system. are stored jointly and the software mainte- tacks with several missiles approaching the The main feature of the capability main- nance for the basic combat direction sys- target at different trajectories at the same tenance program is the combat direction tem is also done together. time are supported by the programmabil- system (CDS). Therefore, the “F123 capabil- So far, the submarines of the first batch ity. The final approach takes place closely ity adaptation“ is an important major Ger- (U31 to U34) have been able to meet the above the water surface with active radar man naval armament project and is also a high expectations of the Navy during oper- homing. In order to make it more difficult significant element in terms of maintaining ations. U212A sets new standards in terms for enemy close-in defence systems to in- the material operational capability of the of low-frequency acoustic detection, has tercept the RBS15, the missile is capable of class F123 vessels. excellent manoeuvring qualities and is ex- conducting evasive manoeuvres during the tremely hard to detect for enemies. final approach phase. The Class U212A Submarines The modifications of the second batch are based on the extended operational require- Maintaining the Material The class 212A submarines (U212A) are ments and the experience gained to date. It Operational Capability of mainly required for covert reconnaissance, has to be emphasised that the submarines Class F123 Vessels the engagement of sub-surface and sur- of the second batch have been provided face targets and the transport of special with improved equipment for covert op- Since the commissioning of the ships ap- forces. They are particularly difficult to erations of special forces. A diver lockout proximately 20 years ago they have been chamber in the conning tower significantly used by the Navy and have proven their 1 Evolved Seasparrow Missile accelerates the previously time-consuming

22 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 SEA  leaving procedure via the weapon tubes MKS 180 Integrated Project Team had pre- of embargoes, the support of special forces and also makes it safer for the personnel pared two additional solutions that did not as well as evacuation operations. involved. Depending on the operational meet all the requirements and thus involved The range of tasks can be extended by requirements, material needed for special a reduction in costs. One of the crucial fac- the installation of special mission modules forces operations can be carried in remov- tors for the decision was the combat power which in this form are a novelty for the able pressure-resistant exterior containers. of the selected proposal. Among other German Navy. Mission modularity refers to In addition, the technical prerequisites for things, MKS 180 will have the capability the capability to adapt a ship to certain op- the participation in network-centric opera- to engage air targets up to close range, erations with standardised equipment and tions have been improved. sea targets up to long range, sub-surface personnel packages. The following mission The operational range required for future targets (with shipboard helicopters) and modules are planned: global operations is achieved by an increase asymmetric targets in the immediate vicin- • “ASW operational picture” (Anti Sub- in fuel capacity and improvements in the ity of the ship. In addition, MKS 180 will marine Warfare) with a towed array field of hydrodynamics. The submarines are be designed for the engagement of enemy sonar for subsurface situation pictures; prepared for the climatic requirements of surface forces and asymmetric threats, but • cells for the preliminary detention of in- operations in tropical sea environments by also for sea surveillance, the enforcement dividuals; the appropriate adaptations of the air-con- ditioning systems and chilled water units. As a result of these measures the subma- rines of the second batch are approximately 1.2 m longer. With the new flank array system it is now possible to detect subsurface targets more precisely. If necessary, an active sonar can also be used to reconnoitre the underwater situation. The integration of LINK 11 and 16 as well as SHF-SATCOM (Bundeswehr satellite communication system) resulted in an improvement of the communication ca- pability compared to the submarines of the first batch. All submarines are armed with the DM 2 A4 heavyweight torpedo. There are plans to equip the submarines with a guided missile in the future. This would en- able the submarine to defend itself against WhenWhen facefacedd airborne detection attempts by enemy forces. Such a system would also offer bet- withwith aa cunningcunning opponent..opponent.... ter options in terms of effectiveness, preci- sion and escalation capability, for example in order to be able to react to asymmetric threats in an appropriate way. The accept- ance commission of the public purchaser accepted the first submarine of the second batch in September 2014. The final accept- ance trial of the second submarine is sched- uled for the third quarter of 2016.

Class 180 Multirole Combat Your defense must be smarter: Ship (Mehrzweckkampfschiff RAM - Rolling Airframe Missile – MKS 180) • Deployed and procured for more than 100 ships for the navies of Once the Bundeswehr Chief of Defence Germany, US, Korea, Greece, Egypt, UAE and Turkey had chosen the “Future Modular Maritime • Very high firepower / Rapid salvo rate Capability Platform” (MKS 180) on 8 June • Passive RF and IR guidance 2015, all necessary actions for the start of • Fire and Forget • Effective engagement of any the realisation phase of the MKS 180 pro- ASM, A/C, H/C and surface threats ject were taken. One of the first milestones was the publication of the request for inter- est for the MKS 180 procurement on 16 July 2015. In the context of the selection decision the RAM-System GmbH proposed solution which covers the com- 81663 München, Germany plete capability profile of the capability gap Tel. +49 (89) 60 80 03-0, Fax +49 (89) 60 80 03-16 and the MKS 180 functional requirement was chosen. During the analysis phase the

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 23  SEA

• “MCM” (Mine Countermeasures) for Project and In-Service present, implementation proposals for this the engagement of underwater explo- Support Management purpose are being prepared. Furthermore, sive ordnance (sea mines) or this branch coordinates the installation of • “diver pressure chamber”“ to support The S5 division combines the project and in- morale and welfare networks and modern diving operations. service support management for all support SATCOM systems in order to enable the The construction contract will comprise the units of the German Navy, the fleet of the soldiers to have private communications via design, construction and delivery of four defence engineering sector and the Naval Skype, e-mail and messenger. class 180 multirole combat ships. Since the Arsenal. In addition, the S5 division covers The S5.3 branch is responsible for the aux- structural demand of the Navy justifies the the technical aspects of fields like commu- iliary and support vessels and the defence procurement of six units sufficient provi- nication and navigation for all naval units. fleet. Among other things the branch deals sions will be made for the procurement of The S5.1 project branch is responsible for with the sail training ship GORCH FOCK two additional units within the scope of the the complete project and in-service sup- and the units used at the Navy bases and contract at a later date. port management of the combat support ports which assume logistic tasks, e.g. the For the first time, a “negotiated proce- ships, intelligence collectors and tenders refuelling, towing and moving of units (har- dure with a call for competition” in ac- belonging to the German Navy. The ex- bour tugs), collect waste oil (oil disposal cordance with Section 11 (1) of the Act tremely high intensity of use with frequent- raft) or serve as accommodation if vessels on the Award of Public Contracts in the ly changing operational requirements calls are undergoing a dockyard period (house Fields of Defence and Security (Vergabev- for constant adaptations, sometimes at boats). Additionally, the range of tasks in- erordnung für die Bereiche Verteidigung very short notice, as currently observed in cludes inter alia sailing boats, cutter and und Sicherheit – VSVgV) is applied for the humanitarian missions of the tenders in motor launches used at Navy schools for such a major project. The negotiated pro- the Mediterranean. The predominately old training purposes. cedure grants the customer the opportu- age of the units poses particular challenges The defence fleet comprises ships and boats nity to first of all negotiate indicative and when it comes to ensuring their operational of the defence engineering sector operated therefore non-binding offers in several readiness. Comprehensive midlife adapta- by WTD 71 and the Naval Arsenal. WTD 71 consecutive rounds of negotiations in or- tions of the combat support ships from the needs ship capacities with special capabili- der to further specify the subject of per- first batch are carried out as independent ties in order to conduct defence research formance. Subsequently, the bidders are projects in line with the repair and opera- as well as studies and trials. In addition to invited to submit their best and final of- tions of the ships. Apart from the technical the research vessel PLANET, the WTD has fer. The most economical offer will then and planning tasks the fields of logistics small and medium multi-purpose vessels be accepted. Bidders may be rejected and logistic supportability have gained as well as special vessels and support ves- during the negotiations on grounds of more and more importance. sels at its disposal. Material maintenance previously announced criteria. The S5.2 branch plays a special role be- of Navy units afloat in the Naval Arsenal The aim is to complete the award proce- cause it is technically responsible for all Na- is supported by a floating dock, a floating dure with the submission of a finalised con- vy support systems of the Sea Directorate crane and some smaller units. struction contract in 2017. The construc- as far as electro-optics, electronic warfare, Currently, the focus of the S5 division is tion contract will only be concluded after radar, navigation and communication are on in-service activities of all kinds. This parliamentary approval. This approach is concerned. In addition to studies on how to includes comprehensive modernisation highly ambitious both in terms of schedule maintain the capabilities of tactical radars activities and measures to maintain the and content and does not only require very on the class F123 frigates and the cross- operational readiness of the Navy. In the efficient project management but possibly functional regeneration of the ECDIS/AIS medium term, new construction projects also structural and organisational adapta- radar navigation system, the improvement of naval units like support tankers, intel- tions. The delivery of the first ship (First of of morale and welfare communications ligence collectors or tenders will be loom- Class) is planned for 2023. is currently of paramount importance. At ing on the horizon. 

Sea Directorate – Glossary Project Responsible branch Class 124 frigate S3.1 Class 125 frigate S3.2 Class 130 corvette S3.3 Data processing equipment for class F122/F123 combat direction system S3.4 Class 212A submarines S4.1 DM2A4 torpedo S4.2 Antisubmarine weapon 90 (UAW 90) S4.2 Underwater reconnaissance drone (AUV) S4.2 Sonar 90 for surface ship S4.3 Underwater detection system class 122/123 frigate S4.3 Combat support ship S5.1 Class 751 defence research and trial ship S5.2 Radar navigation system ECDIS/AIS S5.2

24 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 LAND SUPPORT  Land Support Directorate (U)

The spectrum of tasks of the Land Support Directorate (Directorate U) BAAINBw is very varied – it ranges from personal equipment to camps, medical equipment, CBRN protection, clothing, military wheeled vehicles, special vehicles and equipment to electronic warfare systems, reconnaissance, air traffic control, robotics as well as training and simulation.

part from that, the Land Support Di- Arectorate exercises the general func- tional supervision over the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Land-based Vehicle Systems, Engineer and General Field Tech- nology (WTD 41) in Trier, the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technolo- Photo: Airbus Defence & Space gies and CBRN Protection (WIS) in Munster and the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Explosives, Fuels, and Lubricants (WIWeB) in Erding. The core tasks of the Land Support Di- rectorate include: project management in accordance with the amended Customer Product Management (CPM (nov.)) during the entire life cycle of the materiel, systems technology and integration tasks, research and technology, in-service support as well as contract management and price nego- tiations. Compared to other project management Land-based casualty decontamination facility casualty transport directorates the U Directorate covers an ex- system VTS traordinarily broad technical range of tasks, a very high number of projects which also include smaller ones and distinct procure- ment activities, particularly for Urgent Op- erational Requirements.The U Directorate is supported by the Directorate Staff and the Directorate Controlling. The actual project work is done in the four Photo: Airbus Defence & Space) Project Divisions of the Directorate. They are supported in their work by the two Di- visions Economic and Technical Affairs (U1) and Economic and Legal Affairs (U2). The Economic and Technical Affairs Division (U1) supports all projects and the executive level of the Directorate. They may also as- sume tasks for projects with independent and/or shared responsibilities. The Economic and Legal Affairs Division (U2) with its six branches is in charge of contract management and price negotia- tions for the Project Divisions. The variegated tasks in project work such as implementation, use or condemnation are reflected in the diverse projects of Divi- Land-based casualty decontamination facility wet decontamination sions U3 to U6. module interior view The tasks of Division U3 include camp technology, protection and logistic sup- integration, protection and is responsible traffic control and identification as well as port, CBRN and medical equipment and for R&T activities. the system infantryman. Division U6 is re- clothing. U4 deals with protected wheeled Division U5 works on projects in the fields sponsible for training technology, simula- vehicles, special vehicles and equipment, of electronic warfare, reconnaissance, air tion and robotics.

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 25 cal element, specifically tailored to this task. The military basis for medical operational support under CBRN conditions is the medi- cal service‘s capability to protect personnel, patients, material, facilities and transport assets from CBRN exposure (all-arms CBRN defence). Medical support processes (such as the treatment and transport of patients) must be able to be continued in a contami- nated operational area until such time as the danger caused by CBRN agents is over or the

Photo: Airbus Defence & Space patients have been evacuated. Setup of the cold weather test of the land-based decontamination Casualties who have been exposed to CBRN facility in Oberjettenberg agents can only be treated in medical fa- cilities if personal CBRN protection is lifted. Therefore, a thorough decontamination in an appropriate casualty decontamination fa- cility with adequate initial emergency medi-

Source: BAAINBw cal treatment is required before the casualty User interface and display, weapon station exposed to CBRN agents can receive follow- on treatment in a Role 2 or higher medical facility. The land-based casualty decontamination Command and control system facility can operate on a stand-alone basis Weapon station for up to one hour; it can only be employed sustainably if the special capabilities of the QBA* CBRN defence corps are available (such as decontamination of personnel and mate- rial, supply and disposal of consumables). CG12 protection gear Navigation receiver The CBRN defence capability portfolio must therefore be integrated in the medical con- ception of this capability. * = Cross-sectional The operational capability of the land-based Gunner detection system user interface and casualty decontamination system was dem- display onstrated in the context of troop trials. Sub- sequently, cold-weather trials were conduct- ed at the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Overview of systems to be included in the QBA concept Protective and Special Technologies (WTD 52) in Oberjettenberg in January 2015. The Several of the U Directorate‘s current pro- international terrorism – and rescue and aim was to test the operation of the facility jects are presented below to exemplify the evacuation operations, the Bundeswehr has in wintry conditions and investigate the be- directorate‘s work. to prepare for the entire range of potential haviour and suitability of those components threats posed by attacks and exposure to of the wet decontamination module that New Capabilities of the CBRN agents and comparable natural or in- contain water in rough climatic conditions. Bundeswehr Medical Service dustrial hazards. This does not just imply the The system of the land-based casualty de- probability of attacks with CBRN agents on contamination facility offers the possibility At the end of July 2015 Branch U3.5 of BAA- large areas but also the selective employ- to decontaminate and administer adequate INBw handed over the first series system of ment of these agents at a low level. It also emergency treatment to up to 20 walking the land-based casualty decontamination holds true for the threat posed by interna- casualties and up to six stretcher casualties facility to the medical training regiment in tional terrorism, hazards caused by technical an hour. Initial operational readiness and/ Feldkirchen. Thus, the Bundeswehr Joint shortcomings and resulting accidents and/or or deployment readiness of the facility can Medical Service has a new capability in the collateral damage in the vicinity of nuclear be created within two hours. 15 soldiers are field of CBRN medical defence. and chemical plants in possible areas of op- required for the setup of the system and 25 Irrespective of the comprehensive global eration of the armed forces. The sources of to operate it. Operational readiness per shift efforts to promote disarmament and arms danger are manifold and their danger po- and day amounts to six hours. control, the continued development and tential is sometimes difficult to identify. proliferation of nuclear, biological and In this context the Bundeswehr Medical Ser- Common Operation and chemical agents (CBRN agents) and the vice is responsible for restoring and main- Display Equipment for growing potential of dangerous industrial taining the health of those exposed to CBRN Protected Vehicles substances containing CBRN agents still pre- agents. As these health impairments are sent a major risk concerning the exposure to specific and rare and require special knowl- Among other things, Branch U4.1 is re- CBRN agents. In view of the probability of edge and abilities with regard to prevention, sponsible for the integration of systems in conflict prevention and crisis management diagnostics and treatment, medical CBRN protected command and multi-purpose operations – including the fight against protection must become an individual medi- vehicles (GFF), protected transport vehicles

26 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 Marketing-Report: AIM Infrarot-Module GmbH

New IR-Targeting Sights Provide Optimal Protection and Precise Engagement

ensors for early and remote detection a thermal sight but need as well as identification of threats at some residual illumination, S day, night and reduced visibility are e.g. stray light or moon - key enablers for protection and effective light. These devices are very engagement of our forces. small and lightweight and High resolution thermal sights are the they provide large fields of gold standard as they do not need any view together with a good illumination and they enable to identify spatial resolution. Helmet persons and materials due to their own mounted, they offer the sol- thermal emission. dier a good visibility at close distances to move safely in Important Trends in the dark and to engage tar- the IR-Development: gets at short ranges. Present missions often put Minimum Size Weight and the I2 technology to their limits. Power (SWaP) While in Central Europe stray For the dismounted soldier reduction of si- light is always present e.g. from ne- ze, weight and power (SWaP) is mandatory. arby cities, our troops in e.g. Afghanistan Key is a new High Operating Temperature are often faced with entire darkness. This “HOT”-detector-chip-technology, provi- sudden and complete loss of vision pre- AIM Thermal Sight HuntIR Mk2 ding outstanding performance at approx. sents a high risk. 50° above typical operating temperatures In shortwave infrared (SWIR) at a wave- (-200°C) at which standard IR-detectors High Definition length of approx. 1.8µm, it never beco- are working. Specifically adapted cryocoo- Higher resolution allows to reliably separa- mes entirely dark outside, because che- lers achieve these at much lower cooling te aggressors from non-combatants or to mical reactions in the atmosphere provide power of approx. <2W, providing superior precisely identify individuals in asymmetric some illumination, the so called "night or performance of cooled IR-devices at power military missions, like an HDTV in the hand air glow" effect. This spectral range al- consump-tion next to uncooled. Using the- of the military leader or sniper. Such highly lows new types of I2 devices. By extending se technologies, the new AIM-WBG Hun- compact HD-"HOT-Cubes" using pixels as the spectral window up to >2.2µm even small as 10µm will be standard IR-detectors some faint thermal radiation is available for thermal imagers soon. to improve visibility. Such detectors can be operated at a very little cooling power

Pictures: AIM Pictures: Dual Color providing minimum SWaP again. With so- While IR-detectors so far have been coll- me residual light present, the impression ecting all radiation in one specific spect- is similar to the visible range, which makes ral band, the so called 3rd Gen or “Dual- identification easier. Color”-IR-detectors shall provide individual detection of 2 different spectral bands. Gated Viewing to See This needs highly complex chips with 2 Through Obscurants differently IR-sensitive layers in each pixel. Prototypes of such detectors are just beco- Gated viewing technology is introduced ming available in AIM’s reliable industrial to further improve identification perfor- technology based on HgCdTe. Applications mance. The scene is actively illuminated by range from improved vision for a human a laser and only reflective light from a se- observer by using case by case individual lectable time range (gate) will be collected SWIR-Picture, person with car, advantages of different spectral bands to in the detector. The selected time range new moon, nearly cloudless sky improved machine vision for missile seekers corresponds to a range, which exclusively or missile approach warners of e.g. airbor- is displayed while any information outside tIR Mk2 is to be fielded for the German ne platforms by using specific spectral fin- is suppressed. This allows to see through Bundeswehr to cover requirements for gerprints of targets or obscurants. smoke or other partially transparent opti- thermal targeting sights with medium to cal disturbances. The SWIR spectral range long range performance in most compact, “Night-Glow”-Imagers allows the use of eye safe laser at a wave- lightweight and energy efficient way. The in the Shortwave IR length of 1.5µm. sight is also qualified as targeting sight for The German Bundeswehr is using a mix AIM is presently developing demonstra- support weapons like the heavy .50 ma- of thermal and I2 sights. I2 sights do not tors of a SWIR targeting sight and a SWIR chine gun. "see" the passive thermal radiation like gated-viewing-device.

MReport_AIM_ESD_3_2016_02.indd 2 19.05.16 10:38  XXXXXXX: XXXXXXXX

according to the system architecture: the military driver, the commander and the operator of the remote-controlled light weapon station. The commander operates the command and control equipment and other equipment. Using the common opera- tion and display equipment the commander can also display the current field of view of the FLW. Therefore the commander has the same information as the FLW operator and thus an optimised operational picture.

Photo: KMW The common operating and display equip- Picture of QBA with the many required connections in order to cover the ment (QBA) represents a future-proof sys- varied data formats of the subsystems tem which can meet the many challenges of different data formats and interfaces of (GFT), and protected special-purpose ve- the system. If the connection to individual the vehicle subsystems without changes to hicles (GSF). New information systems, re- vehicle subsystems is interrupted, the func- the existing equipment and it can therefore connaissance systems and protection and tion of these subsystems remains intact make the operation of the vehicle subsys- weapon systems will increasingly be used in independent of the common operation tems in protected Bundeswehr vehicles these protected vehicles. Many of these ve- and display equipment. Further and future much easier. hicle subsystems have their own operation vehicle subsystems can be integrated with and display equipment and are assigned little effort. The ARED Project to individual operators due to their respec- The unrestricted functioning of the fol- tive specific functions. On the other hand, lowing vehicle subsystems with common Until the beginning of the ARED (Air Sur- space is limited and visibility for the military operation and display equipment has al- veillance Radar System for the Tactical Air driver and the active passenger in the ve- ready been tested and demonstrated: FLW Command and Control Service) project the hicle safety cell is reduced. The passenger 100/200 (remote-controlled light weapon German Air Force had three generations proactively supports the driver in order to station), rear view camera, command and of radar systems. The oldest radar system compensate for the reduced view from the control equipment (consisting of monitor, was the Medium Power Radar (MPR) from protected vehicle and thus improve the keyboard, communications server and the 1960s. The first four phased array ra- overall view of the road. The active pas- laptop Rocky III+, sniper detection system dars have been procured with the Hughes senger‘s field of view must not be addi- (SDA) and the navigation receiver ERGR (Ex- Air Defense Radar (HADR) sensors. The tionally obstructed by components of the plosive Resistant GPS Receiver)). youngest generation, the RRP 117 (Re- command equipment or weapon station (in accordance with requirements issued by the Central Office for Military Motor Ve- hicle Affairs). However, this person is also

the commander and operates the above- Source: BAAINBw mentioned individual vehicle subsystems with their many pieces of corresponding operation and display equipment. As a con- sequence the number of different pieces of operation and display equipment should be reduced and the functions required from the military user‘s point of view should be concentrated on few ideally common pieces of operation and display equipment. This problem was investigated in the study “Common Operation and Display Equip- ment (QBA) for Protected Vehicles“ and a project was initiated based on the results of the study. Common operation and display equipment facilitates limiting the handling of many dif- ferent vehicle subsystems to a single opera- tion and display equipment and provides the relevant information to the operator in Sensors used by the Tactical Air Command and Control Service a processed mode. If a vehicle subsystem or its connection Based on real applications, two system ar- mote Radar Post), uses semiconductors fails, the user will be informed immediately. chitectures were designed for the vehicle instead of a central amplifier tube to gen- This application is an important component classes protected transport vehicle (GTF) erate power. of the constant monitoring of all functions and protected multi-purpose vehicle (GFF). The operation of the MPR system became as it gives all crew members a complete The crew of the GFF class vehicles for in- uneconomical after a time because obso- overview of the operational readiness of stance, consists of at least three persons lescences had to be remedied more and

28 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 LAND SUPPORT  Photos: Bundeswehr

The MPR in Auenhausen being disassembled GM 406 during the installation in Auenhausen with the MPR antenna in the foreground

more often. In addition to that, the systems range radar systems which are available older radar systems. Power consumption is were not designed for partially unmanned on the market was signed with the French significantly lower and the signal is gener- operation which must be considered to be company Thales Raytheon Systems (TRS). ated and transmitted exclusively digitally. the foundation of the implementation of The two main components of the ARED The GM 406 uses digital beam forming to the air force's structural decisions. system are the primary radar by TRS and achieve the highest possible detection per- In 2008, the required replacement of the secondary radar MSSR 2000 I by Airbus formance. Digital signal processing on the MPR was recognized as a capability gap. Defence and Space (ADS). They are inte- receiving path leads to excellent detection About two years later, on 16 December grated at TRS in Limours (France). quality. For the secondary radar, the ARED 2010, the contract on the procurement The design of GM 406 primary radar dif- project used common technology already of six Groundmaster 406 (GM 406) long- fers fundamentally from the design of fielded in the Bundeswehr: thus, the sec-

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ATM ComputerSysteme GmbH | +49 7531 808-4462 | [email protected]  LAND SUPPORT ondary radar interrogator MSSR 2000 I by autumn 2011. In parallel to the adapta- in April 2013 whereupon ARED was im- ADS, which is already used by the Tactical tion of the infrastructure and the prepa- mediately handed over to the Luftwaffe Air Command and Control Service, local ration of the old MPR building the factory for operational testing. The remaining military air control services and the Navy, is acceptance test of the radar system took five systems were also handed over to also used for ARED. place in Limours in summer 2012. The the user for operational use within the In the course of the ARED project the first system acceptance tests (SAT) of the first planned time and cost schedules in 2014 MPR was deactivated in Auenhausen in new system were successfully concluded and 2015. 

Land Support Directorate – Glossary Project managed by Billetting and Mission Support, Camp Technology U3.1 Modular Camp, Air Transportable U3.1 Modular Medical Facilities U3.1 Protection of Objects and Facilities, Security Technology U3.2 Commant Posts, Tents U3.2 Power Supply and Air Conditioning Technology U3.3 Test Equipment and Electronic Components, Lighting Engineering U3.3 Power Management, Power Generation and Power Distribution in Operations U3.3 Military Pharmacy, Military Medical Research, Laboratory Systems U3.5 Medical Facilities and Equipment U3.5 CBRN Protection Systems U3.6 CBRN Reconnaissance Systems U3.6 Decontamination Equipment U3.6 Clothing and Personal Equipment U3.8 Combat Clothing and Battle Clothing U3.8 Protective and Special Clothing U3.8 Integration, Protection, R&T Activities U4.1 Protected Multi-Purpose Vehicles, Classes 1-4 U4.2 Protected Light and Medium Cargo Vehicles U4.2 Protected Transport Vehicles (GTF) and Protected Special-Purpose Vehicles U4.3 Container ISO 20 foot, Protected, Personnel U4.3 Unprotected Transport Vehicles and Unprotected Special-Purpose Vehicles U4.3 Recovery and Handling Vehicles, Engineer Work Equipment, Special Service Equipment U4.4 Protected Recovery and Crane Vehicle U4.4 Protected Recovery and Towing Vehicle U4.4 Fuel Delivery Vehicles, Mobile Tank Systems U4.5 Firefighting Vehicles U4.5 Electronic Warfare U5.1 Communications/Electronic/Electronic Support Sensors, Sensor-Specific Evaluation U5.1 Communicatons Intelligence Systems U5.1 Electronic Warfare, Central and Common Assessment U5.2 Tactical Command and Control Service, IFF, Ground-Based Radar Reconnaissance U5.3 Radar Identification System Interrogation/Mode S Data Network U5.3 Mode 5 Transponder U5.3 Air Traffic Control U5.4 Aerodrome Surveillance Radar Series Configuration (ASR-S) U5.4 Optics and Optronics for Ground-Based Recconnaissance U5.5 Thermal Observation Devices and Thermal Sights U5.5 Combat Equipment for the Infantry Soldier System U5.5 Media Technology, Geo Information Affairs U5.6 Training Assets, Training Technology U6.1 Live Simulation, Design Simulation and Robotics U6.2 Virtual Simulation U6.3

30 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY  Information Technology Directorate (I)

Information technology (IT) continues to advance at a very high speed, with a direct effect on Bundeswehr capabilities. There are increasing possibilities for the use of state-of-the-art IT on the battlefield, just as expectations are constantly rising, as well. The Information Technology Directorate‘s task is the implementation of armaments projects – but it is not a directorate like any other.

he I Directorate manages the mission- project directorates of the BAAINBw are As the I Directorate uses its products to Tand C2-related information technol- facing. What exactly does make the I Direc- promote the networking of the weapon ogy projects. This includes everything from torate so special? systems, it is also jokingly called the “spi- commercial servers to specially developed The individual IT projects have to be coor- der in the web“. Multi-project coordi- software and complete command post dinated in such a way that they eventually nation, or “programme management”, equipment and signal teams. But also form one overall Bundeswehr IT system. therefore plays a major role, especially communication systems (such as radio This means that in the end everything has with regard to IT projects that depend in sets) and even their own communications to be connected with everything else. Eve- many ways on other projects. In this con- satellites are part of the directorate‘s prod- rything has to fit together in terms of time nection, the harmonisation of the vari- uct portfolio. This requires a wide variety and content, e.g. connectors, communi- ous IT projects as well as the coordination of technical capabilities such as informat- cation protocols and data formats. Since with the other armaments projects are of ics, communications engineering, vehicle most Bundeswehr operations take place in the utmost importance. This is the case, construction, air-conditioning engineer- an international context, it is also necessary for instance, when radio sets are to be ing and logistics, to name but a few. Just to consider gateways to other nations or installed into vehicles. It is in line with like all armaments projects, these projects NATO right from the start. The IT procured these ideas that the I Directorate, while are managed within the scope of the In- by the I Directorate is not only used at com- striving to increase efficiency, progressed tegrated Planning Process (IPP) and the mand posts but due to the ever increasing within the frame of the “I2.0” working CPM (amended) procurement process. networking has also become an integral concept. But what does this mean in con- These are, basically, the challenges that all part of tanks, ships and aircraft. crete terms? Photo: Bundeswehr

The Bundeswehr satellite communications project (SATCOMBw) is also managed by the I Directorate. SATCOMBw has become an indispensable part of Bundeswehr operations. The picture on the right shows the 4.6m ground station antenna on the roof of a building at Camp Qasaba, Kabul

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 31  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

prepare a plan for the implementation of the command and control information sys- tems, using the Architecture Method. They

Source: BAAINBw also make concrete suggestions to the pro- ject managers regarding technical solutions which should be pursued from an overall planning perspective. The I Directorate ex- DMZ panded this successful programme man- agement so that it comprises all informa- IDS IPS Firewall Firewall tion and communication systems for which the directorate is responsible. Embedding IT into the Bundeswehr‘s overall equip- Funksysteme ment system supports the directorate‘s programme management by means of close cooperation with the superior system architects of the P Directorate.

HaFIS1 for Everyone

Improving management across projects and increasing efficiency are the In addition to the considerations as to core elements of the restructuring of the I Directorate within the frame which tasks should be dealt with on a com- of the “I2.0” working concept mon basis and how management across projects can be implemented, a question which constantly arises is: How can the actual technology be made even more ef- ficient? Are there any principles that can be applied to all projects? Photo Bundeswehr IT can be implemented and operated much more efficiently if the technology is stand- ardised. The important keywords here are “uniform standards” and “service orienta- tion”. Regarding the command and control information systems, the new and promising approach that has been taken is called “Har- monization of the Command and Control Information Systems (HaFIS)”. It can already be mentioned at this point that HaFIS serves as a guiding principle for all projects sub- sumed under this technical standardisation. This helps to improve both efficiency and interoperability of the information systems.

It Is the Success of Everyone Involved that Counts Regarding management across projects, BITS administrators are becoming acquainted with Stationary HaFIS the I Directorate has already gained experi- ence and achieved good results in some Gaining Efficiency by Pooling first priority was to have enough personnel specific areas. By means of “I2.0”, it was Common Tasks for the management of its projects. This is built upon these achievements and the why the common tasks were consolidated tried and tested methods were further ex- To date, issues that affected all projects in the directorate. panded. At the end of the day, true success have been dealt with by individual project can only be seen in the interaction of all managing branches. This referred to issues Programme Management projects. related to one another from the fields of – Everything Has to Fit How are the projects of the I Directorate logistics, technical documentation and SAP Together progressing in specific terms? implementation. Individual project manag- ing branches had taken over these tasks, Since 2012, the I Directorate has had very Stationary HaFIS – Handover to which have to be carried out by specially positive experience with the programme the Operator qualified personnel, at short notice and so management within the division responsi- The various command and control informa- far as their current personnel situation per- ble for the harmonisation of the command tion systems, which also differ with respect mitted. Given the unavoidable personnel and control information systems. Meta- to their technical implementation, are to be turnover, it was quite difficult and costly phorically speaking, just like an architect to maintain the specific expertise required who prepares a plan which is then used to 1 Harmonization of the command and control for each common task, while the branch‘s build the house, the directorate‘s IT experts information systems

32 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 

mance support of email and office ap- plications. This is complemented by an electronic registry and other features such

Source: BAAINBw as applications for the provision of geo- graphical information. Worth highlighting is the fact that this system is even secure enough to process information requiring special protection. In this respect, it differs considerably from the normal Bundeswehr office workstation IT equipment. Standardising technology also affects op- eration and its support. In the end, also the operator, i.e. the Bundeswehr Communica- tion and Information Systems Services Cent- er (BITS), will benefit from this development. It will, for instance, no longer be necessary to have fundamental knowledge of many Medical evacuation chain different systems. But initially, this migration presents a challenge, since the processes re- harmonised by means of technical stand- Harmonisation will be accomplished in four quired to operate the modern platform have ardization. This will simplify both imple- migration steps. First of all, the data centre to be established. For the transitional period, mentation of the systems and user training technology which is permanently installed legacy systems and Stationary HaFIS have to and operation of the systems. inside facilities will be migrated to Station- be maintained in parallel. HaFIS is intended to enable users to have ary HaFIS (Harmonisation of the stationary Stationary HaFIS is now undergoing inten- access to a common information environ- C2I system components). To reduce suscep- sive performance testing and is being put ment using the same procedures and tools. tibility, the HaFIS data centre is currently dis- into operation by BITS step by step. It has to be noted in this context that the tributed to two locations, including backup To start with, it is planned to give users data are subject to different secrecy re- equipment. from the Multinational Joint Headquarters quirements and have to be safeguarded As a very first step, state-of-the-art tech- Ulm access to the initial functions (email, accordingly. nology enables secure and high-perfor- office, registry, etc.). More users, e.g. from

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DEDICATED TO SOLUTIONS WWW.ESG.EU  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY the Bundeswehr Operations The central element of the sys- Command, will be added. tem is the application software. As soon as the Bundeswehr It was developed as a software Operations Command is extension to the Army com- added, the first specialised mand and control information application that is used on system. This gives medical forc- one of the various predeces- es all functions of the Army C2I sor systems, will be made Photo: WTD 81 system (including, for example, available: the Operational situation display and reporting Reports and Returns System. system) in addition to the spe- It is of great importance for cific medical functions. the Bundeswehr Operations Software as well as hardened Command, as it is designed hardware equipment was pro- for a fast and targeted ex- cured and integrated into pro- change of military mes- tected medical vehicles, com- sages. bat posts and classrooms. The second of the four mi- A special feature of this sys- gration steps is called De- tem is a memory stick which ployable HaFIS. In order to not only stores the emergency be able to set up the HaFIS medical data but also the pa- data centre technology in tient-related electronic casualty the theatre of operations, documentation. This memory the same technology is stick accompanies the patient planned to be installed in all the way from initial medical transportable containers, as well. These SVFuA equipment in the 2 line treatment via the field hospital to the hos- modules can then be used to build a small configuration pital in the home country. In this way, all data centre on site. The implementation of relevant patient data are available at any Deployable HaFIS has already been start- rightly expect high-quality medical care. In time so that the patient can receive the best ed; the in-service use is planned to start emergencies, every second can make the possible treatment. In June 2015, the sys- in 2018. difference between life and death. While tem was handed over to the user. The last two migration steps will focus on this is also true back home, the prevailing How then are the harmonisation of the C2-relevant information processing in ve- conditions in the theatre of operations are command and control information systems hicles and airplanes (“Mobile HaFIS”) and much more difficult. How, then, can IT help? (HaFIS) and SAFES connected? At present, ships (“Seagoing HaFIS”). Stationary HaFIS The shorter the period between injury and SAFES is implemented as a functional ex- will always provide the foundation of all initial medical treatment and the more pre- tension of the Army C2I system currently further migration steps. cisely and early the medical information in service use. As HaFIS is further devel- about the injured person is made available oped, the Army C2I system and SAFES are SAFES2 – Saving Lives with IT to the attending physicians, the higher are planned to be covered by the harmonisa- the chances of survival and cure. tion process and migrate to the modern Another example comes from the field of SAFES aims to minimise this crucial time pe- platform. command, control, information (C2I), and riod. For this purpose, the “medical situa- weapons control systems. C2I and weap- tion” has to indicate the location where the SVFuA3 – Coming Soon ons control systems are IT systems tailored patient concerned can be treated. Subse- to the specific requirements of specific us- quently, the patient can be transported to a The best application is useless when the ers and their weapon systems. medical treatment facility in the country of computer is offline. In everyday life, most An example may serve for illustration: A deployment or even to a Bundeswehr hos- of us are constantly online with our com- C2I and weapons control system includes pital in Germany. There, the physicians can puter, tablet or smart phone. Under the a computer which is installed inside a tank. immediately start working, because thanks heading of “network enabled operations”, This computer has been hardened espe- to SAFES they already have the necessary this development has also found its way cially for its use in the tank. The computer information about the patient. into the armed forces. Tanks, ships and supports the crew e.g. by displaying a map SAFES equips the following elements: aircraft, even the infantryman, have to go which shows other friendly and enemy • Patient evacuation coordination cells online first in order to be able to access troops. Upon selection of a target on the for central coordination of rescue assets this profitable command and control sys- computer, the target data are transmitted and treatment facilities, tem. Voice and data, e.g. positional data to the tank‘s weapon so that the target can • Rescue assets, i.e. medical rescue forces or video data recorded by helmet cameras, be engaged. It is also possible to exchange with land, sea and air rescue and trans- are to be transmitted simultaneously. situation reports with other units. The data port vehicles, In the military environment, expectations are transmitted by military radio. • Stationary or deployable treatment fa- are particularly high with regard to the net- One of these systems is the Medical Com- cilities (e.g. rescue station or air-trans- work connection which has to be independ- mand, Control, and Communications Sys- portable surgical hospital) for casualty ent of third-party on-site infrastructure. This tem (SAFES). Soldiers on operations can care and already rules out the option to use smart • Medical command and control cells (e.g. phones. The connection must neither be 2 Medical command, control, and communications command post medical cell) as a link system between medical and combat units. 3 Joint networkable radio equipment

34 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 Solutions for aviation? disrupted nor intercepted. In summary: A “hardened” solution is required. Rohde & Schwarz. Most of the Bundeswehr radios, some of which have been in use for decades, do not fulfil these requirements. Moreover, they only With Rohde & Schwarz on board, you can count on reliable cover small fields of application so that often several radio sets and secure radiocommunications. More than 7000 airborne have to be installed in one vehicle. These radios require space and radios demonstrate the great trust placed in us. Our military much energy, which is both scarce in a vehicle. radios are the only radios available on the market that also Possible solutions are software-based radios. They are program- meet civil certification requirements. mable to assume the function of several conventional radios. They can also operate several links (radio lines) simultaneously. Our portfolio includes complete, state-of-the-art, IP-based In addition, such radio sets enable high-speed data transmission. ATC communications solutions – from the controller working As early as in 2007, the Bundeswehr decided to invest in the position to the antenna. development of software-based radios within the scope of the “Joint networkable radio equipment” project. This decision was For further information, visit made on the basis of the Bundeswehr‘s own basic research re- www.rohde-schwarz.com/ad/airborne sults. Everybody involved knew, however, that there was still a long and difficult way to go. Many technical problems related both to radio engineering and IT security had to be solved before Visit us at ILA Berlin Air Show the radio equipment could be provided. Several companies were involved in the development of the ba- June 1 to 4, 2016 sic unit, the software and additional modules. Antennas and Hall 2, booth 319 transmitter/receiver modules, for instance, have to be designed differently for different ranges. Today, the development has almost reached its successful com- pletion. Tests and acceptance inspections were performed to verify the secure parallel voice and data transmission as well as video transmission. Also the system‘s mechanical suitability for severe military routine operations had to be demonstrated. The units had to endure, for example, heavy vibrations, shocks or a gush of water. It also has to be clarified how exactly the radio equipment can be installed in the Bundeswehr vehicles. For this purpose, the equipment is installed in vehicles such as PUMA, BOXER, FENNEK, DINGO 2 and ENOK and then inspected. SVFuA provides the Bundeswehr with radio equipment which is unique even at international level. Its development was very demanding, not only in technical terms. Project management, too, was particularly challenging for the Bundeswehr: They were responsible for all individual contractors, as there was no main contractor in charge of coordinating these companies – a task which the team mastered extremely well. It paid off that the Bun- deswehr had started to build up technical know-how through early research and technology efforts. Preliminarily, command vehicles are to be equipped with SVFuA within the frame of a first lot that is being prepared at the moment.

High-Quality Training in the Information Technology Competence Centers (ITCC) It has been suggested in the presentation of the previous projects that both the IT specialist and administrative personnel and the users have to be appropriately qualified. Regarding IT training, the I Directorate manages a project with a quite innovative approach even though it has been running successfully for twelve years. The Information Technology Competence Centers (ITCC) are a Bundeswehr training project implemented in close cooperation with industry. Its aim is to provide IT training in a flexible and economic manner in line with industry standards. Established in Koblenz and Dresden, the ITCC project offers its participants attractive locations. Since 2002, the ITCC project has – for the fourth time now – managed framework contracts for basic, ad- vanced and follow-on training programmes. Training courses on many different commercial IT products are held at Dresden and Koblenz as part of the advanced and follow-

16325.005_Avionics_EuroSecDefence_Juni16_106x297_e.indd 1 21.04.16 12:56 Uhr  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

and course allocation. This includes not encrypted accordingly. Modern encryption only the preparation of the annual train- equipment has to enable high-speed data ing catalogue, the course calendar and the transmission and be interoperable with maintenance of a training course database, state-of-the-art network technology. The Photo: Bundeswehr but also quality assurance of all IT training “crypto modernisation” project focuses on courses conducted. the modernisation of encryption devices. With ITCC management, the I Directorate Both projects – MoTaKo and crypto mod- makes an important contribution to the ernisation – contribute considerably to Bundeswehr personnel being able to use the modernisation of the Bundeswehr IT in a beneficial way. operational network and to an enormous increase in performance, especially on the Looking Towards the Future battlefield. For the I Directorate, these two – Fascinating Projects Are projects, which comprise a wide range of Making Good Progress radio sets and encryption devices, repre- sent a major challenge. Not only will they Every project division is looking forward to involve large investments, the legacy sys- new projects. The I Directorate currently tems also have to be kept operational in provides expert support to the preparation parallel over several years. of two very important projects. The first project deals with the modernisa- What about “Captain CIRK?” ITCC training courses in line with tion of radio sets for mobile tactical com- industry standards at attractive munication (“MoTaKo”). For this purpose, Federal Minister of Defense, Dr. Ursula locations basically the total amount of radio sets on von der Leyen, has responded to the chal- the battlefield has to be taken into con- lenges in cyberspace by announcing that on training programme for IT specialist and sideration. This includes portable radios, the existing cyber and IT capabilities distrib- administrative personnel. The competence but also radio sets installed in vehicles and uted throughout the Bundeswehr are to be centres offer more than 100 types of train- cockpits. The existing radios have become pooled. To this end, a new organisational ing courses from a variety of fields such as obsolete; most of them are no longer suit- element, “Cyber and Information Space”, network technology, user support or pro- able for network use in the age of internet comprising a Cyber and Information Space gramming. technology. Mobile tactical communica- Command (CIRK) is planned to be estab- ITCC training courses are also held at the tion involves one billion worth of invest- lished. The I Directorate has already been Bundeswehr Communication and Informa- ments. In the course of the preparations for able to contribute its expertise to the plan- tion Systems School in Lagerlechfeld. Those MoTaKo, the specific applications for the ning work for the new major organisational courses are part of the specialist military in-house developed high-quality SVFuA element. This also includes the positive ex- training (e.g. PC and network technology, radio sets are defined. For simple applica- perience gained from the close coopera- programming, transmission technology). tions, commercial software-based radios tion with the BAAINBw project divisions In addition, the ITCCs offer training courses may, in some cases, be more economical which manage the weapon systems (ships, for all users of office application software than SVFuA. Satellite radios enabling high- tanks, aircraft, etc.). Because what counts from the area of responsibility of the Ger- speed connections on the move are also in the end is that the weapon systems and man FMOD. part of the portfolio. IT function together in one equipment The ITCC control team of BAAINBw Branch Depending on the sensitivity of the infor- system. Here, too, it is the success of all I1.3 is in charge of the course management mation to be transmitted, they have to be involved which counts. 

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36 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 

Information Technology Directorate – Glossary

Project Branch responsible Information Technology Competence Centers (ITCC) I1.3 ELCRODAT 5-4 Crypto Phone Equipment I3.2 Bundeswehr Mobile Communications System (MobKommSysBw) I4.2 Short-range Terrestrial Transmission System (TÜtrSys) I4.2 Participant Network, deployable I4.2 Army Command and Control Information System (ACCIS/FüInfoSysH) I4.3 ACCIS/FüInfoSysH – Lot 1 – Product Improvement I4.3 Harmonized Command and Control Information System (HaFIS), stationary I4.4 Air Force Command and Control Information System – IT Equipment Expansion I4.4 Air Force Command and Control Information System – Product Improvement (PV FüInfoSysLw) I4.4 Joint Command and Control Information System – IT Equipment Expansion – Configuration Level 1 I4.4 JASMIN (Joint Analysis System Military Intelligence) Authorization Functionality I4.4 Harmonized Command and Control Information System (HaFIS), deployable I4.5 Joint Command and Control Information System (FüInfoSysSK) – Configuration Level 2 I4.5 Multinational Joint Headquarters IT Equipment (ITA MN KdoOpFü) I4.5 Air Component Command Headquarters/Air Operations Center Basic Capability Development I4.5 (ACC HQ/AOC AB GB) German-Netherlands Corps IT Equipment (ITA GNC) I4.5 Military Intelligence Data Station Data Processing Equipment Phase IIb I4.6 Systems for Computer Network Operations (CNO) I4.6 Artillery Data, Situation and Operation Computer Network (ADLER), Artillery Systems Cooperation Activities I5.1 (ASCA) Data Processing Equipment of the Medical Service Command and Control System I5.1 Army Air Defense Surveillance and Command and Control System – Implementation Phase 1 (FüWES HERGIS) I5.1 Branch-/Task-specific Command, Control, Information and Weapons Control Systems/Command, Control I5.1 and Employment Systems for Land-based Operations (FüW(E)S-LBO) ACCS-ARS National Expansion and SMF (Software Maintenance Facility) I5.2 Air Command and Control System (FüSysLuSK/ACCS) I5.2 Air Operations Center – Air Command and Control System – GERMAN IMPROVED AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM I5.2 (GefStd FüSysLuSK GIADS) – stationary Naval Command and Control Information System Product Improvement (PV FüInfoSysM) I5.3 Combat Forces Integrated Command, Control, Information, and Weapons Control System (IFIS), I5.4 Initial Equipment SATURN Ground-to-Air VHF/UHF Radio Transceiver (Second Generation Anti-Jam Tactical UHF Radio for I6.1 NATO) – stationary HRM 7000/7400 Radio Series I6.1 Naval Adaptive High Frequency Radio for Boats I6.1 MIDS Radio Data Transmission System (Multifunctional Information Distribution System) I6.2 Bundeswehr Satellite Communications System – long-term solution I6.3 Participation in the “Heinrich Hertz“ Satellite Mission I6.3 Mobile Tactical Communication (MoTaKo) Programme Management I6.4 Joint Networkable Radio Equipment (SVFuA) I6.4 Interdisciplinary Component of the Bundeswehr Communication Server (QUAKS Bw) I6.4 VHF/UHF Combat Net Radio I6.5 Emergency Radio Systems I6.5

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 37  IT SUPPORT "IT Support" Directorate (G)

Information Technology (IT) as a strategically important resource supports all command and control and business processes of the Bundeswehr and represents an important factor for its capabilities and future viability. The corresponding objectives are specified in the FMOD‘s “Armaments Agenda” and IT strategy. As part of the attractiveness enhancement programme “An active and attractive alternative”, special emphasis is placed on the modernisation of the IT environment and user satisfaction in addition to the mere provision of IT services. The IT Support Directorate (G Directorate) of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw) is responsible for operating, implementing and further developing IT applications and systems throughout the Bundeswehr in order to support logistic and administrative processes. This includes compliance with the relevant phases of the CPM (amended) as well as the complete service life cycle in accordance with the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL®1). In order to ensure a better harmonisation of these processes, the preliminary outline concept “Customer Center of Expertise (CCOE) SASPF2/Systems in Use (SinN)3” has been implemented. The G Directorate is the core of this CCoE and controls the required service management processes.

Background Organisation and Bodies of sible for providing the necessary technol- the IT Support Directorate ogy and common overlapping services that Apart from the HERKULES project, SASPF are required for operating applications. Di- is the Bundeswehr‘s key IT project. Even The tasks of the Directorate are performed vision G1 is the central interface to the main today, approx. 56,000 users are working by five divisions and specific management process managers, the Introduction and In- with this highly integrative system that basi- bodies. Service Organisations, the external service cally consists of the SAP standard software Division G1 “Economic and Technical Af- providers, the HERKULES special organiza- and selected complementary products. fairs” is responsible for developing con- tion and other BAAINBw directorates. The Bundeswehr is one of the largest us- cepts and plans for the logistical and Division G2 “Economic and Legal Affairs” ers of the SAP product suite – not only in administrative IT support including archi- is responsible for the contract management Germany but worldwide. tecture. Among other things, it performs of all contracts awarded by the G Direc- The consolidation of responsibilities for the demand management tasks and is respon- torate. implementation and support of SASPF as well as the technical integration of SASPF and SinN into CCoE allows us to pool sys- tem know-how and use synergy effects.

The G Directorate‘s “end-to-end“ respon- Source: BAAINBw sibility4 extends the responsibility to the entire life cycles of IT products and services and thus optimises their integration into the Bundeswehr IT system. Increasing eco- nomic efficiency and reducing the system complexity are important objectives that will be achieved by replacing more Systems in Use by SASPF and a consistent orienta- tion towards the SAP standard. Performance Processes In accordance with best practice recom- mendations, the quality of the implement- ed solutions is ensured through defined quality gates and a consistent application Main Processes life cycle management. In operation, an IT Service Management that is oriented to- Business Processes wards the specific requirements of SASPF/ SinN gathers user feedback also from Bun- deswehr operations abroad. These lessons learned are then considered in the deploy- ment of new products as well as in the further development and adaptation of services. SASPF: A Highly Integrative System

38 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 IT SUPPORT 

The divisions “Processes – Personnel/Or- requirements, selects solutions and Just like the performance, main and busi- ganisation/Individual Training” (G3), “Pro- maintains the service catalogue. ness processes, the respective IT service cesses – Armaments/Logistics/Infrastruc- • Change requests from Demand Man- management processes were broken ture/Environmental Protection” (G4) and agement are prioritised and approved down to work step level. The interfac- “Processes – Bundeswehr Planning, Finan- by the Change Control Board. es to the main processes “Armaments” cial & Management Accounting, Control- • The Architecture Board prepares guide- (due to interaction among project man- ling, Health Care, Special Areas” (G5) are lines and standards for the SASPF/SinN agement and operation), “Accounting” process-oriented divisions. The branches of application and system architecture. (with regard to resources planning), and these divisions evaluate the requirements • The Data Governance Board was estab- “Individual Training” (due to the trans- of the relevant main processes and busi- lished to coordinate and further develop fer of initial training to regular training) ness processes in cooperation with the requirements for the quality assurance are particularly important. This will cre- competent main process managers, de- of master data. ate a comprehensive and transparent IT velop IT solutions, implement and roll out Service Management model that is tai- applications, and ensure their operational Implementation of CCoE lored to the specific requirements of the readiness including user support. This in- Processes Bundeswehr. The lessons learned during cludes the identification of all allocated the test period will provide an essential SAP modules, complementary products After the preliminary SASPF/SinN CCoE contribution to the standardisation of and Systems in Use as well as relevant in- outline concept has become effective, the IT Service Management within the Bun- terfaces. processes defined in this concept will now deswehr IT system. The complex tasks associated with control- be implemented in all organisational areas ling and exercising the overall responsibil- and tested in practice. The G Directorate Excerpt from the Service ity are performed by inter-organisational will be at the centre of the setup organisa- Portfolio of the G Directorate bodies at the Bundeswehr‘s SASPF/SinN tion and provide the head of the CCoE. in 2015 Customer Centre of Expertise. The augmentation for routine duty will be • The CCoE Board informs and involves performed in four successive waves: The activities described below will provide the relevant agencies and makes strate- • 1st wave: incident, problem and knowl- an insight into the portfolio of BAAINBw‘s gic decisions. edge management; G Directorate. In addition to over 170 Sys- • The main tasks of the IT Service Man- • 2nd wave: demand, change and release tems in Use, more than 100 SAP modules agement Board are the design, imple- management and resources planning; and approx. 30 current projects, day-to- mentation and updating of the IT Ser- • 3rd wave: capacity and configuration day work is focused on in-service manage- vice Management model. management; ment tasks ranging from mission logistics • The Demand Management Board col- • 4th wave: training and service level man- to assessments to payroll accounting for lects, harmonises and prioritises user agement. more than 100,000 users.

Brochure

Armoured Infantry Fighting

Concept Vehicle Puma AIFV Puma – Procurement and Service Use Control under One Umbrella Oliver Mader

At present, the Armoured Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AIFV) Puma is the largest individual project for the German land forces and one of the most important defence projects of the Bundeswehr. The AIFV Puma will soon supersede the Marder AIFV, which has been in service for 42 years now. Due to its performance, the AIFV Puma is about to set new standards in many areas.

variety of coordinated organiza- The implementation of the AIFV Pu- for operational viability of the former A tional measures and processes ma project lies within the responsibility in-service support offices. This new, Content: is required in order to lead a defence of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr end-to-end responsibility with regard project from the first ideas and con- Equipment, Information Technology to Bundeswehr equipment – from cepts to a qualified weapon system, and In-Service Support (BAAINBw). project implementation and procure- which can be operated safely and is As public purchaser, it enters into ment to service use control to disposal accepted by its users. The basic frame- agreements with contractors and – – permits more effective and shorter processes.

Project development overview (Source: WTD 41) Already in 1996, the first requirements • Concept for the realization of a new armored infantry fighting vehicle were formu- lated and basic conceptual ideas were developed. In the year 2000, the pro- ject was transferred into the CPM. The analysis phase was concluded in the year 2002 with the approval of the Final Functional Requirement (FFR). • System In this document, the requirements Concept of the user (in this case the German Army) were laid down forming the ba- sis for the subsequent risk reduction phase. The aim of this risk reduction Importance of the Armoured phase was the development of a com- plete system demonstrator including Infantry Fighting Vehicle Puma • Technologies S005 production vehicle during a driving test at the Bundeswehr the proof of productibility and per- Technical Center for Ground Vehicle Systems, Engineer and General formance in accordance with the Final Field Equipment (WTD 41) Functional Requirement. To this end, for the Capability Profile of the Land Forces a development/risk reduction phase work for this is laid down in the re- in close coordination with the future contract was concluded between the vised Customer Product Management user and industry – performs compli- public purchaser and the company Team of authors of the Federal Ministry of Defence, (CPM, rev.) Procedures for Require- ance demonstration with the support Projekt System & Management GmbH Directorate-General for Planning ment Identification, Procurement and of its technical centers and research (PSM). At the end of 2005, the com- • Integrated Logistic Support/Training In-Service Support in the Bundeswehr. institutes. In October 2012, the BAA- plete system demonstrator was pre- “The Bundeswehr must be enabled to meet current tasks and expected future developments. The INBw was established in the course sented and subsequently tested. Bundeswehr’s reorientation must also and in particular be aligned with different and varied opera Author: of the Bundeswehr reorientation. It At the end of 2004, a contract for tions. By enabling the employment of armed forces across the entire intensity spectrum, Germany TRDir Dr. Oliver Mader combines the procurement activities the procurement of five pre-produc- AIFV Puma Deputy Project of the former Federal Office of De- tion vehicles as well as the optional will be in a position to make an adequate political and military contribution in accordance with its fense Technology and Procurement production and delivery of 405 pro- Manager, BAAINBw K5.2 size, thus ensuring its influence and, in particular, its say in planning and decisions. Only those as well as the material responsibility duction vehicles was concluded with - who offer capabilities for a common fulfilment of tasks can take part in shaping the Alliance.” • Future Trends 18 (Defence Policy Guidelines, 27 May 2011)

umb_WTR-Puma_2014.indd 18 23.05.14 14:03

SM) AIFV Puma during the P : integrated compliance

(Photo Published in cooperation with the Association of the demonstration German Army (Förderkreis Deutsches Heer e.V.)

Security environment

The Bundeswehr’s reorientation in • the security and protection of Ger the recent past also involved an up man citizens; - dated assessment of its tasks against • the territorial integrity and sover operations, including the fight against the backdrop of the current security - eignty of Germany and its allies; international terrorism, are playing an 102 pages, english - increasingly important role in the task environment with the aim of drawing • the fulfilment of international re conclusions for the capabilities of the sponsibilities. spectrum of the Bundeswehr. Never - theless, the task of national defence as forces. In this context, the following Since the first conceptual consider - security objectives of Germany con ations concerning the AIFV Puma took collective defence within the scope of - tinue to apply unchanged: shape, the strategic security environ the North Atlantic Alliance continues - ment has continued to change. Con to form an integral part of a compre - hensive German security policy. Con 10 flict prevention and crisis management - sidering the spectrum of tasks, the - Defence Technology Review 4/2014 forces will be required to carry out di-- €14.80 (incl. VAT, plus shipping) umb_WTR-Puma_2014.indd 10

23.05.14 14:02

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Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 39  IT SUPPORT

• BEL (Bundeswehr-owned stores) • KOLIBRI (cost and performance ac- counting in the Bundeswehr aimed at

Photo: BAAINBw rationalisation and internal optimisa- tion) • R-HAV (department-specific budgeting procedure) • DpBestLw (Air Force depot stock man- agement) After decommissioning the configura- tion control, materiel tracking and mate- riel management procedure for airborne weapon systems (BMS), which is scheduled for early 2016, the complete operation of all Bundeswehr aircraft – with the excep- tion of the FMOD’s Special Air Mission Wing and the current EUROFIGHTER mi- gration – will be managed through SASPF.

The New Bundeswehr Career Opportunities Portal An exemplary implementation as part of Mobile shelter for SASPF applications with server and up to 15 the Bundeswehr‘s “Attractiveness Agen- notebooks da” was the development of the new in- formation portal which contains all relevant IT Operation: As part of ensuring a SASPF Roll-out and Training of First Us- information on career opportunities within smooth IT operation, about 6,000 in- ers: The introduction of SASPF in all Bun- the FMOD‘s area of responsibility. Previ- cidents and 1,000 problems were pro- deswehr agencies made further progress ously, Bundeswehr personnel had almost cessed and about 1,500 changes were in 2015. In the area of airborne weapon no possibilities to obtain information about implemented in 2015. Even though the systems the focus of work is currently on available billets or positions in Germany and types and scopes of the relevant tickets the roll-out of SASPF in the EUROFIGHTER abroad that were suitable for their careers. and solutions are, of course, very different, units. In order to ensure user-friendly, cost-effec- they already indicate the size and com- In addition, the SASPF roll-out was com- tive and quick availability, the information plexity of the supported IT system. pleted in the Bundeswehr hospitals in portal was implemented on the basis of Implementation of SASPF: With the intro- Hamburg and Westerstede including sev- an existing intranet application (admin- duction of the SAP Analysis for Office edi- eral institutes of the Bundeswehr Medical istrative basics information system). The tion, the training for preparing controlling Service as well as in three Bundeswehr data required for the portal are directly reports was placed on a new technologi- pharmacies. The SASPF roll-out in the Bun- downloaded from the SASPF system and cal basis. In the field of personnel manage- deswehr Central Hospital in Koblenz and made available on a daily basis. For a short ment, IT applications for the management the four remaining Bundeswehr hospital response time, the data are optimised of reservists and for the support of per- pharmacies in 2016 will complete the roll- and reorganised in advance for potential sonnel conferences were implemented out in the agencies of the Bundeswehr search requests. Moreover, additional aids and the migration of the associated per- Joint Medical Service. like auto-suggest functions or notices are sonnel data to SASPF was completed. The conversion of supply items to SASPF as integrated into the search pages. Now payments in accordance with the a basis for the disposition and management The entire project was implemented within Conscripts and Dependents Maintenance of supply items at the Bundeswehr Logis- one year and has been available to the us- Act5 and military salaries can be managed tics Centre and at BAAINBw will remain ers since September. using SASPF. a challenge. Here, seven out of altogether 17 weapon system-specific item categories Mobile and Digital – SASPF Complementary Products: The IT sup- were rolled out. For this task alone about on Deployments and port for the Continuous Improvement Pro- 2,600 new users were trained last year. Exercises gramme (KVP) was fundamentally mod- Decommissioning of SinN: In order to ernised and adapted to the new frame- reduce the complexity mentioned earlier, Due to the reorganisation of logistic units work conditions. The re-design of the joint several other Systems in Use will be decom- as part of the reorientation of the Bun- planning tool for military training areas missioned this year: deswehr and the increasing use of SASPF, (IMEX SK) was successfully completed; this • SIKAM (information collection, con- more and more personnel need access to did not only improve user friendliness but trol and evaluation system for materiel current SASPF data and applications. This also reduced the variety of employed soft- maintenance projects) applies both to tasks within the scope of ware products and the number of required • BFW (shipyard management system) deployments, quasi-operational commit- servers. In August 2015, the in-service • BEAV (operational data acquisition and ments and exercises. Especially in the field responsibility for the Bundeswehr Travel evaluation procedure) of logistics, mobile and semi-hardened Management System (SMS Stiewi) was re- • WIDAV (maintenance and repair data SASPF workstations are required. transferred to BAAINBw. evaluation procedure) For this purpose, six mobile shelters were

40 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 IT SUPPORT  configured and equipped in a first step. Apart from one server, several printers and Q & A: up to 15 notebooks, these are equipped with network components for installing a LAN for all working areas of a logistic sup- “High demands on the port battalion. Connectivity over long distances within the future IT support” Bundeswehr computer network is ensured via satellites (RBM6 and BGAN7), standard Interview with Colonel (GS) Dietmar command support connections or a local Hartung, Head of the G Directorate internet connection. The security of the connections is ensured by the use of SINA ESD: Colonel Hartung, you have been the new boxes. head of the Directorate since August 2015 and The access to SASPF via CITRIX servers al- are thus responsible for SASPF/SinN CCoE. What lows the workstations to be used not only is your understanding of the CCoE? by logistics but also for all SASPF applica- Hartung: In order to support the Bundeswehr tions. This way, the access to the person- in its mission accomplishment by providing suit- nel management system could be used able IT services, we need an organisation that during a demonstration exercise of the provides and further develops IT services in a Bundeswehr Command Support School to flexible manner to meet the highly dynamic prepare the course certificates already on customer requirements. CCoE is a joint organi- site during an exercise break. sation that includes the main process managers of the Bundeswehr, the in-service The first shelters are already part of na- use and introduction organisations as representatives of the organisational areas, tional exercises (GRANTIGER LÖWE) and BWI as external IT service provider and my Directorate at BAAINBw. The interaction international exercises like NATO PERSIS- between the individual functions, roles and processes is described in the preliminary TENT PRESENCE (Baltic states), CAPABLE outline concept for SASPF/SinN CCoE, which is currently being tested. Concept and LOGISTICIAN (Hungary) as well as NATO organisation of the CCoE Response Force exercises. The correspond- were already approved on ing requests made by logistic units for 9 September 2015 with the 2016/2017 reflect the increasing demand. Primary Certification under the SAP License Agreement. IT Support “as a Service“ I am therefore convinced that we are on the right With approximately 500 BAAINBw per- track with this service or- sonnel and in cooperation with about 250 ganisation. company employees, the G Directorate provides Bundeswehr users with reliable, ESD: What are the greatest up-to-date and capable applications for challenges in your opinion? routine duty in all areas of the Bundeswehr. Hartung: SASPF is “highly While this service philosophy and the new integrative”. I learn the true framework conditions of the SASPF pro- meaning of this term every gramme strategy place high demands on day. A current example con- the IT Service Management Organisation cerns the measures taken and its employees, it also offers a modern to convert Departmental and attractive working environment.  CCoE-Zertifikat Budget 14 of the Federal Budget to SASPF because (Endnotes) they cannot be addressed only from an accounting point of view as they affect the 1 ITIL® is a Registered Trade Mark of AXELOS Limited entire Bundeswehr operation. Another challenge is to reduce the complexity of 2 Standard Application Software Product Families 3 A CCoE is an SAP-certified organisational and pro- the SASPF/SinN system landscape in order to operate it in a more transparent and cedural structure that is used to operate complex economical manner. IT environments with a focus on SAP applications. SinN stands for “Systeme in Nutzung” (Systems in Use). ESD: What will be the future focus of your work? 4 “End-to-end” designates the overall view of the IT Hartung: My current focus of effort is definitely on finalising the SASPF Programme systems involved in a process from the user‘s per- spective. Here, it is not the individual system that is Strategy. This document describes the strategic approach of the SASPF programme relevant but the interaction of all systems involved. between 2016 and 2022 as well as its associated projects. In addition, it describes the The “end-to-end“ (e2e) responsibility comprises the paradigm shift to agile project management techniques. This entails the expectation coordination of all measures required for providing and optimizing the agreed services in order to en- to integrate innovative and attractive technologies more quickly, to flexibly control sure consistent business processes. projects under changing framework conditions and to employ existing resources in 5 The Conscripts and Dependents Maintenance Act a more targeted and efficient way. guarantees existential security to conscripts and their families These are all high demands on the future IT support in the Bundeswehr which my 6 Receive Broadcast Management (mobile ground staff and I will be pleased to address. station for Bundeswehr SATCOM) 7 Broadcast Global Area Network (mobile ground sta- The questions were asked by Michael Horst. tion for commercial internet services by Inmarsat® via satellite)

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 41  HERKULES SPECIAL ORGANIZATION HERKULES Special Organization (SO H)

Within the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw) the Herkules Special Organization (SOH) is not merely responsible for the Bundeswehr‘s biggest IT project. Because apart from the so-called “Customer Management” concerning BWI IT which is the main task, the members of this directorate are responsible for more than 30 other IT Projects outside of HERKULES. Since spring 2013, one project division has also been working closely with the Federal Ministry of Defence (FMOD) towards the follow-on solution for the HERKULES project.

ith a contract period of ten years, Wthe HERKULES project is the Bun- deswehr‘s largest public private partner- ship. The aim is to comprehensively mod- ernise, homogenise and economically operate the so-called administrative infor- Graphics/Photos: BAAINBw mation technology and the Bundeswehr communication networks in Germany to- gether with the BWI IT GmbH, an external service provider in the context of public- private partnerships until the end of 2016. This comprises more than 140,000 com- puter workstations, 300,000 telephones, the Bundeswehr data processing centers as well as a nationwide IT service organisa- tion. Obviously, all of these measures have to be prepared, coordinated, improved and supervised together with the “service pro- vider” who operates these assets for the Bundeswehr. This includes further develop- ment and technical innovation. SO H is distributed among the locations Koblenz, Dresden and Strausberg. It is sub- The telephone number of the UHD on a smart phone divided into three project divisions and the HERKULES support staff, which supports services for the central services and the deswehr and BWI. In addition, the project the head of SO H as staff element in his adaptation of the Bundeswehr IT System division is responsible for the concepts of management tasks in the fields of train- in the context of the Bundeswehr reori- all HERKULES IT security products and con- ing, organisation, personnel management, entation to central management tasks for figurations. infrastructure, IT and controlling. HERKULES. The Program Management is A further branch is responsible for the IT responsible for steering the HERKULES Pro- services “Bundeswehr Wide Area Network Customer Management for ject in committees and specialised working (WANBw) and telephony as well as aspects HERKULES groups. The tasks of reporting and control- of mobile work”. The spectrum comprises ling in the context of continuous perfor- the development of the wide area network, The Project Division H1 is responsible for mance control are performed by the Pro- the operation of the newly expanded NGN- implementing most components of the gram Management. Bw (Next Generation Network, an IP-based HERKULES IT project and other IT-projects In Quality and IT-Service Management, network) and the creation of the prerequi- – for example central services and mobile BWI‘s performance is monitored and evalu- sites for a secure network connection for work. This includes the so-called Customer ated with the help of reports in order to “RAS-employees” (Remote Access Service) Management and the daily cooperation guarantee compliance with contractually with mobile telephony and IT support. The with BWI IT for the operation of the do- agreed standards. This helps to identify and teleworking IT project is also managed by mestic IT basis formerly called IT routine implement potentials for improvement also this branch. The focus is on providing IT operations. The planning and implementa- with respect to cooperative actions of the equipment and IT services analogous to the tion of all IT measures (such as moving IT users. The improvement of contractually equipment at the workplace in the office equipment) in the context of the reorienta- agreed services is a permanent task. and on setting up a secure connection with tion of the Bundeswehr are also located in One important domain of this project di- the Bundeswehr IT system. this project division. vision is IT security and data protection Several IT services are combined in the A total of 7 branches in the H1 Project as well as all further IT security measures “central services” branch. This includes the Division work on tasks ranging from pro- connected to HERKULES which have to control of the IT services for the Internet gramme and quality management via IT be closely coordinated between the Bun- and the Intranet, the Bundeswehr Lotus

42 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 HERKULES SPECIAL ORGANIZATION 

Notes Communication Network, User-ori- ented Communication in the Bundeswehr or the Bundeswehr Central Directory Ser- vice. Data processing centres and the so- called “Local Servers for Systems in Use” are also managed. Currently, the members of the branch are working on the techni- cal development of Bundeswehr online media, Public Key Infrastructure (PKIBw) with the electronic duty pass and military identification card (eDTA) or the equipment of operational contingents with terminals for User-oriented Communication in the Bundeswehr. Budget planning and the contractual im- plementation of the HERKULES project are an aspect of Customer Management as well as the management of funds and an associated efficiency analysis. The contract branch is the central point of contact for all legal issues concerning the HERKULES contracts. Its scope of ac- tion in case of performance irregularities includes demanding contract penalties. Furthermore, all contracts relating to the reorientation of the Bundeswehr IT system are concluded here.

Adaptation of the IT Graph on IT relocation during the reorientation System to the Bundeswehr Reorientation refugees. In this context, the responsible and LAN in the HERKULES project is one persons often have to support the alloca- of the main tasks of Customer Manage- The implications of the Bundeswehr reori- tion of infrastructure with quick and flex- ment. This specifically includes the support entation for IT were not foreseeable when ible solutions. of the IT service “software distribution” the HERKULES contract was concluded. In KOINBw coordinates the required chang- which consists in the centralised automatic order to conduct the currently more than es to the Bw IT system in the course of distribution of software programmes to all 330,000 relocations and modifications of handing over buildings and facilities. The HERKULES computer workstations and pe- IT equipment, a specific project with addi- services in the context of implementation ripheral equipment. tional funds – outside of HERKULES – was range from a simple inspection of the local A further branch supports all projects, required. The “Coordination Organization IT situation by the Regional Management particularly in the technical area of project for the Adaptation of the IT System to the Teams via the disconnection of facilities preparation and execution. It deals with Bundeswehr Reorientation” (KOINBw) con- from the WANBw in order to comply with research and technology studies, market trols all modifications of the IT system in this IT security requirements to the “emergency exploration and test installations. For ex- context. This includes planning as well as recovery” (quick deinstallation) of IT equip- ample, it is currently very active in help- the use of independent funds and the local ment in buildings or facilities that have to ing to establish a major IT project for the support of the agencies by the BAAINBw‘s be handed over at short notice. improvement of IT support in the field of regional management teams and BWI IT. “collaboration”. A universally usable test These modifications include measures con- IT Platform Equipment and reference environment exists. In ad- cerning IT networks, IT workplace equip- HERKULES, Desktop dition, the branch processes and manages ment and services and IT procedures for Management and Special the most important open-end IT contracts HERKULES and Non-HERKULES IT equip- in the field of COTS IT. The branch is also ment. This includes command and control Software responsible for planning all technical and information systems, C2I and weapons Project Division H2 with its four branches function-related IT equipment in Bun- control systems, SASPF (Standard Applica- is responsible for IT platform equipment deswehr agencies. tion Software Product Families), systems within HERKULES. The bulk of the approxi- The Bundeswehr Special Software Com- in service (also “legacy systems” that are mately 30 projects outside the HERKULES petence Center adapts special software primarily required for administrative and contract is also managed and controlled and hardware to the standard HERKULES logistic processes) and central services such here. The spectrum ranges from the pro- configuration in cooperation with BWI. as the Internet or the Intranet and e-mail as curement of COTS IT components, support Approximately 150 programmes are sup- well as adaptations to IT security. of other projects to concept development ported continuously including release and Apart from the ongoing IT measures for and provision of IT solutions optimised for license management. Advice on alternative the Bundeswehr reorientation, KOINBw military use. solutions and on the compatibility of soft- supports facility managers with IT meas- The technical control of the IT services for ware products are also part of the service. ures required for the accommodation of Desktop Management, pertaining servers Certain special hardware with equipment-

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 43 will become an IT service centre in order to be able to offer interagency services. At the same time, the increased demands on performance and the protection of in- dividual systems must be borne in mind. The Bundeswehr reorientation also dem- onstrates how comprehensive and holistic the planning process must be in order to be successful due to the profound changes to the Bundeswehr IT system. In the end these changes – in the context of the Bun- deswehr reorientation – may continue un- til 2018 and thus end approximately two years after the expiry of the HERKULES main contract.

Taking Stock of HERKULES Work at the Special Software Competence Center of H2.4 There is only one year left before the dependent software is tested for conform- the strategic orientation of the companies HERKULES main contract expires, time to ity in order to guarantee its operation or were last year‘s main focus. take stock. compatibility (e.g. Kenwood radio equip- The foundation for this, apart from the The start of HERKULES did not run as ment used by the military police, special requirements contained in company law, smoothly as planned. The Bundeswehr thermal imagers and various smart boards). is the “Strategic Orientation of the BWI IT landscape proved to be far more com- Service Alliance as an In-house company” plex than was assumed during the intense Preparation of the HERKULES (BWI 2020) which was approved by Dr. preparations. Furthermore, a familiarisation Follow-On Project phase was necessary in which users and superiors had to grow accustomed to their The HERKULES main contract expires on 27 new roles, administrators received differ- December 2016 after a period of ten years. ent tasks and BWI employees had to get to In accordance with a decision made by the know the “Customer Bundeswehr”. budget committee of the German Bunde- Standardisation also always implies that stag, the federal government will become not every user‘s special wishes can be ful- the sole partner in the IT companies of the filled. As not everything that is desirable BWI service alliance. is required in the system or necessary for An in-house company proved to be the official IT equipment. This will remain un- most economically efficient solution for the changed in the future. future of IT operations. The transition must The HERKULES objectives – modernisation, be organised in such a way that an uninter- standardisation and consolidation of Bun- rupted IT operation will be ensured. The deswehr information technology in routine planning of the follow-on project is based operations – have been reached. Thus, the on a harmonised milestone plan which Bundeswehr now has an excellent wide area contains the milestones relevant for the network, reliable computing centres, a cen- transition to an in-house company accord- tral User Help Desk, an uninterrupted infor- ing to company law and the laws on ser- Dr. Katrin Suder, State Secretary mation and network service, modernised fa- vice contracts. H3 division was established in the Federal Ministry of Defence, cility networks and an efficient IT workspace within SOH in order to implement the mile- approved the document “Strate- environment subject to regular renewal. stone plan for the follow-on project. gic Orientation of the BWI Service Due to the provision of efficient informa- The uninterrupted continuation is not lim- Alliance as an In-house company” tion and communications technology at the ited to simply continuing the current IT (BWI 2020) on 31 March 2015. workplace, working conditions in the Bun- support for the operation of the domestic deswehr are good compared to industry IT basis. The progress achieved with the IT- Katrin Suder, State Secretary in the Federal standard. Without the lowered workload project HERKULES will also be transferred Ministry of Defence on 31 March 2015. due to modern forms of cooperation and to other parts of the Bundeswehr IT system The “Strategy BWI 2020“ envisages a con- financing by the public-private-partnership (IT-SysBw) such as parts of mission-related tinuous development of BWI with regard with BWI, it would probably not have been IT (operations and exercises). to personnel, organisation and finances possible to achieve this target. The main milestones in 2015 were the based on the funds available at that point. Every member of the Bundeswehr, both drafting of the statement of work as part The current IT services must be continued soldiers and civilian employees, be it in of the future service contract and the early and improved, modernised and expanded Germany or abroad, in domestic routine invitation to tender for supply contracts based on the user requirements for the operations or in operations abroad, be it in which are required for an uninterrupted Bundeswehr. The advantage for the Bun- a civilian or a military organisational area, service from December 2016. Apart from deswehr is that the burden of these tasks at the Federal Ministry of Defence or in the that, the preparation and implementation is increasingly removed as these IT services Bundeswehr will continue to work with of the measures under company law and are concentrated in BWI. Furthermore, BWI HERKULES. 

44 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 PURCHASING  Purchasing Directorate (E)

As part of the reorientation of the organised Bundeswehr Purchasing are ment and implementation on an agency a strategic mode of operation including level is handled by the executive level of Bundeswehr, the creation of a overarching central management and con- Directorate E. It ensures that guidelines are new, efficient and standardised trol, stringent material segment manage- implemented by all operative agencies. ment based on the procurement market The new procurement organisation Bun- procurement and in-service and in close cooperation with users, and a deswehr Purchasing is structured into “ma- process was commissioned. process-oriented organisational structure. terial segments”, each of them based on Through the establishment of Bundeswehr the eCl@ss classification. Following a new Purchasing, a strategic procurement level mindset, supply items with identical pur- he new Bundeswehr process structure – an optimised purchasing structure pro- chasing markets are pooled into material Tis characterised by clear-cut responsibili- viding comprehensive control – has been segments. ties and decision-making powers as well as added to the previous, mostly operative The organisational structure of Directorate reduced interfaces. The procurement and level of the procuring agencies. Overall re- E in particular reflects this new strategy. in-service process consists of three pillars: sponsibility for the purchasing process lies The new strategic purchasing process will • Procurement of material solutions in ac- cordance with the amended Customer Product Management (CPM nov.); • Procurement for the satisfaction of non-

project demands (Bundeswehr Purchas- Procurement and In-Service Process Source: BAAINBw ing), and • satisfaction of demand via Complex Services.

Directorate E, with its offices in Lahnstein, Bundeswehr Complex Amended Services Koblenz, and Berlin, consists of four divi- CPM Purchasing sions and twelve branches as well as its Directorate Controlling/Purchasing Con- trolling and the Directorate Staff. It is in charge of two of the three pillars of the Bundeswehr procurement and in-service process (Bundeswehr Purchasing and

Complex Services). Its responsibilities also TheFigure: three The pillarsthree pillars ofof the the Procurement Procurement and In-Service andProcess In-Service and their interaction Process (source: BAAINBw and their) include the disposal of Bundeswehr mate- interaction rial as well as interdepartmental and equip- ment assistance.

Bundeswehr Purchasing – Divisions E1 and E2 Photo: BAAINBw Bundeswehr Purchasing procures commer- cial and Bundeswehr-specific consumables and non-consumables in order to meet the so-called “operational demand” and main- tain Bundeswehr operations in deploy- ments, exercises, and routine duty, using a new, holistic approach. This includes the follow-on procurement of spare parts for weapons systems/equipment in the in-ser- vice phase, procurement via international procurement channels, and interministerial procurement. In the past, the Bundeswehr procure- ment organisation used to be very het- erogeneous. By establishing Bundeswehr At the stand of Bundeswehr Purchasing, State Secretary Markus Grübel Purchasing, an economically optimised is briefed on the procurement of recycled paper for the Bundeswehr procurement organisation with clear- cut responsibilities, operating within with division AIN III of the Federal Minis- be introduced systematically in three stages the legal framework and using modern try of Defence (FMod). AIN III provides the until late 2017. Stage 1, “Creation of Bun- methods in a context which comprises framework for Bundeswehr Purchasing by deswehr Purchasing”, was for the most the entire Bundeswehr, was created. adopting the purchasing strategy and is- part completed by 31 December 2013, The defining characteristics of the newly suing relevant guidelines. Further develop- introducing three pilot segments: vehicle

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 45  PURCHASING technology, office supplies, and medical a reliable and encyclopedic data source. by means of so-called “in-service systems” technology. The key objective, however, remains the (IT systems for administration applications Stage 1 has already resulted in a first suc- documentation, maintenance, and pres- that are gradually being transferred to the cess: many decentralised individual con- entation of framework contract data for SAP standard software as part of the SASPF tracts in the vehicle technology segment each item in SASPF (Standard Application project), requirements to the quality of mas- were successfully combined into one cen- Software Product Family). Furthermore, ad- ter data will increase, making purchasing tralised framework contract. As this step ditional material segments (including elec- significantly more complex for the time be- has brought about significant cost savings, trical technology, energy and secondary ing. Following that, however, improved data options to combine other decentralised de- raw materials, housekeeping and house- quality will increasingly facilitate the mate- mands into centralised contracts are cur- keeping technology) have been converted rial segment procurement described below, rently being reviewed, both in the vehicle into the new purchasing process as part of which is handled by Division E2. technology segment and in other material segments. Another area of focus is the optimisation of requirements planning by cooperating with users. Instead of frequent contract placements for recurrent small-quantity requirements, multiple delivery contracts with a duration of up to three years are to Photo: Bundeswehr/Schmitt be concluded. Contracts for the procurement of paper have been reduced and centralised, too, cutting costs for office supplies. At the same time, contracts will be changed to procure recycled paper only in order to comply with the latest sustainability requirement stipu- lated by the Federal Government. When the first national Day of the Bun- deswehr took place on the premises of the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Aircraft and Aeronautical Equipment (WTD 61) in Manching on 13 June 2015, Bundeswehr The use of recycled paper as one example of sustainability Purchasing was present with an informa- tion stand. One major topic was the prac- procurement planning in 2015. In the third Division E2 is responsible for procuring tical implementation of sustainability re- and last stage starting in 2017, Bundeswehr all follow-on spare parts required by the quirements in public procurement by the Purchasing is to be applied to all material armed forces for weapons systems and/or Bundeswehr Purchasing process. segments. in-service phase equipment. A consider- With the completion of stage 2 in late The responsibility for the Bundeswehr able portion of orders is placed based on 2015, purchasing is to be optimised further, Purchasing concept, its continuous im- competitions involving medium-sized busi- in particular with regard to data quality and provement, and the change manage- nesses. Some two million supply items have availability. The aim is to make further pro- ment required in this context lies with to be procured, ranging from small compo- gress in standardising and professionalis- Division E1 of BAAINBw's Directorate E. nents such as bolts, nuts, and gaskets (i.e. ing Bundeswehr Purchasing. To this end, A network-based “Bundeswehr Purchas- commercial material) to specific material for supplier and framework contract data that ing Information Platform” was created in equipment and complex weapon systems have so far been managed in a decentral- the Bundeswehr to serve as a control and like the CH 53 helicopter, frigates, or the ised manner will be pooled into a central- information tool. Leopard MBT. For almost 500,000 of these ised database. Previously, the framework Division E1 is also responsible for gathering items, there is a constant demand. contract database only included framework the necessary data and making it available E2 concludes contracts for POL products contracts by BAAINBw and the Federal Of- to specific addressees. (fuel, lubricants and similar products) includ- fice of Bundeswehr Infrastructure, Environ- In addition, E1 handles the following tasks: ing their storage, handling, and pipelines for mental Protection and Services (contracts • generating and providing purchasing the Bundeswehr in Germany and abroad as of the former military district administrative documents (e.g. order catalogs), pur- well as other federal authorities, and facili- offices). Under the Bundeswehr Purchasing chasing statistics and reports for BAA- ties to pool resources at a federal level; the process, all framework contracts placed by INBw; division also places contracts for office sup- the Bundeswehr are to be merged in one • acting as a drawing and design office plies (including printer and copying paper), common framework contract database for BAAINBw, and print products (service regulations, forms, (GemRVDBBw), including framework con- • collecting company proposals for BAA- etc.), and expendable medical items (medi- tracts placed by the Bundeswehr service INBw. cal consumables and medicinal products). centres and subordinate agencies of BAA- One major challenge is the migration of pro- Division E2 is organised in material seg- INBw. curement receipts and item-related master ments in accordance with the eCl@ss This will make all information on Bun- data to SASPF. As the procurement of sup- structure. deswehr framework contracts available to plies is converted from the MBF process This structure allows a targeted demand on purchasing staff in a modern database, pro- based on materiel requirements requests to the procurement markets, as specific pro- viding strategic purchasing personnel with the BANF requisition procedure under SASPF curement strategies can be developed and

46 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 PURCHASING 

implemented for each materiel segment. once the key elements of the new strategic An additional organisational element for Each material segment is headed by a ma- mode of operation with its centralised and project management which handles the teriel segment manager who has directive overarching management and control sys- technical-logistical as well as the overall authority across organisational bounda- tem, the material segments, and its process management of projects has been created ries. This ensures that there are purchas- orientation are in place, they will act as a with Branch E3.1. It systematically develops ing experts for specific material segments, driving force for long-term organisational and implements complex service projects. facilitating standardised procurement in development. Interdisciplinary cooperation across organi- the materiel segments throughout the sational areas and agencies is not just pos- Bundeswehr und leading to pooling and Complex Services – sible but already provided for. This will be synergy effects. Division E3 implemented by a specific form of coop- Generally, Bundeswehr Purchasing has ini- eration – similar to the amended CPM. The tiated a paradigm shift in non-project pro- Public-private partnerships/complex ser- aim is to develop customised and economic curement. “This constitutes a move away vices are the third pillar of the equipment capabilities for our armed forces in compli- from thinking in terms of cost in decen- and in-service process. They consist of the ance with the legal framework, in a timely tralised structures originating in the past following key elements: manner, and in cooperation with industry. and towards a focus on added value in the • comparing options to satisfy demand Currently, Branch E3.1 handles project man- context of centrally defined procurement ranging from a completely official fulfil- agement tasks for NBC material package strategies.” ment of public tasks on the one end of 1 (materiel management for Bundeswehr Individual contracting authorities across the spectrum to the total outsourcing, personal NBC protective equipment and the Bundeswehr thus lose their primacy in i.e. contracting, on the other end; clothing), NBC material package 2 (materiel the procedural organisation and become • developing and evaluating these differ- management for common and weapon- an integral part of the materiel segments. ent options – if necessary, by utilising system specific NBC defence materiel of Their early integration – as early as dur- additional manpower –, and the Bundeswehr), and central Bundeswehr ing development of the materiel segment • scheduling the timeframe for migration spare parts logistics (“ZEBEL” – supply of strategies – facilitates the implementation (linking to Bundeswehr business pro- civilian and selected military maintenance of different procurement levers taking the cesses and hand-over to a third party) to facilities with Bundeswehr-owned spare legal framework into account. ensure the successful transition from the parts by a private contractor). Changing the mindset within the Bun- realisation phase to the in-service phase. Branch E3.2 is responsible for contractual deswehr in this regard without putting BAAINBw's Directorate E has had the supervision of the above-mentioned pro- supply at risk will be crucial. Structures awarding, contracting and economic au- jects NBC material packages 1 and 2, the that have grown over decades cannot sim- thority concerning complex services pro- ZEBEL project, as well as the basic driving ply be overthrown within days. However, jects for a long time. training project (conducted by a private

New Brochure

Lage und Herausforderungen CBRN Protection Verbreitung von Massenvernichtungswaffen und ABC-Gefahrenabwehr – Umsetzung in der NATO und deren Herausforderungen Proliferation of WMD and Defending against CBRN 2/2015 Threats – NATO's Achievements and Ongoing Challenges Made in Germany Wolfgang Rudischhauser, Director of NATO’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Non-Proliferation Centre1 Militärischer und ziviler ABC-Schutz in Deutschland assenvernichtungswaffen (MVW) stellen eapons of mass destruction (WMD) remain Mnach wie vor eine ernst zu nehmende, Wa serious, even growing threat, despite some stetig steigende Bedrohung dar. Besonders in positive developments in the past one or two Verbindung mit dem internationalen Terro- years. In particular the nexus between chemical, Die Prävention in der Gestaltung des neuen Systems rismus gefährden chemische, biologische und biological and radiological agents and terrorism radiologische Kampfstoffe mehr und mehr die poses one of the gravest potential risks to our se- der ABC-Abwehr der Bundeswehr Sicherheit unserer Bevölkerung. Die Nicht-Ein- curity. NATO Strategic Foresight Analysis identifies haltung internationaler Rüstungskontroll-, Ab- a complex future for the Alliance with increasing ABC-Schutz – Made in Germany rüstungs- und Nicht-Verbreitungsverträge durch instability situations, including large scale disasters, einige Staaten verdeutlicht eindringlich, dass nukle- non-state actors activity and WMD threats, which the The Role of Prevention in the Design of the ABC-SCHUTZ Content: are, biologische oder chemische Waffen einschließlich ihrer Alliance may face in the coming two decades. Recent cases Bundeswehr‘s New CBRN Defence Architecture Ausbringungssysteme nicht immer entsprechend abgesichert of non-adherence to international arms control, disarmament Oberstleutnant Norbert Kowalow, ABC-Abwehrkommando der Bundeswehr, Im Zeitalter asymmetrischer Konflikte ist der ABC-Schutz nicht nur in seiner militärischen werden können und daher ein Zugriff durch Dritte durchaus and non-proliferation commitments have shown that nuclear, Dezernatsleiter Grundlagen und Weiterentwicklung ABC-AbwehrBw möglich ist. biological and chemical weapons including their means of de- Bedeutung, sondern auch als eine wichtige Aufgabe des Bevölkerungsschutzes ressortüber- In der Zukunft werden immer mehr staatliche und nicht- livery, remain in the possession of some states that cannot staatliche Akteure Zugriff auf MVW und ABC-Technologien guarantee that those weapons are properly secured and are Militärpolitischer Rahmen greifend zu betrachten, um insgesamt eine nationale Sicherheitsvorsorge zu gewährleisten. erlangen bzw. versuchen, sich diese Fähigkeiten anzueignen. therefore vulnerable to exploitation. A greater number of state Der zunehmend leichter werdende Zugang zu ABC-Kampf- and non-state actors are expected to obtain, or seek to obtain, Deutschland nimmt in der Welt aufgrund seiner führenden Die grundsätzlichen und aktuellen Fragen des ABC-Schutzes werden in dieser Broschüre – mitteln, verbunden mit fehlenden oder unzureichenden Kont- access to WMD and CBRN material. Easier access to such ma- wirtschaftlichen Stellung die Rolle einer verantwortlichen Military-political context CBRN PROTECTION • Situation and Challenges rollsystemen, insbesondere für biologische Kampfstoffe, wird terial and loopholes in regulatory mechanisms, especially for eingeleitet durch Vorworte der Bundesministerin der Verteidigung und des Bundesministers Mittelmacht ein, die an den Bemühungen und Systemen sehr wahrscheinlich weltweit zu immer mehr Sicherheitsrisiken biological agents, are likely to lead to affect global security and der kollektiven Sicherheit und Verteidigung sowie dem in Due to its position as a leading economy, Germany‘s role und Instabilität führen. create instability. des Innern – daher sowohl aus ziviler als auch aus militärischer Sicht beschrieben, um dem ternationalen Krisenmanagement wegweisend beteiligt ist. in the world is one of a responsible medium-sized power Die NATO hat eine Verantwortung gegenüber Over the past 15 years, Dabei nehmen Abrüstung, Rüstungskontrolle und Nichtver which plays a pioneering part in efforts and systems of der europäischen Bevölkerung hinsichtlich der NATO has taken several Fachpublikum einen komprimierten Sachstand zu bieten und eine breitere Öffentlichkeit für die breitung von Massenvernichtungswaffen einen hohen Stel - collective security and defence, and in international crisis steigenden Proliferation von ballistischen Raketen. steps to improve its ef- lenwert in der deutschen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik ein. management. Germany thus has a decisive role to play NATO has the responsibility to protect its fectiveness in response to Gesamtproblematik zu sensibilisieren. Aus der sicherheitspolitischen Entwicklung Deutschlands - with regard to the responsibilities and the military-political European populations, territory and forces in light WMD and CBRN threats sind auch der nationale Handlungsrahmen einer gesamt - focus of international foreign and security policy. In Ger Komplexe ABC-Lagen – im In- und Ausland – können nur durch Bündelung aller zivilen und of the increasing proliferation of ballistic missiles. and is stepping up its ef- staatlichen Sicherheitsvorsorge sowie die zukünftige Rolle man foreign and security policy, disarmament, arms control forts to respond. The 2014 und Fähigkeiten der Streitkräfte abzuleiten. Dies schließt and the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction militärischen Kräfte beherrscht werden. Dies erfordert die entsprechende materielle Aus- Wales Summit outcome introduced a paradigm shift that re- - MADE IN GERMANY die ABC-Abwehr der Bundeswehr als einen bereits bewähr - are key elements. The development of Germany‘s security quires to look beyond deterrence and defence, and to embrace ten Partner in der gesamtstaatlichen Sicherheitsvorsorge policy sets the framework for national preventive security stattung sowohl des militärischen als auch des zivilen Bereichs. Dazu zeigt diese Publikation u.a. • Military and Civilian CBRN enhancing resilience and consequence management as a new mit ein. Für die internationale Wahrnehmung der Aufgaben measures and for the future role and capabilities of the parameter of security. Also the declaration reiterates the com- der ABC-Abwehr hat Deutschland im Rahmen des NATO - Armed Forces. This includes the Bundeswehr‘s CBRN de mit Fachbeiträgen aus Unternehmen auf, welche Fähigkeiten und technologischen Lösungen mon understanding that in future the majority of Allied na- Framework Nations Concept die Verantwortung als Rah fence architecture as a tried and tested element of national die deutsche Industrie anbietet, um zur Gefahrenabwehr und zum Katastrophenschutz im tions cannot maintain a broad capability profile and therefore preventive security. At international level, Germany has concepts of capability pooling and sharing are required. assumed the responsibility of a framework nation for the -

Inland wie auch zur ABC-Abwehr im militärischen Bereich wesentlich beizutragen. (Photo: NATO) - accomplishment of CBRN defence tasks within the scope An evolving threat Die offizielle Studie der NATO zur zukünftigen Einsatzum- Protection in Germany gebung, NATO’s Strategic Foresight Analysis, beschreibt die The historic agreement on Iran’s nuclear programme in nächsten zwei Jahrzehnte als eine komplexe Zukunft mit zu- Vienna on 14 July 2015, with the strong involvement of fourMilitary and Civilian CBRN Protection in Germany nehmender Instabilität, steigender Zahl an Katastrophenfäl- key NATO Allies, seems to have reduced the risk that Iran will len, Aktivitäten nicht-staatlicher Akteure und einer Bedrohung acquire a nuclear weapon. But there are still other serious risks durch MVW, der sich das Bündnis zu stellen hat. and challenges to international security. 10 CBRN-Schutz im Bevölkerungsschutz – CBRN Protection – Made in Germany eine gemeinsame Aufgabe von Bund und Ländern CBRN Protection in Civil Protection – a Shared umbr_WTR-ABC_2015.indd 10 09.10.15 08:39 In today’s era of asymmetric conflicts CBRN protection is to be considered both as a military • Industrial Capabilities Responsibility of Federal Government and Federal States issue and a critical element of civil protection in order to ensure national security precautions Dr. Karin Braun, Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutzmennation und übernommen. Katastrophenhilfe Es ist damit (BBK), auch unter Berück across ministerial levels. Referatsleiterin CBRN-Schutz sichtigung der bereits bestehenden militärpolitischen und strategischen OneVorgaben of Germany‘s der NATO security im Bereich policy der objectives ABC-Ab is to ensure the - With forewords from the Federal Minister of Defence and the Federal Minister of the Interior wehr und der “securityPrävention and für protectiondie zukünftige of citizensAusgestaltung in Germany“. of Germany’s the NATO- Framework Nations Concept. In this role, „Sicherheit und Schutz der Bürgerinnen und Bürgerder Grundlagenin citizens und Fähigkeiten can be certain in der that Zusammenarbeit the available nationalGermany forces, -is also responsible – taking into account NATO‘s - this publication addresses fundamental and current questions of CBRN protection from the Deutschland“ ist eines der sicherheitspolitischender Ziele beteiligten - Nationenassets and verantwortlich. capabilities will Das be System used derto deliver fastexisting and militaryeffec policy and strategic guidelines in the fields Deutschlands. Die Bürgerinnen und Bürger können sich - tive help – be it in natural disasters, after large-scaleof CBRN emer defence and prevention – for shaping future con civilian and the military point of view, thus offering a consolidated situation picture to an expert darauf verlassen, dass ihnen mit den vorhandenen72 gesamt gencies or to protect vital infrastructure fromcepts threats and ofcapabilities all in cooperation with the participating staatlichen Kräften, Mitteln und Fähigkeiten rasch und wirk kinds. (German Defence Policy Guidelines, 2011)nations. In this context, the Bundeswehr‘s CBRN defence readership while attempting to alert a broader part of the public with regard to the overall - - sam geholfen wird – sei es bei Umweltkatastrophen oder nach- Großschadensereignissen, sei es zum Schutz lebenswichti CBRN threats are omnipresent problem. ger Infrastruktur vor jedweder Bedrohung (Verteidigung Complex CBRN situations – both domestic and across borders – can only be successfully spolitische Richtlinien, 2011) umbr_WTR-ABC_2015.indd 72 “The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their Defence Technology Review 2/2015 delivery systems (proliferation) is increasingly developing - responded to by joint operations of military and civilian forces. These operations require CBRN-Gefahrenlagen sind allgegenwärtig into a potential threat to Germany. Governmental and non- - governmental actors are attempting to obtain high-tech dedicated equipment for the military and the civilian sector. Among other articles in this „Die Weiterverbreitung von Massenvernichtungswaffen nology goods for illegal purposes. Moreover, a number of und ihrer Trägermittel (Proliferation) entwickelt sich zuneh- countries seek to obtain weapons of mass destruction and publication, expert contributions from industry introduce capabilities and solutions on offer mend zu einer potenziellen Bedrohung für Deutschland. long-range delivery systems.“ This quote from the German 09.10.15 08:40 Staatliche und nichtstaatliche Akteure versuchen, sich Hoch white paper on security and the future of the Bundeswehr - by German companies, in order to make a significant contribution to emergency precaution, technologiegüter zu kriminellen Zwecken zu beschaffen. - [German Federal Armed Forces] also reflects the security Published in cooperation with the Association Drüber hinaus strebt eine Zahl von Ländern den Besitz von environment for the civilian population in Germany. In ad national disaster control and CBRN defence in the military. Massenvernichtungswaffen und weit reichenden Trägersys dition to the threat of hazardous events caused by the temen an.“ Dieses Zitat aus dem Weißbuch zur Sicherheit - deliberate use of military weapons or criminal intent, there und zur Zukunft der Bundeswehr spiegelt in gleichem Maße is also still a risk of accidental release of hazardous CBRN die Sicherheitssituation für die Zivilbevölkerung in Deutsch- substances in Germany. Germany is a high-tech country, land wider. Neben solchen vorsätzlich mit militärischen - where hazardous CBRN substances are produced, stored, of the German Army Mitteln oder krimineller Energie herbeizuführenden Gefah processed and transported. Despite strict laws and tight renlagen gibt es in Deutschland aber immer wieder unfall - security measures, it is impossibleaccidents toinvolving completely the releaseprevent of - bedingte CBRN-Gefahrstofffreisetzungen. Deutschland ist substances. An accident could oc ein Hochtechnologieland,- in dem CBRN-Gefahrstoffe pro duziert, gelagert, verar Simulierte Gefahrstofffreisetzung während

beitet und transportiert der EU-Übung EURATECHSimulated release of hazardous BBK) (Pictures: werden. Trotz strenger substances during the EU EURATECH exercise Gesetze und scharfer - Sicherheitsvorkehrun gen lassen sich Unfälle - 180 pages, German/English mit Stofffreisetzungen nicht kom - plett verhindern. Sie können jeder zeit ohne Vorwarnung an jedem Ort der Bundesrepublik auftreten und schnelles Handeln erforderlich machen.

CBRN-Gefahrenlagen sind komplex 109 CBRN-Gefahrstoffe sind entweder - € (incl. VAT, plus shipping) chemischer, biologischer, radiologi titel_wtr_ABC_2015.indd 1 08.10.15 13:25 14.80 09.10.15 08:41

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Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 47  PURCHASING contractor, for obtaining a Class D driving license for busses). In addition, E3.2 han- dles the placement and management of

Bundeswehr contracts concerning trans- Image: BAAINBw portation (by road, rail, air and sea), tasks that used to be handled by the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Infrastructure, En- vironmental Protection and Services (BAI- UDBw) until January 2013. Branch E3.2 has thus become the central contracting agency for the Bundeswehr's transport requirements, with regard to both routine duty and deployments (e.g. resupply and redeployment for ISAF, EUTM Mali, resup- ply for ATALANTA, etc.). In this connection, Directorate E also takes part in initiatives to improve cooperation with industry and allied partners by partici- pating in the Logistics Round Table and in Bundeswehr Purchasing technical information platform international bodies (e.g. on NATO level). Since late 2014, E3.2 is also in charge (OMB 2016+), “Bundeswehr vehicle fleet tions. Its particular responsibilities are pro- of the award and contract management management” (BwFPS), and “Army main- ject management, conducting expression for the “PPP Bundeswehr Air Traffic tenance logistics” (HIL) has been assigned of interest procedures, awarding proce- Control Training in Kaufbeuren” pro- to a temporary work organisation called dures, as well as contract implementation ject. As of 2017, Deutsche Flugsicherung “PrOFHI”. The business-administrative and support. DFS GmbH, a German provider of air competence of the purchasing directorate Consequently, the technical-logistical, legal traffic control services, is set to be con- is pooled with Branch E3.4. This branch is and economic expertise for a large part of tracted under an in-house assignment. responsible for price negotiations for Divi- the complex service projects in the Bun- Contract conclusion was scheduled for sions E2, E3, and E4. deswehr is concentrated in Division E3. early 2016. Apart from supporting ongoing projects, This “one-stop shop” processing concept Project management for the projects “Op- Division E3 is closely involved in the devel- creates access to optimisation and accelera- timised clothing management 2016+” opment of follow-on projects and solu- tion processes in project work.

Brochure

Basics and Mission Experience

D 46892 The EAGLE: Ten Years of Procuring

M The EAGLE Family

I Armoured Command and Multipurpose T Defence Technology Review T LE R Wehrtechnischer Report Vehicles RE P 5/20133/20146/2014 Gerfried Duhr and Matthias Mantey

O Content: The vehicles procured over the course of ten years as part of the German project for Armoured Com- R

T mand and Multipurpose Vehicles (German: GFF) have come to form the backbone of the fleet of

VE R armoured vehicles currently deployed in Afghanistan. These GFF include the EAGLE vehicles; the Bundeswehr took delivery of its 500th EAGLE on 4 April 2014. This article describes how the GFF LAG • Remarks from International Users project came about and how it progressed, using the EAGLE as an example. · DEFENCE T E Context BMVg) 4. Weapons station The Bundeswehr has been participat- that can be used under protection Defence,

ing in international operations since of the start of the 1990s. In particular, 3. IED 5. NBC protective venti- • Basics and Mission Experience Ministry the Bundeswehr has been shaped by protection lation system and air its involvement in military operations in conditioning system former Yugoslavia and, especially, in Af- Federal 2. Ballistic ghanistan. Initially, operations were fo- CHNOLOGY protection Basics German and Mission cussed on peace-enforcing missions. So Experience mainly light and therefore low protected vehicles were used. However, once the (Graphic: • EAGLE Variants first attacks from snipers and mines be- 6. Mobility The gan, it became important to improve the EAGLE soldiers’ equipment as quickly as pos- IV deployed sible. This included the vehicle fleet. The Andrea German Army’s vehicles needed to be 1. Mine blast s Adl e in Afghanistan REVIEW r protection 7. Search and rescue adapted as quickly as possible to meet with armoured vehicles the higher threat level. At the same time, • Protection System the vehicles needed to have the high- est possible payload, be highly mobile Technical challenges for GFF B etween July and be transportable by air in order to 2013 and the soldiers of the Mechanised Februar Infantry Battalion 112 from Regen formed the 1 · be able to react quickly to changing cir- With a view to this, in the first in- an increased focus on protection against y 2014, the Mountain 6/ 2 cumstances. stance, the existing light armoured ve- improvised explosive devices (IED). Pro- of Infa Germany’s ntry Battal hicles were fitted with modular armour tection against IED was to be factored in Northern ion 232 fro operations Reaction m Bischof Authors: solutions or modular splinter protection to form a new project. in Unit (NRU). swiesen 0 the vicinity The and equipment. However, the limitations of of NRU st Infantry Company 1 Senior Technical Government Official OP North. was deployed

4 • Self-Protection System these temporary solutions soon became in The GFF project Mazar-e Dipl.-Ing. Gerfried Duhr is a consult- Sharif ant at the German Federal Ministry of clear. Firstly, the level of protection and during ·

Defence, Department of Equipment, they afforded was relatively low and, In March 2004, the German “Armoured Th e Information Technology and In-ser- secondly, there were problems where Command and Multipurpose Vehicles vice Support [AIN], Section V 4; the heavy add-on armoured elements Project” was launched. The core aim of Senior Government Official Matthias joined the basic vehicle structure, which the GFF project was – and is – to ad- EAGLE The EAGLE Family Mantey is a consultant at the German had not been designed to support them. dress gaps in operational capability and • Vehicle Components Federal Ministry of Defence, AIN De- Following the death of four German sol- provide all the branches of the German partment, Section I 4 diers, during a suicide attack involving a armed forces with universal vehicles or car bomb on a bus in 2003, there was a family of vehicles. The most important

F 10 a mi l • Training and Logistic Support y

gdels.com • Future Developments 03.06.14 15:46 05.06.14 11:03

The fully equipped EAGLE Adler) IV on surveillance he core duties tas during Andreas ks of the a long-term : Tgroup NRU patrol included battle security acting as The EAGLE re (Photos assignmen serves, IV as Defence Technology Review 6/2014 as th ts and, in vehicle a command e last part troops icular, from K were with On assumption unduz at drawing of we the end o With pany comma duties, the re heavily f 2013, t an unload nd w com- 116 pages, English involved hey an ed weigh two Dingo as equip eratio in the d a m t of 6 ped ns as part convoy op aximum ,700 kg 2 patrol with of the w - 8,80 permissib cles, two and security ithdrawal. 0 kg, the le mass Dingo 2 vehi- t EAGLE I of vehicles battle damage onnes ligh V is abou (Dingo repair Aut ter than th t five age 2 C1 GSI hor: The e Dingo 2 repair) battle First armour on . and an EAGLE dam- Lieutenant vides protection the EAGLE vehicle. IV command Co Andreas against IV pro- mpany O Adler, shrapnel small This E perations and certain arms fire, AGLE IV Compa Officer 4th Class mines, cle was use ny/Moun 2 GFF making for the 2nd d as a v Bat tain Infan (armoured it a comman ehi- talion 232 try multi-purpose command the comp d squad, vehicle). and any opera so that € gap It active tions officer between bridges at the could (incl. VAT, plus shipping) the heavier the same time be the comma as the 14.80 16 lighter Wolf Dingo 2 and nder. Ano vehicle SSA ther and ENOK provided three sea . for the driver, ts were the rem the o ote-controlle perator of d light we apon sta-

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48 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 PURCHASING 

Disposal of Bundeswehr of the material surplus caused by the re- question is recycled. For this purpose, Material, Interdepartmental structuring of the Bundeswehr. the relevant recycling contracts (at a cost) and Equipment Assistance – It controls and supervises the process chain with companies are negotiated and con- Division E4 from detecting and discarding a surplus to cluded. utilisation or disposal for the whole range Aside from disposal, E4 handles a wide Division E4 handles a broad range of tasks, of material across organisational lines. At range of other tasks, including contractual including, for the most part, the disposal present, the focus remains on agencies be- implementation of the equipment aid pro- of material no longer required by the Bun- ing closed, utilising material of US origin for gramme of the Federal Government, the deswehr, governmental purchases (Foreign which an end use certification has been is- support of Government quality assurance Military Sales, FMS), interdepartmental and sued, and relieving the pressure on station- contracts, as well as governmental pur- equipment assistance for friendly nations, ary logistic facility by supporting measures chases under the US Foreign Military Sales cooperative logistics, and the management of the disposal organisation. process. Some 300 FMS contracts with

CBRN 2 Source: BAAINBw

CBRN 1 ZEBEL

Air traffic control Transports training KfGA

Contract management for the above-mentioned projects of contracts that cannot be assigned to an- Branch E4.2 is responsible for the con- a volume of four billion US dollars are in other BAAINBw element. tractual implementation of disposal de- place. Other tasks include preparing con- Branch E4.1 controls and supervises dis- cisions. Once Bundeswehr material has tributions for the information exchange for posals to relieve the Bundeswehr of any been phased out, the priority objective is arms control treaties (CFE Treaty, Vienna unserviceableFigure: orContract surplus material management in good to re-use for surplus the material above-mentioned by transferring Document, projects UN Register of Conventional time, to minimise costs incurred through it to friendly governments, manufactur- Arms), negotiating contracts for the Sci- condemnation, recycling, and disposal of ers, or museums, preferably by selling entific Collection of Defense Engineering Bundeswehr material, and to maximise it. In addition to transferring materiel to Specimens and the Technical Information proceeds from utilisation. Particular atten- foreign (friendly) countries, E4.2 also ne- Center, as well as supporting liaison agen- tion is paid to compliance with the War gotiates and concludes agreements on cies and the Canadian procurement office, Weapons Control Act, the Closed-Cycle procurements (such as spare parts or ac- e.g. by means of legal advice in case of Economics Law, environmental legislation, cessories) and services (e.g. maintenance awarding difficulties. Last but not least, E4 as well as demilitarisation and elimination of contractual items) with friendly states provides logistic support for the use of the of any obstacles to utilisation. Suitable as part of interdepartmental assistance. Leopard MBT and renders the accounts for material – except for war weapons and If no re-use is possible, the material in services provided to partner states.  material containing radioactive substances – will be sold to third parties through the VEBEG (federally-owned trust company Join Our New LinkedIn Group! disposing of phased-out property of the Bundeswehr and other public purchasers). The VEBEG also handles politically relevant transfers of materiel to foreign countries and equipment aid for relief organisations – activities that contribute to a positive im-  age of the Bundeswehr but go mostly un- noticed by the general public. At present, As a source of information LinkedIn is subject to increasing importance. humanitarian assistance is a field requiring “European Security & Defence” has therefore started a LinkedIn group to share flexible and speedy action. information between industry and experts, to start discussions on security topics One important forum is the Integrated Pro- and to get in touch with users in the military. Members of the group will also get ject Team (IPT) “Condemnation” which is, the latest messages on the magazine‘s activities, upcoming events and on top of in fact, not an IPT according to the amend- that a global exhibition schedule. Get in touch with the editorial team of ESD and ed CPM. The IPT “Condemnation and Uti- ESD Spotlight and meet partners in defence industry and military! This community lisation” was established with the aim to is still growing and the editorial team of ESD hopes to meet you there! speed up the condemnation and utilisation

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 49  QUALITY/LOGISTICS Quality/Logistics Directorate (Q)

The Quality/Logistics Directorate (Q) is subdivided into the Divisions Q1 to Q3 and has a very heterogeneous and wide-ranging portfolio of tasks. These Divisions focus on providing comprehensive system-related and interdisciplinary support to the Project Directorates, are responsible for Government Quality Assurance and Control and assist in performing conceptual and operational tasks from the logistics spectrum under the responsibility of the organisational area Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (AIN).

hen implementing, fielding and us- Ergonomic Weapon/ammunition safety Space to move Wing defence materiel, the system- design related protection tasks, which include all statutory and non-statutory protection Indoor Radiation Source: BAAINBw tasks, must be fulfilled. climate As a rule, the German Occupational Health and Safety Regulations also apply to the Hazardous workplaces of soldiers during routine op- Noise substances erations and on operations as well as to the civilian personnel carrying out trials or performance tests. Bundeswehr personnel, therefore, are entitled to health protection Environment at the workplace and to humane working Emissions conditions in the same way as employees working in trade and industry. Also, Bundeswehr weapon systems must not have any adverse impacts on the en- Immissions Vibration Occupational vironment. Apart from the classical tasks, health and safety due to the large dominance of intelligent system components in Bundeswehr weap- Occupational health and safety and environmental protection at the on systems, the fields of “functional secu- example of a Bundeswehr armoured transport vehicle rity and/or software security” have increas- ingly become a focus of activities when as hazards caused by moving parts, noise lowest possible level. To this end, the nega- evaluating system security. and vibration, dangerous substances, radi- tive impact that a piece of equipment has on The programme managers for the respec- ation such as electromagnetic fields and la- the environment during its entire life cycle – tive weapon systems are responsible for ser) and working conditions (such as work- from its development to its disposal – is, first the observation of these regulations. In the ing at great heights, working in darkness of all, to be identified and then minimised. context of system support in the project or in adverse weather). Complex weapon As a general rule, preference is to be given elements “occupational health and safety, systems also require an increasing level of to the material with the lowest risk potential. environmental protection and ergonomic software safety. design” and the observation of regula- Hazardous substances management intro- Ergonomic Design tions in the field of weapon system safety duces methods to observe hazardous sub- and ammunition safety they are supported stances regulations in support of the pro- The primary focus in the area of ergonomic and advised by engineers and scientists of ject managers and procurement and in the design is on human requirements and a us- the Q1Division “system-specific protection development of products and operational er-friendly design of the defence materiel. tasks, foreign defence materiel”. The Divi- requirements as well as to check the infor- The aim is to improve the commandability, sion Chief of Q1 also acts as the BAAINBw mation and safety data sheets on hazard- operability and usability of items, paying safety engineer. ous substances for validity and plausibility. particular attention to stress factors in mili- As part of public procurement, the Bun- tary operations. Demographic change i.e. Occupational Safety deswehr technical supervisory body may the changing socio-physiological param- task and authorise engineers to inspect and eters of the population exert an additional Occupational safety covers the areas of oc- examine material handling systems, pres- significant influence in this context. cupational and radiation safety, technical sure equipment, cranes and lifting gear The set-up of the workplace in particular and electrical safety, fire protection, ship that require monitoring. with regard to operability, seats, space to safety and the safe handling of hazardous move and hand grasp area as well as the material as well as of weapons and am- Environmental Protection conditions concerning ways in which in- munition during the procurement of prod- formation is perceived and processed are ucts i.a.w. the amended Customer Product The area of work “environmental protec- decisive for user friendliness. Management (CPM (nov.)). tion” analyses and assesses the dangers Flaws in ergonomic design add to the op- Occupational hazards for soldiers may re- for the environment arising from defence erator's or user's physical and mental stress sult from the defence materiel itself (such materiel and, above all, keeps them at the level and must be avoided.

50 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 QUALITY/LOGISTICS 

Division Q1also coordinates and supports a pilot study on occupational health manage- ment for the employees of BAAINBw in Ko- blenz/Lahnstein. Apart from that, Division Q1 coordinates and manages interdiscipli- nary research and technology projects in the fields of materials, fuels and lubricants, occupational health and safety, environ- mental protection and ergonomic design. Another important task assigned to the Q1 Division is the evaluation of foreign defence materiel. This work creates valuable foun- dations for the analysis of capability gaps in the Bundeswehr or the technical adapta- tion of fielded Bundeswehr systems to new threats. Research and technology projects are carried out in this field as well. The main responsibility of the Q2 Division, which is also known as the “Bundeswehr quality assurance authority”, is to assure the quality of defence materiel, mission rel- evant or fiscal items and complex services provided to the Bundeswehr, NATO part- ners or friendly nations. A Government Quality Assurance Representative from the Government Q2 consists of a Policy Branch, four Techni- Quality Assurance Office in Manching, attending an operational test cal Branches and 26 Government Quality during production of the Eurofighter TYPHOON Assurance Offices , located mainly at the respective defence materiel contractor's assistance to the Government Quality As- contractual quality requirements, but also premises. surance Offices. They also perform central perform quality assurance tasks for other The Policy Branch is responsible for basic certification and quality assurance monitor- government agencies. quality assurance tasks and national and ing tasks. The Government Quality Assurance Offices international cooperation. The Technical The 26 Government Quality Assurance Of- base their work on NATO quality assurance Branches cooperate closely with the project fices carry out quality assurance activities at requirements, the Allied Quality Assurance divisions or the respective non-BAAINBw the contractor's site. They do not only carry Publications (AQAP) and the intensity and agencies, devise contractual quality assur- out contractual quality assurance activi- depth of quality control with which the ance requirements and provide technical ties, i.e. making sure the contractor fulfils Government Quality Assurance Represent- ative monitors manufacturing depends on the identified individual quality risk. The Government Quality Assurance Of- fices are not only responsible for quality

Photos: BAAINBw assurance, they also take care of mainte- nance work to be carried out by industry on Bundeswehr defence materiel, starting with defining the scope of maintenance to issuing maintenance orders and auditing invoices. Within the Q Directorate, the Bundeswehr Government Quality Assurance Offices work independently of Project Divisions and the bodies managing the contract. With regard to these tasks they exclusively answer to the BAAINBw executive level. The Q3 Division with its seven Branches covers all aspects of logistics relevant to BAAINBw. The Division, therefore, is the direct point of contact for the Bundeswehr Logistics Command in all matters of logis- tics. The spectrum of logistics encompasses conceptual work and policy matters, sup- port of Project Directorates and BAAINBw A Government Quality Assurance Representative from the Government agencies as well as operational and logistic Quality Assurance Office in Kassel, monitoring the factory trials on the tasks for that particular organisational area. PUMA IFV overall system demonstrator Logistics guidelines will also be determined

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 51  QUALITY/LOGISTICS for individual tasks in the Logistics project Policy Matters • Coordination of all Materiel Condemna- element (e. g. material management, In- • Terminology concerning Equipment/In- tion Activities within BAAINBw. tegrated Logistic Support-ILS/Logistic Sup- Service Support/Logistics; port Analysis-LSA), material information • Automated Identification Technology Operational Logistics (Equipment, and basics, obsolescence management, (AIT); Information Technology and In-Ser- configuration and change management, • Software license management; vice Support) technical reliability and the application of • Material Information and Basics; • Technical Supervision of Order Process- Automated Identification Technology. • Configuration and Change Manage- ing, Material Management and Mainte- In the fields of import, export and trans- ment; nance of Agencies; port, Q3 is also in charge of defining techni- • Obsolescence Management; • BAAINBw and Agencies, Equipment; cal responsibilities, end-use control and of • Technical Reliability; • BAAINBw and Agencies, Infrastructure; the Documentation Center for Loans and • Policies for individual tasks in the Logis- • Documentation Center for Loans and Furnishings within the organisational area tics project element (e. g. material man- Furnishings within the organisational ar- of Equipment, Information Technology and agement, Integrated Logistic Support- ea of Equipment, Information Technol- In-Service Support. ILS/Logistic Support Analysis-LSA). ogy and In-Service Support and Agency In addition, Q3 serves as the central point of Furnishings. contact in matters relating to Bundeswehr Supporting Tasks The Q Directorate is completed by the Staff software licenses to ensure that software is • Technical and Requirements Planning Directorate (QAS) and the Controlling Di- used in a legal and efficient manner. for Maintenance; rectorate (QAC). To put it in a nutshell, Q3 “Logistics” is re- • Depot Level Maintenance Planning and The Staff Directorate serves as the interface sponsible for four main areas: Follow-on Requirement of Individually to the Z Directorate and is responsible for Issued Expendable Items; all organisational and personnel matters. Conceptual Tasks • Import and Export Matters, End-use; QAS also manages training, security and • Equipment/In-Service Support/Logistics • Transport Matters; official trips. Procedures and Processes; • Bundeswehr IMP Office (Information The Controlling Directorate assists the di- • Logistic Process Manager for the Arma- Procedure Material Planning Designa- rector in the field of strategic controlling. ments/Logistics main process within tion); The aim is to provide information relevant the organisational area of Equipment, • Cataloguing and preparation of logisti- for decision-making so as to enable the ex- Information Technology and In-Service cal master data; ecutive level to fulfil and optimise the tasks Support; • Provision of Expertise for Logistical Pro- attributed to the Q Directorate in an effec- • Standardisation. jects; tive manner. 

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D 46892 Defence Technology for Xxxxxxxx Tasks and Challenges for the Bundes- Defence Technology Review wehr Medical Service

Stephan Schoeps Wehrtechnischer Report German Land Forces Xxxxxxxx 5/20132/2016 The core mission of the Bundeswehr Medical Service is to protect, maintain and restore the health of military personnel. The UH Tiger Support Helicopter

to remain on par with German do- evacuation the Bundeswehr Medical Current Status and Further Development mestic standards but the basic factors Service has to largely rely on friendly derived from medical science are main- nations. That is why the Bundeswehr’s tained. The so-called “golden hour”, ambulance vehicles are of particular im- Thomas Höhn (Photo: Bundeswehr) the first hour after injury or wounding, portance. For military purposes stand- is one of the most important param- ard vehicles are inadequate. Depending The multi-role Tiger support helicopter (UH Tiger) provides support to ground forces and is used to eters. Any medical action taken dur- on mission, threat environment, terrain Content: ing this time is crucial for the survival and type of forces, the Bundeswehr escort helicopters and to reconnoiter and engage ground targets of all kinds, also at night and under and the further course of the patient’s Medical Service needs light (Eagle IV), limited visibility conditions. This weapon system is therefore an essential means for the protection rehabilitation. With the experience medium, and heavy (Boxer) armored gained from deployments abroad, in vehicles as well as non-armored off- of own forces and de-escalation. 2009 the Bundeswehr Medical Service road vehicles. developed first responder courses for In addition, the changing deploy- non-medics. These courses teach med- ment scenarios require the acquisition he Tiger is a joint project between ical standards and intend to provide for of highly mobile, yet protected modular TFrance, Spain and Germany. The • Mission and Capabilities nations have tasked the European ar span of operation in theater and reached certainty of action. medical facilities. From a military tacti- mament organization, OCCAR, with the over 1,800 flight hours. This high num cal point of view, medical facilities need implementation of the project (OCCAR:- ber of flight hours could only be reached for in-service use. In order to reach this - Dr. Stephan Schoeps, Deputy The Rescue Chain to be “fast, small and low weight.” The Organisation Conjointe de Coopération at the expense of the UH Tiger’s opera target size the Federal Republic of Ger Surgeon General widely used container systems allow tional readiness in Germany, however. In many and the company Eurocopter (to en Matière d’Armement). Thus OCCAR - It is not only first medical aid that sees for optimal care and medical treatment order to ensure a sufficient spare parts- day: Airbus Helicopters) jointly signed a acts as contracting authority vis-à-vis the - continuous evolvement but also the of the patients. They do, however, not prime contractor, Airbus Helicopters, for supply of the helicopters in theater re Memorandum of Understanding for the ince the first deployments abroad rescue chain in all its aspects, especially live up to the demands for low weight sources earmarked for flight operations helicopter on 15 March 2013. Therein, • Armament Projects Sin the early 1990s, the Bundeswehr since in regard to tactical air medical and rapid deployability. in Germany were used. - in particular the number of UH Tiger Medical Service has acted on the max- to be produced is reduced from 80 to im of providing patients everywhere 68 helicopters. The reduction of the in the world with health care services rendering results on par with domestic (Photo: GDELS) German standards. Recent missions have taught us that sophisticated health care services are • Protection and Mobility (Photos: Bundeswehr) essential for the motivation of soldiers abroad. It should be kept in mind that the Bundeswehr Medical Service must be ready for duty on site even before the UH Tiger Support Helicopter mission in Afghanistan main force arrives and until the mission is completed. Simply put: first in, last out. development and production contracts The quality of medical treatment is as well as for joint contracts for the in-ser • Command and Control undergoing continuous improvement vice phase. This is supplemented by spe After the redeployment of the AS cific national shares. - GARD helicopters to Germany it has - been and continues to be a priority to- offtake was implemented by means of Author: Xxxxxxxx the 4th amendment to the series pro Deployment of further improve the operational readi Major General MC Dr.Stephan ness of the UH Tiger fleet. Within this duction contract. Up to now, 48 UH Weaponsystem Tiger - Schoeps, Deputy Surgeon General, context, apart from an improvement of- Tiger have been delivered. The delivery Bundeswehr and Commander, Between 2013 and 2014 the UH Tiger the spare parts supply a reduction of the schedule provides for the delivery of all Health Facilities. number of configurations is pursued, as 68 helicopters by mid-2018. Additional Eagle IV BAT for mobile medical emergency service was employed in a special configuration • Reconnaissance ly, further helicopters will be successive (ASGARD) in Afghanistan. The weapon well. ly withdrawn from service and phased- system has proven its worth by its long - The Future Infantryman System21 Production Numbers out, which concerns, in particular, the helicopters delivered at the beginning Author: Current Status and Future Procurement Plans In 2011, even before the start of the of series production. This process has Direktor BAAINBw Dipl.-Ing. (TH) ISAF mission in Afghanistan, the Fed already begun. Within the scope of this Thomas Höhn eral Minister of Defense opted for new measure, the number of different UH Rotorcrafts in theis Directory Branchleader Air at L4 - • Effect Thorsten Unger quantity ceilings for main weapon sys Tiger configurations within the Bunde BAAINBw. tems that determine the structure of swehr was reduced from five to two. - the Bundeswehr. The defined target - Since the UH Tiger (ASGARD config uration) has proven its worth in theater More than 25 years ago, NATO began deliberating on24 a Soldier Modernization Program. Thesize futurefor the UH Tiger is 40 helicopters it is intended to convert additional 33 - task spectrum and the increasing number of new threats emerging across the globe, let alone the Defence Technology for UH Tiger into this configuration and in enormous technological progress achieved, especially in the field of information technology, had • Support made this step inevitable. load-carrying gear with its integrated he progress we have seen in soldier command and control assets. The Fu- German Land Forces Tsystems until the present day was ture Infantryman – Basic System was rapid and in parts even revolutionary. introduced in the German Army from These advances definitely represent a 2004 to 2012 and has since been used quantum leap for forces employed in for unit-level and operational training- • Training and Simulation an infantry role. as well as in various theaters, main - Therefore, a continuous effort is ly during the ISAF mission. The Ba being made to enhance and further sic System comprises 281 squad kits develop already fielded systems to altogether which, in turn, consist of provide efficient and state-of-the-art the equipment for ten soldiers each. soldier systems in the future, too. Even though the procurement process has already been completed, the Basic- - Configuration Level One – System is continuously being modern - • Future Trends The Basic System ized. It is planned, for example, to re place the infantry protective vest cur Bundeswehr operations abroad, which rently in use by its successor model, were constantly gaining in quantity - the modified infantry protective vest, and intensity, boosted the develop in 2017. Furthermore, an intensive ment and procurement of the Future planning effort is being undertaken to Infantryman System as a Basic System. substitute more modern components Published in cooperation with the The objective was to be able to meet for parts of the outdated command operational requirements quickly even and control equipment and to reduce- if limitations in functional areas might- the number of command and con Soldier equipped with the weapon have to be accepted at times. The Fu trol assets used per squad. The term system IdZ-ES ture Infantryman System in its basic “four-to-six solution” was coined to - version mostly consists of commercial describe this approach, as only four Association of the German Army with the Basic System. With the En off-the-shelf elements and furnished out of ten soldiers in a squad will in fu- hanced System, a standalone solution equipment which had already been in- ture be equipped with command and was created which goes well beyond use in the Bundeswehr and had prov control assets. If these measures are the capabilities offered by the Basic en effective, such as the LUCIE night - carried out as planned, the estimated- System. With due consideration for a- vision goggles or the G36 rifle. Mili service life will be extended by anoth system-of-systems approach, all exist tary adaptations, however, were made er five years until 2027. ing individual components were fully to the protective equipment and the - Configuration Level Two – aligned with each other to achieve a - 112 pages The Enhanced System significant weight reduction in all sub Author: systems. As a result, it became possi Lieutenant Colonel Thorsten Unger- The Future Infantryman – Enhanced ble for the first time ever to realize a is Assistant Branch Chief, Future In System was newly developed - complete system of systems fulfilling fantryman System, Federal Office - throughout as a highly modular sys all operational requirements to be met of Bundeswehr Equipment, Infor tem to meet the considerably more by a modern soldier system. mation Technology and In-Service extensive requirements as compared 17 Defence Technology Review 2/2016 Support, Branch U5.5. €14.80 (incl. VAT, plus shipping)

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52 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 CENTRAL AFFAIRS  Central Affairs Directorate (Z)

The Central Affairs Directorate is responsible for central administrative the operational readiness of equipment and funds for maintaining and conducting matters in the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information the routine duty of BAAINBw and its subor- Technology and In-Service Support. dinate agencies. The Branch also manages the funds for information technology and for the Bundeswehr information and com- ix divisions with a total number of 25 etary funds for the administration of the munications system. The management of Sbranches and a directorate staff deal office are managed by this Division. In 2014 funds for private operator models in the with the multi-faceted spectrum of inter- the available funds were used to authorise fields of clothing management, army main- disciplinary and general administrative mat- the payment of about 143,000 invoices. tenance logistics and the vehicles of the ters. Directorate Z is thus the central service Division Z2 consists of the following fleet management are part of the Branch‘s provider for BAAINBw and its agencies. branches: “Budget Policy, Government range of tasks. Claims and Allocations, Tax Affairs” (Z2.1), The tasks of Branch Z 2.4 include contract Division Z1 “Funds Management, Investments” (Z2.2), accounting for contracts concluded by the Division Z1 consists of the branches “Or- “Funds Management, Operation” (Z2.3) as BAAINBw, monitoring of delivery dates, ganisational Structure/Organizational well as “Contract Accounting” (Z2.4). final price negotiations and claims for re- Procedures, Supervision and Performance Apart from policy matters concerning tax payment and interest on possible overpay- Process Management of the performance and budgetary law Z2.1 is involved in con- ments subsequent to the price audit. process ‘Providing Materiel Solutions i.a.w. tract auditing and consulting i.a.w. Arti- CPM (amended)’” (Z1.1), “Commercial cles 58, 59 and 63 of the Federal Budget Division Z3 Policies, Accounting, Organisational Stud- Code (BHO).Furthermore, all government Division Z3 “General Legal Issues” consists ies, Manpower Requirement Calculation” accounts receivable (e. g. claims for repay- of four branches. Z3.1 deals with legal is- (Z1.2), “Security, Alerts, Security Officer” ment, contract penalties, interest etc.) are sues concerning procurement procedures (Z1.3) and “Internal Services” (Z1.4). monitored and recorded accordingly, all and policy issues concerning public con- This Division deals with organisational and taxes payable by BAAINBw and its agencies tract awarding. Z3.1 also exercises the procedural overarching and general ad- are paid centrally. For funds held in trust for technical supervision of the BAAINBw‘s ministrative matters of the office. Not only partner nations in the context of binational agencies‘ contracting activities. Further- does it determine the organisational struc- or multinational agreements, account man- more, the Branch assists in supervision of ture of BAAINBw and its agencies but it agement contracts are concluded with the Bundeswehr corporations (BWI, HIL, also develops regulations with respect to commercial banks, they are managed and LHBw, BwFPS, g.e.b.b.) in terms of contract both the administrative area and project the required payments are authorised. The awarding law. management. Furthermore, this Division government allocations assigned by BAA- The responsibilities of Branch Z3.2 include is responsible for organisational studies, INBw and its agencies i.a.w. Articles 23 and civil law aspects of contract consulting and manpower requirement calculation and 44 of BHO are also audited centrally. In the contract review. The Branch is also the commercial policies (cost and performance field of disposal, the Branch assumes the point of contact in case of legal disputes accounting). Moreover, Z1 is responsible for tasks of the budget officer. with BAAINBw contractors about contrac- personnel and materiel safety. The Admin- The main task of Branch Z 2.2 is the man- tual issues. Cases of insolvency, execution, istrative Data Protection Commissioner is agement of funds for research and technol- damage claims and liability issues are also also a member of Division Z1 . The liaison ogy and for the development and procure- dealt with in this Branch. office with the Bundeswehr service centre ment of defence materiel. Apart from that, Z3.3 assumes tasks relating to employee (BwDLZ) for coordination and general tasks the Branch manages the funds for urgent inventions/service inventions, industrial with respect to real estate and accommo- operational requirements and the Ger- property rights (patents, trademarks, util- dation affairs is also part of Z1. Postal and man share in the administrative budgets ity and design patents) and copyright mat- messenger services, registry and BAAINBw of NATO agencies. In 2013 the Branch as- ters within the Bundeswehr. Moreover, the inventory management complement the sumed the task of Investment Budget Item Branch concludes licensing agreements task spectrum of the Division. Management. The budget item managers covering the marketing of Bundeswehr are the interface between the user and the rights as well as contractual agreements Division Z2 project managers for planning and budget- on user rights. The structure and distribution of tasks of ing when procurement measures are im- Z3.4 is responsible for the conclusion of Division Z2 “Finances” are characterised plemented. project-related departmental agreements by the special tasks of BAAINBw, which Apart from budget item management, (Memorandum of Understanding – MoU) is not just a major procurement office of Z2.2 also centrally authorises all payments within the scope of international arma- the Federal Republic of Germany and thus made by the office. Furthermore, members ments cooperation. an important contracting authority but has of the Branch with special tasks secure the Z3.1, Z3.2 and Z3.3 jointly conduct quality also been responsible for the operational smooth operation of existing, budget-rele- assurance on contracts for major BAAINBw readiness of Bundeswehr defence materiel vant IT procedures, work on the conceptual projects. since its foundation on 1 October 2012. development of these procedures or define Approximately 8.08 billion Euros were new budget processes in this context. Division Z4 available to the office in order to fulfil these The range of tasks of Branch Z 2.3 includes Division Z4, “Coordination of Personnel, tasks in 2014. Apart from that, the budg- the management of funds for maintaining Scientific Collection of Defense Engineer-

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 53 Wheeled Vehicles, Ships and Boats, Other Equipment” (Z5.5) and “Cost Competence Center” (Z5.6). The tasks of Z5.1 range from central control of price audit tasks to dealing with policy requests regarding aspects of pricing leg- islation, business administration and cost audits, developing work instructions and guidelines for the BAAINBw price audit branches and price negotiations, model contract price and cost arrangements, co- operation with the pricing agencies of the German states, support to multinational organisations and the NATO Programme

(Photo: mawibo) Offices and official assistance for foreign Directorate Z is the central service provider for the BAAINBw and its agencies. governments. The operative price au- dit branches Z5.2 to Z5.5 technically and ing Specimens (WTS), Technical Informa- in the equipment, IT and in-service support economically evaluate if cost prices are ap- tion Center (FISt)” has assumed the tasks area (AIN). The scientific collection shows propriate according to price law. For this of an employing agency for the civilian and which possible solutions in terms of design, evaluation they use detailed cost data and military personnel. function and concept are incorporated into documents and assess the quantities and Z4.1 is in charge of coordinating BAAINBw a piece of equipment and how technical valuations. civilian personnel affairs and thus central know-how is used for new and further de- The Cost Competence Center supports the point of contact for Bundeswehr person- velopments within the scope of a specific economic execution and implementation nel management agencies. In particular, its project. of projects and organisational measures in responsibilities include personnel manage- With its 3,000 exhibits and a size of 7,200 all phases of the amended CPM procedure ment for BAAINBw as employing agency. square meters and an exhibition open to by means of parametric cost estimates, In the context of personnel matters, this the public in Koblenz, the scientific collec- profitability evaluations, assessments of al- Branch also cooperates with and supports tion also accomplishes the task of informa- ternative forms of procurement and review the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Person- tion and education. and staffing of phase documents. In special nel Management (BAPersBw) and the Bun- The Technical Information Center (FISt) cases, additional profitability analyses are deswehr Service Centers (BwDLZ). of BAAINBw (Z4.5) researches, acquires, conducted outside the scope of the CPM. Branch Z4.2 is in charge of coordinating processes and archives technical infor- Apart from that, Z5.6 is the central point military personnel. The chief of Branch mation needed for official purposes (e.g. of contact concerning life cycle cost man- Z4.2 is also the commissioner for military study and final reports with respect to agement in BAAINBw. The Branch holds personnel matters and the disciplinary su- defence technical tasks, publicly available presentations on the above-mentioned perior of all officers in BAAINBw up to the literature, regulations and standards) and subjects on request. pay grade A15 as well as the deputy com- centrally provides them to members of missioner for reservist affairs of the organi- BAAINBw and its agencies. Bundeswehr Division Z6 sational area for Equipment, Information contractors obtain technical information Division Z 6 consists of three Branches and Technology and In-Service Support (AIN). on the basis of contractual arrangements assumes central IT coordination tasks, con- As a consequence, the Branch‘s range of for government-furnished material. Just trol and support of IT operations (Z6.1), the tasks covers the traditional tasks of “Innere like Bundeswehr contractors, Bundeswehr Introduction and In-service Organisation Führung” such as the military disciplinary units deployed abroad are provided with of SASPF (Standard Application Software system and all administrative complaints service regulations via the Internet Regu- Product Family) (Z6.2) and the Main Process proceedings, the entire range of military lations Portal DvWeb. Furthermore, the Management Armaments/Logistics, arma- personnel affairs, policy concepts and pol- FISt centrally assumes administrative tasks ments portion (Z6.3) for the office itself but icy tasks concerning personnel manage- relating to Technical Manuals for the BAA- also in part for the organisational area of ment and reservist support up to military INBw project directorates. This includes Equipment, Information Technology and training. The tasks in the area of military keeping equipment history records, stor- In-Service Support (AIN). training include planning and conducting ing file copies, initiating decree processes The Division‘s responsibilities comprise a all measures to maintain the individual ba- and the editorial review and publication of range of IT equipment management tasks sic skills, i.e. maintaining military skills and special directives to maintain operational (IT coordination centre AIN, BAAINBw IT the physical fitness of soldiers. readiness. officer), user-service, service support for Z4.2 is the most important link between the Intranet and the Internet, up to process- the BAAINBw and the central personnel Division Z5 related/technical specifications of arma- management agencies for military person- Division Z5 is subdivided into the follow- ments processes for their future IT support nel and all military and civilian training fa- ing Branches, “Price Audit Policy/Common in SASPF. The focus is also on the coordina- cilities. Issues” (Z5.1), “Price Audit – Airframe/En- tion of the ongoing introduction and use of The Scientific Collection of Defense Engi- gine” (Z5.2), “Price Audit – Maintenance SASPF functions in the AIN area. neering Specimens (WTS, Branch Z4.4) is a for Armed Services, Missiles, Other Aero- The range of tasks of the Z6 Division also part of the training and advanced training nautical Equipment” (Z5.3), “Price Audit – covers the functions and/or roles of the programme for many Bundeswehr units Electronics, Sensors” (Z5.4), “Price Audit agency IT security officer (BAAINBw) and and for young defence engineers working – Weapons and Ammunition, Tracked and the IT security officer for the AIN area. 

54 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 AGENCIES  The BAAINBw Agencies

Providing the Bundeswehr with modern technology and safe equipment in accordance with demand and requirements at economic conditions is the key task of the Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw). Thus, the focus of its work is on the development, testing and procurement of defence materiel.

n order to fulfil this highly complex task, specialist technical evaluation of defence institutes, universities and programme of- Ithe BAAINBw project management has equipment in the context of integrated fices. to rely on defence technology and defence compliance demonstration. Preparation of The agencies' range of services is com- science studies, testing and market analy- expert reports in the event of accidents, pleted by training courses and the training ses. This technical support is provided by damage and warranty cases is also carried of technical personnel for the entire Bun- six Technical Centers and two Research In- out here. The work on R&T projects gives deswehr, partly also at their own training stitutes. The Navy Arsenal, the Bundeswehr the Bundeswehr access to modern tech- facilities. Center for Information Technology and the nologies. Due to the specialised technical German Liaison Office for Defense Materiel support of the BAAINBw project manage- An Overview of the U.S.A./Canada also contribute significantly ment, project risks can be minimised and BAAINBw Agencies to fulfilling the task. test findings taken into account. The participation in national and interna- The Bundeswehr Technical Center for The Agencies' Range of Services tional armament programmes shapes the Land-Based Vehicle Systems, Engineer Is Varied work processes. Both at national and in- and General Field Equipment (WTD The spectrum comprises specialist technical ternational level, the agencies cooperate 41) in Trier, is responsible for the techni- inputs to all phases of the defence materiel closely with other technical and military cal investigations, evaluations and trials of development cycle as well as testing and agencies, test centres, companies, research all vehicles (wheeled and tracked vehicles,

(Graphic: mawibo-media) Bundeswehr Technical Center for Ships and Naval Weapons, Maritime Technology and Research (WTD 71) German Liaison Office for Defense Materiel Bundeswehr Research U.S.A./Canada, Reston, Institute for Protective Virginia, U.S.A. Technologies and CBRN Protection (WIS)

Naval Arsenal Bundeswehr Technical Center for Information Technology and Electronics (WTD 81) Bundeswehr Technical Center for Weapons and Ammunition Bundeswehr Technical (WTD 91) and Airworthiness Center for Aircraft (WTD 61) Bundeswehr Technical Center forAutomotive and Armored Vehicles (WTD 41) Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Fuels and Lubricants (WIWeB) Bundeswehr Information Technology Center (IT-ZentrumBw) Bundeswehr Technical Center for Protective and Special Technolo- gies (WTD 52)

Special Issue · June 2016 · European Security & Defence 55  AGENCIES

The Bundeswehr Technical Center for Aircraft and Aeronautical Equipment (WTD 61) is the Bundeswehr authority Photo: WIWeB responsible for ensuring that all aircraft in service are safe and efficient – in the inter- est of both the air crews' and the popula- tion's safety. Thanks to its facilities and equipment (air- field with two runways, a drop zone and test aircraft fitted with state-of-the-art metrological equipment), WTD 61 is in a position to perform most of its test and evaluation tasks on site in Manching.

The Bundeswehr Technical Center for Ships and Naval Weapons, Maritime Technology and Research (WTD 71), with its Institute for Underwater Sound and Geophysical Research, provides defence-re- lated technical and scientific expertise in the field of maritime research and development for the Bundeswehr. For the specification and testing of maritime weapon systems, Testing of MRS275 with waterproof protection gear, small boat crew the agency has a range of technical installa- tions – some of which are unique – at its dis- special purpose vehicles as well as vehicles ucts such as camouflage patterns, camou- posal, such as facilities for magnetic ranging with various add-on structures) and vehicle flage sets, models or comprehensive sig- and degaussing of ships, underwater and components of the Bundeswehr. nature adaptation concepts for worldwide surface range tracking systems, torpedo fir- To handle its comprehensive tasks, WTD use are being developed. Another issue of ing position and range, naval engineering 41 has numerous test tracks and terrain operational relevance are non-lethal weap- test stands and a fleet of modern trial ships courses of various surface conditions and ons, of which WTD 52 is also in charge. including the PLANET research ship. degrees of difficulty. Used for the conduct Furthermore, this WTD handles route clear- of mobility trials, they permit a broad spec- ance tasks as one aspect of the Counter- Within the scope of activities of WTD 81, trum of different investigations which yield Improvised Explosive Devices (C-IED) range the Bundeswehr Technical Center for the highest possible amount of reproduc- of tasks. Information Technology and Electronics ible values. It also operates the technology compe- tence centre for engineer and general field equipment used by the Bundeswehr. Apart from specific technical tasks in the fields of hydraulics, mobile power supply systems, Image: Bw IT Center compressed-gas technology and HVAC engineering, WTD 41 is in charge of test- ing armoured vehicle-launched bridges, dry gap bridges, floating bridges, amphibi- ous bridging systems, ferries, assault boats and amphibious land vehicles, to the extent that their amphibious capabilities are con- cerned.

Situated in the Bavarian Alps, WTD 52, the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Pro- tective and Special Technologies, has unique infrastructure at its disposal in the form of a mountain trial site located at an altitude of more than 1,700 m above sea level and an underground complex with an extensive tunnel system. Current key tasks of the agency are the de- sign and evaluation of passive protection measures for Bundeswehr installations in deployment areas and their adaptation to a constantly changing threat situation. As far as indirect protection is concerned, prod- Operational testing of C2 information system

56 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 AGENCIES 

protection in the Bundeswehr. It provides its wide scope of technical expertise also on other issues such as the protection against electromagnetic effects, environment pro- tection, occupational safety and health and radiation protection, both for the defence sector and for other government depart- ments. WIWeB, the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Materials, Fuels and Lubricants in Erding (with a branch office in Wilhelmshaven), is the only agency within the armaments organisation with responsibility for all tech- nical issues related to materials including fuels and lubricants. This includes the fields of surface technology, material protection, safety of chemicals, occupational safety and health and environment protection.

Photo: WTD 71 WIWeB also plays a key role in the field of Shock test stand at WTD 71, Kiel

in Greding, the emphasis is on tasks in the fields of information transmission and pro- cessing, information collection and elec- tronics. One of the facilities which WTD 81 uses to accomplish its tasks is Europe's larg- est fully shielded building for the study of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic effects and the Center for Interoperability, Network-Enabled Op- erations and Simulation (ZINS) in order to conduct experiments on interoperability and performance in a network of systems across projects. Furthermore, the agency operates a centre for multispectral target and scenario simulation in one of the larg- est dome structures worldwide.

WTD 91, the Bundeswehr Technical Center for Weapons and Ammunition, is the main test and evaluation centre for weapons and ammunition of the Bun- deswehr. Its test range is located near the town of Meppen and covers an area of almost 200 km², thus forming the largest fully instrumented ground firing range in Western Europe, where ammunition of all calibres can be fired. WTD 91 is respon- sible for testing and evaluating weapons and weapon systems, ammunition of any type, rockets, guided missiles, UAVs, air- dropped ammunition, optical and optronic equipment for reconnaissance and fire con- trol, acoustic equipment, meteorological, oceanographic, geological and geodetic equipment. Moreover, it is in charge of the protection of armoured vehicles, crew pro- tection and camp protection.

WIS, the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection in Munster, is the national cen- tre of competence regarding CBRN and fire  AGENCIES (Photo: WIWeB) clothing and personal equipment of Bun- deswehr military personnel, giving inputs based on its technical expertise.

The Naval Arsenal, another subordinate agency of BAAINBw ensures maintenance and repair work for naval ships and boats. Conducting maintenance measures as well as planning and implementing technical modifications to the naval systems are core tasks of the Naval Arsenal. Furthermore, the Naval Arsenal uses its capacities to support Navy missions in all waters all over the world. The Naval Arsenal's operations mainly focus on maintenance for the units stationed in the Baltic including the land facilities located there. Compliance test at laboratory scale – thermo-physiologic hand and foot The Bundeswehr IT Center, with offices models for thermal emission simulation at WIWeB in Euskirchen, Munster, Rheinbach, Mün- ster and Ulm, is responsible for tasks of IT in matters of defence technology or arma- ture with state-of-the-art measuring equip- security, system integration, project sup- ments when dealing with US or Canadian ment, which has been adapted to the spe- port and tasks related to field trials. Fur- government agencies or industry. cific requirements and optimised over the thermore, it provides pooled capabilities years. The wide scope of demanding tasks of cyber defence within the Bundeswehr Summary is fulfilled by highly specialised engineers in the form of the Computer Emergency and scientists of various disciplines and Response Team (CERTBw), which acts as The aim of all activities of the BAAINBw highly skilled technicians working at these a central instrument for monitoring, main- agencies is to ensure that the defence agencies. Thus, the Bundeswehr Technical taining and restoring IT security within the materiel handed over to the Bundeswehr Centers and the other technical agencies Bundeswehr IT system. military personnel is both safe and efficient. of the BAAINBw organisation are highly In addition, they provide expert support modern research and testing sites marked The German Liaison Office for Defense to the armed forces during the in-service by a high level of specialist expertise, which Materiel, USA/Canada, based in Reston, phase of the systems. In doing so, these enjoy an excellent reputation, both nation- Virginia, represents the German interests agencies make use of a unique infrastruc- ally and internationally. 

Preview ESD 4/2016 · August 2016 • Country Focus: Poland • Warsaw NATO Summit • Ukraine and Europe • ATGW Market Survey • Turnet Systems for Armoured Vehicles • Protected Logistical Vehicles • 8x8 Market Survey • Type 26 Frigates for the Royal Navy • Propulsion Systems for Naval Surface Ships • Air & Missile Defence Alternatives • Pan-Continental Defence and Security Requirements in Africa

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58 European Security & Defence · Special Issue · June 2016 Intelligence for the Intelligent

a 7.90 Se CURIT Y European Security P olicy  russia’s 2014 Military D European doctrine and beyond:t hreat Perceptions, capabilities and & & Defence ambitions Polina Sinovets and Bettina Security renz1 Published on 26 december 2014,2 russia's new doctrine did not attract a great deal of public attention, especially in the West. contrary to expectations and widespread rumours in the run-up to its publication, ES 1/2016 • Politics the Kremlin neither issued a doctrine of nuclear pre-emption, nor explicitly named its perceived foes. ndeed, at first sight, the new text looks Defence bours and beyond: the Kremlin considers & Ivery similar to the Military Doctrine of the former Soviet area its vital sphere of military power became the “chief institu 2010. Still, the latest version of the Doc- - interest and has a high level of commit tional foundation of Russian statehood.” International Security and Defence Journal trine is much clearer in formulation of the 5 - two main ideas: ment to its defence. Another interesting This peculiarity goes some way towards 1) The West is presented as a source of dan explaining the renewed attention paid to ger and threats to Russia. These include -

)

• Armed Forces u the movement of military infrastructure of NATO member states towards Russia’s borders, which was already mentioned in

the 2010 doctrine, as well as the deploy- (Photos: mil.r ment of strategic missile defence systems in Europe. Large-scale military exercises in Russia’s neighbourhood are also described • Economy as threats. An important nuance in the 2014 doctrine is the fact that, unlike in the 2010 version, cooperation with NATO is no longer regarded as a means of reinforc - ing collective security.3 The 2014 doctrine merely mentions NATO as a potential part ner for “equal dialogue.” This seems to - • Technology indicate that Moscow has abandoned any hope or ambition for future cooperation with NATO. 2) Russia clearly outlines its vital interests, defining “red lines” for opponents in a fairly explicit manner. The term “neigh Military base in the Franz Joseph Land archipelago: bourhood” (more precisely “states bor - The Arctic is included in Russia’s vital sphere of interest. dering the Russian Federation”) is widely- used in the 2014 doctrine. Some main nuance of the 2014 doctrine is the inclu sion of the Arctic in Russia’s vital spheres- the restoration of Russia’s great power military danger and threats, according ds nethe rlan status and military might under the Putin to the doctrine, stem focus from:: a)the regime of interest for the first time. This could changecountry in the neighbourhood, and b) be interpreted as a signifier by Russia to regime. military exercises, as well as military mo other states with a stake in the Arctic re - bilisation in the neighbourhood. - gion that the exercise of perceived undue Conventional Military 4 ously, the 2014 military doctrine is Obvisend- influence will not be accepted. Capabilities netherlandsing a clear message to Russia’s neigh - - The Restoration of Russia’s Until recently, conventional capabilities interest of the authors and deterrence were considered Russia’s in the Great Power Status and weakest points, although the situation Dr Polina Sinovets Military Might? has started to change. A significant and is an associate pro- fessor at the Odessa National I.I. Mech steady rise in the defence budget over tom middendorp - A peculiarity of Russian strategic culture nikov University, Ukraine; the past decade in addition to the im- Dr Bettina is the clear interconnectedness of the Renz is an associate professor at the ukraine “greatness” of the state and its military plementation of systematic reforms since

University of Nottingham, UK. defensie.nl) (Photo: the year 2014 was when threats ande risksurope: manifested the conflict themselves in in power. This idea was borne out by the 2008 has led to a resurgence of Russian ow, in north africa. n experience of the Russian empire, when conventional military capabilities. Re no uncertain terms on the borders ofeast and cent improvements in Russian military - and the developments in the Middle

2015, we are seeing the effects of those events. - November 2015 · European Security & Defence 13 Armoured Vehicles the organisation were also radically reorgan he struggle continues in eastern Ukraine ised, whereby 30% of the non-operational Tand the conflict in the Middle East has- staff capacity disappeared and the materiel- worsened. These developments also illus logistic domain changed drastically. trate how in today’s world everything is In 2012, the winning parties in the election, linked, and how events elsewhere in the the VVD and PvdA, set out their coalition - world affect our lives. The images of Syrian arrangements in the memorandum entitled refugees on their way to Europe and the “Bruggen slaan” [Building bridges]. For De Netherlands remind us of this fact. Freedom fence, this coalition agreement meant no Readers of - and security are vulnerable and certainty specific new cuts, which signified a break - ISSN 1617-7983 cannot be taken for granted. Through its from past trends. It was agreed that a deci personal, economic, political and cultural sion would be made on the F-16 replace ties, the Netherlands makes up an active ment and that a vision of the armed forces part of the global community. That brings would be developed, all on the basis of the available budget. The findings of this study ganisation of the future is proactive, robust, the Netherlands a lot of good, but it also internationally embedded, affordable and brings very real risks and vulnerabilities. are set out in the memorandum entitled “In “European Security & het belang van Nederland” [In the interest operationally durable. The emergence of threats and conflicts that This article describes the developmental are played out thousands of miles away is of the Netherlands], which was issued in September 2013 and which presented the trend of the Dutch armed forces and looks difficult to predict. The international security successively at the strategic position of the - ongoing development of the armed forces.- situation is constantly changing and directly Netherlands and the tasks, functions and - The memorandum described a multifunc- or indirectly affecting Dutch security inter toolbox of the Netherlands’ armed forces.- ests, as well as Dutch society itself. These de tional military force which remains deploy able for all strategic functions, but which- hasThis is followed by an explanation of the re Defence” stay abreast velopments underline the need for reliable - surrendered a great deal in terms of ambi quired capabilities and finally by the main and agile armed forces that make it possible choices made as a result of the memoran ar tion and is able to conduct fewer operations MaMe to act if risks – national and international – dum “In the interest of the Netherlands”.- nT & TeC become a threat to freedom, security and- simultaneously. For the defence elements, hno lo - Lastly, the article will outline the most re Gy www.euro-sd.com • this course has now been translated into “e prosperity. Partly because of these devel quipment commonality is a • opments, public opinion on defence has clear “dots on the horizon”. The military or “Our citizens ask for a better Union” Future Soldier Systems changed, and the majority of Dutch citizens with what really matters key successNATO) (Photo: factor.” would like to see more money spent in this Federica Mogherini on the future of Europe’s Foreign and Some 40 countries are conducting comprehensive force area. Security Policy in the light of new threats modernisation programmes Over the last two decades, since the end of the Cold War, the Netherlands armed forces have been reduced drastically both- at decisive levels! in terms of size and capabilities. The ef fect of the 2010 coalition agreement was Since we last spoke with the implementation of austerity measures oCCar (organisation Conjointe de COUNTRY FOCUS: AUSTRIA to the tune of €1.4 billion, which resulted, (Photo: OCCAR) Coopération en matière d’

February 2016 among other things, in the loss of 12,000 armement) in September 2013 the functions. Furthermore, the number of organisation has significantly extended the portfolio of defence mine countermeasures vessels was halved, procurement programmes under the tank battalions were disbanded and the oCC number of F-16s reduced from 85 to 68. oCCar d ar’s aegis.i n this interview irector Timr owntree reviews current activities and recent The supporting and directing elements of achievements and explains his organisation’s working relationship Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology author with the nSPa, eda and industry. Middendorp has been General Tom - From left: German Minister of Defence Ursula von der Leyen, SACEUR General Philip Breedlove and the Netherlands’ Minister of Defence the Chief of Defence of The Nether Germany. The In-Service Support for the Jeanine Hennis-Plassschaert at the NATO minister meeting lands since 2012. 25 COBRA radar is ongoing and the system 2015 · European Security & Defence placed a first study for a midlife upgrade. November has performed well under operational We have also made significant advances conditions. Deliveries of FSAF-PAAMs air in programme management and corpo defence systems are nearly finished and Tim Rowntree, a British citizen, rate capabilities, to enable us to further - we are preparing a mid-life upgrade. Six strengthen our already strong reputation has been the OCCAR Director FREMM frigates have been delivered to since 1 March 2013. for successful programme delivery. This the French and Italian Navies and Italy has included a major review and reinforce has executed its option for another two ment of our risk management and per - ships. In the ESSOR (European Secure formance measurement systems and an - ESD: What have been OCCAR’s major SOftware defined Radio) Programme, achievements over the last two years? optimisation of our organisation and key OCCAR is preparing the final stage of skills to meet current and future needs. “European Security & Defence” is a specialist magazine, which Rowntree: During the last two years we the development phase and in the MUSIS So, in summary, we are expanding our pro have expanded our portfolio from 8 to (MUltinational Space based Imaging Sys- gramme portfolio, maintaining a strong - 12 active programmes including the inte- tem) we are about to finish the definition gration of three new programmes during control on our existing programmes, phase. Deliveries of the combat proven which are already providing important 2015: Maritime Mine Counter Measures TIGER helicopters, to the latest capabil (MMCM), the Logistic Support Ship (LSS) military capabilities in our customer na ity standards, are ongoing and we have - and the PPA Multipurpose Patrol Ship. tions, and improving our organisation for- keeps track of events and developments in the defence and security We are also managing the acquisition the future. of the MMF (Multinational Multi role tanker transport aircraft Fleet). The MMF was facilitated by the European Defence (Photo: DCNS) Agency (EDA) and its acquisition and initial support will be managed by OC- arena. Our professional writers and contributors investigate, report, CAR. Long term support will be managed through the NATO Support and Procure ment Agency (NSPA). - In addition, we are preparing for the management of a definition study for a MALE UAS (Medium Altitude Long En- durance Unmanned Aircraft System). Our analyse, comment and – if necessary – criticise. The magazine’s objective existing programmes are also advancing: On A400M, 20 aircraft have been de livered (including one of the export air- - craft to Malaysia) and we are developing a long-term common in-service support solution. In the BOxER programme we have now delivered more than 300 ve- is to describe, explain and interpret European and transatlantic security policy hicles and we are preparing the procure- Six FREMM frigates have been delivered to the French and Italian Navies ment of a second batch of vehicles for and Italy has executed its option for another two ships. Shown here is the French FoC AQUITAINE in New York.

November – which extends far beyond conventional defence with military forces – in all 2015 · European Security & Defence 43 complex and sophisticated correlations.

“European Security & Defence” analyses the implications behind the stories and forecasts the consequences of current affairs from an appropriate distance. As an unbiased periodical “European Security & Defence” provides answers to current and upcoming questions about international affairs, business, technology and defence matters. Opinions are considered in analytical comments, which are based on neutral and in-depth investigations. Each issue provides readers with analyses, expert assessments and comprehensive information on • International security political issues and decisions from the point of view of the North Atlantic Alliance and the European Community; • The political, defence, business and technology environment against the background of national security considerations. Annual Subscription Rate: € 49.80 (print format; postage included) Annual subscription includes 6 issues, special issues and free access to the “subscribers’ area” at euro-sd.com. Test “European Security & Defence” and order a free copy now! Mittler Report Verlag GmbH – Subscription/Reader Service PressUp GmbH · Postfach 70 13 11 · D-22013 Hamburg Phone: +49 (0) 40 41448471 · Fax: +49 (0) 40 41448499 · [email protected] www.euro-sd.com The Partner You Can Count On ™ Advanced Anti-Radiation Guided Missile AGM-88E AARGM: An advanced weapon for multiple target sets embedded in anti-access and denied environments.

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