Littoral OpTech – West Edited by Mårten Granberg

Reprinted from Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet Issue 1/2015 Pages 92-99 Littoral OpTech – West

The international naval workshop Littoral OpTech – West, hosted by The Royal Swe- dish Society of Naval Sciences – Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapet (KÖMS) – in coope- ration with Saab and the Littoral Operations Center of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, was held in Stockholm 23rd to 24th September 2014.

92 Reprinted from Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet Issue 1/2015 Day One the Korea War. Dr. Sepp mentioned The Falklands, the Iran/Iraq war and the ope- Welcome addresses were made by The rational difficulties. In the littoral battle Royal Swedish Chief of Staff scene noncombatants are present. It beco- RADM Jan Thörnqvist, Dr. Kalev I. Sepp, mes confused in cluttered littoral regions. Director of the Littoral Operations Cen- Dr. Sepp addressed the question, ter at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, “What can we learn from Sweden and RADM Thomas Engevall (RSwN) Presi- their extreme littoral?” For Sweden it dent of the Royal Swedish Society of Na- is natural to combine land-, sea- and air val Sciences, and CAPT Clark O. Troyer forces to work integrated in the Littorals. (USN), Commanding Officer of the U.S. Dr. Sepp mentioned Swedish experience Office of Naval Research-Global. in adopting Littoral capabilities from his- The keynote address was presented by torical Soviet threat in the cold war. US the Honorable RADM Jay Cohen (USN, and Sweden has worked together earlier ret.), former Chief of the Office of Naval with the Gotland exercise in Research and Under Secretary of Science 2004 - 2005, then USN bought and im- and Technology at the Department of plemented 16 CB-90:s. Dr. Sepp expres- Homeland Security. RADM Cohen high- sed a wish for more cooperation and that lighted the challenges of operating in the we shall remember what we have learnt global littorals, and in particular the ”ex- and not forget. treme littorals” of the . RADM Dr. Sepp gave brief information about Cohen made a closing remark that ”The U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, NPS. future are The Littorals, the world has NPS is a very good environment to deve- changed. Blue waters will always be lop littoral concepts. 54 different nationa- important for world trade but green and lities among the students that participate brown water will be more important. The in courses, programs and projects. Many combined length of world Littorals are different projects regarding littoral com- the same as the distance from the Earth bat ship, scenarios etc are studied. NPS to the Moon". has the strength and can turn to the pro- Dr. Kalev I. Sepp, Director of the Lit- blems, Dr. Sepp concluded. toral Operations Center at the U.S. Naval CDR Ingo Eilts, , NATO Postgraduate School gave a presentation Centre of Excellence for Operations about ”The Littorals – Shifting from Blue in Confined and Shallow Waters, COE to Green”. Dr. Sepp gave a brief histori- CSW, at Kiel, gave a presentation about cal review of the US experience of green how the center is organized and their water operations from the Civil War. partnering countries in NATO. Dr. Sepp also mentioned other examp- Dr. Lee Wilett, Editor HIS Jane´s Navy les of complex green water operations International gave a presentation “Over- from WWI and WWII and the difficul- view of Littoral Operations and Techno- ties during these littoral battles. During logies”. Dr. Wilett gave a summary of the Pacific campaign the US and Allies subjects and littoral trends that IHS and gained knowledge and capability in con- Jane´s have been covering in recent years. ducting amphibious battle. The capabi- The workshop consisted of panel di- lity was important a few years later in scussions, interspersed with informal

Reprinted from Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet Issue 1/2015 93 networking, with a number of senior mi- ideas and views how to operate in the lit- litary and civilian subject matter experts torals. Do we have common definitions, from Finland, Germany, India, Norway, how about extreme littorals, what define Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom littorals and challenges of tasks matched and the United States. with decreased budgets. The Panel consisted of RADM Jonas Panel discussions Haggren RSwN, CAPT Magnus Jönsson, Panel One: The Littorals – Why do we RSwN, Commander 3. Naval Warfare care Flottila. CAPT Chris Hodkinson, RN, The panel was moderated by CDR Steve Deputy Asst. Chief af Staff – Land & Lit- Benson (USN, ret.), Saab PM Littoral toral Manoeuvre, CDR Carl-Magnus Wa- Operations Center. He made the opening senius, Chief of Staff, Uusimaa Brigade, remarks: “Very little in the world today Finland. escapes the involvement of the Littorals. RADM Bertil Björkman thanked the The Global Littorals are and have been participants for their presentations and since time in memorial dominant geo- led the panel discussion and took ques- graphic feature in human existence. As tions from the audience. RADM Björk- an increasingly interconnected world be- man made a final remark for panel two: comes increasingly reliant on stable con- “We will manage in the future, we will ditions. In the future we have to prepare have the capacity. We have the ambition well for joint and combined operations in to joint operations and combined exerci- the complex Littorals. On the sea, under ses. In total we have the capacity and we the sea, in the air, on land, in space and will do the job”. in cyber space. This preparation across Panel Three – Underwater Operations allies and partners will serve from pre- in The Littorals sence to deterrence and on through war- time. We have highly qualified experts in The panel was moderated by CAPT Bo this panel”. Rask (RSwN ret.), Secretary Royal Swe- The Panel consisted of CAPT Yueksel dish Society of Naval Sciences. Can, Turkish Navy, NATO, COE-CSW, The Panel consisted of RADM J.J. Kiel., Dr. Eric Berglund, Swedish De- Waickwicz (USN ret.), former CO, Na- fence Research Agency, FOI, Dr. Martin val Mine and ASW Ops, 3d Fleet, CAPT Murphy, Naval analysts & Senior Re- Anders Järn RSwN, FXM, Swedish De- search Fellow, Dalhousie University and fence & Security Export Agency, CAPT CAPT Jeff Kline (USN ret.) U.S. Naval , RSwN, Commander 1. Postgraduate School. Submarine Flottila, CDR Jonas Hård af Segerstad, RSwN, Commander 42. Mine Panel Two – Operations in the Litto- Countermeasures Squadron. rals – With Allies and Partners. After opening remarks by the modera- The panel was moderated by RADM tor, RADM J.J. Waickwicz made the first Bertil Björkman (RSwN ret.) and Royal presentation for panel three. Swedish Society of Naval Sciences. He RADM Waickwicz told the back- made the opening remarks: The intention ground from the submarine Gotland that with this panel discussion is to present took part for exercises during two years

94 Reprinted from Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet Issue 1/2015 Panel Two- Operations in the Littorals - With Allies and Partners. in the US. The exercises were vital for jects to train. International exercises are USN to maintain antisubmarine skills good, but always evaluate”. and capability. It is essential to reinvent training and Day two bring it to the forefront in order to main- The keynote address was presented by tain capability and know-how. BGEN Ola Truedsson, Commander, RADM Waickwicz expressed that in Swedish Maritime Component Com- the future there is a need of mutual deve- mand, , Joint lopment of units and capabilities in order HQ. He explained the Swedish view on to save costs. Units can still be adjusted Littoral environment and Littoral Opera- to the own nations need and with own tions. The terrain in which software and weapon systems. So ins- conducts its operations is very complex. tead of develop own ships for ten years at The complex multidimensional operation high costs, are there similar ships on the area where the Swedish Navy has to have market today? RADM Waickwicz made control and situational awareness in four a final remark, “Lesson learned, increase dimensions: Air, land, surface and sub- training”. surface. CAPT Bo Rask made final remarks: BGEN Truedsson briefed about the “Identify lessons, then implement them, current situation in The Baltic Sea. He otherwise it is not lessons learned. It is also explained current trends and chal- important to keep on training everything, lenges for the Swedish Navy. National especially daily tasks. A good idea could geographical position and national inte- be to invite the crew to innovative sub- rests will be the foundation. Once again

Reprinted from Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet Issue 1/2015 95 the Swedish Navy is back to more tra- The battle of Tsushima straight was typi- ditional naval tasks like protecting ship- cal of being an important battle through ping and show presence in own regional out history similar to decisive ones like waters. Cooperation and interoperability Lepanto, Nile, Trafalgar and Jutland. Sir in order to maintain operational capabi- Julian Corbett specified three compo- lity is a key factor for future success. Sig- nents of the : the battle fleet to ning the Host Nation Support agreement defeat any challenge to command of the with NATO for instance. Cooperation sea; “” to patrol the sea lanes and for cost sharing regarding capability de- protect British trade; and “the flotilla” velopment is another necessary path for of small combatants capable of fighting Sweden. BGEN Truedsson concluded his inshore, where battleships, with all their brief with explaining the importance with offensive firepower, could not venture be- the Swedish Finnish Naval Task Group, cause torpedo boats, and mi- SFNTG. nes. Early in WWI Makaroff and Corbett CAPT Wayne Hughes (USN, ret.), Pro- was proven right when three UK cruisers fessor and Dean Emeritus at the U.S Na- were sunk near the Netherlands coast by val Postgraduate School, author of Fleet German submarines. 1915 the British ig- Tactics and Coastal Combat, gave a pre- nored Corbett’s advice in the Gallipoli sentation with the headline “The Deadly campaign by the Dardanelles. In a very Littorals”. short time three British and one French CAPT Hughes theme is that the litto- battleship struck mines. In the North Sea rals are different and difficult and have cruisers and carried out many been since a turning point in 1905. For operations and the battleships were kept over a century coastal waters has not only far out at sea. During the WWII smaller become increasingly more dangerous but units like P/T-boats were very effective the special region of influence on both si- against enemy shipping and trade routes des of the coast are much bigger and more in littoral environments. intricate. Coastal waters has always been If one is defending his own coast the important but for different reasons. Since vessels in his flotilla must be small, lethal the earliest history as of Greece and Ro- and numerous, like for instance Swedish mans time many battles has been fought Visby´s, Chinese Hubei, Israel’s Sa´ars, close to land. The reason for that is that Singapore Victory class and other nations there is were people live. 1904-1905 mark equivalents. a special turning point, that is the year Also submarines and coastal mines with one hand that the decisive battle of should be taken to account, a coastal mix. Tsushima was fought between Japanese Fishing boats and small aircrafts can be and Russian fleets, but on the other hand a scout to detect enemy movements. Un- it was the year when the famous Russian til recently USN has not needed small Makaroff went down with his combatants in coastal waters, no need battleship Petropavlosk when it struck a because USN has not needed to fight for mine. A cruel irony because five years control over littoral seas. But many of our earlier before that he wrote a classic book losses since WWII from mines and tor- on naval tactics mentioning that coastal pedoes has been in these confined waters. waters was dangerous for battleships. But now we will have to increase our ca-

96 Reprinted from Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet Issue 1/2015 pability, especially if we would join ope- a summary. In short, bigger ships can rations in confined waters like the Baltic be ambushed by smaller in the littorals. Sea, the North Sea, the Mediterranean Aircrafts, missiles, torpedoes and mines Black Sea and other areas like that. make the littorals even more deadly and CAPT Hughes also briefed about the have vastly enlarged the region of danger. Pacific campaign during WWII, Solo- USN has not been out to a test inshore mon Islands with the landings on Guadal- since 1950 and it is time to rebuild capa- canal and neighboring islands late 1942. bility. When our warships are intended to The first six months in the campaign the fight in the littorals, an affordable flotilla better-trained Japanese performed bet- of relatively inexpensive single-purpose ter, even though the US had first detec- ships is preferable to expensive multimis- tion with radar. We failed because we sion warships. used column tactics for gunnery battle. There is more likely that it will be Then Admiral Burke arrived comman- many smaller battles like the Solomon ding Destroyers with new successful campaign rather than a big decisive battle tactics. Radar gave a decisive advantage in the littorals. When ships must sail in and complemented with torpedo salvoes dangerous waters, a single-purpose ves- USN started to win battles in the Pacific sel is far superior to an open-ocean multi- War. The clue that the Solomon campaign purpose one. USN has to learn from Swe- gives us to use today is that small deadly den, Norway, Israel and other countries missile ships makes the difference in the that have practice how to fight in extreme littorals. littorals and rebuild capability. The world CAPT Hughes concluded his brief with today is truly different.

Reprinted from Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet Issue 1/2015 97 Panel Four – Technology - Seeing Friman, Strategic Solutions. Through The Clutter: On the Surface The Panel consisted of CDR Mats and Over the Shore (Sensors & UUVs) Nordin, SME Submarine Design, Swe- The panel was moderated by Col. Patric dish Defence Research Agency, FOI, Dr. Hjort, Swedish Defence Materiel Admi- Roger Berg, SME Submarine and Sur- nistration. face Ship Design, , Mr. J. The Panel consisted of Mr. Mats Elofs- Scott Shipman, B.B. Hoss, Inc., Dr. Chris son, PM Surface Warfare, Swedish De- Bassler, Team Leader for Future Surface fence Materiel Administration, Mr. Andy Combatants, U.S. NSWC Carderock, Mr. Biss, PM ANSPS 77 in the U.S. Saab Derrick Marcus Tepaske, ONR Science EDS and Dr. Björn Larsson, Above Wa- Advisor – II Expeditionary Force ter Research Leader, Swedish Defence & Acting ONR SciAd – Marine Forces Research Agency, FOI. Command. Moderator Dr. Henrik Friman made Panel Five – Technology - Seeing some opening remarks: “We are going o Through The Clutter: Below the talk about ships, vessels, crafts and sub- Surface and in Shore (Sensors & . We are also going to talk about UUVs) field experiment. I think this workshop The panel was moderated by RADM Jay Littoral OpTech-West is so important. If Cohen (USN, ret.), former Chief of the we could take the challenge raised and Office of Naval Research and Under Se- solve these things that we can identify cretary of Science and Technology at the in that domain, a lot would be won. The Department of Homeland Security. complexity in the littoral terrain is the The Panel consisted of CDR Pontus biggest challenge we can find. Public and Krohn, Swedish Armed Forces HQ, Di- private partnership and cooperation is rectorate of Plans and Policy and Mr. Li- necessary to solve the equation. Littoral nus Fast, Under Water Research Leader, Operation Centers, LOC, where private Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) and government come together and create and Dr. Kevin Brinkman, Atlas Elektro- something unique. International coopera- nik GmbH. tion is essential and it is very important to Moderator RADM Cohen made some find your friends before you need them”. opening remarks: “Under the water data goes by the speed of sound, on the sur- Closing remarks face it goes with the speed of light. How CAPT Bo Wallander moderated the clo- do you translate the speed of sound data sing remarks: to the battle commander so it will be me- “Some of the speakers did touch so- aningful”? mething essential, the importance to win, in a duel situation you must win. During Panel Six – Technology - Seeing the workshop we have discussed the im- Through The Clutter: Ships, Vessels, portance of the littorals. We have heard a Craft & Submarines for the Littorals: number of historical arguments, 90 – 95 Experimentation & Innovation % of all sea battles have been in the lit- Panel six was moderated by Dr. Henrik torals, we must train more there. All the weapon- and sensor systems must be able

98 Reprinted from Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet Issue 1/2015 to work in the littorals, not only designed here in Stockholm and use in the future. for blue water. When developing new sys- Thank you very much”. tems above water specialists can benefit Dr. Sepp made a final remark: The from communicating with below water purpose for coming here was to have a specialists and vice versa. The workshop regional workshop to explore operatio- has given many answers but also raised nal and technological challenges. I would new ones. Together we can solve pro- like to thank the Royal Swedish Society blems and create synergies. I would like of Naval Sciences, Senior Officers from to thank all participants”. the Royal Swedish Navy, Officers of the RADM Thomas Engevall (RSwN) Navy Research Global for support, it President of the Royal Swedish Society of has been two years since we created this Naval Sciences made a remark: “I hope concept, to Saab for funding research at that all discussions, both formal and in- NPS, to all distinguished visitors, pane- formal, as well as the new contacts that lists. I would also like to mention two in- have been established, will be valuable in dividuals, Bo Wallander and Steve Ben- the future regarding our important sub- son of Saab, they have done a tremendous ject, the littorals. From the Royal Swe- work ahead of this workshop and making dish Society of Naval Sciences perspec- it happen. The successful Littoral OpTech tive, we have through this workshop lived – West will be followed by another work- up to the purpose of the Academy. Thank shop, Littoral OpTech – East, then Litto- you all for participating! ral OpTech – South. What we did during CAPT Troyer made a final remark: OpTech – West will be the model for co- “I would like to express my gratitude to ming workshops. ”. Dr. Sepp concluded the organizers and all participants. It has with some memorable quotes from earlier been a successful workshop. It was very presentations. good to have a regional workshop and I For further information Littoral Op- look forward for the coming workshops Tech – West and the presentations; in other regions and learn form others please contact CAPT Bo Wallander: experience. We shall take what we built [email protected]

This abstract from the workshop was written by Mårten Granberg, Fellow of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences.

Reprinted from Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet Issue 1/2015 99 TIDSKRIFT I SJÖVÄSENDET PUBLISHED SINCE 1836 THE ROYAL SWEDISH SOCIETY OF NAVAL SCIENCES - One of the Swedish Royal Academies - Editor-in-chief: Thomas E. Engevall Editors address: Junibacken 9, S-135 54 TYRESÖ, SWEDEN Telephone: +46 8 798 7139, alt. + 46 70 588 7589, E-mail: [email protected] Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet is issued at least four times per year. In 2015 five issues will be printed (March, June, September, November and December). A yearly subscription costs SEK 250 for addresses in Sweden and SEK 350 for addresses in all other nations. To order a subscription use the Swedish ”Plusgiro account number: 125 17-9” or contact the editor for further instructions. Articles in Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet is predominantly pub- lished in Swedish but articles written in English are published in English.

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