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Libro Fogel.Pmd Ramón Fogel Los pueblos Guaraní en la formación de la nación paraguaya Asunción, Paraguay Diciembre de 2010 RAMÓN FOGEL ©Ramón Fogel Universidad Nacional de Pilar Oliva 1019 Mello esq. Iturbe Teléfono: 595 21 214 499 Teléfono: 595 786 232 148 Asunción, Paraguay Pilar, Paraguay Esta edición se realizó con el apoyo del Fondo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes – FONDEC Miembros del Consejo Directivo: Ticio Escobar (Presidente) Jorge Garbett Elizabeth Vinader Graciela Abbate Gilberto Rivarola Directora Ejecutiva interina: Yovanna Echauri Tarumá Nº 960 y Dr. Zacarías Arza – Barrio Nazareth Asunción – Paraguay Teléfonos: (021) 662 723 – (021) 552 442 Correo electrónico: [email protected] www.fondec.gov.py Fotografías de tapa: Iván Franco Diseño de tapa y Edición: Ediciones y Arte I.S.B.N.: Hecho el depósito que marca la Ley Diciembre 2010 Asunción, Paraguay 4 LOS PUEBLOS GUARANÍ EN LA FORMACIÓN DE LA NACIÓN PARAGUAYA ÍNDICE PREFACIO .................................................................................................. 6 PRÓLOGO ................................................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCCIÓN............................................................................. 13 2. RASGOS BÁSICOS DE LOS GUARANÍ ...................................... 30 2.1 Los orígenes ............................................................................... 30 2.2 Los Guaraní actuales.................................................................. 53 3. LAS CONTRIBUCIONES DE LOS GUARANÍ............................. 96 3.1 Los principales aportes............................................................... 96 3.2 El conocimiento botánico de la Guaraní ................................... 112 3.3 Conocimiento tradicional y manejo agroforestal ...................... 134 3.4 Concepciones de la enfermedad y la restauración de la salud 144 4. CONTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS GUARANÍ SEGÚN ESPACIOS SOCIOHISTÓRICOS. ................................................ 166 5. MIGRACIONES Y MOVILIZACIONES MESIÁNICAS. ¿QUÉ TEORÍA LAS EXPLICA?................................................... 210 Mesías, movimientos mesiánicos y la Tierra sin Mal entre los guaraní ......................................................................................... 212 Las vicisitudes del movimiento y sus condiciones organizativas ...... 215 Las motivaciones explicitadas y las amenazas a la organización social Paî........................................................................................... 221 Los cambios estructurales en la región y las tensiones internas ...... 227 La búsqueda ascética de restauración del orden perdido ................ 229 Desenlace del movimiento................................................................ 230 Otros intentos de acceder a la Tierra sin Mal .................................. 230 Derivaciones para la construcción de una teoría ............................. 232 5 RAMÓN FOGEL 6. A MODO DE CONCLUSIÓN ....................................................... 234 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................. 236 ANEXOS 6 LOS PUEBLOS GUARANÍ EN LA FORMACIÓN DE LA NACIÓN PARAGUAYA PREFACIO Al celebrarse el Bicentenario de la Nación estamos evocando aconteci- mientos que hicieron posibles nuestra independencia y la constitución de nuestro Estado nación. En esas circunstancias también evocamos los 200 años de lucha por consolidar y mantener nuestra soberanía, que equivale a decir las vicisitudes vividas para conservar nuestra capacidad de tomar decisiones como nación autónoma sobre nuestros recursos, y en general sobre nuestro propio destino. El Estado paraguayo, como todo Estado, tienen como una dimensión básica su intención de constituirse en un punto focal de identidad colectiva para sus miembros, inseparable de una cultura compartida. Esa cultura com- partida tiene contribuciones importantes de los pueblos guaraní. La Universidad Nacional de Pilar se asocia a esa celebración en la me- dida que es parte pensante de la Nación paraguaya y está comprometida con la producción de conocimientos, que comprende las relaciones entre sociedad y naturaleza a lo largo de la historia, En la presente investigación se rompe con una vieja distinción entre las ciencias sociales que tienen como objeto la sociedad y las ciencias naturales focalizadas en el mundo físico – natural. En el planteo utilizado no sólo se rompe con esas barreras sino además se parte del pluralismo epistemológico que valora el conocimiento tradicional y la práctica social. En este prefacio quiero destacar la sistematización del conocimiento tradicional de los guaraní sobre la flora en el Paraguay, y más especialmente sobre las propiedades medicinales de las especies botánicas. En este sentido, ya en 1914, Bertoni en sus observaciones sobre la clasifica- ción de plantas usada por los guaraní encontró 786 géneros y 32 familias 7 RAMÓN FOGEL botánicas. En cuanto a las funciones terapeúticas en esta investigación se identifican 179 funciones terapéuticas de 103 familias, 305 géneros y 390 especies botánicas. En la celebración del Bicentenario resulta también pertinente recordar que las funciones de nuestro Estado, cuyo nacimiento y evolución estamos evocando comprende la protección y promoción de los intereses de la Nación, y en esa medida nuestra universidad plantea un proyecto de Ley que impida patentar a terceros las especies medicinales propia del conocimiento tradicio- nal de nuestros indígenas, dentro de las reglas de propiedad intelectual esta- blecidas en el marco de la Organización Mundial de Comercio. Este proyecto de Ley garantizará que queden completamente preservados los medios de protección y promoción de los derechos ligados al conocimiento tradicional. De esta manera nuestra adhesión a la celebración del Bicentenario dará un alcance de mucha utilidad a los resultados de esta investigación. Víctor Ríos Rector Universidad Nacional de Pilar Diciembre de 2010 8 LOS PUEBLOS GUARANÍ EN LA FORMACIÓN DE LA NACIÓN PARAGUAYA PRÓLOGO En la celebración del Bicentenario estamos recordando acaecimientos y procesos que permitieron nuestra Independencia, así como los factores que concurrieron a la construcción, siempre inacabada del Estado nación, a sabiendas de que la concreción de los sueños iniciales nos cuesta ya dos siglos de lucha en defensa de nuestra soberanía, de nuestra autonomía como nación. En esas circunstancias recordamos también nuestras profundas aspi- raciones a un mundo más igualitario; en realidad, desde la perspectiva de los guaraní, la historia de esos 200 años es la historia de la resistencia contra diversas formas de opresión y sujeción, así como de la lucha desigual perma- nente contra los prejuicios y la discriminación contra otros factores refracta- rios a aquellos ideales. En ese proceso en ocasiones trunco de construcción de la nación, diver- sos sectores participaron, y con sus esfuerzos construyeron la nación y con- formaron su identidad; en ese contexto resulta pertinente reconocer que, así como compartimos el pasado, debemos compartir el futuro, teniendo en el horizonte las esperanzas e ideales que desde nuestra fundación como nación nos movilizan contra las injusticias y las arbitrariedades, y nos cohesionan en torno a la equidad de un Paraguay más comprometido con el tekojoja. En ese ejercicio debemos entender que nuestra nación “es toda entera la obra de su pasado, las raíces de este árbol combatido por la tempestad y herido por el rayo se hunden en las sangrientas entrañas de lo que fue. Vive de sus viejas energías, retoña por la acción de esa antigua savia, que no ago- taron las terribles vicisitudes de la edad primera. En una palabra, su presente no se explica sino por su pasado, y su porvenir no será sino la prolongación inevitable de su recta trayectoria”1(O’Leary, 1913). 1 Juan E. Oleary en Monte Domec, R. (1913) El Paraguay: su presente, su futuro. Compañía Paraguaya de billetes. Buenos Aires. 9 RAMÓN FOGEL En el proceso de construcción de la nación, la contribución de los pue- blos guaraní ha sido importante ya desde las vicisitudes socio históricas que precedieron al surgimiento del Paraguay y continuó posteriormente, en los distintos períodos históricos considerados; esa contribución ciertamente fue crucial, al punto que podemos afirmar que el Paraguay vivirá mientras la cultura criolla exprese la herencia guaraní, en la medida que nuestro patrimo- nio cultural es en parte importante patrimonio guaraní. Con el trabajo se busca responder a objetivos orientados a contribuir a la reconstrucción de la identi- dad nacional mediante el conocimiento de la participación de los pueblos gua- raní a la construcción de la nación paraguaya, con el mayor rigor histórico posible. En la explotación de las fuentes, en el análisis de la contribución de los pueblos guaraní a la construcción de la nación se busca: – Contribuir al pensamiento crítico paraguayo mediante el conocimien- to de la contribución contrastante de los pueblos guaraní desde confi- guraciones culturales sociohistóricas diferentes. – Enfatizar la caracterización de los rasgos de la identidad de los monteses (jara’y) enfatizando el rechazo a toda forma de opresión y la suerte de municipalismo libertario de su organización sociopolítica. – Sistematizar los conocimientos etnobotánicos de los guaraní, así como los conocimientos tradicionales sobre el manejo de las relaciones con la naturaleza. – Caracterizar las respuestas adaptativas desarrolladas por estos pue- blos ante las políticas
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