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Conservation and Utilisation of Genetic Diversity Trees for Life in Oceania Conservation and Utilisation of Genetic Diversity

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Trees for life in Oceania: Trees for Trees for life in Oceania Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity and utilisation Conservation Lex Thomson John Doran Bronwyn Clarke Trees for life in Oceania Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity Edited by Lex Thomson Associate Professor (Pacific Islands Agribusiness) & Adjunct Associate Professor (Agroforestry), University of the Sunshine Coast John Doran Research Fellow, Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO National Collections and Marine Infrastructure Bronwyn Clarke Research Scientist, Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO National Collections and Marine Infrastructure 2018 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was estab- lished in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. ACIAR operates as part of Australia’s international development cooperation program, with a mission to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for the benefit of developing countries and Australia. It commissions collaborative research between Australian and developing-country researchers in areas where Australia has special research competence. It also administers Australia's contribution to the International Agricultural Research Centres. Where trade names are used, this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimi- nation against any product by ACIAR. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES This series contains the results of original research supported by ACIAR, or material deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research and development objectives. The series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on developing countries. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 2018 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from ACIAR, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, [email protected] Thomson L., Doran J. and Clarke B. (eds) 2018. Trees for life in Oceania: conser- vation and utilisation of genetic diversity. ACIAR Monograph No. 201. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra. 278 pp. ACIAR Monograph No. 201 ACIAR Monographs – ISSN 1031-8194 (print), ISSN 1447-090X (online) ISBN 978 1 925746 17 4 (print) ISBN 978 1 925746 18 1 (online) Technical editing by Mary Webb, Canberra Design by Nebojsa Dolovacki Printing by CanPrint Communications Front cover: ‘Nui Afa’—a traditional variety of coconut (Cocos nucifera) selected for production of fibre or coir in Samoa (Photo: Roland Bourdeix, (1) CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (2) AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France) Back cover: Fast-growing Eucalyptus deglupta which has a range of uses, including timber, stream-bank stabilisation, shade and honey production—planted specimen, Kolombangara, Solomon Islands (Photo: Bronwyn Clarke, CSIRO Australian Tree Seed Centre) Foreword Foreword Forests and trees play a vital role in the economic, social, environmental and cultural lives of the peoples of Oceania. However, both biodiversity and the genetic diversity of individual species are under threat or already suffering from impacts of habitat loss, overharvesting and competition from invasive weeds. In addition, the islands of the south-western Pacific are considered among the most vulnerable regions of the world to climate change. Accordingly, enhancing the diversity, health and the extent of forests, agroforests and trees in Oceania is of paramount importance in ameliorating and mitigating the effects of climate change. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) has been supporting research in South-East Asia and the Pacific Islands on the growing, management, processing and marketing of indigenous and exotic tree species since the early 1990s. Especially important are those tree crops that are well adapted to the local, diverse conditions; are amenable to production by smallholders as well as larger operators; provide a range of services to local communities; and afford possibilities for high-value local processing. This book, prepared with inputs from 85 specialists in the nominated subject areas, including many Pacific Island foresters and horticulturists, aims to provide information on a selection of important Oceanian species. It highlights their valuable genetic diversity and provides recommendations for conserving and making best use of this diversity. This unique publication will guide sustainable utilisation of those species that are vital to the Pacific Islands and elsewhere in the developing tropics. As a forester, I am proud that ACIAR has made this information widely available in such an attractive form. This book should be invaluable for those planning and funding research on tree species in the Asia– Pacific region. It will also help smallholders and larger landowners involved in reforestation and agroforestry, and government agencies and other organisations involved in conservation and domestication of tree and shrub species in Oceania. Andrew Campbell Chief Executive Officer ACIAR 3 This book is dedicated to the memory of the late Mr Doug Boland, SPRIG 1 Project Director, who passed away on 31 May 2001. Doug was a respected and well-liked forester, botanist and social scientist in Australia, throughout the Pacific Islands region and beyond. He played a major role in surveying the forest and tree genetic resources of Pacific Island village communities during SPRIG Phase 1. Doug’s favourite and specialist professional areas of interest included the fields of floral biology and traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. He worked in CSIRO’s Division of Forestry and Forest Products as an experimental scientist and was well known in CGIAR working as a forest scientist at ICRAF (World Agroforestry Centre) in Nairobi from 1991 to 1994, where he received ICRAF’s Certificate of Merit for Research Achievement. During his professional career, Doug authored numerous scientific papers and books on botany and forestry. Doug Boland is remembered as a warm and generous man, and a consummate and widely respected professional. Folau ā, Doug, and mālō ‘aupito. 4 Contents Contents Foreword ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 Preface ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Acknowledgments �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 Abbreviations ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 Introduction (Bulai and Thaman) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Conserving and making efficient use of forest genetic resources (Bush and Thomson) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 Germplasm availability and propagation requirements (Clarke and Taylor) ��������������������������23 Species accounts ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 Acacia auriculiformis (Pinyopusarerk, Midgley and Thomson) ������������������������������������������������������������������28 Acacia colei (McDonald, Thomson and Rinaudo) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31 Acacia crassicarpa (Midgley and Thomson) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 35 Acacia koa (including A. koaia) (Friday) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39 Acacia mangium (Arnold) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42 Acacia torulosa (Cunningham and Yaou) �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 Acacia tumida (McDonald and Thomson) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������49 Agathis macrophylla (Keppel, Thomson and Senivasa) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52 Araucaria cunninghamii (Nikles and Arnold) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 Artocarpus altilis (Ragone) ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������60 Barringtonia edulis and B. procera (Thomson and Sam) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������65 Calophyllum inophyllum (Thomson, Bennett and Doran) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������69 Canarium indicum (Randall, Walton, Nevenimo, Poienou, Moxon, Hannet and Wallace) ������������ 73 Casuarina equisetifolia (Pinyopusarerk and Midgley) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
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    Republic of Fiji: the State of the World's Forest Genetic Resources

    REPUBLIC OF FIJI This country report is prepared as a contribution to the FAO publication, The Report on the State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources. The content and the structure are in accordance with the recommendations and guidelines given by FAO in the document Guidelines for Preparation of Country Reports for the State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources (2010). These guidelines set out recommendations for the objective, scope and structure of the country reports. Countries were requested to consider the current state of knowledge of forest genetic diversity, including: Between and within species diversity List of priority species; their roles and values and importance List of threatened/endangered species Threats, opportunities and challenges for the conservation, use and development of forest genetic resources These reports were submitted to FAO as official government documents. The report is presented on www. fao.org/documents as supportive and contextual information to be used in conjunction with other documentation on world forest genetic resources. The content and the views expressed in this report are the responsibility of the entity submitting the report to FAO. FAO may not be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained in this report. STATE OF THE FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES IN FIJI Department of Forests Ministry of Fisheries and Forests for The Republic of Fiji Islands and the Secreatriat of Pacific Communities (SPC) State of the Forest Genetic Resources in Fiji _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents Executve Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 5 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 6 Chapter 1: The Current State of the Forest Genetic Resources in Fiji ………………………………………………………………….…….