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Eighteenth-Century Naval Officers, War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850, 224 INDEX

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Eighteenth-Century Naval Officers, War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850, 224 INDEX INDEX A Améen, Carl Ulrik, 145 Åberg, Henrik, 134, 137, 147 American navy, 216 Åberg, Jonas, 135 American War of Independence Åberg, Zackarias, 134 (1775–82) Able seaman rating, British navy, 22 Danish naval officers in, 179–180 Académie de Marine, 62 Dutch participation in, 113 Adelsvärd, Carl Gustaf, 145 French naval officers in, 55 Adler, Sebastian Magnus, 143, French role in, 48, 49, 60 146–147 impact on French navy, 65–66 Admiraal De Ruijter, 114 qualifying for lieutenant’s exam Admiral during, 27 Danish reservation for Spanish officers in, 85 social elite, 171 Spanish role in, 77, 85 as gerontocracy in French navy, 59 Amiral de France, 56 Admiralty College (Admiralteiskaia Andrew Doria, 113 kollegiia), Russia, 187, 193, 201, Angerstein, Johan Reinholt, 142 204–205 Anglo-French Alliance (1716–31), 49 Age of liberty, Sweden, 128 Anglo-Spanish War (1727–29), 75 Aggression, of British naval Anjala conspiracy of 1788, 132 officers, 32–37 Ankarloo, Fredrik Magnus, 149 Aire, John, 20, 29 Anna Ioannovna, Empress Algeciras, Battle of (1801), 35 of Russia, 192–198 Algiers, 102, 108 Anna Leopoldovna, Grand Duchess Allotment system, Swedish navy, 131 of Russia, 198 Ambulodi Montalvo, Antonio, 83 Anne, Queen of Great Britain, 21 © The Author(s) 2019 223 E. Wilson et al. (eds.), Eighteenth-Century Naval Officers, War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25700-2 224 INDEX Anson, Capt. George, 18, 24 Russian renewal of Apprentice seamen (aventureros), relations with, 198 Spanish navy, 78 British naval officers, 11–38 Apraksin, Adm. F. M., 187, 188 aggression, 32–37 Archipelago Expedition background and education, 19–23 (1769–74), 207 effectiveness vs. other European Arenfeldt, Lt., 173 naval officers, 13 Arethusa, 66 employment prospects, 23–30 Arriaga, Julián, 75 lieutenants’ exam, 13–18 Austria, Russian relations with, 196, promotion prospects, 29–33 199–200, 204 British navy Auxiliary naval service, Danish officers in, 178, 179 French officers in, 57 Dutch emulation of, 101 geopolitical goals of, 3 promotion of aggressive officer B culture in, 37–38 Bácaro Valcárcel, Antonio, 82 public’s reliance on success of, 35 Baltic Fleet, see Russian navy Russian officers in, 4 Baltic Sea, 127, 162 size of officer corps, 25–26 Barbary corsairs, 102 Swedish officer in, 147–148 Barrington, 22 Bruijn, Jaap, 100 Batavian Republic, 117–119 Brunswick-Lüneburg, Louis Ernest, Batavian Revolution of 1795, 118 Duke of, 114 Belle Poule, 66 Bylandt, Lt.-Adm. Lodewijk, Count Bestuzhev-Riumin, Vice-Chancellor of, 113–114, 116 Aleksei Petrovich, 200 Byng, George, 1st Viscount Bézout, Etienne, 62 Torrington, 33 Bickerton, Sir Richard Hussey, 27 Byng, John, 33–35 Billing, Thomas, 147 Bilton, John, 22 Biographia Navalis (Charnock), 11 C Bligh, Capt. William, 18 Cadets and cadet schools Borda, Chevalier de, 65 Danish, 162 Bounty, 18 French, 49, 56 (see also Naval Bourbons, military reforms of, 73–74 academies) Bourgeoisie, see Middle class Russian, 201 Boynes, Bourgeois de, 55 Swedish, 136–137, 143–145 Brandon, Pepijn, 103 Cádiz, siege of, 77 Bredal, V-Adm. Peter, 199, 202–203 Camperdown, Battle of (1797), 119 Brewer, Jon, 3 Campredon, Jacques de, 191–192 Britain Cape St. Vincent, Battle of (1751), officers’ role in naval supremacy, 77, 84 11–13 Cape Santa Maria, Battle of (1780), 85 INDEX 225 Capes, Battle of the (1781), 50 Chef de division, 57 Capitaine de frégate, 57 Chefs d’escadre, 56 Capitaine de vaisseau, 56 Children Capitaine en second, 56 in British navy, 21 Caps Party, Sweden, 128, 196 in Danish navy, 173 Captain’s servant rating, in Swedish navy, 136, 138, 139 British navy, 22 Choiseul Praslin, duc de, 54, 58 Career progression Christian VI, King of Denmark, 175 British naval officers, 29–33 Class, socioeconomic challenges of staying fully British naval officers’ origins, 18–23 employed, 4 commissions as reserved for Danish naval officers, 168–174 gentlemen, 15–16 (see also Dutch naval officers, 104, 108, 120 Middle class) French naval officers, 54, 56–60 negotiating multiple class origins, 3 overall development of systems for, (see also Social elite) 216–219 (see also Promotion Class training, see Theoretical vs. prospects) practical skills training Russian naval officers, 201–204, Colonialism, naval officers’ 207 (see also Service at sea) participation in, 47–66, 85 Spanish naval officers, 82–87 Commanders, in British navy Swedish naval officers, 134–140, structure, 24 145–155 Commissioning Carné, Captain de, 65 British officers, 19–21, 25 Castejón, González de, 75 Danish officers, 167–170 Castellane-Majastres, marquis Henri-­ French expansion beyond nobility, César de, 50 49–53 Castries, maréchal de, 55, 57 Swedish purchase system, 138–139 Catherine I, Empress of Russia, Commodore 190–193 duties of Danish, 173 Catherine the Great (II), Empress of French equivalent, 57 Russia, 204–208 Commoners, expansion of Champigny, Jacques-Charles French naval commissions Bochart de, 47 to, 49–53, 56 Chapman, Fredrik Henrik, 130, 133 See also Middle class Charisius, Petrus, 101 Compagnie des Indes, 57 Charles III, King of Spain, 75 Company captains, Danish navy, 169 Charles IV, King of Spain, 77 Conflans, comte de, 59 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, 192 Construction Committee Charles XII, King of Sweden, 128 (Konstruktionskommissionen), Charnock, John, 11 Danish naval officer Chartres, duc de, 51 service on, 180 Châteaubriand, François-René de, 60 Córdoba, Luis de, 84 226 INDEX Couëdic de Kergoualer, De Witt, Johan, 101 Charles-Louis du, 66 Dirks, Backer, 103 Cowardice, Royal Navy’s Dischingtun, Capt. Job, 170 intolerance for, 37 Discipline Crown, Sir Robert, 30 Danish navy’s Naval Articles, 176 Cruys, V-Adm. Cornelius, 186 French navy’s problems with, 61 Russian navy’s problems with, 190 Spanish navy’s problems with, 81 D Division commanders, Danish navy, 168 Daendels, Lt.-Gen. H.W., 118–119 Dogger Bank, Battle of the, 99, 108, Danish naval officers, 161 113–116 career progression, 168–174 d’Orvilliers, Admiral, 62, 64 education, 165–168 Dragon, 22 foreign service, 177–180 Duelling, 37, 177 Naval Articles, 175–177 Duke of Bedford, 24 as peacetime spies, 5 Duncan, Adm. Adam, 119 Danish navy Dutch naval officers, 99–121 geopolitical stability of, 3 career progression, 104, 108, 120 rivalry with Sweden, 163 education and training, 107, 109 size of officer corps, 172 foreign naval service, 5 strength and structure, 162–165 in Russian navy, 185–186 Swedish officer’s professionalization, 104, experience with, 148 106–107, 120 Danneskiold-Samsøe, Adm. Frederik social context, 107, 116, 120–121 Count, 175–176 Dutch navy Dean, John, 190 Danish officers in, 178 Death, common causes of, 5, 155 emulation of British navy, 101 De Beschermer, 146 power trajectory during 18th De Genoveva Maria, 147 century, 100–103 De Goeade Rack, 146 size of officer corps, 169–170 de Grasse, comte, 65 Swedish navy and, 135 De Jonge Rombont, 147 Swedish officers in, 146–147 De Kruyff, Jan, 99–100 Dutch Republic, 99–121 De La Clocheterie, Jean-Isaac in American War of Chadeau, 66 Independence, 113 Denmark, Russian restoration of French invasion of, 103, 113, 117 relations with, 196 politics and political identity, 99, d’Eoux, Raymondis, 59 100, 108–112 De Ruyter, Adm. Michiel, 100, Dutch West Indies, 102 101, 113 Dutchness’, Patriot-Orangist struggle Desertion rates, Swedish navy, 150 and, 115–116 d’Estaing, comte, 51 Duty and honour, 36 De Winter, V-Adm J.W., 118–119 See also Honour, culture of INDEX 227 E Spanish officers, 79, 82–84 Education and training, 214–217 Swedish officers, 134–135, 151 British, 19–23, 215–216 Farquharson, Henry, 188 Danish, 164–168 Ferdinand VI, King of Spain, 75 Dutch, 107, 109 Finnish galley squadron, 129 French, 53–56, 215 First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54), 101 overview, 4 Fiscal-military state, 3 Russian, 187–188, 201–202, Fontenay, Caspar Frederic 204–207 le sage de, 168 Spanish, 77, 78, 80–83 Foreign naval service Swedish, 131, 134–137, 141–145 British officers serving in, 29 Ekholmsund, 150 commonality of, 220 Ekna, Daniel Stråle af, 143 Danish officers serving in, 162, 167, Elizaveta Petrovna, Empress of Russia, 177–180 198–201 Danish recruitment of foreign Employment prospects officers, 165, 167 British naval officers, 23–30, Dutch officers serving in, 105, 147 36, 38 Russian officers serving in, 4, challenges of finding regular, 4–5 189, 198 Dutch naval officers, 104–106, 108 Russian recruitment of foreign (see also Foreign naval service) officers, 187, 189, 190, 198, 206 French naval officers, 63 Swedish naval officers serving in, peacetime challenges, 217–218 146–147 Swedish naval officers, 151 Swedish recruitment of foreign Enfants du corps, 53 officers, 138 Enrolment system, Danish, 169–170 Formidable, 65 Ensenada, marquis of, 75, 81 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War Escadres d’évolutions (1780–84), 113 (training cruises), 62 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 204 État de la Marine, 47 Frederick IV, King of Denmark, 165 Ethics of nobility, French naval Frederick V, King of Denmark, 175 officers, 60–63 French army, invasion of Dutch Republic, 101, 103, 113, 117 French naval officers F British midshipman’s view of, 2 Family naval service career progression, 56–60 British officers, 30–32 diverse social backgrounds of, 50–53 Danish officers, 165 education and training, 53–56 Dutch officers, 104 ethics of nobility, 60–63 French officers, 50–53, 60 influence on Danish academy, 165 as primary professionalization service at sea, 63–66 method, 213 social class vs. practical skills for Russian officers, 202 officers, 15 228 INDEX French navy Russian role in, 185 attack on Russian frigates during War Sweden’s role in, 128–129, 133, of the Polish Succession, 197 140, 151–153 at Cadiz during Trafalgar Greig, Samuel, 220–221 campaign, 35 Guardiamarinas (Spanish collapse and rebuilding of, 48–50 midshipmen), 77–80 Danish officers in, 178–180 Guichen, du Bouëxic de, 52 overstaffing of officersvs.
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