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Sport and Discrimination in Europe

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Sport and Discrimination in Europe SPORTS POLICY AND PRACTICE SERIES This work presents the main contributions and considerations of young European research Sport anddiscriminationinEurope workers and journalists on the question of discrimination in sport. Taking a multidisciplinary approach to the social sciences, the authors show how the media and those working in media can act as a relay, through their coverage of sports, for initiatives on the fi ght against discrimination. They also illustrate in detail not only the reality of discrimination in sport and the controversy surrounding this issue in the member states of the Council of Europe, but also the strength of research incipient in this fi eld. The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport (EPAS) hopes to contribute in this way to the development of European research on education through sport involving researchers from different countries in order to better understand the phenomenon of discrimination. William Gasparini is a professor at the University of Strasbourg where he directs a research laboratory specialising in social sciences in sport. He is the author of numerous works on sport in France and in Europe and is a member of the scientifi c and technical committee of the Agency for Education through Sport (APELS). Clotilde Talleu obtained her PhD in social sciences of sport from the University of Strasbourg. Foreword: interview with Lilian Thuram. The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport (EPAS) is an agreement between a number of Council of Europe member states (33 as of 1 March 2010) which have decided to co-operate in the fi eld of sports policy. As an “enlarged” agreement, the EPAS is open to non-member states. It works in co-operation with relevant organisations, in particular with representatives of the sports Sport and movement. discrimination in Europe William Gasparini and Clotilde Talleu www.coe.int The Council of Europe has 47 member states, covering virtually the entire continent of Europe. It seeks to develop common democratic and legal principles based on the European Convention on Human Rights and other reference texts on the protection of individuals. Ever since it was founded in 1949, in the aftermath of the Second World War, the Council of Europe has symbolised reconciliation. Council ofEuropePublishing ISBN 978-92-871-6722-4 http://book.coe.int €30/US$60 Council of Europe Publishing Sport and discrimination in Europe The perspectives of young European research workers and journalists Edited by William Gasparini and Clotilde Talleu Sports policy and practice series Council of Europe Publishing French edition: Sport et discriminations en Europe – Regards croisés de jeunes chercheurs et journalistes européens ISBN 978-92-871-6721-7 The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic (CD-Rom, Internet, etc.) or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the Public Information Division, Directorate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or publishing@ coe.int). Layout and cover design: Documents and Publications Production Department (SPDP), Council of Europe Council of Europe Publishing F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex http://book.coe.int ISBN 978-92-871-6722-4 © Council of Europe, September 2010 Printed at the Council of Europe Contents Preface Education to prevent racism – Interview with Lilian Thuram..................... 5 General introduction What do we mean when we speak of discrimination in sport?.............. 11 Chapter 1 Sport and discrimination: the media perspective Introduction ............................................................................... 21 Sport and discrimination: the media perspective............................. 23 Chapter 2 Sports activities and sexual discrimination Introduction ............................................................................... 39 Local sport policies and young residents of suburban neighbourhoods: a marked lack of interest among women and girls ........................... 43 Gender in ice hockey: women in male territory .............................. 51 Accessing PE and sports for girls with low educational achievement .............................................................................. 57 Reasons why girls refuse to take part in sport................................. 65 Conclusion ................................................................................ 73 Chapter 3 Social deficiencies and difficulties: what sports facilities are needed? Introduction ............................................................................... 77 Sport in the welfare system. Sport courses for persons in receipt of the minimum income benefit: between supervision of compliance and support for negotiation relating to identity.............. 79 Italian sports policies and disability: a synoptic analysis.................. 87 Integration through sport of people with disabilities in Germany: impact and prospects for improvement .......................................... 95 The inclusion of children with a disability in out-of-school sports activities – An assessment of the Finnish programme ..................... 103 Conclusion .............................................................................. 111 3 Sport and discrimination in Europe Chapter 4 The “ethnic minorities” test for sport policies Introduction ............................................................................. 115 Single-community football clubs and Turkish immigration into France and Germany.......................................................... 119 Multiculturalism and sport in Madrid – A means of integration ....... 127 The involvement of young women of Arab-Muslim culture in university courses in physical education (PE) and sport. A comparative study of female students’ exercise habits in France and Tunisia................................................................ 137 Conclusion – The sport test for “social integration” ....................... 145 Overall conclusion The social dimension of sports clubs: building networks of sports partners against discrimination .......................................... 151 4 Preface Education to prevent racism – Interview with Lilian Thuram An interview with Lilian Thuram (37), a former professional footballer who played for France, including the World Cup-winning team of 1998, and is now a member of that country’s High Council for Integration and President of the Lilian Thuram Foundation – Education against Racism. William Gasparini: People from a variety of cultures play football in France. Is it not paradoxical that, although football is a “mixed-race sport”, racism also occurs in the context of football? Lilian Thuram: It is vital to realise that racism and discrimination in sport reflect the racism that exists in society. The more racism there is in society, the more will occur at football grounds. The racism that occurs is not there- fore specific either to sport or to football, and it is not sport which givesrise to racism. On the contrary, it is through sport that people come into contact with one another and get to know each other, with the result that prejudice becomes less marked. Thus, football is a fantastic means of integration. Clearly the situation is not the same in society, where people do not always meet others, and therefore retain their prejudices. Football does not solve all of society’s problems, but does bring people together and get positive messages across to combat racism and encourage people to accept others. In fact, I am surprised that people feel that sport contributes to racism. While sport does involve rivalry, that rivalry is friendly. I think that there is less dis- crimination in sport than in society as a whole. Performance is what counts most, not skin colour. You played in several European countries (in Parma and Turin in Italy, and Barcelona in Spain, as well as in France). How did racism seem to you to affect sport (especially football) in these three countries? Are there differ- ences, and, if so, what causes these? Lilian Thuram: It is no easier for a foreigner in one country than in the others, for racism exists in all three. There are some differences, however, for socie- ties have developed differently in each. The approach to others, such as the approach to black-skinned people in France, Italy and Spain, is different. Not all of these societies recognise others in the same way, because each has its own history. France, unlike Italy and Spain, came into contact with foreigners and black populations on its own soil at an early stage, as a 5 Sport and discrimination in Europe result of colonialism. In spite of such differences, however, racism exists in all three countries, for the history of Europe is based on a hierarchy of “races”. Thus history helped to shape Europe’s collective unconscious. A European mindset emerged according to which whites were superior and blacks infe- rior, a matter on which European scientists agreed in the 19th century and for part of the 20th. We live in a society where people believe that some qualities are intrinsi- cally linked to skin colour. In every European country, for instance, if you ask whether blacks are physically stronger, the reply is usually that they are. The implication of physical strength,
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