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Dear media representatives,

WADA, NADA, whereabouts filing requirements, out-of-competition controls, prevention, ADAMS, chaperons and much more - the anti-doping work is a very complex topic. The question: „What exactly is doping?“ sounds easier than it is. Or: How does a disciplinary proceeding works? Who can you contact if you have any questions?

These and other important topics have been asked and answered in this media guide. We hope that this will help you with your reports.

Your NADA team CONTENTS

Page 1. The anti-doping landscape ��2

2. What is doping? ��6

3. Which substances and methods are prohibited? ��11

4. What is done against doping? ��18 4.1 Doping controls ��18 4.2 Sanctions ��27 4.3 Doping prevention ��32

1 THE ANTI-DOPING LANDSCAPE

1. THE ANTI-DOPING LANDSCAPE

There are various actors around the world that are involved in the anti-doping work. In addition to the World Anti-Doping Agency (in short: WADA) as umbrella organisation, anti-doping work involves the international federations, national and regional anti-doping organisations, the Olympic and Paralympic Committees, labs, arbitration courts, large sports event organisers and governments.

What is the task of WADA? work. Germany ratified the convention in 2007.

The WADC is signed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the founded as an independent international National Olympic Committees (NOC) as organisation in November 1999, replacing well as the National and Regional Anti- the IOC department that had taken care Doping Organisations. of anti-doping work until then. It has the target to promote, coordinate and monitor How is WADA financed? anti-doping work in sports around the WADA is financed from funds by sports world. organisation and the associated nations. Germany also participates in financing WADA developed the World Anti-Doping WADA. Representatives of different Code (in short: WADC) to harmonise governments and of the sport are members the international anti-doping work. All of the Foundation Board of WADA as signatories of the UNESCO convention stakeholders. against doping and signatories of the WADC are obligated to implement the specifications of the code. More information about WADA www.wada-ama.org Until now, more than 170 states around the world have signed the UNESCO convention For media requests [email protected] to commit to implementing anti-doping 2 What precisely is the task of NADA? NADA is the competence centre for anti- doping work in Germany. Its tasks comprise doping controls, prevention, medical and legal advice. NADA considers its work in an international context, cooperates closely The German National Anti Doping Agency with partners from around the world, (NADA) is the instance for clean sport in and thus contributes to promoting global Germany. NADA was founded in July 2002 equality of opportunities and promoting the with a festive act in the Old City Hall in sporting values. Bonn as a foundation under private law and recognised by the foundation supervision How is NADA financed? on 21 November of the same year. It took It is an independent instance as a non-profit up its operative business on 1 January foundation under private law. NADA is 2003. financed by state, sport and the economy according to the stakeholder model. Since then, NADA has pursued its founding purpose and has worked for fairness and How did the doping ban came about? equal opportunities in sport. The death of British cyclist Tom Simpson on 13 July 1967 was a decisive event, even though rare individual doping controls had More information about NADA been conducted before. www.nada.de Simpson died on the mountain stage of For media requests the Tour de France towards the Mont [email protected] Ventoux. The autopsy found a cocktail of 3 THE ANTI-DOPING LANDSCAPE

alcohol and amphetamines in his body. however, there was barely any effect. The The IOC developed its first anti-doping doping problem was aggravated by the regulations that same year, permitting the use of other substances. This increased first rudimentary controls at the Olympic pressure on the sport for the introduction Games of 1968. of controls. In 1966, UCI (cycling) and FIFA (football) were the first international How has anti-doping work developed? federations to introduce doping controls Many international federations established in world championships. The IOC founded a prohibition of doping in sport in the the medical commission for development 1960s due to several deaths. First, only of a prohibited list in 1967. The first doping stimulants were forbidden; this prohibition controls were conducted at the Olympic was expanded to other substance Winter Games in Grenoble and the Olympic classes over time. Due to a lack of tests, Games in Mexico in 1968.

Tasks of the IOC, IPC, the labs, arbitration courts, sport organisers and government in anti-doping work

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Int. Olympic Committee (IOC) International Federations (IF) Int. Paralympic Committee (IPC) Nat. Olympic Committee (NOC) responsible for the anti-doping work responsible for the anti-doping work on responsible for the anti-doping work responsible for the implementation of during the Olympic Games. Among international level. Doping prevention and during the Paralmypic Games. Among anti-doping rules on national level others, for the implementation of controls doping controls for international athletes others, for the implementation of controls.

National Anti Doping Organisations Regional Anti-Doping Organisations (RADO) responsible for the anti-doping work on responsible for the anti-doping work in national level different countries

Event Organisers WADA-accredited laboratories Court of Arbitration (CAS) Governments responsible for the implementation of responsible for the analysis of samples responsible for the realization of Responsible for the support of anti-doping rules and science anti-doping proceedings. anti-doping work, among others financial CAS=international, DIS=national support

4 THE ANTI-DOPING LANDSCAPE

Who conducts controls at the Olympic a disciplinary body of the IOC had taken Games? this decision. The responsible body for The IOC is responsible to conduct appeals is the CAS.“ controls during the Olympic Games and the IPC during the Paralympic Games. Who conducts controls during international These controls are usually conducted in competitions? cooperation with the National Anti-Doping The international federations are Organisation of the hosting country. A responsible for the controls during WADA-accredited lab is chosen or set up international competitions. Some for the Olympic Games as well, staffed international federations also cooperate with international scientists from WADA- with the National Anti-Doping Organisations accredited labs. WADA holds a consulting in the specific country to carry out controls and observer‘s role in conducting the during international competitions. controls and analyses at the Olympic and Paralympic Games.

In the event of a possible violation of anti-doping rules during the Olympic Games, an ad hoc panel of judges from the International Court of Arbitration (CAS) will decide on the case. Previously,

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National Anti Doping Organisations Regional Anti-Doping Organisations (RADO) responsible for the anti-doping work on responsible for the anti-doping work in national level different countries

5 WHAT IS DOPING?

2. WHAT IS DOPING?

It is impossible to define doping in one short sentence. There are too many different methods of fraud for this. For competitive sport, WADA has clearly specified which actions are deemed doping, and compiled regulations that are mandatory world-wide.

Definition of doping Doping is defined as the presence of one • Trafficking or attempted trafficking or several of the violations specified in in any prohibited substance or the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) or prohibited method, National Anti-Doping Code (NADC). The • Assisting, encouraging, aiding, WADC and NADC contain these rules in abetting, conspiring, covering up sections 2.1 to 2.10. or any other type of intentional complicity involving an anti-doping The following are deemed violations rule violation, according to anti-doping rules and • Association by an athlete or other therefore doping is: person subject to the authority of an Anti-Doping Organization in a • Presence of a prohibited substance professional or sport-related or its metabolites or markers in an capacity with any athlete athlete’s sample, Support Person. • Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method, (Excerpt from the NADC 2015) • Evading, refusing or failing to submit to sample collection, • Whereabouts failures and tampering or attempted tampering with anypart of Doping Control, • Possession of a prohibited substance or a prohibited method,

6 What is the WADC? Committees and the National Anti-Doping The World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) is the Organisations, had accepted the WADC globally valid and sport-comprehensive and committed to entering into an anti-doping regulation that is international agreement and to implement implemented in national regulations. the code before commencement of the Founding of WADA in 1999 laid the Olympic Winter Games in Turin 2006 by basis for global harmonisation of the anti- signing the „Copenhagen Declaration“. doping regulations. Three years later, the first draft of the WADC was presented to Since new doping substances are being its potential signatories – the IOC and IPC, developed and anti-doping is developing the International Sport Federations and continually, the WADC has been revised the National Anti-Doping Organisations. multiple times since. The changed version After several consultation phases, the of the code was agreed at the World final version was accepted during the 2nd Conference on Doping in Sport in Madrid in World Conference on Doping in Sport in November 2007; it entered into effect on 1 Copenhagen on 5 March 2003. This was January 2009. an important step towards securing the fundamental values of sport, the right of Renewed revision of the WADC athletes to participation in doping-free commenced in 2011. The revised sport, fairness and equal opportunities as WADC was finally agreed at the World well as protection of the athletes‘ health. Conference on Doping in Sport in Johannesburg in November 2013. During By the end of 2004, almost all the two-year consultation phase, NADA International Sport Federations of the also submitted suggestions for changes. Olympic Movement, the National Olympic These specifically referred to protection 7 WHAT IS DOPING?

of minors, proportionality of sanction, implementation of programs. The harmonisation of the doping control system implementation is not mandatory. and strengthening of prevention work as well as data privacy. The current WADC Details on the history, work and tasks entered into effect on 1 January 2015. of WADA can be found on the website of the World Anti-Doping Agency: In addition to the WADC, which forms www.wada-ama.org. the basis, WADA developed the „Inter- national Standards“. These detailed What is the NADC? execution provisions on the WADC The National Anti-Doping Code (in short: provide for individual practice-relevant NADC), is the most important sports- areas, such as the process of doping comprehensive regulation in the area of controls, reporting obligations of the athletes, anti-doping work in Germany for German prohibited substances and methods on the sports. The rules defined by WADA in the prohibited list or application for therapeutic WADC must be implemented verbatim in use exemptions. They are binding for the NADC. By acceptance of the WADC by all signatories of the code and must be German sports in Leipzig on 10 December implemented by them accordingly. 2003, NADA and the National Olympic Committee for Germany committed to Furthermore, the WADA Guidelines implementation. The NADC has been provide a recommendation für several revised several times since, parallel aspects of anti-doping programming. with the WADC. The current version also The implementation is not mandatory, entered into effect parallel with the new but offers technical guidance in the WADC on 1 January 2015.

8 WAS IST DOPING?

Who do the anti-doping regulations What is the difference between the apply to? WADC and the NADC? The anti-doping regulations apply to all The WADC is the international anti-doping persons who participate in organised regulation that countries worldwide must sports and who are members of one of the implement. The code is implemented in following institutions. These include: the national regulations that also consider the organisations that have signed the code national legal specifications. In Germany, and committed to complying with it, in this is the NADC. particular the International Olympic and Paralympic Committees, the International What does the anti-doping law stipulate and National Sport Federations, the and how does it differ from the Code? National Olympic and Paralympic The WADC/NADC is a sports-law Committees, organisers of large sport regulation. The anti-doping law competitions and National Anti-Doping strengthens the anti-doping work at the Organisations such as NADA. Associations level of criminal law. The anti-doping law are also bound to the code nationally via is passed by the legislator and applies their National Sport Federations, so on national level only. The WADC applies that every participant in organised sport world-wide. The WADC is compiled by the is generally subject to the anti-doping World Anti-Doping Agency, the NADC by regulations specified in the NADC. the National Anti-Doping Organisation. Competitions where recreational athletes without membership of a federation or The anti-doping law comprises all club participate, the event organiser has doping offenses under criminal law that the obligation to make sure participants were previously included in the German sign the anti-doping regulations. Pharmaceutical Act. It stipulates that 9 WHAT IS DOPING?

self-doping is punishable. For the first Violations of the WADC/NADC usually time, doped high profile athletes who lead to ineligibility of the athlete, i.e. intend to acquire advantages in organised a sanction. Violation of the state anti- sports by doping are in the centre. As doping-law in contrast may lead to fines well punishable is the purchase and or even prison sentences. possession even of small amounts of doping substances for the purpose of self- doping. The provisions against instigators and “brains” behind the scene have been reinforced as well. The anti-doping law helps the prosecution authorities to defeat For more information about the doping networks. Data exchange between anti-doping law NADA, courts and public prosecutors is for the first time legally regulated by this www.nada.de/recht law.

10 SUBSTANCES AND METHODS

3. WHICH SUBSTANCES AND METHODS ARE PROHIBITED? Ten different substance classes (S0 to S9), three types of prohibited methods (M1 to M3) and one substance that is only prohibited in specific sports (P1) are on the prohibited list. Find an overview of the prohibited list below.

What substances are on the prohibited Substances and methods that are list? always forbidden (in and outside of The WADA prohibited list is revised competitions) once every year. It contains all active substances and methods that are S0. Non-approved substances prohibited. In exceptions, it may also These are substances that are currently be changed before the end of the year, not permitted for therapeutic use in as was the case, e.g., at uncovering humans by a state health authority at of possible doping with Xenon during the moment. the Olympic Winter Games in Sochi in 2014. The prohibited list is structured S1. Anabolic agents in substances and methods that are The „classical“ anabolic agents are always prohibited, substances that steroid hormones (in short: steroids), are only prohibited in competition and which are structurally derived from the substances that are only prohibited in sexual hormone testosterone. Examples some sports. of this group also include in addition to the steroids testosterone, nandrolone and stanozolol as well as clenbuterol, What is prohibited when? that shows an anabolic effect.

S0-S5: always prohibited S2. Peptide hormones, growth factors, S6-S9: prohibited in competition related substances and mimetics M1-M3: always prohibited One of the best-known substance from Beta blockers: only prohibited this group is EPO (erythropoietin), an in certain sports. endogenous hormone produced in the kidney with the task of regulating the 11 SUBSTANCES AND METHODS

production of red blood cells. Other M3. Gene doping examples are CERA, hGH, LH, Xenon. Gene doping means the transfer of genetic information and application of S3. Beta-2-agonists normal and genetically engineered cells. Beta-2-agonists are contained in medicines for treating asthma. Substances and methods forbidden in Examples include fenoterol, reproterol, competition terbutaline. S6. Stimulants S4. Hormone and metabolic modulators Stimulants can for a short time increase This group includes insulin, aromatase physical and mental performance. inhibitors, selective estrogen-receptor Examples are amfetamines, ephedrine, modulators and other antiestrogenic cocaine, methylphenidate. substances. S7. Narcotics S5. Diuretics and masking agents Narcotics have a strong pain-relieving Diuretics are substances that affect the effect. This includes, among others, kidney and cause increased excretion morphine, buprenorphine, diamorphine. of urine. Examples include furosemide, probenecid. S8. Cannabinoids Cannabinoids are substances produced Prohibited methods from hemp or artificially that contain the active substance tetrahydocannabinol M1. Manipulation of blood and blood (THC). Examples are hashish, components marihuana. Among others blood transfusions, dialysis, blood washing are prohibited S9. Glucocorticoids as manipulation of blood and blood Glucocorticoids are used in medicines components. against asthma, allergies and inflammations. The glucocorticoids M2. Chemical and physical manipulation include, e.g., dexamethasone, This includes, e.g., chemical prednisolone, but also the body‘s own manipulation of samples, urine hydrocortisone. exchange or intravenous infusions.

12 SUBSTANCES AND METHODS

Substances prohibited in specific Read the product insert! sports The use of medicines that contain substances on the prohibited list is not per- P1. Beta-blockers mitted in competitive sports. For the last Beta-blockers are contained in few years, manufacturers in Germany medicines against hypertension, have been obligated to indicate prohibi- migraine and cardiac diseases and only ted substance on the product insert. The forbidden in specific sports (cf. WADA product insert should therefore always prohibited list). be checked for prohibited substances.

Who decides what substances are on the prohibited list and what criteria components within the blood vessels apply to this? with physical or chemical agents is also The substances and methods to be prohibited. included on the prohibited list are determined by a committee of the World Is use of asthma medicines forbidden? Anti-Doping Agency, the so called List Some few asthma medicines contain Expert Group. It evaluates three criteria: substances that are on the prohibited is there a performance-enhancing list. Depending on which pharmaceutical effect, is there any damage to health and is used, and depending on whether is it contrary to the spirit of sport? The an athlete belongs to a testing pool or prohibited list is regularly updated and not, they must apply for a Therapeutic reviewed by the WADA Expert Group. Use Exemption (TUE) or have a medical certificate if they take such a medicine. What is blood doping? The manipulation of blood or blood For more information, see the medical parts, blood transfusions, dialysis, i.e. database NADAmed and the list of blood washing, and administration of permitted pharmaceuticals. The products made of red blood cells of any medicine section on NADA‘s website origin to the circulation are prohibited. It also contains a page with information on is also prohibited to artificially increase asthma medicines. intake, transport or emission of oxygen in blood through perfluorchemicals or haemoglobin products. Any form of manipulation of blood and blood 13 SUBSTANZEN UND METHODEN

May an athlete take prohibited What is a Therapeutic Use Exemption substances in case of illness? (TUE)? Taking prohibited substances is In case of certain symptoms, athletes can forbidden according to the WADC and apply for a Therapeutic Use Exemption NADC. An athlete may apply for a so for the use of prohibited substances called Therapeutic Use Exemption at and methods according to the WADC. NADA or the responsible International The proceedings are regulated in the Federation for the use of prohibited International Standard for Therapeutic substances or prohibited methods in Use Exemptions (ISTUE). The case of illness. The application for a International Standard for TUEs contains Therapeutic Use Exemption is reviewed criteria for the assessment, forwarding by the committee for Therapeutic Use of information, composition of the group Exemptions. In Germany, this is set up of physicians (TUE-Committee) and by NADA only. the recognition process. In Germany the national Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions applies, which is based on the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions.

Be informed! What do athletes need to observe Check supplements at abroad? www.nadamed.de Some medicines abroad have the same names as German pharmaceuticals, or check the list of but containing substances differ. In permitted pharmaceuticals some countries (e.g. France), doping- 14 relevant pharmaceuticals are marked Is there any grey zone? accordingly. If the attending physician, Doping is clearly defined in the the event physician or the pharmacist regulations (WADC/NADC), Article. 1 in the travelling country is unable to and Article 2. A grey zone can be seen provide the corresponding information, in products that do not contain any a different medicine should be used prohibited substances but that may be to be safe. In some countries (e.g. the entrance into doping. For example, USA, Canada, UK, Japan, Austria, this includes some painkillers. Among Switzerland, France, Sweden, Ireland, others, a survey performed in the scope South Africa, Australia, Singapore...), of the Bonn marathon showed that the local Anti-Doping Organisations about 60% of the respondents had taken offer the corresponding queries online painkillers. Painkillers suppress pain as well. and warning signals of the body. This may cause over-strain. Even though many What doping substances are used most painkillers do not contain any prohibited often? substances, taking such medicines The WADA statistics of globally without reason can be considered documented doping cases show that doping mentality. NADA believes that it anabolic agents are the most-often is disastrous to teach athletes early that abused doping substances, ahead of they have to take something to be good, stimulants, beta-2-agonists and – in the no matter if this refers to painkillers or last few years – cannabinoids. to so-called food supplements. Food supplements are also subject to this area. NADA advises against taking food supplements for various reasons. 15 SUBSTANZEN UND METHODEN

Among others, contaminated and carbohydrates, etc. contained are not forged food supplements have been on the current prohibited list. They are found repeatedly. In case of actually usually taken in withfood. Many athletes, documented deficits, a corresponding however, believe that they can only medicine should be used, since cover their special energy and nutrient medicines are regulated differently than demand with food supplements. food supplements, which count as foods not as pharmaceutical products. NADA urgently warns against taking such products under this aspect. As After several doping cases caused by for pharmaceuticals, as well food food supplements, this subject is much supplements are subject to the principle discussed. What is this about? of: „Dosis facit venenum“ (English: the Food supplements are foods that dose makes the poison). There may be are intended to supplement general severe side effects if individual nutrients nutrition. Since they count as food, are supplied in too-large amounts. Food food supplements – in contrast to supplements often contain excessive pharmaceuticals – do not require amounts of nutrients or nutrients approval. They are therefore also not in isolated form. Contaminated food reviewed for harmlessness to health. supplements are also often found. According to the regulation on food Depending on origin, forbidden supplements and food marking, all substances may have been added ingredients must always be named specifically – such food supplements on the packaging. However, this is not are deliberately forged – or enter the always the case in practice. Generally, products as residues when filling. the vitamins, minerals, proteins, Consumption of such food supplements 16 SUBSTANCES AND METHODS

may lead to an inadvertent doping of the food supplement must be result. Health damage is likely to occur critically questioned. If there actually as well. Another important aspect: those is a deficiency, only prescribed who deliberately use doping substances pharmaceuticals by a physician should usually do not do so suddenly and without be taken. They are subject to strict history. Food supplements are deemed controls and restrictions; for example, the entrance. They promote doping all contents must be listed in the mentality according to the motto: „There product insert without exception and is a right substance for any problem“. all possible side effects must be noted. This, too, is a reason for NADA to warn The physician will also specify precisely urgently against unreflected use of food how the medicine must be taken to supplements. prevent overdosing. Before consuming a food supplement, it should always be In light of this, NADA advises to checked if the desired product has been consider the following items under tested for forbidden substances by an any circumstances when using independent institution or if there is at food supplements: The necessity least self-information on product purity from the manufacturer. All of these NADA-APP measures help reduce the doping risk from taking food supplements. However, it cannot be fully excluded.

In case of illness medication request in NADA-App

17 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

4. WHA T IS DONE AGAINST DOPING? Doping controls are performed worldwide and are subject to constant further development to make them unpredictable and effective. A second important pillar in anti-doping work is prevention, with the great target of preventing doping from the beginning by information.

4.1 Doping controls

Since when have there been doping controls? What are in-competition controls? The first official doping controls at In-competition controls are controls that Olympic Games were conducted in 1968. take place in the scope of a competition. There were some individual controls In addition to the National Anti-Doping before, organised by the international Organisations, the International Fede- federations. rations perform in-competition controls. Until the end of 2014, the National What are out-of-competition controls? Federations in Germany also partially Out-of-competition controls are doping performed in-competition controls in controls that are conducted unannounced their respective sports. Since 2015, outside of competitions. In addition to the NADA has taken over all in-competition National Anti-Doping Organisations, the controls for the National Sport International Federations also conduct Federations in Germany. doping controls out-of-competitions. How is a doping control conducted? Out-of-competition controls are con- NADA provides comprehensive infor- ducted for all athletes who are part of a mation material to explain the process testing pool of NADA Germany. They may of a doping control. Among others, this take place not only during training, but includes a film. also at home or during holidays, since it is important that controls are conducted The process of the doping control is also entirely surprisingly and unpredictably. provided for in the Standard for Testing This increases the chance that dopers and Investigations that is available at are caught. www.nada.de. 18 MASSNAHMEN GEGEN DOPING

considering two principles: Why is the visual inspection necessary • Focus on top athletes: They are usually when providing a urine sample? in the RTP and partially in the NTP. Unfortunately, there have been many • Focus on athletes whose sport is attempts to manipulate urine samples in assigned a higher risk group (A = high the past. Therefore, WADA requires visual doping risk, B = medium doping risk, inspection as of the 16th year of life in its C = low doping risk). globally valid regulations. Urine must be provided under strict observation of the For in-competition controls, all athletes doping control officer in order to prevent who participate in (inter-)national and attempts of manipulation. Of course, the regional competitions may be tested. doping control officer always is of the The competitions in which NADA carries same gender in Germany. out controls focus on events where a higher performance level is expected. Which athletes are tested and who There also is – in accordance with out-of- makes the decision? competition controls – a focus on sports The prerequisite for a training control with a higher doping risk. The athletes is that the athlete is part of one of the can be selected by placement or by lot. four testing pools [registered testing Additionally, there can be targeted tests pool (RTP), national testing pool (NTP), conducted at any time. general testing pool (ATP), team testing pool (TTP)] of NADA. Specific selection Generally, only NADA decides which of the roughly 8,000 athletes in a NADA athlete will be tested. testing pool for out-of-competition How will an athlete be informed of the controls takes place, among others, control? 19 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

The notification is usually presented without advance announcement. Where and when are controls performed? Controls must be performed in a location During a competition, athletes are that ensures the necessary discretion usually informed personally without and taking of samples according to advance announcement by the doping regulations. control officere or an accompanying person, the „chaperon“, that they are For in-competition controls, testing chosen for a control. The chaperons takes place as soon as possible after the task is to accompany the athlete from competition ends. In coordination with the time of notification until the control. the chaperon, an athlete may participate in the ceremony and the press conference At out-of-competition controls, the first. The athlete will be accompanied athlete is usually visited by the doping control officer without announcement, e.g. during training measures of federations in or outside of the home country, during regular training or at home, and is requested for a control. SPEAK UP

What does the area of intelligence & investigations mean? NADA media center Intelligence and Investigation means that all possible information that may suggest doping is collected and evaluated. It is mostly used to permit targeted tests and thus reduce the time window for possible doping. NADA has established the „SPEAK UP“ system for whistleblowers according to the example of the state criminal office Videos explain among other things a of Lower Saxony and the LKA Baden- doping control. Württemberg. The system guarantees for absolute anonymity and provides the More in the NADA media center: www.nada.de informant. 20 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

by the chaperon continually during this Athletes are annoyed to always be tested time to prevent possible manipulation. at 6 AM, or sometimes twice in short sequence. Is this sensible? Out-of-competition controls can be NADA is required to conduct controls at conducted at the training site, but also in any time and anywhere. According to the the athlete‘s home or at the workplace. internationally applicable regulations, There generally is no limitation to the controls must be possible on any day time during which doping controls and at any time. It is important that the may be conducted. They therefore may controls are unpredictable. This is why also take place outside of the specified the rules are so strict. Only unannounced testing hour (applies only to RTP). Doping and unpredictable controls enable controls are also permitted between athletes to prove that they are clean. 11 PM and 6 AM at justified exceptions, even if no test hour for RTP-athletes can What is the ABP? What is a blood profile? be filed in ADAMS during this time. What is a steroid profile? The athletes biological passport is an What is a chaperon? individual electronic document that The word „chaperon“ has several collects data from controls of an athlete meanings; among others, it means that may serve as the basis for possible a companion who ensures proper findings or deviations. It comprises behaviour. This is the role a chaperon has a blood and a steroid profile. These during doping controls. The chaperon values differ from person to person – plays an essential role when asking but are relatively consistent within one athletes to submit to in-competition person. Therefore, individual values are testing. The chaperon will accompany observed across an extended period. the athlete from the time of notification For this, e.g. blood samples are taken until the control. This is to prevent from an athlete at regular intervals and manipulation. When the urine sample in different situations (e.g. before and is provided, however, only the doping after a training camp) and the results control officer is present, but not the are entered in the athletes biological chaperon. Unless agreed on differently passport. This way, deviations from in Germany, chaperons are generally the personal standard values that may provided by NADA. indicate doping can be detected. The steroid profile is treated accordingly in that urine sample data are recorded and 21 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

may indicate doping e.g. with anabolic How many controls are performed? steroids. NADA performs about 13,000 controls per year in total; more than one sample Who analyses the samples? can be taken during one control. According to the internatonal regulations, samples must only be analysed by Between 2003 and 2007, NADA per- WADA-accredited laboratories. There formed an average of 4,500 out-of- are clear specifications for analysis that competition controls in Germany. are stated in the „International Standard From 2008 onwards, the number for Laboratories“ and in further almost doubled; since then, it has technical documents. The laboratories been organising about 8,000 out-of- are responsible for research in doping competition controls every year. For analysis as well as for analysis. There more information on the out-of- are about 33 laboratories around the competition controls carried out, see the world. See the WADA website for an respective annual reports. overview. In Germany, the Institut für Biochemistry at the German Sport Since 2015, NADA has been in charge of University in Cologne and the Institut for all in-competition controls in Germany. Dopinganalytic und Sportbiochemistry Before, some National Federations used in Kreischa near Dresden are accredited to organise these controls themselves. and perform most of the analyses for At the moment, about 4,000 to 5,000 NADA. in-competition controls are carried out in Germany. The in-competition controls Is the athlete provided with the result of are stated in the respective annual his or her analysis? reports. If doping substances are found when analysing the A-sample, the athlete Why and when are Re-analysis performed? will be informed in writing as soon as Re-analysis is an important option in the analysis result is present. Then, the anti-doping work. Only this will prevent athlete has the right to request analysis doper from being certain that they will of the B sample within seven working not be caught after all. Subsequent tests days. Other than that, results are are usually performed when new or reported in ADAMS. If an athlete is not refined analysis methods are available. recorded in ADAMS, negative samples The samples may be stored for up to are not reported. 10 years for re-analysis. The number 22 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

of re-analysis depends, among others, of the sport and the cadre status of on the material still left over from the the athlete. Under consideration of individual samples. physiological, empirical, financial and medial risk factors, all sports are What happens when a doping control is assigned to one of three risk groups (A refused? = high doping risk, B = medium doping If the control staff asks an athlete to be risk, C = low doping risk). part of a control, he or she is obligated to be available for the control. Evading, The most intensely controlled testing refusing or failing to submit a doping pool is the Registered Testing Pool control is a clear violation of anti-doping (RTP), which mostly contains A-cadre regulations (cf. Sect. 2.3 NADC 2015) athletes and perspective athletes of the and may be sanctioned with ineligibility. endangered sports types (risk group The reason for this rule is that doped A) and the athletes of the international athletes would be able to withdraw Registered Testing Pool (iRTP) from from the control if these would lead to a the International Sports Federations. lesser sanction than a positive analysis The National Testing Pool (NTP) result. Therefore, a single refusal is mostly contains A-cadre-athletes and intended to be sanctioned by ineligibility perspective athletes of the second and of four years, unless the athlete proves third risk groups (B and C) as well as that the violation of the anti-doping the B-cadre of risk group A. The General provisions was not committed on Testing Pool (ATP) contains all national purpose. In exceptions, the sanction can cadre athletes that are not already therefore be adjusted to circumstances members of the RTP or NTP. All football and reduced or increased. players eligible for playing in the 1st and 2nd national league who are not For more information on this, see the already members of the NTP and all ice NADC. hockey players eligible for playing in the German ice hockey league who are not How are athletes classified in testing already members of the NTP are part of pools? the Team Testing Pool (TTP). Athletes from different sports and cadres are classified in different testing pools It is generally possible that NADA may to organise the controls. Classification assign athletes to a higher testing pool decisively depends on the risk group even if they belong in a lower cadre. For 23 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

more information, see the Standard for For athletes from the TTP, NADA will be Whereabout Requirements. emailed team absence reports from the clubs and federations every week. They What requirements do athletes have to include information on the week plan for fulfil? the entire training and playing activities, All athletes classified in the RTP and contacts and absent players. NTP have to hand in their whereabout information over ADAMS. This includes What is ADAMS? the locations and times for overnight The abbreviation ADAMS means Anti- stays, competitions, training units, Doping Administration and Management holidays and regular activities such as System; WADA provides this system to school or work, and always must be up all anti-doping organisations online. It to date. Additionally, RTP-athletes must comprises several modules, e.g. for the indicate a time window of one hour every whereabouts information, for planing the day between 6 AM and 11 PM during controls or for the result management. which they would be available for a ADAMS enables the employees in charge doping control. of control planning at the anti-doping organisations to look up whereabouts Athletes from the ATP do not need to file of athletes in order to carry out their whereabout information in ADAMS. unannounced controls. ADAMS makes They must inform NADA of their data by it easier for athletes to inform about completing the „athlete reporting form“. their whereabouts in time. They are able

Number of testing pool athletes Status March 2018

to enter and update their data online at all times without having to make phone calls or write letters. In emergency, ADAMS also permits absence reporting by text message on short notice. ADAMS can also be updated via the ADAMS-app. All athletes who are part of the RTP or the NTP of NADA will receive personal access to ADAMS and user information. 24 MASSNAHMEN GEGEN DOPING

For more information, see the NADA ADAMS. ATP-athletes are able to enter website, testing section. these in the athlete notification for ATP form. What requirements do wherabouts have to meet? The athlete must be found at the How specific does information on indicated whereabout. It is important regular activities have to be? that the information in the athlete‘s NADA performs about 8,000 un- profile is comprehensible and that the announced out-of-competition controls doping control team can find her or him per year. On average, this totals up there. to more than twenty controls per day, meaning immense organisational effort. In emergencies, athletes may contact In order to manage this immense task NADA at any time or report their and to be able to plan the controls, absences by text message. This permits NADA must receive the whereabouts changing the 60-minute time slot until information of athletes in time, e.g. just before it commences. on training camps in other countries or similar. Therefore, athletes must NADA has made videos to explain the inform NADA of their whereabouts at all individual steps in order to make entries times. All information on their „regular in ADAMS easier. You can find them on activities“ (training, university, work, NADA’s homepage. etc.) must be described sufficiently to ensure accessibility. Athletes can enter More information on whereabout filling information, e.g., on exams (university) requirements can be found in the or other events in the comments field in Standard for Whereabout Requirements. 25 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

Why do regular activities have to be Can the time slot of 60 minutes entered three months in advance? be changed until just before In order to be able to plan controls, commencement? NADA requires information on the The time slot (only to be specified for athletes‘whereabouts in time. At the RTP-athletes) can be delayed to a later time of the quarterly report, RTP- and time up to just before it commences. NTP-athletes should hand in any known However, it is not permitted to shift the activity at time such as training, school, hour to a time that has already passed. university lectures or work in their In emergency, the athlete can send a ADAMS-profile. The entries can and text message or contact NADA directly. must be updated at any time even after the quarterly report.

Do athletes have to disclose their whereabouts when on holidays as well? Members of the RTP or NTP must provide an address for every day during vacation.

ass of the testing programme

esting Programme

Planning of controls Further deelopment

ut-of-competition tests

n-competition tests

edication controls on horses 26 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

4.2 Sanctions

What are the consequences of doping? exclusion, withdrawal of results and Doping has consequences. These ineligibilities. include possible and sometimes extreme consequences to health. Most There are clearly stipulated sanctions for doping agents are pharmaceuticals that violations of anti-doping rule violations. are prescribed by a doctor for certain For team sports, it may even affect the conditions. If healthy persons take entire team. such pharmaceuticals to increase their performance, this may have severe Doping may also lead to severe financial effects on their health. consequences. Violation of the anti- doping provisions leads to repayment of Athletes who have been convicted of financial subsidies and prize moneys. doping will also always be subject to a Sponsoring contracts also usually contain certain amount of doubt even if future provisions on positive test results. This tests return a negative result. Their means that not only all income from image suffers, friends and teammates the area of the sport will be lost, but the turn away. Doped athletes lie and betray convicted person may also be facing a not only the others, but also themselves. large amount of debt.

Doping has legal consequences, too: Consequences of doping

. ocial . ealth Loss of reputation Harmful effects on the body and psyche and respect of friends as well as family, damage to the whole sport

. egal aspects . Financially Sports: sanction, ineligibility Termination of sponsorship agreements, Criminal law: fine, prison Repayment of price and subsidy

27 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

What happens if a test result is positive? or a federation court. The disciplinary After receiving a positive analysis result organ informs the accused athlete that and decoding of the sample, NADA will a proceeding has been initiated. Athletes first review whether a Therapeutic Use can have themselves defended by a Exemption (TUE) is present and whether representative, in particular a lawyer, the sample has been taken and analysed and submit evidence to their discharge. precisely according to the Standard The proceeding is conducted either as for Testing and Investigations and the written proceeding or in the form of an Standard for Laboratories. If there is oral hearing. no TUE and if the process was correct, NADA will inform the affected athlete How are whereabout failures sanctioned? and the relevant federation as well as Missed tests and whereabout failures WADA. The athlete then has the right to („strikes“) can be imposed for a missed request analysis of the B sample within tests within the 60-minute time window seven working days. The athlete will be (only applicable to the RTP) and for informed of their rights and asked to give whereabout failures (RTP and NTP), a written statement on the accusations. i.e. incomplete or wrong indication of After review of the statement, the whereabouts. Possible failures are organisation in charge of the result reviewed by NADA; it also speaks out management proceedings will decide on „strikes“. An independent chancellery initiation a disciplinary proceedings or (SportsLawyer) may review whether the dismiss of the proceedings. proceedings were correct at athlete‘s request. If the relevant anti-doping organisation comes to the result after completing of A „strike“ is equivalent to a warning. If an the result management procedure that a athlete collects three „strikes“ within 12 violation of anti-doping provisions cannot months, the respective Sport Federation be excluded, a disciplinar proceeding is or NADA will initiate a proceeding for initiated.

The relevant disciplinary organ for executing the proceedings is the body specified in the arbitration agreement NADAjus – between athletes and the federation. This Database for Disciplinary Proceedings may be the German Court of Arbitration 28 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

violation of the anti-doping regulations. How are other violations sanctioned? In there proceeding, the athlete will once The sanctions differ according to the again be given the opportunity to speak severity and circumstances as well as on all failures and make statements the degree of fault on the side of the on them. Usually, violation of Sect. 2.4 athlete. Since 1 January 2015, a four-year may lead to an ineligibility of two years ineligibility may already be imposed at that can be reduced depending on the the first violation. Information on possible athlete‘s degree of fault. The ineligibility sanctions is provided in the NADC (in is at least one year, however. „strikes“ Sect. 10 and 11). from different organisations (WADA, NADA and the relevant International Federations) are added up.

Disciplinary procedure

Anti-doping rule iolation

Disciplinary proceeding are initiated and carried out by

utual information on beginn of National proceeding and result Federation

in front of in front of

a federations court the erman Court a real arbitration court or of Arbitration the erman Court of Arbitration

Decision Decision

Appeal Appeal

erman Court of Arbitration if not the first organ CA other real arbitration court if not the first organ or CA

Decision Decision

29 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

Who is responsible for sanctioning? Abritration. (in nat. competitions, int. competitions) The federations are responsible for Regarding reporting obligations, NADA result management and disciplinary has been taking care of the initial hearing proceedings at international and national of athletes since 01 January 2009 and competitions. They can transfer the determines the „strikes“. proceedings to NADA. More than 44 National Sport Federations (Status: March 2018) have done this by now. In these cases, NADA executes all proceedings at the German court of

MASSNAHMEN GEGEN DOPING

4.3 Doping prevention

Why doping prevention? What is behavioural prevention? What Doping prevention is one of the essential is relationship prevention? tasks of NADA. Preventive measures According to the self-understanding of are a focus in the work of NADA, since NADA, the problem of doping cannot this area specifically reflects the broad be solved by controls and sanctions political and social responsibility of the alone. Therefore, it is the special task foundation. The final target is, after all, and target of NADA to effectively and to prevent doping and to enable fair sustainably prevent doping in advance of sport. any contact with doping substances.

With the prevention program“TOGETHER Doping cannot solely be reduced to AGAINST DOPING“, NADA supports offenses committed by individual top athletes and their sports environment for athletes (behavioural prevention/ clean performance. In particular young individual approach). To explain doping athletes‘ awareness of doping-free sport and to effectively work for clean is to be increased sustainably. They are to receive specific help in their everyday Information on NADA‘s prevention lives. work is available at:

www.gemeinsam-gegen-doping.de and at www.dopingpraeventionsplan.de

32 MEASURES AGAINST DOPING

sports, we also need to take a closer target-group-orientedly, not only look at the structures into which the with athletes, but also with parents, athletes are integrated (circumstantial trainers, support staff, sport physicians, prevention). Measures of behavioural physiotherapists, teachers and anti- and circumstantial prevention doping officers as well as other sports must be combined. NADA proceeds officials. comprehensively in this. NADA works

33 We stand up for clean sport! Doping is not an option. Support our initiative „GIVE EVERYTHING, TAKE NOTHING“ like Claudia Bokel: For fair competition and honest results. For the future of the sport in Germany. Join in our initiative GIVE EVERYTHING, TAKE NOTHING.

Our partners: Find more under: www.nada.de www.alles-geben-nichts-nehmen.de

34 Contact person:

For questions about the work of NADA, For questions about the testing interview requests with programme at Olympic Games: representatives of NADA etc.: International Olympic Committee (IOC) National Anti Doping Agency E [email protected] of Germany (NADA) Communication Department For questions about the testing pro- Eva Bunthoff gramme at the Paralympic Games: T + 49 (0) 228 / 812 92 - 151 E [email protected] Media & Communications Director Craig Spence For questions about the work of WADA, T +49 (0) 228 2097 – 200 interview requests with E [email protected] representatives of WADA etc.:

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Communication E [email protected]

More information

Online: Brochure: www.nada.de • NADA-Code 2015 www.nadamed.de • Example List of permitted pharmaceuticals www.alles-geben-nichts-nehmen.de • MediCard www.gemeinsam-gegen-doping.de • Athlete brochure www.dopingpraeventionsplan.de • Parents brochure • Trainer‘s brochure • Anti-Doping Officer brochure • Annual Report of NADA

Imprint National Anti Doping Agency of Germany . Heussallee 38 . 53113 Bonn . www.nada.de

NADA Material No. 64, March 2018,

The masculine designations for persons and job titles refer to men and women equally. Together with our partners - for clean sport

To find out more about NADA visit www.nada.de or send an e-mail to [email protected].