Lingua XIII (1) (2017)

LINGUA

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/lingua

CIVILIZING ”THE OLD SOUTH” THROUGH ’SGONE WITH THE WIND

Rasiah Faculty of Cultural Science, Halu Oleo University-Kendari

Info Artikel Abstrak

Sejarah artikel: Gone With The Wind (GWTW) (1936) merupakan salah satu novel Amerika yang merekam Diterima pengalaman perbudakan kaum kulit hitam dan perang sipil yang dibayangkan terjadi pada era antebelum Amerika melalui sudut pandang kulit putih. Dengan memusatkan September 2016 padakarakter protagonist perempuan kulit putih Selatan, pengarang berupaya untuk Disetujui memberadapkan kehidupan “Old South” yang memiliki institusi ganjil perbudakan, dan November 2016 mengutuk perang sipil yang telah memporak-porandakan kehidupan harmonis di Selatan. Dipublikasikan Inilah yang menjadi isu problematik yang ingin dianalisis dalam tulisan ini. Mengapa Januari 2017 novel GWTW berupaya memuliakan kehidupan di Old South pada era sebelum perang sipil Amerika? Dengan perspektif hegemoni, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa novel GWTW merupakan salah satu sarana untuk mempertahankan narasi kolonial putih. Melalui Kata Kunci: representasi kehidupan harmonis di Selatan yang tampak pada tampilan perempuan dan GWTW, Hegemony, laki-laki kulit putih yang rupawan, hubungan yang harmonis antara budak kulit hitam Memberadapkan, Old South. menegaskan bahwa kehidupan di Old South pada masa antebelum merupakan gambaran dankehidupan majikan yang kulit harmonis. putih, gender, Ini berarti alam bahwa Selatan protes yang terhadap kaya raya, perbudakan serta stratifikasi dan munculnya sosial Key words: perang sipil merupakan hal yang tidak benar karena hal tersebut hanya memporak- Civilizing, GWTW, porandakan tatanan kehidupan yang sudah mapan di Old South.berdasarkan temuan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa novel GWTW merupakan merupakan kelanjutan Old South, dari wacana kolonial kulit putih yang muncul di era pasca kolonial (pasca perbudakan) Hegemony. untuk melegitimasi kekuasaan mereka.

Abstract

Gone With The Wind(GWTW) (1936) is an american novel which recorded the imagined experience of Black slavery and Civil War in the United States of America (pre and post-1865) based on the eye of WhiteSoutherner.Centered upon the SouthernWhite female protagonist character, the author sought to civilize the Old South life in antebellum Americawhich owned the peculiar institution of slavery and condemned the Civil War as it was rumaging the harmonious life in the Old South. The problematic case to be exposed in study is why and how the novel seemed seeks to glorify the life in antebellum Souththat embraced racism in the odd slavery institution? By hegemony perspective, this study found that the effort to civilize the Old Southin this novel is a way to persist the colonial White narration about the slavery institution. Through the depiction of Southern Belle and gentlemen hero, the natural landscape, the harmonious relation between Black slave and White master affirmed the life in the South was harmoniuos and stable. It means that the protes towards the Black enslavement and Civil War became irrelevant. To sum up, the discourse of White colonialisme to legitimate their power as a ruler in society is continued to be constructed in post-colonial discourse, as this novel appeared in the twenty century.

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Background South was a complicated society, specially Gone With The Wind (GWTW)is an due to peculiar chattell slavery (Fontz, American novel which lies its background 2000). Allegations later emerged in lots of on the Old Southin antebellum era and critics of the treatment of the Blacks in the reconstruction. The book was published in slavery institution that has been degraded 1936 by Margaret Mitchell, a Southernwriter. the humanity of Blacks as the God’s creation, For this novel, the author was awarded the as what was novel of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Pulitzer Prize for this novel a year later. The Herriet Becher Stowe depicted. Different book is considered as a perennial bestseller from Uncle Tom’s Cabinthat raised more with thousands of copies sold every year, incitement of hatred against the people of and making it one of the most successful North to South and otherwise increased novel of all time. Besides, the critics also the Anti-North from the South, (Catton, emerged in ambivalent about the literary 1978: 11), GWTW tried to redeemed into a merits of Margaret Mitchell’s historical romantic love story. saga (Calisteo, 2011; Cullen, 1995). The term of the Old Southactually As a novel,GWTWis primarily emerged when the regarded as a romantic story centered ended (Hariyanti, 2010: 16). The Old South on the love between the two main white refers to the life in antebellum era before characters, Scarlet O’Hara and , the Civil War occured. The life in The taking place during the American Civil Southin that era had the pattern of manorial War and Reconstruction. The American society, cavalier. The aristocracts along Civil War and its consequences echoed in together with the owners of the plantations the background of the doomed love affair. rulledthe society. They lived in big white However, it can be claimed that alongside castle/manor in feodalistic way with theirs the great love story, Mitchell in her historical slaves. Their world dominated of prestise saga provides a very detail description of idea, bravely, and arsitocracy. The second life in the Old Southcovering the years 1861 class is placed by the poor white, who those to 1874. It depicted the characters of the from eks-prisoners, sinners, and debtor, aristocratic societythat mostly happened in from Virginia and , farmer, and the , Georgia. fail Europan labours, and also lower class As the author, Margareth in slum area in Europ. After the civil war, Mitchell,seemingly set the novel to the Old South was gone into pieces, and represent Old South in more civilized way. after thirty years later born a new type of It could be understoodby the portrayal people and society what was so called New of the Old South(ners) in fair scenery, South. New South was characterized by glorious, and tender (to Black). This fact people whose physics and thingking as well is a litle bit contradictive to the allegations as social life are similar to those modern during the antebellum era (especially those Northerns and industrialistic. Northerners) who assumed that the Old Cash (1969: 439—440) states that

78 Lingua. Volume XIII. Nomor 1. Januari 2017 the positive image of the Old Southerners conceptualization of the South renders was proud, brave, honored, polite, many Americans starry eyed. The South generous, loyal, and speed in motion. occupies a paradoxical position because However, they also had the negative images it was simultaneously a constituent and that were violent, intolerant, suspect to an antithesis of the rest of the nation. Jim new idea, incapabale to analyze, tend to Goad describes the South as “America’s react based on feeling, individualism, and cultural nigger rendered in geographical narrow concept of social responsibility, terms” (Richard and Robinson 2004: 335). and also the racial relation tended to justify Stereotypical conceptions about the South the violence and injustice on the name of as anti-reformation, anti-intellectual, and Southern values. The white Southerners rooted in white supremacy and slavery are society in South according to Wyatt— Brown (1982) lived their lives with the white-laced Southern belle and gentleman exemplified by the social subdivisions of the highest ethical and size that they argued of the Old South, the submissive, master- have done everything according to God’s loving, Black slave, and the Tobacco road command. They adhered to a moral code hillbillies,and so on. Whether the South that is inferred as the role of honor. Honor is portrayed as an agrarian utopia of lost does not belong only to the South, but causes or a subnormal dystopia of lynch more rigorous teaching integrated with mobs, the reality is that the real South the rest of their culture compared to other exists somewhere in between (Richard and places. They also depicted had loyalty to Robinson, 2004). family and country, the narrow view of the Margaret Mitchell took a nostagia position and role of women, their attitudes on the Old South mythology in her novel toward racial hierarchy and compliance GWTW. It enhanced by the role of cinema with all the community values ​​are that obscured American perceptions of preserved (Hariyanti, 2010: 16). Moreover, the Old South and Southerners. Instead Southeners were imaged as conservative, of memory of the Civil War as “white traditional, marginalized, and isolated in their place and their community, and conventional Civil War novels, Mitchell masculinist conflict” put forward in the these were very contrast to the American chose to civilize the Old South through the character which mobilized and born to be life of Scralet O’harato whom the novel free. focused on how women survive the war The American South has colonized (Bargainier, 1989: 1137; Fahs, 1999: 1493). the imaginary landscape of popular culture. A Historian like Henry Steele Commager who was reviewed the novel determined television, photography, music, art and the that Mitchell “presents the myth without It is mythologized in literature, film, Southern tourism industry. Even though, being taken in by it or asking us to accept it is the primary region of demonization it” (Commager, 1983: 197). It is paradoxical and scrutiny in the USA, the romantic that many reader’s approach to the Civil

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Warera comes from a novel that does not Dealing with the legitimacy endorse the Confederate cause at all. Least preservation, Said (1978, p. x) points of all herself, as the protagonist out that there are efforts to establish Southern white female character,found the “legitimacy” of the superiority of the the war as an annoyance and was not too colonizers (White) to the inferiority of the concerned about the general good as long colonized people and culture (Black). It as she and her family survived the war. means that the cultural hegemony is viewed In other words,GWTW emphasized on as an endless practice that continue to be civilizing the myth of Old South,exactly, to constructed in (colonial and) post-colonial glorify the past life of Old South. discourse. Hegemony is ‘the entire complex Based on the Old South phenomenon of practical and theoretical activities with in GWTW, this study intended to question that how does Margaret Mitchell’s GWTW maintains its dominance, but manages to which the ruling class not only justifies and represent the Old South? And why the old win the active consent of those over whom South represented in the such way? it rules (Gramsci, 1971 & 2009). This study utilized the analysis of presentation (Hall, 1997: 15) in Method of Analysis This study is qualitative research concreting the symbols appeared in this novel. Representationmeans the which explores the GWTW from the hegemony perspective. The hegemony production of meaning through language. perspective allowed this study to show In representation, we use signs, organized into language of different kinds, to how the discourse of slavery in GWTWlinks the historical evidence with literary works communicate meaningfully with others. in order to reinvent the past experience Language can use signs to symbolize, and address the ideology behind the story. stand for or reference objects, people In addition, this study showed how the and events in the so called “real” world. White author raised the issue of the Black They can also refer to imaginary things enslavement and civil war that imprinted and fantasy worlds or abstract ideas from a twenty century perspective to which are not in any obvious sense part maintain Southernwhite supremacy. of our material world. There is no simple The depiction of Blacks and Whites life to one correspondence between language in Antebellum South sought to make the relationship of reflection, imitation or one story of slavery comfortable as if Blacks and the real world. Meaning produced by enjoyed being enslaved. However, this is the practice, the “work” of representation. only a pseudo-reality that exist in American It is constructed through signifying—i e. society, as the White authors work to Meaning—producing –practice (Hall, 1997: preserve the “legitimacy” of chattel slavery 28). in the United States.

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RESULTs AND Discussion The Southern Plantation The word of civilizing is dealt to the The oustanding issue that appeared civilization—that is cultural type or a way in GWTW is the landscape of Southern of life (Wei, 2012: 16).Wei (2012) states plantation, that is not only linked to the rich that civilization, in the sense of cultural natural resources, but also the social status. The plantation was represented through thinking or system of beliefs. Usually it and .Tara and Twelve Oaks type, is defined by a common mode of includes not only a particular set of beliefs but also various cultural practices, despite John Wilkeas’familiies. They were illustated were fieldsowned by Gerald o’Hara’s and populations speaking various languages or as symbols of the greatness of the plantation dialects. In most cases, civilization in this owners, with large house—castle, horses, sense also shares a common geographic slaves who worked on these plantations— space—away of life should always provides indicated thatit was as the source of the basis for identity, or a sense of belonging, permanence and social status. Olsen (2004: to those who practicing its values,civilizing 37) said that in the South colonies (Virginia, Maryland, North and South Caroline, and Georgia) in the seventeenth century, then defined as an effort to “make up” of way of life which has lots important economic and social structure rests on the something become a specific cultural type values practiced in it and it becomes a basis owner of a large plantation owners....They identity or a sense of belonging to those build large houses, and adopts the style who practicing its values. Then, civilizing and philosophy of life of the nobility. The the Old South in this study means to make following quotation showed how Gerald up some area in particular period in United O’Hara as a Planter, an Irlandia imigrant, States as a particular set of beliefs,mode really fond of South and decided himself of thinking, and values that they were as Southerner, and also adopted and follow practicingas the basic identity or a sense of the Old South ideas and customs. In GWTW belonging of those people in Old South of explained that; United States. So, GWTW,in this sense,tried He liked the South, and he soon became, in his own opinion, a to civilize Old South as particular period Southerner. There was much about and geograpical site in United states which the South--and Southerners--that had way of thingking and beliefs as its basic he would never comprehend: but, with the wholeheartedness that was identity due to manners, social patters, and his nature, he adopted its ideas and cultures. customs, as he understood them” ... (Mitchell, 1936: 36). There threedepictions that made the Old South glorious based on the analysis Southerners made agriculture as of GWTW the basis of their lives and put land and lanscape, second is Southern belle and ; first plantation and natural everything above and below it as private romantic hero, and the last is Black- White and the family’s most valuable property. relations.

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Land was a factor of production that was mostly dominant in the plantation. Land but a land of contrasts, of brightest fieldssun glare and and sluggish densest yellow shade. rivers, The ownership became survival in lives— plantation clearings and miles of ownershipof land was a permanencyof social status with its main function as a soil sun, placid, complacent. At their cottonedges rose fields the smiled virgin up forests, to a warmdark, and agricultural plantations. and cool even in the hottest noons, The preview of plantation in the mysterious (Michell, 1936: 5). South also further enhance South scenery, Another opinion also said that the and the natural life radiated from plantation, plantation was a source of oppression and calmness, providing peace in the hearts of suffer of the slaves (Haryanti, 2010).In Southerners. The following quote showed GWTW showed that Black slaves were very the feeling of the Southerners towards the enjoyed to work in land. This was embodied plantation. They looked out across the endless through Big Sam, A Nigger who worked at acres of Gerald O’Hara’s newly the O’Hara’s plantation, even when the Civil red horizon. Now that the sun was War and slavery ended, he refused to leave plowedsetting in cotton a welter fields of crimson toward behind the Tara, Big Sam keepedworking at Tara and the hills across the Flint River, the helping his ex-master (Mitchell, 1936:657). warmth of the April day was ebbing into a faint but balmy chill (Mitchell, This fact indicated that allegation upon 1936: 5). plantation as a source of black suffering was refused in this novel. The function of land had become How important of plantation in the such an importantng thing in Old South, not South let Scarlet willing to marry Old Frank only as the source and center of Southerners’ Kennedy, an old wealth businessman,just to life, but also as an aesthetic landscape pay for Tara taxes imposed by the Yankees which brought peace in people’s soul. after the Civil War. It is stated that “she Mitchell seemed to negate the perception was fond of him and grateful for his help in of plantation brought to desolation land, saving Tara” (Micthell, 1936: 540). Mitchell, for farming systems in the South were actually, wanted to critize the Civil War and still using the traditional system, “moving the Yankee who destroyed the beauty of the land” (Rungke, 1964), GWTW illustrates plantation South and made theSoutherners the cotton plantations for miles provide fall in suffer and hunger, as expressed in the a welcome warmth of the sun, quiet, and quotation bellow. give satisfaction, and even resembles the When she rose at last and saw again virgin forest plantations, dark, and cold the black ruins of Twelve Oaks, her head was raised high and something eventhough when it was in a very hot day. that was youth and beauty and It was a savagely red land, blood- potential tenderness had gone out colored after rains, brick dust in of her face forever. What was past droughts, the best cotton land in was past. Those who were dead the world. It was a pleasant land were dead. The lazy luxury of the of white houses, peaceful plowed

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old days was gone, never to return.... in GWTW is Scarlett’s mother Ellen O’Hara. Twelve Oaks rise before her eyes as She was decribed as beautiful and remote, it had once stood, rich and proud, symbol of a race and a way of living generous and moralistic, she cures the (Mitchell, 1936: 355). sick, sootes the anxious, and resolve the complex. It is expalined in the novel that Twelve Oaks in this quotation “it had never occured to him that only one was a another plantation owned by John voice was obeyed in plantation—the soft Wilkeas, the father of Asley Wilkeas, voice of his wife Ellen” (Mitchell, 1936: 30). another prominent family in the Old South, Another explanation about Ellen O’Hara honorable family, rich, as well as had a as the embodiment of Southern lady is as number of slaves. In this place before the follow. Civil War, the people from the high classes She would have been a strikingly were invited to berbeque, as a symbol of beautiful woman had there been any glow in her eyes, any ritual among people over the Old South. responsive warmth in her smile or Twelve Oaks was a symbol of grandeur, any spontaneity in her voice that glory, and honor of Old Southsociety that fell with gentle melody on the ears of her family and her servants. She was left shattered after the Civil War. The spoke in the soft slurring voice of the Civil War hadruined everything, killed coastal Georgian, liquid of vowels, people, ruined plantation and Southernes’ kind to consonants and with the barest trace of French accent. It was mansion, and also brought Southerners a voice never raised in command to to hungeras Scarlet said “As God my a servant or reproof to a child but a voice that was obeyed instantly witness,.....the Yankees aren’t going to lick at Tara, where her husband’s me...... i m never going to be hungry again. blustering and roaring were quietly .....(Mitchell, 1936: 355). disregarded” (Mitchell, 1936: 33). Based on this analysis it sum up that GWTW tried to build a good image of the Another example of Southern Southern plantation as a symbol of honor, Belle also embodied through , a woman whom called Mitchell natural resource, and life style, negating on a number of occasion the character the stereotipical image of it as the source of who was really her heroine. What melanie Black slaves suffer and mistreatment. did, the narrator explain “no more than all Southern girls were taught to do—to make Southern Belle and Romantic Hero those about them feel at ease and pleased Mitchell in GWTW also represents with themselves. It was this happy feminine the Southern belle and romantic hero who conspiracy which made Southern society so symbolized with “knights and ladies fair” pleasant (Mitchell, 1936: 156). Melanie is in the Old South. Women in Old South actually a real manifestation of a Southern expressed in a lot of symbols like a pretty belle who owe the desired-character of pictures of fashion, attitude, and politeness. the Southern community; simpilicity and The supreme example of the Southern lady kindness, love and truth. It is pictured that;

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Melanie had her shyness, her The above quotaion describes a sudden blushes, her modesty, but “beauty” which cultivated from a blend of she did have common sense—of a sort, i’ll admit that ....Like Aunt variety sources. Scarlett inherited from Pitty, Melanie has the face of a Irish, France, and Savanah mix bloods. sheltered child who had never As a multi entnis, the United States also known anything but simplicity and kindness, truth, and love,....what have national and regional cultures with Melanie did was no more than all Southern girls were taught to do to 1971).Mitchellpaints a picture during the make those about them feel at ease each of specificity in its values (Grillin, and pleased with themselves. It Old South community through Scarlet was this happy feminine conspiracy O’Hara’s life, as a symbol of Southern belle, which made Southern society so pleasant (Mitchell, 1936: 126). the real meaning as “Southern beauty” in aristocratic Southern civilization. Scarlettis The depiction of Melanie was a symbol of a Southern belle of the upper contrasted to Scarlett, as the protagonist middle class. The luxury of valor which Southern female character. Scarlett indicates not only supported by the physical appearances, but also manners, which though shewas considered as one of the represented as a stubborn and selfish.Even early inherited by gentle and religious symbol of Southern Belle which presented mother, and disciplined upbringing from Mamy as slave, made Scarlet perfect and She is an example of new Southern belle to at the first page in more modern vision. elegant as a Southern lady. People in the whome Micthell wish to survive in the Civil War and after, without leaving the character Old South expected implicitly and explicitly to preserve and instill religious values ​​in showed the character of Scarlett that; their children from an early age (Hariyanti, of SouthernScarlett lady. O’Hara In the wasfirst notpage beautiful, Mitchell 2010: 200). but men seldom realized it when The representation of Southern caught by her charm as the Tarleton twins were. In her face were too Belle also combined with the depiction of sharply blended the delicate Southern gentlemenas they represented features of her mother, a Coast aristocrat of French descent, and the through Asley Wilkeas and Rhett Butlers. Ashley Wilkeas is as men who really uphold But it was an arresting face, pointed the values ​​of the South. Ashley was one heavyof chin, ones square of her of jaw. florid Her Irish eyes father. were pale green without a touch of hazel, starred with bristly black lashes men who can not break away the values ​​ figure very closely with imaging Southern and slightly tilted at the ends. Above of the South. Although Ashley depicted them,her thick black brows slanted upward, cutting a startling oblique educated but the most important thing line in her magnolia-white skin- to have by the Southern gentlemen is to -that skin so prized by Southern uphold the southern values. It is explained women and so carefully guarded with bonnets, veils and mittens in the novel that “ was elected against hot Georgia suns (Mitchell, as a captain, because he was the best rider 1936:1). in the County and because his cool head

84 Lingua. Volume XIII. Nomor 1. Januari 2017 was counted on to keep some semblance of Rhett and Scarlett symbolize the a order” (Michell,1936:15). new spirit of South, nostalgically looking Ashley represents the symbol of back to the old days but prepared to Southern gentlemen in both side positive adapt and do whatever it takes to build a and negative. In positive side, Ashley prosperous life amid the depredations of embodied the principle of Old South the war. Rhett’s shifting allegiances (he gentlemen, centering on loyalty, either to allies himself with the Yankees when it suits family and state, honor, and fond of tradition. him and reinvents himself as a Southern But the negative side was, Ashley showed Democrate when it seems expedient the anti reformation—madehim can not symbolize the rapid changes to which the stand on changing society. In Old South, South had to adapt in order to survive. people didnot care about education—the Meanwhile, Ashley and his wife most important was gentlemen able to Melanie embodied the old spirit of South, ride horse, and running plantation, and it centering on family, honor, and tradition. also made them could not survive in the After the war, Ashley spends much time changing structure brought by Civil War. dreaming about the gracious old days of Another Southern gentlemen also plantation life. When Scarlett installs him embodied by Captain Rhett Butler, a man as manager of one of her mills, he proves from Chalerston, a husband of Scarlet. a failure at that too. Ashley is clear-minded Not like Asley Wilkeas, Rhett depicted as a enough to see what is happening. It is said more energetic man, a blockade runner, he that: “in the end, what will happen will be described as a rich man but mysteriously, what has happened whenever a civilization everybody didnot know where he got her breaks up. The people who have brains and wealth. “Scarlett never discovered just what courage come through and the ones who business brought him to Atlanta, (Mitchell, haven’t are winnowed out” (Michell, 1936: 1936: 183). Rhett Butler also described as 440). a man with a romantic aura of the dashing blockaderunner(Mitchell, 1936: 184). Black-White Relation Scarlett, although she hated Rhett Butler, The division between races but he admited that Rhett no fear for the is probably the most heated topic Yankee, as expressed bellow: surrounding the Civil War, as it was the Suddenly she thought of Rhett main cause of it. InGWTW, Margaret Butler ad calm dispelled her fears. Mitchell’s attitude towards Black people is Why hadn’t she thought of him this morning when she had been an accurate portrayal of prevailing white tearing about like a chicken with attitudes in the time when the theme was its head off? She hated him, but he set. In the antebellum era, the slaves were was strong and smart and he was not afraid of the Yankees (Mitchell, viewed as happy people, content with what 1936: 305). their master’s bidding, while their white masters were strict yet kind, and rarely

85 Lingua. Volume XIII. Nomor 1. Januari 2017 take to beating as a form of punishment. slavery and the descriptions of post-war Frederickson (1978: 52) illustrated the discrimination were biased toward that of view of white southerner about the negro the people of the Old South’s views. Mitchell in the chattel slavery that“Negro Slaves are approved of the slaves like Mammy and the most cheerful and merry people we Pork who stayed with their white masters have among us”.In GWTW, the embodiment after the war, calling free slaves “free-issue of this view represented through Gerald niggers” and describing their lives as “a O’Hara that depicted as a kind master, never-ending picnic, a barbecue every day unable to conceal his kindness to his slaves. of the week, a carnival of idleness and theft It is explained that “beneath his choleric and insolence” (Mitchell, 1936: 781). None exterior Gerald had the tenderest of hearts. of the characters speak highly of the freed He could not bear to see a slave pouting slaves and even Mammy, a slave herself, under reprimand, no matter how well holds them in contempt. Demonstrating deserved” (Mitchell, 1936: 32). this disapproval for free blacks is the scene The white plantation owners in when Scarlett gets attacked by a free slave in GWTWwere shown as friendly towards Shantytown, only to be rescued by Big Sam, their slaves, often rewarding them for a slave who has tried freedom and rejected good behavior. When Pork, Gerald’s Black it, only wanting to return home to Tara. valet, married Dilcey, a slave from John InGWTW, the Ku Klux Klan is portrayed Wilkes’ family, Gerald bought her from more positively than negatively, seeming John as well as her daughter Prissy, as as an organization that simply wanted to a gift to Pork(Mitchell,1936: 19). From protect the ladies of the South. Also, while the Freedman’s Bureau is historically known that the relationship masters and slaves for assisting former slaves build new lives, this point, Mitchell wanted to confirms in the South takes place in a pleasant Mitchell portrays it as an “organization situation, neither abusing nor suffering run by cynical opportunists…dedicated to as being criticized by those Northerners agitating Blacks against whites” (Mitchell, or abolisionists.The chattel slavery was 1936:555-574). The topic of discrimination looked upon as though it was simply a part of whites against blacks is covered up by of life and culture that has changed.This is the rebellious and dangerous nature of a related to Runkle statesment (1964) that few of Black. revolution which appeard in the era of Civil Conclusion War in Southseemed almost in the absence The depiction of Old South as a ofbourgeois development. “Revolution civilized society in GWTWdisplays the “ came from outside, not inside. The persistence of white hegemony in the big enemy from the high class was not twentieth century over the imagined those from Negro and poor whites, but slavery story in America. As the Southern Northerners. white author, Margaret Mitchellsought to Mitchell’s view on antebellum represent the Old Southas an almost exact

86 Lingua. Volume XIII. Nomor 1. Januari 2017 view of the time period in glorious life, Fahs,A, 1999. “The Feminized Civil in the symbols of plantation, Southern War: Gender, Northern Popular belle and romantic hero, and Black White Literature, and the Memory of the relation. All the Old South attributes are War,1861-1900”. Dalam The Journal fascinating the people not only the decade of American History, 85(4): 1461- of the twentiy century but also in the recent 1494. time. It proved by the out of print, recepted Foutz, S, 2000. “Theology of Slavery: all time, because GWTW has displays the Western Theology’s Role in The picture of Old South that has never known Development and Propaganda of before, except the peculiar chattel slavery Slavery” Quodlibet Journal, 2(1) that considered against the American www.quodlibet.net. founding father principle. Representing Frederickson, G. 1971. The Black Image in the Old Southin civilized way make GWTW the white Mind: the Debate on Afro- became exceptional and popular. American Character & Destiny, 1817- 1914. USA: Wesleyan University References Press. Gary, R.J. and Robinson, O. 2004. A Bargainnier, E, F. 1989. “Moonlight-and Companion to the Literature and Mognolias’ Myth”. In Encyclopedia of Culture of the American South. Massachusetts: Blackwell. Southern Culture. edited by Wilson and Ferris, 1136—1137. Chapell Gramsci, A. 1971. Selection from the Prison Hill, University of North Caroline Notebook (ed & Trans. Hoare & Press. Nowell-Smith. London: Lawrence & Wishart. Calisteo, C, G, 2011. The wind is never gone: Gramsci, A. 2009. Hegemony, intellectuals, Sequels, parodies, and rewriting of and the state Cultural Theory and GWTW. North Caroline and London: McFarland Company, Inc. Popular. Dalam J. Storey , Cultural Harlow: Cash, W.J, 1969. The mind of the South. New Theory and Popular. Pearson Education. York: Vintage Books. Grillin, J, 1971. “National and Regional Catton, B, 1978. The American Heritage : The Civil War.New York: Cultural Values in The United Library states”, in The Proper Study of Man. Perspectives on social Science. USA: Commager, H, S, 1987. “the last of its The Macmillan Company. Houghton Mufflin Company. Genre”. In as Book and Film Hall, S, 1997. Representation: Cultural GWTW Representations and Signifying (ed. Harwell): 194—197. New York: Practices. London, Thousang Oaks, Paragon House. and New Delhi: Sage Publications. Hariyanti, T, 2012. Wasiat Orang Amerika: Cullen, J, 1995. The Civil War in Popular menguak tabir surat wasiat Culture: A Reusable Past. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. masyarakat kulit putih Amerika Bagian Selatan. Yogyakarta: Genta Press.

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Mitchell, M, 1936. GWTW. (A Project Timur sebagai Subjek (Terj. Ahmad Gutenberg of Australian eBook Fawaid) . New York : Vintage Books. edition). Schweitzer, G.K, 1970. Modern Technology Olsen, K. W. (2004). Garis Besar Sejarah and American Values. Kenneth Amerika (terj). Jakarta: Kedutaan [email protected]. Besar Amerika Serikat. Wei, Ruan 2012. “Two Concepts of Runkle,G, 1964. “Karl Marx and the ‘‘Civilization”. In Comparative American Civil War”. InComparative Civilizations Review 67: 16—25. Studies in Society and History, 6(2): Wyatt—Brown,B, 1982. Southern Honor. 117-141. Ethics & Behavior in the Old South. Said, E. (1978). Orientalisme: Menggungat London: Oxford University Press. Hegemoni Barat dan Mendudukan

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