. - 3054 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, t-969
EXTENSIONS OF-REMA~KS MICHIGAN'S "MRS. REPUBLICAN" George Romney, now a member of Pres served for 3 years as an aide to the State ELLY PETERSON ident Nixon's Cabinet. chairman. In 1961 she was appointed field Mrs. Peterson has run the gamut of service manager for the State. _ positions within the Republican Party, Her specific contribution in organizing HON. GERALD R. FORD a career just climaxed by her election the women of Michigan was a major OF MICHIGAN to the Republican National Committee factor in the election of Governor Rom IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES from the State of Michigan. ney and the end of an entrenched Dem Thursday, February 6, 1969 To name a few of her assignments, I ocratic regime in Michigan. should mention she was for 3 years aide Mrs. Peterson was elected State vice Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speaker, to one of our Republican State chair chairman in 1961 and was reelected in a time of retirement is a time of looking men; she was a field service manager for 1963. back as well as looking forward. And so In addition to her leadership in Michi today the Michigan delegation in Con the party; she was executive director gress takes this time to look at the record of the Republican National Committee, gan, Mrs. Peterson has a background in of one of the most outstanding individu and later assistant to the party's nation national Republican affairs, serving as als ever to head the Michigan Republican al chairman. She was the first woman executive director of the women's divi Party. to be nominated by Michigan Repub sion of .the Republican National Commit licans for the U.S. Senate; she was tee in 1963 and as assistant chairman of Mr. Speaker, the delegation looks at unanimously selected Republican State the national committee in 1964. Mrs. Elly Peterson and feels a great sense chairman and served two terms in that That experience will serve her well in of loss in her retirement as State Repub office and is the first woman in the Na her new duties as national committee lican chairman. For Elly Peterson is a tion to be electeci State chairman of her woman. remarkable woman. She is not only a party. Mr. Speaker, Michigan has produced woman of great charm, but a woman of Mrs. Peterson has been devoting her more than its share of outstanding Re great ability. She has been a tremendous almost limitless energies, fighting, publican leaders during the last several asset to the Republican Party in Michi years. gan and in the Nation. through the political party of her choice, for the achievement of goals which she But even measured against that illus~ Yet her contribution should not be so is convinced are necessary to maintain tlious competition, Mrs. Peterson's con narrowly described, because Elly Peter this country and its government under tributions remain of the highest quality son is not narrowly partisan. Her views as the sound principles drafted by our !.ore and the utmost importance. expressed in her party work have always Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Speaker, it extended beyond partisanship to the good fathers. It has been a pleasure to work with is a pleasure to join my colleagues today of her State sJnd the good of the Nation. Mrs. Peterson and to assist her in her in paying tlibute to Mrs. Elly M. Peter Simply put, she has been a servant of the efforts to effectively put into operation son, who is chairman of the Republican people while serving as the head of a po State Central Committee of Michigan, as litical organization. That in itself is a the principles for which her ~arty stands. she prepares to retire from this position remarkable achievement. But this is what Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Speaker, after after 4 years of distinguished service to is inherent in Elly's personality, and per the Republican Party of our State. haps that is why everyone who knows her some years of disappointment, Michigan Republican~ have discovered a new con Elly, as she is affectionately known by is delighted by her. fidence and a fresh ability to win. That all, has served as Republican State Elly Peterson served the Republican new Republican vigor has been demon chairman since February 1965, and was Party as State chairman and as assistant strated both at the polls and in mount elected Republican national committee national chairman. She performed su ing party strength. woman from Michigan in August of last perbly in both roles. No superlatives ex One source of that new found spirit year. Her career has been highlighted by pressed on her behalf can be counted an and success has been the strong inspira one success after another. After serving exaggeration. tional leadership of Gov. George Rom in various capacities at Michigan's Re Now that Elly is leaving the post of ney. publican State headquarters, she was Michigan Republican chairman, she de Another has been the character, dedi named executive director of the Repub serves the best sendoff it is possible to cation, and personality of Mrs. Elly M. lican National Committee in September arrange. Elly is a great gal, and we in Peterson, who has served 4 remarkable 1963, a position which was changed to the Michigan congressional delegation years as chairman of the State central assistant chairman 3 months later. want everyone to know it. committee of Michigan and who is now These were all big jobs, but she was the Mr. CEDERBERG. Mr. Speaker, in assuming new duties as national com right person to handle them. Mrs. Peter Michigan we have witnessed an extreme mitteewoman. son inspires people and knows how to get ly successful venture into the philoso During those years Republicans have them involved in activity. In return she phy of .the Equal Opportunity Act by ap been first in virtually everything in receives an outstanding extra effort plying it to the management .of political Michigan. And, much of the credit must from those around her. She is a strong affairs. go to Elly Peterson who is accustomed force in this so-called man's world mak Mrs. Republican is none other than to being first in whatever she tackles. ing her strength and reason felt among Mrs. Elly M. Peterson, of Charlotte, Mrs. Peterson was, for example, the men and women alike. Her ability to Mich., who is really and truly a product first woman in history to be elected recognize the needs of people and the of the precinct and her rise through the chairman of a State Republican orga Republican Party's responsibility to ranks to one of the top positions in the nization. That was in 1965. those needs has made the Republican national p.olitical organization has been The year before, she became the first Party of Michigan a "grassroots" party. phenomenal. woman in Michigan history from either In 1964, another great distinction At the age of 21 she was busy work party to campaign for the U.S. Senate. came Elly Peterson's way when she be ing in the ranks of the Young Repub A clue to her unusual achievements came the first woman of either party in lican organization in lllinois and she no lies in her exceptional background in Michigan to be nominated for the U.S. sooner moved to the State of Michigan public service and Republican Party af Senate. Although she did not win this than she became deeply embroiled in po fairs. seat, she won the respect of the citizens litical r..ctivity. Her vigorous work among Her career has been a model of growth of Michigan everywhere she went for her the Republican women's organization in and progress beginning at the age of 21 straightforward, honest approach to our State was an important factor in when she joined the Young Republican political problems. Again, her concern wresting State control out of the hands Club of Oak Park, Til. for people was the real thrust of her of the opposition party and placing at A successful organizer in Michigan campaign. the helm of Michigan's government Gov. Republican campaigns, Mrs. Peterson -· After observing her at work in both February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3055 Michigan and in Washington, I will mittee of Michigan and commending her Romney and Elly Peterson set out to never be surprised at anything Elly on her devotion to the party. The text of build a viable united party in Michigan. Peterson accomplishes. As she now my letter follows: From the wreckage of 1964, Elly moves to the Republican National Com CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, masterminded the political strategy for mittee, she brings a great wealth of tal HOUSE OJ' REPRESENTATIVES, 1966. On election day, 1966, the voters ent to her new position that will be of Washington, D.C. of Michigan rendered their verdict. They tremendous benefit to our national Mrs. ELLY PETERSON, reelected their Republican Governor to organization. Michigan State Republican Convention, a third term. They elected a Republican We are deeply grateful to Elly Peter Grand Rapids, Mich. Senator, five new Republican Congress DEAR ELLY: Michigan politics, without you son for all her efforts in the past and I as State Chairman, will never be the same. men, created a Republican legislature, am delighted that her forceful personal You shook the complacency that was mir and voted major gains for the Repub ity and ability will continue to be used ing Republicanism in defeat. You replaced lican Party in local races. The victory to guide Republican activities at this despair with hope. You rebuilt our Party to was stunning. In a politically tough in higher level. She has my warm wishes as win smashing victories. dustrial State, the Republican Party she undertakes her new responsibilities In the jungle of politics you found that it under the chairmanship of Elly Peter and challenges. is impossible to make everyone a friend, but son, came into its own. Mr. HARVEY. Mr. Speaker, in joining you proved your ability to make no one your It is Elly's personal qualities that are with my Michigan colleagues 1n this spe enemy. The agonizing dilemma of failure was your perhaps the hardest to define. Those cial and well deserved tribute to Mrs. challenge. You accepted it and showed the human qualities are not only the key to Elly M. Peterson-always known simply way to success. In leading Michigan's Re her success in the political arena, but as Elly-it is not my intent to outline or publican Party into a bright, new era, you they are, very honestly, the greatest list the many, many honors and achieve earned love, respect and admiration. thing about her. She is one of the out ments of this remarkable lady. I recog We are grateful that you will stlll serve standing political professionals in the nize, of course, that these great accom the cause of Republicanism as National Com Nation. She is also a warm friend to plishments accurately relate the out mitteewoman. As we did in the past, we look forward to your even greater accomplish hundreds of Michiganites in every nook standing contributions that Elly has ments with a prediction that the Republican and cranny in the State. She rarely for made to our State of Michigan and the Party across the land will gain new strength gets a name or a face, and has the gift Nation as well. because of you. of making everybody, regardless of sta Yet, I really feel that the greatness of Sincerely, tion, feel a part of the team and a good Elly never was more illuminating, more GuY VANDER JAGT, friend. Governor or precinct worker emphatic than in a losing cause in 1964. Member of Congress. all receive the same exuberant greeting Our Republican Party turned to Elly and, Mr. RUPPE. Mr. Speaker, politics is and personal attention. as always, she responded to that call to the lifeblood of democracy. Politics has Elly combines a deep sense of loyalty be our standard bearer for the U.S. been called a dirty game. It also has been with a thorough understanding of the Senate. characterized as the "noblest undertak American political process. Her inde In becoming the first woman from ing." A political party, a democratic fatigable energy, her ability to make Michigan of either party to be chosen as government and, perhaps even a nation, tough decisions, her tenderness and her the senatorial candidate, Elly quickly can be no better than the individuals, abiding belief in democracy have unique proved to be a magnificent campaigner. as professionals and volunteers, who are ly qualifi.ed her for the posts she has No one knew better than Elly the tre willing to involve themselves in the par held. To the Republican Party in Mich mendous uphill battle. Even in a normal tisan political arts. Every now and then igan she has given organization, unity, political year, a difficult, if not impossi out of the partisan battles, as our great drive, and a forward-looking image. To ble, situation existed for a statewide Re political parties vie for leadership at all people and their problems, large or publican candidate. As we know, 1964 levels of government, there emerges an small, she has given of herself. While was not exactly a normal year. individual who combines practical politi Elly will be followed by another party As expected, Elly lost. But to me, as cal genius with love of country and chairman of great talent-needless to our campaign trails crossed on several genuine human concern. Such an indi say we are going to miss her at the helm. occasions, Elly had the class. She was vidual makes politics the "noblest under better in a losing role than most are in I am happy to say, however, that this .is the easy winner's role. The real courage, taking." Such an individual is Michigan's not a political obituary because we know the real integrity of a person is truly retiring Republican State chairman, she will continue giving to the Republi reflected during adversity. Mrs. Elly Peterson. can Party and the Nation. Elly had it tl.. en and she has it now. "Elly," as she is known by literally It is rare that I discuss Republican We in Michigan are losing a tremendous thousands in Michigan, has brought zest Party affairs in this Chamber. But the State chairman, but it will be the Re and energy to Republican affairs since contribution of Elly Peterson reaches publican National Committee's gain as she was an active Republican in Tilinois far beyond partisan politics. Democrat she takes over as our national commit at the age of 21. Her political experience or Republican, Americans can be thank teewoman. I thank you, Elly, for your is vast. She has been director of the wo ful that they have active people in the great leadership and I wish you much men's division of th Republican National political process like her. Elly, and those future happiness and good health in the Committee. She has delivered a major like her in both of our great parties, make years ahead. address to a Republican National Con democracy work. They make politics "the Mr. HUTCHINSON. Mr. Speaker, I vention. She has been the Republican noblest profession." join my Republican colleagues in the nominee for the U.S. Senate in Michigan. Mr. ESCH. Mr. Speaker, it is a great Michigan delegation in congratulating She has been assistant chairman of the privilege for me to pay honor to Mrs. our retiring State chairman, Elly Peter Republican National Committee. Elly Peterson. Her outstanding leader son, upon an outstanding record of In 1964, Michigan Republicans were ship to the Republican Party and the achievement in party organization and struggling to recover from an election State of Michigan deserves wide acclaim. success. As Republican chairman during disaster. As congressional seats fell to At the very basis of our modern de the· Romney years in Michigan, she the opposition, as the State legislature mocracy is the concept of a strong two played a leading and enthusiastic role. slid to nearly a 2-to-1 margin against party system. The strength of this sys She leaves the post to become Michigan's the GOP, as Republicans were swept tem depends in large measure, on the Republican national committeewoman, from local office, only the enormously many persons who work behind the and in her new position we are confident popular Gov. George Romney was to sur scenes-not only for candidates but in she will continue her immense en vive. With those dismal results fresh in the active development of a constructive thusiasm and drive in the Republican their minds, the Republican State Cen and viable program for their party as a cause. tral Committee, with Governor Romney's whole. Throughout the Nation there are Mr. VANDER JAGT. Mr. Speaker, I support, unanimously elected Elly Peter thousands of such people who give long have written a letter to Mrs. Elly Peter son State chairman-the first woman in hours of service so that we who hold son to mark her retirement as chairman the Nation ever to be elected to a Repub elective office may better serve the peo of the Republican State Central Com- lican State chairmanship. Governor ple. Elly Peterson is the epitomy of these. 3056 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 As chairman of the Michigan Repub Our good wishes and our support go In doing so, we not only honor those lican Party, Mrs. Peterson has provided with Elly as she steps up to member who have earned it but we also help to leadership and inspiration in the devel ship on the National Republican Com perpetuate the ideals of service on which opment of a viable and progressive party mittee. Mr. Speaker, it is fitting that we the health of our free and participatory program. The State of Michigan today is honor this stateswoman of the first mag system depends. one of the most dynamic, growing, and nitude. We look forward to be able to It is a special pleasure for me, there progressive States of the Union and I work with her in her new position of fore, to join with our colleagues from believe that Mrs. Elly Peterson has leadership. The people of Michigan have Michigan in paying tribute to Mrs. Elly played a key role in the development of benefited before, and now party workers Peterson in connection with assuming the State's program. throughout the United States will benefit the office of Republican National com Elly is one of the most forceful and from her example of dynamic and capa mitteewoman from Michigan. dedicated persons I know. She has pro ble leadership. This new assignment--however im vided leadership and inspiration to all Mr. McDONALD of Michigan. Mr. portant-is only the latest in a long list of us who have served as Republican can Speaker, as her tenure as chairman of of honors and achievements won by Mrs. didates during her term as chairman and the Michigan Republican Party draws to Peterson, including election as the first has had a large share in making our vic a close, I wish to congratulate Mrs. Elly woman Republican State chairman in tories possible. Peterson on the role she has played in the Nation, election as a delegate at large Michigan is fortunate indeed that we the resurgence of Republican ideals in to the 1968 Republican National Conven will not be losing her services entirely our State and to thank her especially tion, and nomination as the Republican when she retires as Republican State for the help and guidance she has pro candidate for U.S. Senator from Mich chairman later this month. We are de vided me. igan in 1964, the first woman nominee lighted that she will continue in her post Elly's dedication to the principles of for that office in the State's history. as Republican national committee republicanism, coupled with her keen Elly Peterson knows politics from the woman. As a former national vice chair political insight, has left an indelible ground up and works at it with skill, man and longtime member of the Re mark on the course of our party and on dedication, imagination, and intimate publican National Committee, I know the memories of those who have benefited knowledge of the electorate. She knows her leadership there will be equally as from her work and friendship. it from the State and local levels as a forceful and helpful to the party and I sincerely thank Elly and wish her result of years of effort as an organizer the Nation. every success as our new national com and field service manager with the Re Mr. RIEGLE. Mr. Speaker, it is a per mitteewoman. publican State committee and as vice sonal honor to speak of Mrs. Elly Mrs. REID of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, it chairman of the State committee, cul Peterson's leadership on the occasion of is good to have this opportunity to join minating in the election of Gov. George her retirement as chairman of the Re in the tribute to Mrs. Elly Peterson, of Romney to which her organizing of public Party in Michigan. The results Michigan, the first woman to be elected Michigan women was a vital factor. She speak for themselves-the Governor State chairman in the history of theRe knows politics, too, from the national ship, a Senate seat, a 2-to-1 majority publican Party nationwide, and the first level where she served successively as on the congressional delegation, and a woman from Michigan of either party to executive director of the women's divi near balance of power in the State house. be nominated to run for the U.S. Senate. sion of the Republican National Com To get this job done, she has worked Elly Peterson's dynamic leadership has mittee in 1963, and as assistant chair to reorganize and rebuild the Republican served to inspire women throughout man of the National Committee in 1964. Party, giving tirelessly and selfiessly of America to work for political principles But Elly Peterson has brought more her ideas and her energies. and good government. Her outstanding than effective service to the Republican I am personally thankful to Elly Peter ability in organizing the women of Mich Party. She has contributed the warmth son for helping me to get started in pub igan is acknowledged to have been a vital of her personality, an understanding of lic service. Without her encouragement factor in the election of Governor Rom people and their needs and wishes, and and the support of her very capable State ney, ending many years of Democratic a constructive and progressive point of central committee, the opportunity to control of that State. view. run for Congress would have been much During the 1964 National Convention, For Mrs. Elly Peterson, Republican more difficult. in addition to her many specific duties politics has been a career of service, a Elly has brought meaning to the word as the then assistant chairman of the means of contributing to the strength of "teamwork" In the Republican Party Republican National Committee, Elly America through a free and open and re real teamwork that helps everyone to do Peterson gave a major address before sponsive political system. a better job-teamwork in fundraising, the convention's Monday evening session. I am proud, Mr. Speaker, to join with teamwork in party organization, and As always, she was most articulate and my colleagues in expressing confidence above all, teamwork of ideas. She has a very eloquent voice for Republican and gratitude that this outstanding made it possible to have diversity of philosophy. In 1968, she was a Michigan woman leader will continue to contrib thought and philosophies while having delegate-at-large to the National Con ute her great talent and deep concern unity of principle and action. As they say, vention in Miami. to the Republican Party and the coun the name of the game is to win, and Elly We members of the Republican Party try. Peterson personifies that winning atti are indeed fortunate to have Elly Peter Mr. HAMMERSCHMIDT. Mr. Speak tude. Together with ex-Governor Rom son in our ranks, but her contributions er, I wish to associate myself with all ney, she has spread this to the party to her community, State, and Nation the fine things being said about Mrs. faithful. have by no means been limited to politi Elly Peterson. As a former State chair In a sense, her most important con cal activity. She has served overseas as man of the Republican Party in Arkan tributions have had impact far beyond hospital secretary, American Red Cross; sas, I worked with Elly en many occa partisan politics. By opening the party as county president, American Red Cross sions, and know her to be a grand person up to all citizens, to all interest groups, and as director, American Red Cross re in the world of politics. and especially to black Americans seek gional blood program. Her memberships She is now stepping down, after two ing a greater role in government par include the American Legion Auxiliary; terms as chairman of the Republican ticipation, she has made it possible for the Business and Professional Women's Party in Michigan. I am delighted that every man and woman who wants better Club; the Urban League; and she is a she will continue serving her State, our government to get involved. By strength lifetime member of the NAACP. Elly ening our party, she is helping to Peterson is one of the most remarkable party and country as national commit strengthen our political system-by of and outstanding women in America to teewoman for Michigan. During her fering better ideas, better candidates, and day. chairmanship Elly provided leadership better competition in public service. Mrs. DWYER. Mr. Speaker, one of the which enabled Michigan Republicans to Through the involvement program, she most useful, though informal, functions compile a marvelous record of achieve has taken the party into action on the of Members of Congress is to call at ments, first through an increase in the top urban and social problems of our tention from time to time to the ex number of offices held and influence, and time. This program has now become a ploits and accomplishments of those who next through the development and ap model for progressive Republican activity have distinguished themselves in public plication of programs of great benefit to in many other States. or private life. the people. February 6, -19.69 . EX~ENSIONS OF REMARKS 3057 Also leaving the State chairman's office member of the so-called weaker sex to be at·ed a new policy of the committee which w.ill be Elly's capable administrative ·as selected as chairman of a Republican should be alarming to every member of sistant, Joyce Braithwaite, who began as State Party in the history of our Na the party regardless of the section of the Elly's secretary at the start of her first tion. Athough these are the facts, the Nation in which he resides. The headline term as State chairman. Joyce will i:nove impressions they leave are untrue. Elly on the Washington Post story covering to the office of Governor Milliken where Peterson will never retire from politics his television appearance encapsulated ·she will have an opportunity to continue or the Republican Party, and her selec that policy in seven words: rendering outstanding services in behalf tion last summer at the Republican Na Harris Warns Dixiecrats To Respect Pa rty of better government. tional Convention as our national com Stands. I salute both Elly and Joyce as devoted mitteewoman is immediate proof of this. and dedicated and able practitioners of Nor is Elly Peterson weaker though she This get-in-line-or-else attitude is of politics. They have done extremely well wears the garb of her kind. course, an affront to every Democrat he in strengthening and enhancing the To again recite the tributes and plaudits cause it says that all party members image of the Republican Party. expressed by my colleagues regarding her must subscribe to the liberal-radical Mrs. HECKLER of Massachusetts Mr. good sense, tireless effort, and political philosophy of the disastrous Chicago Speaker, it is with a great deal of pieas agility would be repugnant to Elly, for convention or leave the party. If this pol ure and pride that r rise to honor Mrs. she has never sought nor expected the icy is implemented, as the new chairman Elly Peterson, Michigan Republican praise that has been due her. But, like seems determined to do, the party will State Central Committee chairman. a good warrior, she has derived her sat have taken similar steps to those taken After 4 years of dedicated service, Mrs. isfaction from jobs well done and an ex in Britain when the parties were divided Peterson expects to retire from her amination of her record establishes that along left and right lines. I need not be present post to assume the full time re her entitlement to self-satisfaction is al labor the point that this Nation would be sponsibilities as Michigan's Republican most limitless. ill-advised to follow the torturous path national committeewoman. On this occasion when we pay tribute which Britain has taken. When the new ch8iirman's position With increasingly rare ~xception, to our great State chairman, my position equality for women is slowly becoming a is unique and different from my col was made clear, I addressed him a letter reality. A woman as outstanding as Mrs. leagues. I have participated in the elec which, parenthetically, he has not had Peterson gives us even more reason to tion of Elly as our State chairman on the courtesy to answer, and urged oth believe in the need to recognize the tal both occasions when she has been se ers of my colleagues to express their ents of capable women. The exemplary lected to lead our party; this makes me opposing views if they did, indeed, dis career of Elly Peterson offers special en sort of a party constituent of Elly's- agree with him. couragement to both men and women a member of her electorate. In turn, Elly I would like to insert here in the who are tempted to enter the exciting resides with a great guy-her husband, RECORD a copy of my letter to the chair sphere of politics. of course-Col. "Pete" Peterson, within man, a copy of a letter sent him by my my congressional district in Charlotte, esteemed colleague, the gentleman from Politics is sometimes regarded as a Mississippi (Mr. ABERNETHY), and finally, "rough game," difficult to pursue. It has Eaton County, Mich.; and, therefore, is also been said that education does little a constituent of mine and a member of a copy of the letter I wrote to several to prepare women to assume the awesome my electorate. It is a distinct honor and friends in the House asking them to responsibilities of political activity. pleasure to have the State chairman as express their individual views to the new Whatever the apparent barriers, Mrs. a constituent, but let me remind my chairman. Peterson at 21 had her first taste of po colleagues that having Elly Peterson as I hope others will be similarly dis litical life when she joined the Young a constituent is like being "under the turbed by the undemocratic position of Republican Club of Oak Park, Ill. From gun" at all times. As she is an able the new chairman and likewise express this beginning, her successful adventure organizer, brainy, a tireless but pleasant their views to him. in politics continued as her reputation worker and political strategist, so, in her The above-mentioned material fol as a dynamic organizer spread through opinion, should be her Congressman. lows: out Michigan. Recognizing her ability as And, her vast experience and exposure CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, an expert administrator, she was ap to political activity have provided her HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, pointed assistant chairman of the Re with an unmatched opportunity for in Washi ngton, D.C., January 27, 1969. novations in this game of politics which DEAR SENATOR: I have your letter of 17 publican National Committee in 1964. January in which you ask my help with your Also in 1964, Elly Peterson became the cause one to maintain a hectic pace to keep up with her, but at the same time new position as Chairman of the Democratic first woman of either party to be nomi National Committee. I appreciate your con nated for the U.S. Senate from Michigan. provides one with an almost unlimited tacting me in this regard. I was particularly The following year, she was the unani resource of immeasurable value. interested in reading the enclosed copy of mous choice for Republican State Cen No; the coming State convention will your speech of acceptance of this post, all tral Committee chairman. She thus be not really be the occasion for a retire the more so because it is c0uched in a tone came the first woman in the history of ment, but, rather, it will be an occasion diametrically opposed to the public state of commencement. A commencement by ments you are quoted in the press as having the Republican Party nationwide to be mad9 on the television program, "Face the elected State chairman. Elly of a role in which the Nation will derive the benefits of which the State of Nation" on 19 January. Mrs. Elly Peterson's loyalty to the Re On that program I am advised that you publican Party and to its political ideol Michigan heretofore has been the pri made it abundantly clear that Southerners ogy, her willingness to work, her capacity mary recipient. must henceforth wholly subscribe to the to organize, and her inexhaustible energy .Elly, thanks for everything, and best party positions adopted at the Convention are qualities which all can admire. Wishes to you as you assume your new in Chicago or else suffer the consequences. responsibilities and face your new chal This narrow view of the temperament of the Mr. BROWN of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, lenge. people who refused to support the party on February 14 and 15, the Republican nominees, if implemented, will bring about Party of the State of Michigan will hold the collapse of the Democratic party, not its regular biennial State convention in its rejuvenation. This empirical stance ill the city of Grand Rapids for the primary THE NEW "WHIP THE SOUTH" POL behooves one whose job it is to unite the purpose of selecting a new State chair ICY OF THE DEMOCRATIC NA party. It also indicates a narrow sectionalism TIONAL COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN that does not take into account the fact man. Although the Republican Party that a majority of the states did not sup State organizations throughout the Na port the party nominees. Yet, I saw no quo tion, as well as in Michigan have been HON. JOE D. WAGGONNER, JR. tation that the Mid-West had better toe the doing this for years, this co~ing Michi OF LOUISIANA mark, or else. gan Republican Convention has special IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Unity, Senator, can be achieved only by a and unprecedented meaning. blending of the separate components, not On February 15, Michigan Republicans Thursday, February 6, 1969 by seeking to force one section of the nation to bend to the will of another. Your petulant will regretfully accept the decision o! Mr. W AGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, when query, "Why should the South be all that Elly Peterson to retire from her position the new chairman of the Democratic Na different from people who live in the North?" as chairman of the Republican State tional Committee appeared on television indicates a remarkable artlessness and is Central Committee. Elly was the first a few days after his election, he enunci- best answered by a counter-question, "Why 3058 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 should they not be different; it's a free coun show up at all. As I understand, it is under Three other nominations to the Fed try, isn't it?" these conditions only that you want the eral bench, submitted to the committee You have asked for my suggestions a.s to southern states to vote Democratic. at the same time, were confirmed almost bow to unify and strengthen the Party and And while I am writing I wish to fully my advice is that, rather than rocket off subscribe to everything Mr. Waggonner in immediately. on the tangent of "whipping the South into cluded in his letter, and then double it. Yet, for no apparent reason, Mr. Poole's line", you would be better advised to con Sincerely, nomination was pigeonholed. The com sult with the men who represent the various TOM G. ABERNETHY. mittee did not even give the nominee the sections of the nation and the various polit courtesy of a hearing. ical philosophies held by those of us who CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, still call ourselves Democrats. To proceed a.s HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, you have started, on the tack that all Demo Washington, D.C. crats must swallow the nauseant hodge I have been told that the Democratic Na GETTING THE FACTS STRAIGHT ON podge of llberal-to-racllcal positions laid out tional Committee is very pleased that there in Chicago, or else, is the unpaved road to has been little or no response from Southern FOREIGN BANKING p arty suicide. Members or Southerners in general to the I oppose, and the majority of the people press and television statements made recently HON. WRIGHT PATMAN I have the honor to represent in Congress, by the new Chairman to the effect that the oppose the great bulk of what was said to South will have to get in step with the Party OF TEXAS be the party's platfrom in Chicago, and we or else. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES will not be threatened, blackmailed or Wit h the thought you might be interested whipped into line. I will be glad to help you in my reaction to Senator Harris' statements, Thursday, February 6, 1969 moderate the ill-advised extremity of those I am attaching a copy of a letter I have ad Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, on Decem positions, but I will not lift a finger to help dressed to him. ber 9, 1968, the Committee on Banking you enforce them. And I think you will find, In view of the Committee's apparent smug and Currency held preliminary hearings Senator, that my constituents and I make ness over the lack of Southern reaction, per poor subjects for political blackmail. haps you might want to direct a letter to on the legal and economic impact of for When you are ready to discuss how the the Senator with your own views. It seems eign banking procedures on the United Democratic Party can revamp itself to more to me that if we do nothing to spell out our States. Our sole purpose was to inquire closely reflect a philosophy of common protest, we are giving assent to his plan. into a number of recent court cases and sense, I will be pleased to give you my All good wishes. published reports involving the use of thoughts. But, if your position is what it JOE D. WAGGONNER, Jr. foreign banks which operate under seems to be and you are asking my advice secrecy laws to violate American law. as to how to bend the South to the will of others, my thoughts can be summarized in Since the hearings were of a preliminary two words: forget it. Because, if you are nature, our only witnesses were from the successful in your approach, it will mean A MAJOR DISAPPOINTMENT OF THE two Federal agencies most prominently the destruction of the Democratic Party. 90TH CONGRESS mentioned, the Justice Department and Sincerely yours, the Securities and Exchange Commis JOE D. WAGGONNER, Jr. HON. JOHN V. TUNNEY sion. These hearings received widespread CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, OF CALIFORNIA publicity as well as a reaction from com HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mittee members and others that the sit Washington, D.C., February 5, 1969. uation involves rather serious questions DEAR SENATOR: I am SO pleased that my Thursday, February 6, 1969 on the efficiency of our fiscal statutes. At colleague, Joe Waggonner, Jr., of Louisiana Mr. TUNNEY. Mr. Speaker, to me, and the close of the hearings I announced provided me with a copy of his letter to you to many Californians, one of the major that legislation restricting these abusive under date of January 27. I hope that by this practices would be introduced and there time you have thoroughly digested and ab disappointments of the 90th Congress sorbed same. was the Senate Judiciary Committee's would be further hearings. You evidently have forgotten, or else are failure to act on the nomination of U.S. In its January 20, 1969, issue, Barron's not aware, of the lean days when northern Attorney Cecil Poole to be a U.S. district Weekly features a front page article en states, as well as your own, could hardly judge for the northern district of titled "Assault on Privacy." The article, muster a quorum for a Democratic precinct California. which was quite critical of the commit meeting, much less gain a victory. You un And now the delays and frustration tee and its witnesses is nothing more doubtedly have forgotten that northern than a half-baked piece of propaganda states for years and particularly in the Hard have ended with the President's with ing election, could not elect enough Demo drawal of this excellent nomination. for the benefit of certain foreign bank crats to even form a committee in either the In the story of the inaction upon this ing interests. Rather than a point-by Senate or House even had all Democrats been nomination, and what appears to be the point review of the article, I wrote to the given the same assignment. You evidently vanishing hopes for Mr. Poole's appoint editors of Barron's Weekly and set forth have forgotten that in those lean years it was ment, there is much to embitter a man, the true history and purpose of our com the southern Democratic states that stood but Mr. Poole is not embittered. mittee's inquiry. It was pointed out that strong and fast, and saved the Democratic we have no intention of interfering with Party from complete extinction. You evi The nominee, a brilliant and distin dently have forgotten, or else you did not guished lawyer who is a former counsel the internal workings or affairs of any know, that the Democratic Party was to the Governor of California, a former foreign nation. founded by a Southerner (Jefferson) and pre assistant district attorney for San Fran The article and my reply is submitted served by another Southerner (Jackson). You cisco, and a successful private practi for the RECORD and will appear at the evidently have forgotten that the Democratic tioner, was eminently qualified for the end of these remarks. candidates for President and Vice-President nomination, which was made by Presi However, it should be pointed out that in the last election didn't get but about 40 percent of the vote, and your own state got dent Johnson on May 28, 1968. several of the statements in the article run over by Republicans. Don't be so forget The press has reported that my col verify our committee's concern and re ful, Senator. league, the senior Senator from Cali quire our further inquiry. For example, You evidently have forgotten the very re fornia, Mr. MURPHY, was instrumental in it has often been contended by Swiss cent and humiliating defeat the Democratic blocking this nomination. If this is so, banks and others that the amount of Party suffered in every southern state (some I think it is extremely unfortunate. American deposits held nre negligible. say, except Texas, but LBJ put Texas in the Mr. Poole would have been the first western region) . Everyone knows LBJ is on Yet the article states: that lonely ranch now, not by choice but be Negro Federal judge west of the Missis Completely unmentioned are two rather cause he was smart enough to run for a sippi. His well-deserved elevation would salient facts: ( 1) Because of growing dis storm cellar. have exemplified the opportunities avail trust in the U.S. dollar, the hand-payment Now, Senator, why don't you issue one able to the young people of his race. fee for transfers out of banking channels of more statement and answer the question: Yet today, while Mr. Poole harbors no dollars from here to, say, Geneva, is now up Do you want southern states to vote Demo to "4.75% from the top" or even more, com bitterness about not being confirmed, pared with only 0.5%-0.75% a few years ago. cratic while you run the show? Please don't these young people may have reason to. quibble . .Just answer with a simple yes or no. Does that not reflect fright and flight pro If we are not wanted, I think you should say How does he explain this to children in duced in our parts rather than "solicitation" so. Clearly, your recent statements indicate the ghetto, who may expect society to by the Swiss? (2) During the recent gold that we crawl on our bellys to you on your reward excellence and careers of out bubble, i.e., when suspicion of the dollar's terms or else it is your desire that we don't standing accomplishment? stability reached new heights, many Ameri- February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3059 cans became keenly aware that, after all It is inconceivable that Switzerland will it appropriate for Mr. Morgenthau blithely their dollar is not as good as gold, but that relinquish her deep-rooted respect for pri to admit: "I have one real vendetta and U .. S laws deny them the right to own gold, vacy of ownership and/or her historical that is against Swiss banks and those who although the citizens of more than five ground rules governing the relationship be use them to hide their money and avoid dozen countries may do so. tween bank and client, both solidly based paying taxes"? During those hectic days, the largest, oldest upon the concept of privileged information, Rep. Wright Patman (D., Texas}, who - and universally most respected Swiss banks which, "'.lntil 1914, was indeed, accepted and heads the House Banking & Currency Com and many smaller ones received by check and adhered to throughout the civilized world. mittee, apparently felt that he hit political in cash, by cable and in ordinary envelopes Just because almost all other countries have paydirt and promised to sponsor a bill that such huge quantities of dollars from Ameri given up what for centuries had been a would bar Americans, both individuals and can depositors-many of them pensioners or globally upheld fundamental freedom, the companies, from dealing with all foreign small savers-that even upon employment Swiss are not believed to have the slightest banks which, on the basis of the laws of of hundreds of extra clerks they could not inclination to follow suit. their lands, refuse to open their books to open the mail fast enough, book the new en The fairy-tales of sudden Swiss willing U.S. regulatory agencies and to divulge what tries and return receipts-within less than ness to help other governments track down American citizens or legal residents transact six to eight weeks. evaders of non-Swiss taxes, and the fables with them. This would also involve, for in that Bern had already granted such aid to stance, Panama, Lebanon, the Bahaanas, West If such huge amounts of American dol Rome, allegedly on the basis of a Swiss Court Germany and Liechtenstein, where under lars are flowing into foreign secret ac decision, are absurd for several reasons. For penal code banks and their employes cannot counts during our too frequent periods one, such departure from Swiss moral credo, inform outsiders of anything pertaining to of fiscal crisis, the Committee on Bank social philosophy, political practice and legal transactions between them and their cus ing and Currency wants to know more precept would require Constitutional changes tomers. The question arises whether the good about it and will recommend steps to and ratification by the Confederation's Par Congressman also wishes to lift in this coun curtail it. We are also curious about the liament after popular referendum-none of try the privileged relationship between doc which is likely to come forth. Secondly, tax tors, attorneys and clergymen with their pa reference to hand-payment fees. We evasion is merely a misdemeanor and not a tients, clients and faithful? wonder if these hand-payment fees are felony in Switzerland, som~thing else which Moreover: Is Mr. Patman aware of the fact for some kind of courier service. I am is not easily changed. And thirdly, why that the Swiss banking system, from Na sure the Members of this body will agree should the Swiss banking system give up the tionalbank down-although Switzerland is that our committee has an obligation to very discretion for which it is world renowned not a member of the International Monetary find out. and respected? Fund, and though the Swiss franc is tied The article, in at least one respect, A vicious campaign against Swiss banking directly to gold and not to the dollar-for makes a good case for limiting the rela culminated recently in unbelievably unquali several years has closely cooperated with the fied and crude statements by the U.S. Attor mis-managers of our greenback by propping tionship of foreign bank secrecy laws to ney for Southern New York, Robert M. Mor the U.S. dollar to the tune of hundreds of illegal activities in this country. In de genthau, before the House Banking and millions of dollars which the Swiss picked fense of the· Swiss banks, it asks the Currency Committee. He as well as other up, little as they wanted them? That again question: carefully "selected" witnesses, apparently and again francs were lent to the U.S.? And Yet, did not AI Capone and Dutch Schultz with nobody invited to present the side of would it not be more appropriate, direct and and Legs Diamond and their organizations the accused, stated flatly that not merely ultimately more effective, for governments bank with some of the most honorable finan sophisticated financiers but hoodlums from that cannot live with the lenient tax collec cial institutions in our country? the world of organized crime, stock market tion methods and with monetary freedom in swindlers and manipulators, smugglers, loan other countries, first to bring their own social Most of us were under the impression sharks, gamblers, tax dodgers, as well as cor and financial affairs in order rather than to that it was precisely because AI Capone porate officers of American concerns were place both blame and burden on nations used our honorable financial institutions using foreign, mainly Swiss, accounts to over which they have no jurisdiction? he was brought to justice. If Mr. Rundt stash away their loots to hide profits from It is patently a crass exaggeration that and associates are representing Swiss U.S. authorities; and that secret numbered Swiss bank couriers are used extensively by accounts have become an increasingly wide professional gamblers in the U.S. to transfer banks, the latter might review the effec spread and versatile tool for the evasion funds out of this country, as Mr. Morgen tiveness of their propagandists. of our laws and regulations and for the com than avers. But if it were the case, why does Again, it cannot be emphasized too mission of crimes by American citizens. Mr. Morgenthau not deal with the gamblers often that the committee has no inten The indiscriminate charges of "the Swiss in Las Vegas? And if there is mass flight tion of jeopardizing the good relation numbers game" and of "wholesale fraud" from the U.S. dollar, why do not our author ships between the United States and the by the "shenanigans of the Swiss banks" ities here polish and harden our dollar and great nation of Switzerland. Our only were dutifully reprinted in slick magazines once more bring it back to the high esteem intention is to try and stop the violation and pulp dailies, in many instances in even and respect it enjoyed across the world be more sensational terms than the original fore it was manhandled by incompetent of the laws of the United States by those assertions. It was, for instance, promiscu monetary managers? who are subject to them. ously alleged that Swiss banks are "in fact Switzerland is no paradise. It is not exclu I insert the article from Barron's soliciting accounts (in the U.S.},'' which is sively inhabited by angels. There do, of Weekly and my reply at this point in the patently not the truth. course, live within the 25 Cantons some Swiss RECORD: The "road to riches via Swiss banks" and and non-Swiss individuals bent on fraud; [From Barron's Weekly, Jan. 20, 1969) the relationship of "mobsters" to the Swiss and the Swiss banking system may well be were dealt with in a generalizing manner as divided into the vast majority of small and ASSAULT ON PRIVACY: U.S. OFFICIALS OUGHT if of all the banks in the world, only those large financial institutions meticulously ob To STOP MALIGNING SWISS BANKS in Switzerland were up to their neck in serving morality and laws, and the small (NoTE.-The timely and spirited commen wholesale crime. Yet, did not AI Capone and minority of those cutting corners and acting tary that follows was prepared and dis Dutch Schultz and Legs Diamond and their without responsibility. But is that not true tributed to clients last week by S. J. Rundt organizations bank with some of the most of practically every place? Are there no & Associates, leading consultants on inter honorable financial institutions in our coun crooks in Uruguay, Yemen, Cambodia, the national business.} try? Were there or are there no Latin Ameri United Kingdom or in the U.S.? Insinuations that Swiss banks "may lower can dictators who ever banked or are still Tne supervision of the banking system of their secrecy veil" to accommodate the U.S. dealing with some of the finest banks right Switzerland has, indeed, many flaws. If in Internal Revenue Service, and rumors that a here in the Land of the Free? Are there not our country the "Fed" and other supervisory new U.S.-Swiss Tax Treaty is in the making tens of thousands of businessmen abroad agencies can demand from our banks that and will provide for "mutual assistance" and who, under some name and address or an they open their books, in Switzerland even "freer exchange of information in cases of other, keep their money in our parts, as a Nationalbank cannot poke into the record of suspected violations of U.S. law"-are irre rule in direct violation of the currency re private and commercial banks. There are, sponsible chit-chat in the American press or strictions or tax laws, of their own coun above all, the many highly reputable banks wishful thinking on the part of a few official tries? Would our banks inform the govern belonging to the Swiss Bankers Association Washingtonians both in the outgoing Ad ments whose exchange curbs or fiscal reg and those who refused to join-or were not ministration and in Congress, and may be ulations forbid the maintenance of such admitted. There are also a hundred or so dismissed as just that. It is nonsense that clandestine deposits in the U.S.? And, if one small non-Swiss banks on Swiss soil, some of Assistant Attorney General Fred M. Vinson, newspaper avers that "Numbered accounts which abuse traditional Swiss liberty. But as Jr., and the Confederation's Foreign Depart have even become popular among New York's in criminal law, should one not protect the ment in Bern have initiated negotiations or high-class prostitutes," do not the tens of innocent at least as much as prosecute the have negotiated what would be tantamount thousands of ladies of the evening operating criminal? to a far-reaching abandonment by the Swiss in these United States own safe deposit boxes Banks are not churches anywhere and even of their age-old tradition as well as their and keep savings or checking accounts with churches cannot select and thoroughly check , sovereign rights. the finest banks of God's Own Country? Is their fiock. Messrs. Morgenthau and Patman 3060 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6; 1969 apparently would like Swiss banks to screen well as maximum fiexibility. The last-men able-that the dash into Swiss accouttt;S in all prospective American depositors to make tioned exists because banks in Switzerland recent years has gained greatly in both vol sure that no crooks are among them. Nat are not restricted or compartmentalized but ume and velocity. End-1967, the combined urally, any good bank virtually anywhere may act freely as commercial bankers, savings capital and reserves of all Swiss banks to will make a reasonable e1Iort to ascertain the banks, investment banks, stock brokers, gether came to only $1.74 billion, yet demand, identity of its customers, especially when mortgage banks, business agents, trust com time and savings deposits with them aggre large sums are involved. But how can a. bank panies and financial advisers, both domesti gated $20.1 billion and their combined bal of any country be expected to play the role cally and internationally. Whatever the fool ance sheet no less than $27.5 billion. Thus, of Sherlock Holmes, Scotland Yard, the FBI ish legend, they do not cater to South Ameri these comprehensive-service organizations and the District Attorney, rolled into one, for can dictators or Mafia magnates, and if the must be doing something right. . . . And as another nation's government? Can our banks oil-rich sheiks of the Middle-East trust them, Swiss financing rests on a small economic here investigate their clients to the satis this has nothing to do with ciphered accounts foundation and limited initial capital, it can faction of the laws of, say, Argentina, the and bank secrecy. And it should be added only be confidence that has propelled it to Philippines, or Zambia? And let us be honest: that the overwhelming majority of anony the worldwide prominence it enjoys. Is there really anywhere such a. thing as mous accounts in Swiss banks belong to monetary patriotism in time of peace? Is it Europeans and to citizens of countries rav HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COM not incumbent upon every country to draft aged by war, again and again subjected to MITTEE ON BANKING AND CUR its own tax laws and to implement them in political upheavals, or the victims of peren RENCY, a manner satisfactory and practicable to en nial infia.tion. Important in this connection: Washington, D.O. January 28, 1969. sure its own efficient and fair revenue col Swiss law even forbids Swiss authorities to To the EDITORS, lection? And is it not already a matter of obtain information from a taxpayer's bank Barron's National Business and Financial co-operation that American depositors with unless there is a High Court's warrant or Weekly, Dow Jones & Co., Chicopee, Swiss banks in Switzerland must pay a 30% judgment on criminal grounds. Mass. withholding tax on interest received and The fundamental misunderstanding: The DEAR Sms: The article in your January 20, other yield, of which five-sixths is repayable American society is one which by and large 1969, issue entitled "Assault on Privacy" provided the American account holder reg loves publicity and does not even mind the prepared by S. J. Rundt & Associates, is so isters in Switzerland that he has satisfied most glaring neon-light illumination of a replete with half truths and self-serving U.S. authorities with regard to taxation in man's private life. In tiny-in terms of propaganda vhat it bespeaks a complete mis this country, as provided by the Swiss-U.S. natural endowment, almost resourceless understanding of our recent hearings on the Double Taxation Agreement? densely populated Switzerland-the only na Legal and Economic Impact of Foreign Bank Investments in American stocks by Swiss tion of all practising direct democracy from ing Procedures on the United States. A point banks are huge indeed. While many of them the bottom up-privacy is inalienably an by point review of Mr. Rundt's disconnected may in truth be on behalf of their American individual's civil right, and Swiss abhorrence diatribe would serve a less useful purpose customers, it is doubtless a fact that most are of "economic nudism" causes this liberty to than an explanation of our Committee's for the account of clients other than Ameri be guarded so jealously that at times it mili actions. cans. In this area, Swiss banks cooperate in tates against progress. Members of this Committee have become that all but a handful of very small ones The state can never be the master and the quite concerned about the use of secret abide by the margin requirements governing government must always remain the servant foreign bank facilities as a. mechanism in stock trading in the U.S., although they are in Switzerland, because sovereignty, there, is schemes to avoid responsibilities imposed by not compelled to do so by Swiss law. The few vested directly in the people and this imme the laws of the United States. Our concern who do not are invariably found to be non diacy-almost to the exclusion of the inter arose from a number of reported court cases, members of the Swiss Bankers Association, mediaryship of election or appointed of criminal indictments, agency investigations and some of them, although established in ficials-is constantly exercised by the voters and the like. Most of these cases were in Switzerland, are not Swiss owned. on all levels. Moreover, it seems to be note cluded in the record of our hearings. Even In a couple of recent cases, e.g., where U.S. worthy that while many, here, look with a cursory examination of them amply justi authorities discovered that Arzi Bank-an suspicion upon Swiss banks' reticence, Swiss fies the Committee's interest. almost unknown outfit--enabled some of its bankers consider the kind of blunt advertis There are conscious efforts by American American customers to put up as little as ing practiced by banks in this country a form citizens and others to engage in activities 10%, this surely was not in the interest of of ambulance chasing, incompatible with which undermine the purpose of American Swiss banking as a whole, because the bank their professional code of conduct and mores. banking laws, American securities laws, ing community of the Confederation hardly The accusations that the promotional de American tax laws, and American criminal derives a benefit from countering official U.S. vices of Swiss banks "include personal calls laws. However, it was decided that before attempts to halt excessive speculation in the on U.S. prospects who are shown how secret launching the legislative process that it largest and most attractive capital market in accounts can beat American laws" fall by would be best to find out the extent of this the world. It should instead be emphasized the wayside because Swiss financial institu conduct. Since most of the activities com that the huge purchases of American secur tions do not even advertise in our sense in plained of were matters of interest to the ities through Swiss banks have substantially their own home territory. Moreover, Switzer Justice Department and the Securities and helped the U.S. balance-of-payments possi land more frequently than not is inundated Exchange Commission and most of the cases tion-at least for the time being. And the vast by an inflow of unwanted volatile funds. Why came from the New York City area., it was majority of known and truly Swiss banks in then should this avalanche be stepped up? decided to hold hearings of a preliminary Switzerland has, indeed, avoided all trans Completely unmentioned are two rather nature where officials of these two agencies actions in American securities that have not salient facts: (1) Because of growing distrust and their New York offices would be invited been properly registered with the U.S. Se in the U.S. dollar, the hand-payment fee for to testify. curities & Exchange Commission. transfers out of banking channels of dollars At the hearings on December 9, 1968, the The introduction of still more exchange from here to, say, Geneva, is now up to statement of the Chairman made it quite controls in the U.S., in addition to the In "4.75% from the top" or even more compared clear that the hearing was "only a pre terest Equalization Tax and the curbs on the with only 0.5%-0.75% a. few years ago. Does liminary inquiry to determine if there is fiow of capital into direct foreign invest that not refiect fright and fiight produced a problem sufficient and serious to warrant ments, such as Mr. Patman's proposal that in our parts rather than "solicitation" by further legislative action." Any reasonable legislation make it a criminal o1Iense for U.S. the Swiss? (2) During the recent gold bub man reading the testimony of these excellent citizens to deal with Swiss banks-can have bles, i.e., when suspicion of the dollar's sta and experienced witnesses would conclude but one result. It will give the outbound tide bility reached new highs, many Americans that further Congressional action is war of funds from our shores an added push, be became keenly aware that, after all, their ranted. Accordingly, at the close of the hear cause it would be clear admlsison (a) that the dollar is not as good as gold, but that U.S. ings I announced my interest to introduce U.S. dollar keeps losing its freedom; (b) that laws deny them the right to own gold, al legislation which would prevent the use of American citizens are losing more and more though the citizens of more than five dozen secret foreign banking facilities to avoid re of their liberties; and last but not least (c) countries may do so. During those hectic sponsibilities imposed by American law. that all is far from well with our green days, the largest, oldest and universally most The Committee sta1I has been working on back.... He who excuses himself, merely ac respected Swiss banks and many smaller ones a draft bill which will hopefully be intro cuses himself. And this, peculiarly, is why received by check and in cash, by cable and duced in the near future. If the Committee the Swiss banking community has but on in ordinary envelopes such huge quantities decides to take up this bill, there will be rare occasions defended itself against all of dollars from American depositors-many full hearings and all interested parties will fanciful accusations so often leveled against of them pensioners or small savers-that be given an opportunity to make their views it. Besides, as far as the great majority -of re even upon employment of hundreds of extra known. spectable banks in Switzerland is concerned, clerks they could not open the mail fast It is unfortunate that this recitation of lt is more difficult for the innocent to prove enough, book the new entries and return history has been made necessary by Mr. their innocence than for others to allege their receipts-within less than six to eight weeks. Rundt's careless treatment of the facts. In guilt. The bad publicity su1fered by Swiss banks, the event the Committee has hearings, we The globally respected and well-established ironically, bas so far had only one concrete shall invite him to appear. Swiss banks o1Ier exquisite service, a back result: It has made banking in Switzerland Of greater concern, however, is the impll ground of decades of political stability, as so mysterious, so attractive and so desir- cation that the House Committee on Bank- February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3061 1ng and Currency is meddling in SWiss affairs WHERE IS OUR SENSE OF PURPOSE? Johnson's popularity accelerated when the and by some piece of legerdemain is at cost, both 1n in1la.tion and taxes, of the gov tempting to destroy the banking structure of ernment's increasing dominance began to Switzerland. This is untrue. In my opening HON. ANCHER NELSEN be felt. remarks at the preliminary hearinge I said: OF MINNESOTA As a new President prepares to take office, "No country, institution, or person is being we hear a great deal about the task before accused of any wrongdoing, nor is there any IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES him of "bringing the country together." idea of generating undue publicity of the Thursday, February 6, 1969 Judgment is being withheld until people sensationalist type. Our only desire is to ob can see how he performs. Perhaps it might be tain more and precise information on this Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, in the view well in the coming months for the people matter which may or may not lead to further of Ray Tschimperle, editor of the Chaska to look inward and judge themselves. Our hearings and remedial legislation."
COMPARISON-EMPLOYMENT ON CLASS I RAILROADS, BRT's 32d Convention in Miami Beach, and He was unique, yet in a wholly unspectac 194H8 was again re-elected by acclamation at the u1ar way. The times helped make him. He Total employees: BRT's 33d Convention in HollywoOd, Fla., was equal to his hour. He saved the Union. August 19451 and August 19632 ______1,667, 536 in 1968. It was as if Providence took a hand, marked August 1968 _____ ------667,646 Luna gained a reputation for his tireless the man and exalted him that our nation Loss ( -59.96 percent)______999, 890 efforts to bring about the merger of smaller might be preserved. railroad operating unions into a singularly Such a man was, and is, Abraham Lincoln. Total train and engine service: strong organization. Those efforts culminated He was a humble man. He once said, "I August 1945------326,337 August 1968------182,835 on January 1, 1969, with the emergence of never had a policy. I have simply tried to do the United Transportation Union. what seemed best each day, as each day Loss ( -56.02 percent) ______------143, 502 came." 1Steam locomotives were in general use in 1945. He was a man without malice. 2 Engine crew reductions began on a large scale in 1963. He was a man of charity. Source: M-300 DOT or ICC. THIS WAS LINCOLN AND THE DEDI He was patient and compassionate. Yet he stood like a rock when the storms SUMMARY OF FREIGHT RATE INCREASES CATION AT GETTYSBURG of national life and personal sorrow beat SINCE JUNE30, 1946 around him. As that rock, he will stand as long as America lives. Percentage HON. BYRON G. ROGERS OF COLORADO Single THE DEDICATION AT GETTYSBURG Effective date Cumulative increments IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (By George Fair) Thursday, February 6, 1969 The dedication of the national cemetery July 1 1946 ______6.5 6.5 at Gettysburg on November 19, 1863, fur Jan. 1 1947------ 16.9 10.4 Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr. nished the opportunity for a public address Oct. 13 1947------25.8 8.9 Speaker, I have a constituent, Mr. Jan. 5 1948 ______33.4 7.6 unequalled in American history. May 6 1948______37.0 3.6 George Fair, of Denver, Colo., who has The orator of the day at Gettysburg was Aug. 21 1948 ______38.0 1.0 made a study of the life of Abraham Edward Everett of Massachusetts. He was a Jan. 11 1949 ______43.2 5. 2 graduate of Harvard, taking first honors in Sept. 1 1949 ______46.9 3. 7 Lincoln, and under unanimous consent Apr. 4 195L ______49.3 2.4 I insert in the Extensions of Remarks his class, an eloquent orator, a former min Aug. 28 1951______53.3 4. 0 ister to the Court of St. James, former gov May 2 1952 ______60.1 6.8 of the RECORD the writings of Mr. Fair: Mar. 7 1956 ______ernor and congressman from his state, Secre 65.6 5.5 THIS WAS LINCOLN tary of State in Fillmore's administration, Dec. 28 1956 ______70.6 5.0 Aug. 26 1957------75.4 4.8 (By George Fair) and the author of several books. He took Feb. 15 1958 ______77.5 2.1 One of the most mysterious, inexpiicable, first rank as a polished orator by Virtue of Oct 24 1960 ______79.0 1.5 his dramatic sense, the musical tones of his Aug.19 1967 ______82.0 3. 0 complex, melancholic, pensive, tragic, enig June 24 1968 ______85.0 3. 0 matic, a homely and an awkward man, many voice and the magnetism of his personality. Dec. 1 1968------92. 0 7. 0 times called uncouth, was our 16th President. His speech at the dedication was to depict He bad less than one year of attendance for the thousands who had thronged the at small primitive, bare, log schools in the little town of Gettysburg the course of the Following is a biographical sketch of hills of Kentucky and southern Indiana. He three days battle which had been fought the United Transportation Union President had toiled and he had known despair. For first days of the preceding July. Everett Charles Luna: long years every hope and every dream had spoke of the effect it would have upon the turned into bitter failures. Yet he rose above future of a re-united nation. "The bonds President Charles Luna began his railroad that unite us as one people, common national career as a helper in the Bridge and Build his humble environment to leadership in the law, to the Presidency. and political interests, a common history, a ing Department of the Santa Fe Railroad in common interest in this great heritage of the summer of 1925, and worked during the He had few, if any, close or intimate friends. He was utterly devoid of any polit blessings, these bonds of union are of peren summers of 1925, '26, '27 and '28 in this de nial force and energy." partment. After finishing high school at ical glamour. He was a lonely man and often times burdened with sorrow. There was little of presidential fanfare at Celeste. Texas, he started switching for the Gettysburg. Governor Curtin of Pennsylvania Santa Fe in the East Dallas Yard in 1928. He He served four undistinguished terms in the Illinois legislature and one mediocre term in had emphasized that Everett was featured as continues to hold seniority as a yardman at the orator and the President was placed on this point. Washington as a Congressman. His intro duction o! the "Spot Resolutions" during the the program as an afterthought. Lincoln was He was born October 21, 1906, at Celeste, invited after Everett and followed him as a Texas. Mexican War had devastating effects on his future political aspirations. He entered Con speaker at this momentous occasion. He joined Lodge 671, BrotherhoOd of Rail Abraham Lincoln was born in the hills of road Trainmen, in 1929 and has held con gress with high hopes, he finished his term a disillusioned man. Kentucky of poor and illiterate parents and tinuous membership in that lodge since. He reared in backwoods Indiana. He had less was elected to the local grievance committee He was never in his life time a member than one year of attendance at a small, of his lodge in 1936 and was elected chairman of any church nor any lOdge. But he was to primitive school. No school had disciplined of that committee in 1940. He served in that quote the bible to a greater extent in his his mind, no university laid before him the capacity until the end of 1946, at which time letters, his speeches than any of his prede intellectual heritage of the scholar. His in he was elected general chairman of the cessors in the Presidency. He attended the sight was wrested from life in pain and in G.C. & S.F. (Sante Fe) and held that position National Presbyterian Church during his suffering. He had toned and he had known from 1947 through 1954. time as President in Washington. defeat. For long years every hope and every During the time he was chairman he served The happiest moments of his life were rid dream had turned into bitter failures. on the 1949 and the 1953 National Wage ing the Eighth Judicial Circuit in central After the two hours speech by one of Rules Committee. He was elected and served Illinois before his term as Congressman in America's most eloquent orators, Lincoln as chairman of the International Association 1847 to 1849 and bls campaign for United spoke the words that the common man would of General Chairmen from 1951 to 1955. From States Senator in 1858. The Kansas-Nebraska have used if he had the gift of words, spoke 1943 to 1946, he also served as deputy presi bill before the Congress sponsored by the for the common man the thoughts that he dent and Grand Lodge organizer. "Little Giant" Stephen A. Douglas, prompted would have striven so desperately to fashion At the 1954 convention he was elected vice him to re-enter political life resulting in the into, "a new nation conceived in liberty and president of the Brotherhood of Railroad famous debates over Illinois. dedicated to the proposition that all men are Trainmen and was assigned to the western Two years after his defeat for United States created equal." territory with headquarters at Denver, Colo Senator, he emerged as the Republican nom "The world will little note nor long re rado. He was later transferred to the Dallas, inee for President of the United States. To member what we say here, but it can never Texas, territory. win the nomination at the Convention in forget what they did here!' Lincoln left In 1960, the 31st convention, while in ses Chicago and despite Lincoln's protests from Gettysburg in the melancholic belief that he sion at Cleveland, Ohio, elected Luna to 'the Springfield, Judge Davis entered into sev had failed. position of Assistant to the President. He eral covenants with the delegations from Edward Everett wrote to the President the moved from Dallas to Grand Lodge head Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri and Indiana. next day, "I should be glad if I could flatter quarters on Feb. 1, 1961. Davis said, "Notwithstanding his protests, he myself that I came as near the central idea He became President Jan. 1, 1963, when his ain't here and we are." of the occasion in two llours as you did in predecessor, W. P. Kennedy, retired under the He wielded virtually dictatorial powers two minutes." policy adopted by the 1960 Convention. This during the Civil War, for w.hich be was Lincoln's Gettysburg Address was a master policy, which provides for eventual retire reviled, and criticized as no other President piece, one of the greatest ever spoken by any ment of all officers at age 65, has been ever has been. But he became the most be man and will live {)n as long as there is an adopted by the UTU. loved of our Presidents and the greatest of America and too, as long as men throughout He was re-elected in October, 1964, at the them an. the world strive for Freedom. February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3069' THE FUTURE FARMERS OF AMER ranks. They are a credit to their Nation We congratulate the U. of c. for resisting ICA OFFER OPPORTUNITY and as they begin the celebration of the temptation-indeed, the powerful pres sure-to go down the same road. Depending their national week, I offer them my con upon how far the demonstrators carry their HON. WILLIAM H. NATCHER gratulations, best wishes, and continued disruption, the university may not be able support. to hold out indefinitely: Serious property OF KElfTUCKY destruction or rioting must, of course, be met IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and checked with adequate force. Thursday, February 6, 1969 FORBEARANCE AT THE UNIVERSITY But meanwhile we believe not only the u. of C. student body and the people of Chicago, Mr. NATCHSR. Mr. Speaker, there OF ClllCAGO but the nation is witnessing a useful exam was a day in 1950 when the Members ple of civilized, disciplined forbearance by a of the 81st Congress met in this great HON. ABNER J. MIKVA university rooted in the liberal tradition and Chamber and voted to grant a charter deeply aware that its first obligation is to OF ILLINOIS its students. of incorporation, thereby establishing IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES We believe the university is right for many the Future Farmers of America as a na reasons, and trust that if and when the dem tional organization for students of voca Thursday, February 6, 1969 onstration passes the point of tolerability it tional agriculture. There are a number Mr. MIKVA. Mr. Speaker, in these can be ended without the violence its instiga of our colleagues on the floor today who days of turbulence, student unrest, and tors so ardently desire. perhaps were present on that day and often violence, many have questioned I feel sure that, 19 years later, they whether it is possible to deal in a ra remember-and regard this act as one tional and restrained way with the of the more constructive ones of the sec provocations of student anarchists. The THE RENEWED DRIVE TO FORCE ond session of that Congress. unfortunate incidents at Columbia Uni COMMUNIST CHINA INTO THE The FFA movement was begun some versity and San Francisco State have led UNITED NATIONS years earlier in Kansas City, Mo. Today, many to wonder whether the techniques 450,000 students in 9,000 local chapters of confrontation which some student can claim proud membership in an orga leaders have adopted may not strain our HON. JOE D. WAGGONNER, JR. nization that is wholly their own. The system of private education to the break OF LOUISIANA program is designed for the farm youth ing point. Currently at the University of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of our country and its primary aim is Chicago, which is located in my congres Thursday, February 6, 1969 to develop agricultural leadership, co sional district, the Second Congressional operation, and citizenship. In Kentucky, District of Illinois, such a confrontation Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, as we have 13,000 Future Farmers and I between students and the university ad one of those Members who does not, re can only say that judging from my asso ministration is taking place. I believe peat not, believe that communism is old ciation and experience with the chap that the University of Chicago, under the hat, as some who should know better ters in our Second District, the program wise and restrained leadership of Dr. Ed now would have us believe, I am dis has been a huge success. We are proud ward H. Levi, has shown the way in this turbed over the latest drive to seek the of our Future Farmers and we have a difficult area. As the following editorial admission of Communist China to the right to be. from the Chicago Daily News of last United Nations. By emphasizing vocational and educa Tuesday clearly shows, the university has The admission question has been very tional objectives FFA members are en not let itself be goaded into overreaction, much with us for almost two decades; couraged not only to become, but to or into resort to use of police force, to even longer if we are to consider the excel as, leaders in American agriculture. solve what are essentially internal uni years of planning that preceded the for Excellence will indeed be needed in the versity problems. I believe that all of us mation of the U.N. In all these years, no days ahead. There is, however, a chal can benefit by observing the example of one has more clearly stated the case lenge in the task of feeding an expanding "civilized, disciplined forbearance by a against the admission of Communist population. There is an excitement in university rooted in the liberal tradition" China than the late Adlai Stevenson the projection that the farmer of 1980 which the University of Chicago now when he said: will be called upon to feed himself-and presents. Let those members who advocate Peiping's 65 other persons. Our Future Farmers The editorial referred to follows: admission seek to exert upon its rulers what know the responsibilities that await ever benign influence they can in the hope FORBEARANCE AT UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO of persuading them to accept the standards them and a great deal of their time and The University of Chicago administration of the community of nations. Let those rul effort is spent in learning new produc has ample legal grounds to ask the Chicago ers respond to these appeals; let them give tion techniques. police to clear the student demonstrators out up trying to impose their demands on this Agriculture today has many facets. of the administration building. That the uni Organization; let them cease their aggres While farming and ranching remain versity has refrained from doing so is a sion, direct and indirect, and their threats of America's largest industry, the huge tribute, we think, to the wisdom of President aggression; let them show respect for the agri-business complex, that includes all Levi and his staff. rights of others; let them recognize and ac the occupations related to farming, is In the first place, of course, is the fact that cept the independence and diversity Of cul when a campus becomes an arena of crime ture and institutions among their neighbors. not overlooked. The FFA program there and-punishment it moves directly away from fore includes training in the servicing, its ba-sic, constructive role. When Communist China has done supplying, and marketing of farm prod It also plays straight into the hands of the these things which are required of other ucts, and readies and strengthens the nihilistic anarchistic core of fomenters that nations, then will be time enough to dis young man who wants a career in agri believes no compromise is possible, no settle cuss its admission. culture. Many are the opportunities that ment will do short of knocking down the The former Representative to the are open to him and his training in whole structure. United Nations from the United States, FFA enables him to choose the area best The strategy of this group has been ar Arthur Goldberg, was, unfortunately, suited to his skills and interests. ticulated by some of its leaders. Briefly, it's one of the group dedicated to Commu this: Force or trick the "enemy" (in this case, Membership in this group offers op the administration) into a policy of overkill. nist China's admission, though he did portunities quite separate and apart When you have goaded the Establishment not publicly admit it until after he had from those of career training. Future into calling in the police, and the police have left that post. Farmers learn how to conduct and par been goaded into using force and perhaps The Nixon administration's represent ticipate in meetings, to speak out in pub cracking a few heads and spilling a little ative has also expressed a favorable lic, to work with others for individual blood, and the whole thing shows up on the view of the impossible concept of "two and community betterment. The Future television screens, then you start winning Chinas," which is equally unfortunate in Farmers of America truly offer an op sympathizers and converts to your cause. view of the President's campaign pledge It worked at Columbia University and it portunity for youth. worked at San Francisco State and othez to make no change in our policy of non Perhaps the influence and impact of places. It could readily work at the Universi-ty recognition of the Communists. the Future Farmers can best be judged of Chicago campus, where until now only two With dogged persistence, the extreme by the high caliber of the boys who join or three per cent of the student body has left continues to work for the admission and the men who graduate from its joined the demonstrations. of Communist China, subscribing ap- 3070 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 parently to the dogma of China "expert," of the large overseas Chinese communities A SERMON BY REV. ROBERT R. under Peking's influence and control, and to DAVIS, HAZELWOOD, N.C. John K. Fairbank, who said in the New build Chinese prestige in the Far East and York Times on March 11, 1966, that he globally. would favor the admission of the Com Maybe Edward Kennedy ought to review HON. ROY A. TAYLOR munists "even if they said they would his thoughts on the subject. dynamite the place." OF NORTH CAROLINA The February 11 issue of National Re IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES v:ew comments wryly on the new surge Thursday, February 6, 1969 of "Love Thy Communist" sentiment in SUPPORT OF AN AMENDMENT TO Mr. TAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, I was im a short article I commend to the atten THE CONSTITUTION OF THE pressed by the commonsense, good politi tion of every Member. I do so because ~TED STATES WITH RESPECT cal judgment, and challenge to improve my conscience demands that the RECORD TO THE OFFERING OF PRAYER moral standards contained in a sermon be clear well in advance of the time when IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS delivered by the Reverend Robert R. Da the question of the admission of Com vis pastor of the Hazelwood Presbyterian munist China will come to a head. The HON. CHARLOTTE T. REID Ch~rch, Hazelwood, N.C., and published drive is on, gentlemen. I hope every in the Waynesville Mountaineer. Member will firmly set himself to resist OF n.LINOIS I recommend the following excerpts the pressure. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The National Review article follows: from this sermon to my colleagues: Thursday, February 6, 1969 HAZELWOOD MINISTER: I'VE HAD ENOUGH OF THINKING OF CHAIRMAN MAO THE NEW MORALITY It's lucky we are such staunch disbelievers Mrs. REID of lllinois. Mr. Speaker, to day I am introducing a joint resolution Never before in history has a nation had in Conspiracy Theories. Otherwise we might a better opportunity for the good life than begin to wonder what's going on in Peking proposing a constitutional amendment to lobby circles. Here are the old reliables of permit nondenominational prayer in any America does today, and I suppose never be the Center for the Study of Democratic In fore has the good in the good life been more public building which is supported in perverted to evil. stitutions staging one of their big get whole or in part through the expenditure togethers in Santa Barbara to ponder "a new We have the potential to have the most China policy"-i.e. to start the 20th annual of public funds. This is identical to the enjoyable life that man has ever known. drive going for diplomatic recognition of measure I introduced in the 90th Con We have the best in education, communica Peking and admission of Red China to the gress. tion, living standards, medicine, travel, rec United Nations. On their green acres there The motivation for this resolution is reation, labor and in almost every other area showed up from Tokyo, half a world away, well known to all of my colleagues. The that you want to name. Even the poorer a gaggle of left-wing Japanese types well first fundamental principle of our free people live better than the kings used to. known for their kindly thoughts about society is the right of every individual Yet never before have we faced a great er Peking, and, from across the continent, a del crisis. We are a nation in danger-in danger egation of well-disposed senators headed by to worship God in his own way. The one not from out siders, but in danger of destroy J . William Fulbright and shepherded by ex single force that gives distinction to ing ourselves from within. Ambassador Arthur Goldberg. the United States of America, unique Something has happened to America. While Then at the same moment comes news that among all nations, is our heritage of free she has increased in the standard of living, the National Committee on United States dom of religion. Ours is the only Nation she has decreased in morality. China Relations, one of the newer subsid ir. history conceived, begun, and con In my opinion there are three basic things iaries of the let's-be-nice-to-Mao conglom tinued as a specific monument to God's that cause people to have any moral guide erate, will hold its conference March 20-21, great plan. To deny our youth, their lines in their life. These are religious prin and who will be the chief speaker but Edward ciples, a fear of getting caught at wrong Kennedy, giving the word as h anded down teachers, and their counselors the priv doing, or an extraordinary amount of good from the Santa Barbara conclave. ilege of a communal exercise of their sense that causes them to choose long range As it happens, the global pat h of the Cen allegiance to God as well as to country goals. Let's see what has happened to these ter and the National Committee had been is, in my opinion, a rejection of our most three things in our present American life. given a preliminary smoothing by an experi constant source of power and strength. First, in the matter of religious principles, enced crew across the other ocean, which, Millions of America's boys and girls have consider what has happened to the church. paced by the veteran pen of Owen Lattimore, no exposure to their spiritual God ex Much of the church has become irreligious now resident in England, had many comfort cept through the student bodies to which or even immoral. The majority of religious ing things to say about China in the columns leaders do not know what they believe. In of various British journals. Italy's Foreign they belong. fact, an amazing number aren't even sure Minister, Pierto Nenni, a left-wing Socialist, There are a great many contradictions that there is a God. They no longer believe announced January 24 that the Italian gov in our country, and some of them simply the Bible. They have no guidelines for their ernment has decided to recognize Communist do not make sense. The matter of pro life to tell them right or wrong. They are China, and will soon present the issue in hibiting a prayer time for children in our like ships that have lost their maps, compass, Parliament. On the same day Canadian public schools is one of them. Each day and rudder. Prime Minister Trudeau stated he was plan when the House convenes, the Speaker A second det errent to people's wrong doings ning discussions with Peking representatives is their fear of getting caught and punished. looking toward " a possible exchange of diplo gavels for order and then says: "The matic missions." Forty years ago this fear of getting caught Chaplain will offer prayer." Chaplains of manifested itself in religious thinking as These critical Western breaks in the anti the House and Senate whose salaries are people knew the Bible and feared the Lord. Peking front have, and jutitiably, aroused paid from public funds, offer their They respected the retribution of God on evil grave concern in Taiwan. Although Mr. Nixon prayers in a building built from public said in his press conference--though rather doers, and therefore their conduct was tem mildly-that the United Stat es plans no funds. When the distinguished Justices pered not only in the things that they did in change in its China policy at present, there of the Supreme Court of the United the open, but also in the things that they did does seem this time to be the start of a States are announced by the Court Crier, secretly. One of our elders in Miami was an process that may lead to UN membership in he asks God to "save this honorable old Scotsman who used to say that the thing the autumn and a :flurry of diplomatic recog court." But the courts have ruled that that influenced his conduct most in his early nitions over the next year or two. It is not life was a Bible verse that hung over his bed, prayers by and for children in public "Thou God seest me." The idea of God seeing easy to see what has happened to bring this schools are prohibited. change of heart. The extravagances of the him all of the time caused him to live right. cultural revolution, the H-bomb brandishing, In my judgment, these decisions dam But with the passing of years people know the intervention in Vietnam, the support of age our national religious heritage. There less about the Bible and have lost most of the most extreme elements in Africa and is much evidence that the people of our their respect and fear of God. They did, how Latin America and among the youth every country want the right to have prayers ever, respect the law of our country. They did where, surely do not suggest that the current in public schools if they so desire. I be not break the law because they were afraid trend of the Chinese Communist govern lieve it is the duty of Congress to sub of getting caught and sent to prison. The fear ment is making it more suitable for taking mit this question directly to them. This of getting caught is a great help in motivat· a normal place in the comity of nations. ing people to keep the law. (If you don't be Recognition of Peking by Paris and London can be done only by a resolution for a lieve it, figure out how fast you would be has led not to any improvement in political constitutional amendment, which when going in those 45 mile an hour zones on 19 if and trade relations, but to barbarian assaults approved by two thirds vote in each you knew for a fact that every state patrol on French and British diplomats and civil House, can then be submitted to the man would be out of the area for a week.) ians. It is as true as ever that general recog States for final ratification. The peo But here is what has happened in Ameriea. nition would tend to bring almost the whole ple should be allowed to be heard. Along came a Supreme Court that threw out February 6,_ 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3071' the punishment !or a lot o! criminals. In fact, NEW YORK STATE DEVELOPMENT power policy as enunciated and understood many of the court decisions seem to favor OF ATOMIC ELECTRICITY FACIL either by the authority or by New York state the crim.inal more than the innocent. In my in the past. By past the reference is to the opinion this did to the criminal element 1n ITIES MUST REMAIN INDEPEND ENT OF PRIVATE PRODUCERS hydroelectric development at Massena and our nation the same thing that "sic em." does the redevelopment at Niagara where the power to a dog. plants generate a total of 2,750,000 kilowatts. A second thing that happened is that The public power principle is that the re someone came along with an idea called c1v11 HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM OF NEW YORK sources of the people, the water power of the disobedience. This idea states that 1! you do St. Lawrence and the Niagara, are developed not like a law or feel that it is unjust, you can IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES by the public agency in the interests of break it. This ushered in the marches, Thursday, February 6, 1969 low-cost electricity. Atomic power is similarly people laying in front of bulldozers, students a public resource because it was pioneered taking over colleges, draft card burners, and Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, the costs and made usable by the federal govern the like. They did this, and they got away of electricity to the consumer in New ment through the investment of public with it. What was discovered was that a mile York State, and throughout much of monies, first for purposes of atomic weapons was wanted for every inch that was given, New England, are among the highest in in World War II, and since then for peace and they got their mile as they burned down ful utllization of atoms. a good bit of Detroit, Washington, Newark, the Nation. To reduce those costs, and and so on. to increase the dependability of electric Niagara Mohawk at Nine Mile Point is in Do you realize what would have happened service called so dramatically into ques the final phases of construction for its own atomic power plant, an installation that ex to many of these people in 1944. If a man tion by the now infamous "blackout" of would have burned his draft card or sent aid emplifies the imaginative enterprise of the New York City and surrounding areas modern day power corporation. This repre to Adolph Hitler, they would have shot him in 1965, requires an active program of for treason. They would have sent Stokley sents an investment by the utility toward Carmichael and the rest of his law breaking research and development by both public the future electrical requirements of upstate henchmen to Sing Sing until their hair and private producers. One of the major New York. Niagara Mohawk planned and turned white. They should. prospects for more dependable, lower scheduled its huge investment almost six When you call things by their right names, cost electricity in New York State and years ago. The decision was both hard and they are indirectly responsible for murder, beyond is a system of atomic powerplants realistic, exactly the kind that a private cor robbery, rape, arson, treason, and other to supplement existing hydroelectric poration should make. crimes. But the most dangerous thing that The power authority, which we have been facilities. led to believe has a separate role in power they are guilty of-the thing that I dread The Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. has most-is that they are guilty of being heroes production, undertook the St. Lawrence and to a bunch of hero worshipping teenagers moved boldly and commendably to in Niagara hydro plants 14 years ago as the first who may want to follow in their path . . . crease the total output of electricity bY steps in asserting a responsibillty toward the only a little more so. developing an atomic power facility, now electrical energy production, demand for The third factor that causes people to be nearing completion, at Nine Mile Point which was growing very fast. The authority moral is the good sense to choose long range near Oswego, N.Y. at the time made the decision that for the goals in life. Fifty years ago a young man present its best interests would be for hydro The public New York State Power Au plants which would be succeeded in con could set a goal in his life-say of being a thority has fallen behind private, profit doctor or a lawyer-and plan by the time struction at the appropriate time by atomic he was 30 or 35 to arrive at that goal. The making utility corporations like Niagara plants. world was more stable, and they had time to Mohawk in the development of atomic Two years ago the authority backslid from choose goals and arrive at them at their own generating facilities. Only after consid its atomic ambitions and its plans for the speed. erable foot-dragging and public protest future seemed only to include hydro and But consider the world that the young has the New York Power Authority de either an acquiescence or an agreement that man of today faces. Here is the threat of cided to build its first atomic plant, to electricity from nuclear energy would be the nothing but continued warfare at this spot be located adjacent to the nearly com sole province of the private utilities. In 1967 or that spot on the globe; here is the threat protest against this restricted ambition of of global communism and resultant slavery; plete Niagara Mohawk Plant on Nine the authority resulted a year later in estab and back of all here is the threat of total Mile Point. lishing through new law an atomic career for annihilation by the bomb, germ warfare, Last month, the State power author the authority. radiation, gas, or some other newly arrived ity, in its application to the Atomic En A few months ago the authority announced at horror. This subconsciously produces tre ergy Commission for approval of the new that its first nuclear powered plant would be mendous pressure on young people, and atomic facility, indicated that the plant built adjacent to the Niagara Mohawk plant so they say, "Why wait for anything; to would be built and owned by the State at Oswego. For a public and private plant to morrow may not get here. Let's live it up now be located adjacently was not novel; how while we have the opportunity. Let's live Authority, but operated by personnel ever, now comes the plan for utilization of !or today while we have it and let tomorrow from the Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. the state-owned generating station, a $250,- take care of itself... " The Watertown, N.Y., Daily Times 000,000 to $300,000,000 publicly owned power Thus long range goals are set aside, and and its observant Washington corre plant. It is no more appropriate for the pri so are the far reaching moral principles. spondent, Alan Emory, have reported vate utility to operate the public plant than Because of these three things being the development of this situation and it would be appropriate for the public au coupled to the perverse, sinful nature of analysed the possible undesirable conse thority to operate the private utility. mankind, we are going through a moral rev quences and implications of this unprec The two systems are based on different olution. The moral values and standards to philosophies. One is a profit enterprise; the day would have been undreamed of 30 years edented merging of public and private other is non-profit. Nowhere else in the coun ago. This truly is the age of the new morality. efforts in the power field. I endorse the try are private utilities running a public _What is the new morality? It is the idea conclusion of the Watertown Times, power agency. In view of the citizen concern that anything is permissible if you want it expressed in an editorial on January 22, expressed last year in Albany to make a clear to be so. There are no rules to determine 1969, that steps must be taken to insure assignment to the authority, it would appear good or evil . . . only you make them up that "not only will the Oswego project that the biggest single public power agency as you are confronted by various situations. be public from beginning to end, but that in the state is showing the back of its hand You in your situation decide what is best its development will be to expand elec to the very job it was supposed to do. !or you and you alone. Governor Rockefeller should insist that the The new morality is here now. Five years tricity production at the lowest possible power authority recall its present application ago we talked about the philosophy of the cost in behalf of the public which owns before the Atomic Energy Commission and new morality, today if we are to be realistic the resource" and that "the research redo the detail in such a fashion as to assure we must talk about the actuality and the and development which is undertaken at the federal government, the state of New practice of the new morality. We see it all Oswego will be for the purpose of spawn York, and the people of this state that not around us. ing new authority plants, their equip only will the Oswego project be public from The tragedy is that this could be the best ping, and manning.'' beginning to end, but that its development period in American history and the best will be to expand electricity production at life possible to look forward to. But the The editorial from the Watertown the lowest possible cost in behalf of the pub new morality has spread a sick, thick, black Daily Times to which I refer follows: lic which owns the resource. The application cloud of gloom on our nation's outlook. STATE ATOMIC ELECTRICITY should further indicate that as a part of Let's bring back the old morality. I have The New York State Power Authority takes research and development, this wlli be the had enough of the new~ By our Christian a narrow view of its responsibillty as an first in a series of state-owned nuclear gen example, protest, actions, and prayer we agency of the people. The authority's joint erating facilities. Further, the application can do just that. In the name of decency and proposal with the Niagara Mohawk power should make clear that the research and de in the name of Christ, let's reverse the trend corporation for the authority to build and velopment which is undertaken at Oswego of our times as we stand for the wo:rd of God the utillty to operate the Fitzpatrick atomic will be for the purpose of spawning new au and the principles contained therein. plant at Oswego is not within the public thority plants, their equipping, and manning. 3072 EXTENSIONS O"F REMARKS February 6, 1969 INADEQUATE FUNDING FOR BASIC structure more so than it ever has in the means of providing the answers to many of past. That is why the report "The Crisis Fac our problems and questions. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ing American Science" by the ad hoc com Science can be stinted only at our peril. mittee of the New York Academy of Sciences HON. MARGARET M. HECKLER (see page 3) deserves prominence and care (From the Hospital Tribune, Jan. 13, 1969) ful attention. TIME OF CRISIS FOR NIH-NEW OF MASSACHUSETTS Our leadership in the modern world is in DIRECTIONS INDICATED IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES separable from this accelerated investment (By Joseph D. Cooper, Ph.D., professor of Thursday, February 6, 1969 in science. Initially, the percentage increases government, Howard University; adjunct in Federal funds devoted to research were professor of government and public admin Mrs. HECKLER of Massachusetts. of course enormous. By 1953 the annual in istration, the American University, Wash Mr. Speaker, there is increasing con crease in Federal expenditures in support of ington, D.C.) cern among members of the scientific research and development activities was at a rate of 22 per cent per year, and this con Two happenings at the National Institutes community about inadequate funding for tinued until 1958-59. Since then, and until of Health have been disturbing to medical basic biomedical research. I rise today to 1967, the rate of increase declined to about educators and researchers. One is that after call to the attention of my colleagues the 9 per cent annually. 20 years of continuing growth, NIH appro fact that all applied research is the ulti An editorial on page 9 on November 18, priations are now only holding at their peak mate res'..llt of original basic research 1967, made these observations: "There is no of about $1.2 billion a year, not including doubt that this period of remarkable increase appropriations for Bureau of Health Man and experimentation. Although organ power recently transferred into NIH. This is and tissue transplantations are current in the availability of research funds also represents a period of remarkable accomplish still a great deal of money, but it has largely ly the object of dramatic publicity, these ments. been committed to ongoing work. There is procedures have developed through Science and the scientific investigator have not much flexibility for normal program many years of prolonged basic research, benefited, but uneasiness about the entire growth or for new activity starts except at which did not at all times appear rele situation in research appears to be growing the expense of established projects and vant to present human application. presently at a rate not at all dissimilar from programs. the rate of increase in expenditures. And The other is that a changing of the guard It must be further noted that total took place when, after 13 years as NIH di emphasis on relevant research may everyone seems to be uneasy: scientists, gov ernment--including both the executive and rector, Dr. James A. Shannon, whose repu jeopardize the scientific validity of con the legislative branches-and the public. tation was built on research, retired on Au clusion; rather, politically valid conclu We pointed out that the reasons for un gust 31, to be succeeded by a man whose sions are likely to ensue--and history easiness were diverse. But whatever the reputation was built in the service area, Dr. has demonstrated that political consid reasons for the uneasiness, the undeniable Robert Q. Marston. Coincidentally, this oc erations often distort conclusions derived facts were-and are-that by the 1960s our curred at a time of growing speculation that from the scientific process. entire system of scientific research and de medical service expenditures might overtake velopment was based in larger part on Fed research in priority and that academic re The Congress must acknowledge the searchers might lose some of their freedom necessity of continued support for basic eral expenditures, and so was our system of higher education, including our schools of choice and action. biomedical research. "Science in Crisis " of medicine. This, then, is a time of crisis for NIH grant ~n editorial from the January 13, 1969, When our American society was primarily ees, mainly in medical schools, who are con Issue of Hospital Tribune describes the an agrarian one, the Federal Government cerned not only with dollar levels but with problem in detail. We as legislators must was the primary source of financial support possibilities of having to shift program em phasis under Federal direction. heed the warning- for academic research in agriculture. It was not until World War that the Federal Some medical academic leaders have ac our leadership in the modern world is n knowledged privately that a "market correc inseparable from this accelerated invest Government began significant support of the tion" has been needed, assuming it is fol ment in science.... There is no doubt that physical sciences, the life sciences, and engi lowed by a new period of healthy growth. neering. A few figures tell the tale. It was not this period of remarkable increase in the "If the crunch is sufficiently hard and pain availability of research funds also repre until 1942 that the total expenditures on ful," said one medical scientist who is well sents a period_ of remarkable accomplish science in this country reached one billion versed in the politics of science, "it compels ments.... Sc1ence can be stinted only at dollars. In 1950 the total amount of money clear thinking, reassessment, and discrim our peril. spent on research and development by all inating choice. There is bound to be some sectors of the economy, including the Federal maldistribution of resources under condi As a result of the Revenue and Ex Government, was $2.9 billion. Of this sum tions of easy money. A shake-out will be pe?di~ure Control Act of 1968, future about 6 per cent, or approximately $170,- good." scientific applications have been serious 000,000, was directed toward medical and The other side of this pause for reflec ly undermined, according to findings of health-related problems. Total expenditures tion is that a stand:..pat budget actually the ad hoc committee of the New York in 1966 were $22 billion, of which 9 per cent, means a cutback. Just to support current or $2 billion, constituted medical research commitments, spending must be increased Academy of Sciences. funds. Approximately 75 per cent of the $22 Dr. Joseph D. Cooper further illus somewhat each year to allow both for infla billion came from the Federal Government. tion and for utilization of more sophisticated trates the crisis facing science in an The "crisis facing American science" has resources and developments. Some absorp ar~icle fro~ the same issue of Hospital come about because the Revenue and Ex tion of these is possible under a level budget Tnbune. His points are well taken. The penditure Control Act of 1968, enacted by through straightforward economies or selec young unknown investigators of today Congress to help control inflationary pres tive program reductions or both. In the long are the experts of tomorrow. It is im sures, required a reduction of $6 billion in run, however, a stable budget will compel perative that their investigations-as Government spending. The consequent re administrators to curtail program scope un trenchment in scientific research and devel der tougher criteria of choice. well as those of scientists of established opment has had the effect, in the words of the reputations-be permitted to continue. What worries the medical schools-mainly ad hoc committee, "to seriously undermine the private schools which have been most Thus we in the Congress have a special the potential benefits of science to the eco dependent upon the Federal Government- responsibility through the funding au nomic and human health of the nation and, is that they cannot go forward with com in turn, the world." This is a broad state ~hority f.or the future progress of science mitments to train more doctors, to provide In Amenca. ment, but it is wellnigh impossible to deny support for newly trained researchers, and it. We agree with the ad hoc committee that to provide physical facilities for education I subm~t these articles for the RECORD, "scientific research is generally a long-term and research. The operational support of for I believe they will be of great in process" and that "every effort should be private schools is under threat, for research terest to all Members of the Congress: made to put the scientific research budget on funding has been the back door for support (From the Hospital Tribune, Jan. 13, 1969] a long-term multiyear basis." of teaching staff. One hope is that the fiscal The committee believes that at present- SciENCE IN CRISIS crunch might lead to recognition that oper instead of a reduction-the growth of our ational expenses of medical schools must be The domain of science is vast, and some economy can support a rate of increase in funded more directly ·and openly instead of times it has appeared even to sophisticated Federal spending on scientific research of 15 through the dubiously legal and politically people that all questions are susceptible of per cent a year, "first, because it is based on unstable expedients of mislabeling the pur being answered by means of its discipline. society's previous record of response to its poses of research funds or of taxing them for Today such a belief has been circmnscribed many research needs, and second, because it educational overhead. by events, yet no one can deny that our will allow universities to balance research modern world rests on a foundation devel growth with that of graduate education." COMPETING GENERATIONS oped by science. But if our society depends Scientific research is not a luxury. It is an Hardest hit are young investigators who on science more so than any social organiza essential-if not the essential-element of have completed or are completing training tion has in the past, the corollary is equally our entire society. Science may not answer all under NIH funding. Ordinarily they would true. Science today depends on our social our problems and questions, but it is the only expect to obtain grant support with which February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3073 to begin their independent profession.al then executive assistant director of the U S. execution will strengthen forces of central careers. Now they find themselves in unequal Bureau of the Budget, said that funds for ism. Flexibility, dynamism, and academic competition for funds preempted by estab research and development "have come so autonomy may suffer as limits are placed on lished older investigators. The fear is that easily during the past decade that in some free choice. many promising young scientists will look quarters of the scientific community we find For the NIH academic clientele, the most away from the medical schools for other op a state of Inind that assumes that the critical of oncoming problems may lie less in portunities. Recognizing this many institu miracle of the loaves and the fishes will go how much money is appropriated than in how tions are putting support of brains ahead of on indefinitely and that the mere assertion and for what purposes funds are distributed. expenditures on equipment or travel. "This of a valid scientific need will sum.ce to turn Somehow and in some proportions, health might at last force school administrators and on the financial gusher once more. I should dollars will be allocated among research, edu project heads into becoming better man like to make it plain that the justification for cation, and service, but many questions will agerial economists-almost as if they were the 16th and 17th billion will have to be have to be resolved as to how money is spent spending their own money,•' was one com very different from the justification which within and among these categories. Academic ment. "If they do some careful inventory, sufficed for the first billion." researchers will be most fearful of any moves they might find a lot of unused equipment in SIGNALS APPARENTLY HEEDED either to diminish the support of investiga the closet s--electron microscopes, ultra tor-initiated fundamental research in favor centrifuges, and the like--bought with un These signals undoubtedly must have been of applied research or to place the former used funds. And they can learn how to swap heeded, but there was little anyone could do under direct control of university adminis equipment and personnel across departmen to arrest the gathering storm. Precipitating trators. tal and project barriers." factors, of which there were many, included In succeeding articles I will take up some the following: CHOICES INEVITABLE of the controversial topics that have implica 1. There has been a natural tapering off in tions for the Nm future. Nothing in these Earlier that same year, Dr. Alvin M. Wein the rate of growth, analogous to limitations articles should be taken to diminish the berg, director of the Oak Ridge National on growth of any organism. grand accomplishments of the Nm leader Laboratory, said: "It seems inevitable that 2. Before Medicare and Medicaid, legisla ship under Dr. Shannon. It is unlikely that science's demands will eventually be limited tors could display their health voting records any other course, even with the benefit of by what society can allocate to it. We shall mainly through supporting non-controversial hindsight, would have more fruitfully served then have to make choices ... among dif research and through bearing down on drug the nation's interest. What is important ferent, often incommensurable, fields of safety and drug costs--always fair game. Now now is that the country avoid any discon science ... [and] among the different in that medical care offers a channel for more tinuity in the support of knowledge building stitutions that receive support for sicence visible benefit, legislators may not be attach through biomedical research and in the de from the Government.... " ing the same importance to the deferred velopment of both clinical and research man In 1964, Dr. Charles V. Kidd, then associate promises of research and development, less power. NIH director for tralnlng, warned the bio visible in any case. medical community of the impending slow 3. Congress has apparently spent itself down. He said that competition for relatively through the post-Sputnik era and now seems scarcer resources would sharpen, making it to want a pause for reflection on the impact PAUL F. SCHENCK necessary to choose among grant requests of scientific and social legislation already en under priority criteria. Competition would acted. The criticis~ of NIH grants manage also sharpen between allocations of funds for ment by Rep. L. H. Fountain of North Caro HON. WM. JENNINGS BRYAN DORN research and development and for exploita lina hardened the mood of caution. OF SOUTH CAROLINA tion of findings. Established investigators 4. Some evidence of "antiscience," which would find themselves in danger of losing the scientific community equates with de IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES their support to younger investigators of monology and extreme reaction, may be dis Thursday, January 23, 1969 more promising creative potential. Finally, cerned. Many grantees have overplayed the faculty members would find themselves in politics of promise. Only so long can the Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, it was my creasingly obliged to turn to their own uni same assurances of practical results be given privilege to serve in this House with versities for allocation of at least part of their without straining the credulity of the public Paul F. Schenck throughout the 14 years funds from so-called institutional grants- and the legislature. he served here. I regretted to learn of blocks of money given to the universities for Meanwhile, the NIH has been pressed to his passing in Dayton, Ohio, on Novem flexible suballocation by them at their own answer questions such as these: Where are ber 31. discretion. the payoffs from research in terms of ap Paul Schenck devoted virtually his None of this should imply that the NIH proved medical care? Should the bulk of has done other than a tremendous job. Un research allocations continue to go to rela entire life to public service. He began doubtedly there have been many errors, slip tively few leading institutions or should they teaching school while in his teens, and pages, misdirections, indirections, and mis be more uniformly distributed on a geo was dedicated to improving his com adventures along the way. These are claimed graphic basis? Has research funding stimu munity, State, and Nation until his pass to be relatively insignificant compared with lated a "flight from teaching"? Has the qual ing last fall following our great national the impressive NIH accomplishment of creat ity of research been declining? Are Federal elections. Paul Schenck believed in our ing a national base for the advancement of funds being spent prudently by research great private enterprise system. He be knowledge for the nation's health. This base, grantees under Nm supervision? Has the lieved that a healthy private enterprise said Nm in July, 1967,includes: Nm undermined the authority of the univer 65,000 senior research investigators: sity over its faculty members through ear system with property rights and a rea 2,000 academic and research institutions marking project grants for specific investi sonable profit was the best way to pro with programs of research and training in the gators? vide jobs, taxes for schools, and the rec health sciences; reational and civic and social improve 30,000 individuals in advanced training in ~ DIRECTOR FACES PROBLE~S ments so necessary to modern progress basic science and clinical specialties; These and related questions are part of the inheritance of the new Nm director, Dr. and humanitarian philanthropy. 17,000,000 square i;eet of added research Although Paul Schenck was a member space. Marston. The answers must be linked to the The NIH points out, too, that the knowl resolution of broader policy questions which of the other great political party, our edge accumulated over a 20-year period has: have been preoccupying the Secretary of voting records on the great issues of the Revolutionized the range of diagnostic, Health, Education, and Welfare as well as day were almost identical. He, from the therapeutic, and preventive capabilities; officials within the Executive Office of the great State of Ohio, knew as well as any Advanced prognostic expectancies in many President. These cover such matters as the man I ever knew, that the national in disease areas; character of national science policy in gen terest called for a balanced economy, Opened penetrating insights into nature eral, evolving relationships of the Federal sound money, and less centralized Fed and processes of life, biological systems, Government toward the universities as a disease and degenerative processes, and con whole, evolving Federal policies toward sup eral power. Paul Schenck firmly believed ditions of health. port of medical schools, further develop that a strong America, militarily, was Undoubtedly there could have been ments in Federal policy on medical care, and the only answer to aggression and ruth greater efficiency in planning and bringing what are to be specific health goals and social less dictatorship all over the world. He off this phenomenal growth activity. Whether priorities. opposed communism in its diabolical an emphasis on efficiency would have been In broad perspective, NIH in 1968 com scheme to infiltrate, undermine, and compatible with rapid growth is debatable. pleted a first phase of creating a base of eventually conquer the free world. Paul Why has this growth come to a grinding knowledge building. NIH was organization Schenck was a great American who halt? And, what of the future? Medical ally innovative and ebu~lient. In the imme served in the tradition of that great academicians have been blaming their plight diate future, greater emphasis will be placed upon various factors, but their main ration upon perfecting organizational, program President from his native State of Ohio, alization is the cost of the war in Vietnam. matic, and procedural forms. Managerial William McKinley. This is a better Con The more likely explanation is that a neatness will be sought. The imperatives of gress, and we are a better Nation be budgetary squeeze was independently in the choosing among alternatives of investment cause of his service in the Congress and making. Five years ago, William D. Carey, and of providing guidelines for decentralized his dedicated service to his fellowman. 3074 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 OTTO OTEPKA-PERSECUTION which repudiated ~esident Nixon~ s campaign FDA'S ACTIONS: UNBELIEVABLE promises, after "talks with Secretary Rusk UNRELENTING during the transition period." From these talks it became clear to Secretary Rogers HON. WENDELL WYATT HON. JOHN R. RARICK that any effort to identify the persons who OF OREGON ordered the "planting" of compromising ma IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF LOUISIANA terial in Mr. Otepka's burn bags and who IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES received the tapes of the wiretap of Mr. Thursday, February 6, 1969 Otepka's telephone would lead to a "rupture" Thursday, February 6, 1969 with Mr. Rusk. This "rupture" would bring Mr. WYATT. Mr. Speaker, ideally this Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, millions of the "wrath of the New Yor k Times and The Federal Government of ours should Americans--among them, those employed Washington Post down on Mr. Nixon", the function to aid and serve our Nation's under civil service-have followed with State Department source said. people. If it loses sight of this single great interest the case of Otto Otepka-a In addition, the facts now a vailable to Sec objective it cancels out the reason for dedicated civil servant whose only crime retary Rogers indicate that the "Kennedy its existence. forces would be aroused on Capitol Hill and The Food and Drug Administration, as was unswerving loyalty to his country. Sargent Shriver might resign as American Most had hoped that with the change an agency of this Government, has been Ambassador in Paris", the source stated. entrusted with the important responsi of political alinement Mr. Otepka would Under these circumstances, Secretary Rog be restored to his former position. They ers "hopes" Mr. Otepka would accept a "set bility, among others, of protecting the are aware that at this critical period in tleme nt" vindicating his public honor but American public from dangerous or in our history, we are sorely in need of men n ot ret urning him to substantive work. effective drugs and medicines. Should with his knowledge and devotion to O'l:EPKA ''COVERED'' it cease to do this it is flying in the face of Congressi{)nal intent and negating the America. Asked why Secretary Rogers thought Mr~ Failure to restore Mr. Otepka can but Otepka should be agreeable to accepting the very reason for its existence. be interpreted that the new "team" is "shadow but not the substance" of vindica When the FDA begins, as it has, to dishonoring its commitment to the Amer tion and restitution, the source said that the interpret the law and its authority in ican people to restore confidence in the State Department had been "keeping tabs" a manner that hinders the practice {)f on Mr. Otepka and his associates and Mr. medicine it is acting against the peo State Department. Otepka had been "covered" by hundreds of · Mr. Speaker, J: plaee a portion of the ple's welfare. When it assumes powers reports from informers, private detectives, it does not legally have, or takes on duties current status of the Otepka case, which FBI agents, CIA operatives as well as a "sur appeared in the Government Employees prisingly large number of other persons that are only questionably under its ju Exchange for February 5, 1969, at this whom Mr. Otepka regards as his friends and risdiction, and uses these powers and point in my remarks so that all of our in whom he confides." duties to actually harm our public it is colleagues may be apprised of what ap From these reports it now appears that Mr. directly abusing the trust placed with it. pears to be the latest move to try to Ot epka is both "financially and emotionally With an incredible, bureaucratic in break this courageous man: exhausted" and was ready to give up the fight sensitivity to the needs of this Nation. for the "substance" ot his job, provided the the FDA, more and more, is interpreting ROGERS VETOES NIXON OTEPKA CASE REVIEW- "shadow" of :vindication was extended to 0TEPKA SETTLEMENT PROPOSED FOR DROPPING .him. Even more important, the source con its -powers to the detriment of our peo WmETAP PROBES iided~ the Department has received repeated ple, and is impinging on the practice of In a surprise move reversing completely indications that Mr. Otepka's attorney, Roger medicine to the point of becoming an ab campaign promises by President Nixon tore .Robb, was weary of the case and had com .solute hindrance to that practice . examine thoroughly the Otto F. Otepka -case, plained to colleagues that .he was losing Instead of making an extra effort to Secretary of State William P. Rogers let Sena money by having to turn down more lucra use its evaluative and regulatory au tor James Eastland know that he does not tive clients because of the time .he had to thority over drugs in a rational and posi want Otto .F. Otepka to return to his former devote to the Otepka case. The Department status as an active security officer in the knows positively that "Mr. Robb is personally tive manner, it seems the FDA is work State Department, this newspaper was in "most loath" to go .into a long and time ing toward exactly the opposite extreme. formed by a top Senate aide on January 28. consuming court .fight. the source revealed. J:n many cases it appears it is using its The aide understood that Mr. otep'ka might THE SETI'LEMENT power to pick petty points to death, to be re-instated "in title" to indicate that in discard rational evaluation and regula the eyes of the Nixon administration he had ''The settlement toward wllich Rogers is groping", the source continued, is to re tion of drugs altogether, and simply to been "v.indicated and exonerated". However, abuse the medical profession for no pur Mr. Otepka would be given no important instate .Mr. Otepka first to his previous civil security cases to review and he would have service grade, from which he was demoted, pose except abuse. Such a method of to abandon his quest to identify publicly the and then to grant him retroactively his :handling its Federal duties is starkly persons who placed compromising material grade-step pay increases. After this, Mr. dangerous to the health of the American into his "burn bags" and who ordered the Otepka would be paid under the settlement people. "for the leave without pay he had taken. "wire-tapping~• of nls telephone. It is inconceivable that this turn of The practical effect of this decision is that Finally, Mr. Otepka would be re-instated as the Chief Secul'ity Evaluator and shortly events should have come about as the Secretary Rogers has thereby endorsed Secre -specific intent of anyone in the Food tary Rusk's contention that Mr. Otepka is thereafter "detailed" to some "honorific" job himself now to be regarded as a security risk which -removed him from an active role in and Drug Administration. It seems, so far as the position of security officer in the security. Following this, if Mr. Otepka de rather, that circumstance and the in State De_partment is concerned, the aide sired, he could be "detailed" or "transferred" grown emphasis on procedure rather commented. to some other Department or Agency or his than substance in that agency's growing Ironically, Secretary Rogers• decision was job "abolished through reorganization", en bureaucracy have led to this sorry state. titling him to immediate retirement if .he communicated to Senator Eastland only :a The fact is that the FDA has too im very short time after the issuance of a new chose. mense and important a set of tasks to security clearance to John Paton Davies by TIMING THE CASE Under Secretary of State Nicholas deBellev111e The "timing Qf the settlement of the case", _perform for the present size of that or Katzenbach, the source said. This action was the source revealed~ is -presently linked to ganization. It is simply overwhelmed interpreted as reversing the action of Secre coincide with the announcement of the de with procedure and paperwork. As its tary of State John Foster Dunes who had parture oi' Idar Rimestad as Deputy Under duties have expanded, as Congress has ordered Mr. Davies dismissed from the For Secretary of State for Administration. By asked .it to .accept more and more re eign Service in W54: as a security risk. "linking the disposition Of the Otepka case sponsibility, the FDA's actual ability to THE MODALITIES i;o the departure of .Rimestad", Secretary handle these chores efficiently has de On .January 29_, another source, personally Rogers hopes to assuage the disappointment creased in direct proportion to the in close to Secretary "Rogers, confirmed that and grievance of such supporters of Mr. -crease in authority. "modalities of communication" had been ·otepka as Senator Strom Thurmond and Congressman John Ashbrook who had com A major overhaul of the Food and worked out "through intermediaries" between Drug Administration is long over.due. Im Secretary Rogers and Mr. Otepka. plained to "PreSident NiKon about Mr. Rime After obtaining categoric :assurances from ·stad's retention, the source revealed. mediate reorganization of the agency is this newspaper that his identity would not "Mr. Rimestad's head will be the sacrificial a necessity if the health of 200 million be revealed, this source stated that Secretary offering made to Mr. Otepka's followers'", the Americans is not to be drastically en Rogers had chosen this course of action, source revealed. dangered. The delays and abuses of the February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3075 burgeoning FDA bureaucracy must be Tennessean and one of the outstanding According to an Army spokesman, the fam eliminated. Efficient and professional voices of the Southern conscience, has ily has indicated funeral services and in terment will be in Yonkers, when the handling of drug evaluation and control died. soldier's remains arrive in this country. is an absolute must. Mr. McGill received the Pultizer Prize Legislation is currently being prepared in 1958 for his editorials opposing racial to deal directly with this problem by injustice in the South and denouncing · restructuring the FDA's entire drug eval Ku Klux Klan violence. uation mechanism. The matter has be His strong voice calling for reason and BILL SCOTT REPORTS come one of great national concern. justice and his clear insight into the so An editorial in the January 30th issue cial problems of the South and the entire HON. WILLIAM LLOYD SCOTT of the Medical Tribune presents this United States will be missed by all of OF VmGIN:IA problem in clear and succinct language. his friends and admirers. I present that editorial at this point in Mr. McGill, born on a farm 10 miles IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the RECORD: from the community of Soddy, Tenn., at Thursday, February 6, 1969 UNBELIEVABLE tended Vanderbilt University in Nash Mr. SCOTT. Mr. Speaker, each month We recently received a letter from a der ville and worked for a time as a sports we send out a newsletter to all residents matologist in New Haven, Conn., who en writer for the Nashville Banner. He of the Eighth District of Virginia who closed the following communication that he joined the staff of the Atlanta Constitu had received from the technical manager of have expressed an interest in receiving a a pharmaceutical manufacturer: "Your let tion in 1929, and served as a writer, ex report from the Congress and each year ter requesting samples of the ingredients in ecutive editor, editor, and then publisher. we send a questionnaire and a copy of our Mycolog Cream has been referred to me. He gained fame as an advocate of ra the newsletter to every home in the "Until about a year ago we were pleased cial justice in the South and that fame eighth district by addressing the pa to be of service to the medical profession he richly deserves. But, Mr. Speaker, we trons of each of our post offices. by furnishing samples of the ingredients in should all ren\ember that it was Mr. Mc The response in the past has been this product for patch testing. However at Gill's devotion to the principle of justice that time we received a notification from the very good and I am hopeful that the peo FDA that 'the furnishing of components of in the face of strong, dedicated and ple of the Eighth District of Virginia this product for use in hypersensitivity test vocal opposition that set him apart. will respond to the 158,000 postal pa ing will require a Notice of Claimed Investi And it was his continued dedication to tron mailings going out to them this gational Exemption for a. New Drug for each the principle of justice that made his week. component so used.' Completed and signed voice one of importance for all of our A copy of the newsletter and the ques forms are required both from the investigator Nation. tionnaire is inserted at this point in the and the supplier and results of the study Mr. McGill has been praised by politi must be reported to the FDA. As you may RECORD for the information of my col imagine, this constitutes a prohibitively la cal, social, and business leaders of the leagues: borious procedure for both you and Squibb. Nation and his loss to the Nation has YOUR CONGRESSMAN, BILL SCOTT, REPORTS Although we have protested to the FDA, we been well documented. But the people of THE PRESIDENT are presently unable to furnish components the Nation who will miss his call to of products for hypersensitivity testing. We equality will be the poor, the unwanted, It was good to have so many of you who are very sorry." attended the Inauguration ceremonies at the the unrepresented. Capitol on January 20 stop by the office and The dermatologist described the situtaion Mr. Speaker, these few words cannot as unbelievable and went on to say, "In this visit both before and after the swearing in case FDA technicalities interfere with good do justice to the leadership Mr. Ralph of our new President. Mr. Nixon appeared to practice of medicine." E. McGill gave so freely to our Nation. say the things that people wanted to hear · Does the law require the FDA to behave The greatest tribute the Members of this and I believe his speech fitted the mood of in this fashion? We ourselves do not think body can pay to his memory is to honor the day. Certainly we hope that his leader so, but, conceivably, it is possible to interpret his commitment to conscience and jus ship during the next four years will conform the law as requiring this unseemly behavior. tice. to the good beginning. But why should the FDA, whose purpose, we LITTLE ACTIVITY IN CONGRESS are assured, is that good medicine be prac Only minor matters have been considered ticed to protect the public, make such an SP4C. FRANK J. MARCONI, U.S. since Congress convened. However, most com interpretation of the law? Does the FDA mittees have now been constituted, cabinet believe that Congress wanted the law to ARMY, KILLED IN VIETNAM officers have been confirmed and more im bear such an interpretation? Surely not. Does portant matters will probably be considered the FDA believe the public wants the law HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER after the Lincoln Day recess. Our office has interpreted in this fashion? We find this been attempting to utilize this lull by intro inconceivable. Does the FDA believe that the OF NEW YORK ducing measures of interest and by laying courts would want the law interpreted in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the foundation for favorable consideration this fashion? But if the FDA without any of these measures. folderol permitted a manufacturer to provide Thursday, February 6, 1969 PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY PROJECT a. physician with the constituent ingredients Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, it is my A bill introduced late in last year's session of a preparation so that he could skin test sad duty to report that another one of a patient, who, in heaven's name. would was approved by the House District of Colum bring this to court as a violation of the law? my constituents, Sp4c. Frank J. Marconi, bia Committee but did not reach the floor The patient? The pharmaceutical manufac U.S. Army, of Carmel, N.Y., died in Viet for consideration. Therefore, this measure turer? The physician himself? nam last month. has been reintroduced and I am hopeful that The situation is, unhappily, believable, but I wish to commend the courage of this it will receive early and favorable considera it is also deplorable. If, for whatever mis young man and to honor his memory by tion by the House. The measure authorizes guided reasons, the FDA believes it is com inserting herewith, for inclusion in the the Government of the District of Columbia pelled to interpret the law in the fashion RECORD, the following article: to convey to Prince William County 350.4 described, then it ought to hotfoot it to acres of land adjoining the Potomac River at Congress and ask that the law be amended (From the Evening Star, Peekskill (N.Y.) Featherstone Point approximately 27 miles so that this nonsense is stopped, once and Jan.28,1969] downstream from Washington. I visited the for all. When the practice of good medicine PUTNAM SOLDIER K.ll.LED IN VIETNAM property a few days ago with county officials is made diffi.cult by administrative barriers, CARMEL.-Army authorities last night and they are unanimous in desiring that title it is the responsibility of the FDA to disclosed that Sp. 4 Frank J. Marconi, 19, a be obtained as soon as possible. Of the to promptly eliminate them. member of Troop "C," 1st Squadron, 4th Cal tal, 158 acres will be used for recreational vary, of 44 Everett Road, Carmel, had been purposes, 25 acres for a water pollution con killed in action in Vietnam. He had pre trol plant and the remaining 167.4 acres of marsh land will be diked and made a vail RALPH McGILL viously been listed as missing. His regiment is attached to the 1st In able for a sanitary land fill for both Prince fantry Division in its operations against William County and the District of Colum Viet Cong in central portions of the Republic bia. County officials advise that the marsh HON. RICHARD FULTON land will be filled within a few years and OF TENNESSEE of South Vietnam. He is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. this land will then also be available to meet IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Marconi, formerly of Yonkers, who purchased local recreational needs in this fast growing county. Thursday, February 6, 1969 and moved to the community about a year ago. In addition to his parents he is survived WASHINGTON AREA TRAFFIC Mr. FULTON of Tennessee. Mr. by two younger brothers, who attend the Commuting to and from Washington has Speaker, Mr. Ralph E. McGill, a native local public schools. become increasingly difficult over the years 3076 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 and there have been a multitude of delays .MANASSAS CEMETERY of more than 100 letters per day. I returned in widening existing roads and bullding new As you know, the closing of Arlington Na at the end of -the day to sign the mail. We ones. Certainly, we need to have rapid rail tional Cemetery for burial purposes can be do have a well-qualified and dedic111ted staff transportation but, in my opinion, this is expected within a few -years and there is no who h.ave become expert in handling their only a part of a well coordinated system of other national cemetery within a reasonable phase of the work ~d who exercise 1n1tla.tive transportation and we also should complete distance of Washington. It has been esti and independent judgment. You may be in the planned highways in the metropolitan mated tha.t one-fifth of the population of terested in the names and primary responsi area. One oi the agencies which has delayed the country is eligible for burial in national bility of staff members: the construction of highways is the Na cemeteries. Therefore, this week I have writ Flo Hart--Arranges visits to government tional Capital Planning Commission and I ten to every Member of the House of Repre buildings by individuals or groups and mails introduced a bill last Wednesday to abolish sentatives, giving them information regard out publications. this Commission and to transfer its functions ing my bill to establish a veterans cemetery Carol Reed-Post Office, Civil Service and to the District of Columbia Government. on a portion of Manassas National Ba-ttlefield employment matters. While the D.C. Government of course, is Park and have sought their support. While Caroline Boubin-Appointments and attempting to -meet the needs of the inner the Committee on Veterans Affairs wlll con speaking engagements. city and this does sometimes contlict with duct lrearings on the nationwide cemetery Ann Wurfel-Press relations. the interest of suburban Washington, in my problem, I wanted the membership of the Frances K.1ernan-8ocial Security, Inter opinion authority and responsibility should House to know the facts regarding this area nal Revenue and transportation problems. be combined in the Commissioner of the project. Certainly, the Manassas Battlefield Grace Scott--Milltary and veterans affairs District of Columbia who is, to an extent, is an historic shrine but the use of a portion and academy appointments. responsible to both the Congress and the of the more than 3,000 acres of virtually un Dick Sharood-Legal and legislative. President. developed federal land could supplement the PUBLICATZONS AVAXLABLE An effort is also being made to Jet the Arlington facilities without adding to the new Secretary of Transportation know of Some of the Agriculture bulletins and Federal Budget. The Director of the National other publications available for distribution the concern of Virginians with these dela'fs Park Service will accompany me to the Bat and the hope has been expressed that the upon request are listed below. Let me know tlefield site on the lOth of this month to see the names of any o'f these you would like "to impasse between "the Congress and the Vir the possibilities and discuss the project. ginia Department of .Highwa'Y.s on one side reeelve: Growing Asparagus, Flooded Farms, and the D.C. Government on the other re POST OFFICE DEPARTndENT Standby Electrical Equipment, Plumbing Re garding Interstate #66, Interstate #266 and Traditionally, the party of the President pairs, Mildew, Detergents, Washing Machines, makes the recommendations to fill vacancies Family Fare, Our American Government, the Three Sisters Bridge can be finally re Questions and Answers on Health Insurance solved. in the positions of Postmaster and Rural Carrier. However, on February 5, the Presi for the Aged, Infant Care, Your Child from HOW BIG IS OUR GOVERNMENT? dent ana Postmaster General announced that 1 to 6. Last year Congressman Bill Roth of Dela the Civil Service Commission will conduct OPINION POLL ware .attempted to catalogue all federal pro open competitive examinations for all new Our annual questionnaire is being sent grams and tried to obtain assistance from postmaster and rural carrier vacancies and with this newsletter to every home in the 8th various governmental agencies in order to the top quallfied person will be named for District. This is a continued effort to learn determine where duplications exist. Although each vacancy_ This procedure is effective your views as the basis for more effective he and his staff spent more than eight immediately and will tend to remove politi representation. The results will be tabulated months in this effort, he was unable to com cal patronage from the Post Office Depart and reported in a later newsletter. While this pletely accomplish his purpose. Therefore, ment. In addition, legislation will be intro mailing is going to all postal patrons, future I have joined with Mr. Roth and other Mem duced to eliminate Senate confirmation of newsletters will be sent only to constituents bers of Congress in a two-prong attack on postmasters, making the Postmaster General now on the .mailing list and those who ask this problem. We have introduced .a Program responsible for all appointments. to be included. You may want to use the following form for that purpose. However, if Information Act and an 'Executive Reorgani OFFICE STAFF you have been regularly receiving the news zation and .Management Improvement Act. The volume of the work involved in repre letter and the address is correct, no further These twin bills would require every ieder.al senting 600,000 constituents requires that a .action is necessary. agency to catalogue the programs it adminis considerable portion of the Congressional Congressman WILLIAM L. SCOTT, ters, outline what it is doing and how many duties be delegated to the staff. This need to House Office Building~ employees it has. It would also create a ten delega-te can be illustrated by the fact that Washington, D.O.: member Hoover-type commission to analyze a few days ago, while in the Fredericksburg I am not now reeeivilig "Bill Scott Reports" the Federal Government operation and make omce, 51 people came in to confer on a variety and would like to be put on the mailing list. specific recommendations for changes. Of of problems. At the same time, most of the Name ------course, the purpose is to provide better gov staff was in the Washington omce attending Address ------'------ernment at lower cost to the tax payers. to their duties which includes an average City ------Zip Code_ ___ _
WHAT IS YOUR OPINION?
No No Yes llo opinion Yes No opinion
1. Should the method of electing the President and Vice 5. To reduce poverty in the country, do you favor-Con. President be changed to provide for: e. Federal welfare programs be expanded?------...... ____ ._. a. Direct popular vote?.. ------··------·---···------·-·-·------t• Federal welfare programs be abolished?______b. Representation in the electoral college by congres- 6. S h ou.1 d ttre Federal ConstitutiDn be amended to provide a sional district rathe.r than by State L------··-···---···--·------····--·------umform law throughout the country authorizing 18-year- c. Bindirrg the States' electors-to vote for the candidate --- olds to vote7 ___ ------.... ------______...... _.•. ____ ...• 7. Should ~he temporary surtax be: who receives the most votes"~ ---····------·········------··------··------····· a. Continued at 10 percent?. ______2. sho!id t:!~~~tPoffi~~tb:'~!~~!iri-zed"; ------··------· ---···---=: b. Reduced to 5 percent7------.a. By placing all appointments and promotions under c. Terminated at the end of the fiscal year?______• the merit system?------·------·-·-·------··---·-·------8. Should the righ.tto bail be restrictetl when a person accused b. By changing it to a nonprofit public corporation?------··-···----··-----·-·=--= of a felony is already on bail in connection with a prior c. By private 1ndustry taking over postal functions?·-····-···--·-·------··-······-···--- _ crime? 9. Should military draft be: 3. sh!JdR~!iHaf::C": b~~~n~ed t~"Pe7mftFederaJ em------·······-·------·---·--··--·------~: a. Abolished?______b. Restricted to wartime7 _.. ______...... ------__ • ployees to participate in partisan politics; c. Amended to determine military service bylot7 ______; ______10. Should foreign aid.: ~: :~:1~t=J~~~~:;::::~:::::::=::=:=::::=====-=~==~~=--=--====~==== a. Be restricled lo friendly nations?------1 b. Consist only of military assistance?. .. ------4. Sho~Ld ~e:al;78~e::~s: aw? ______--=::::====:=--==== c. Consist only of economic assistance? .... ------d. Be abolished.?------__ .. __ ...... __ .. ______------••.... ------_ •• ~: ::~~~:~ =~~~ox!~a~l~r;~- ~~~~c-~~~~~~~s~------11. Should the District of Columbia have: c. Be expanded to p~ide ~dditional informationf·------a. local self-gov.ernmenL ____ ...... ------.• 5. To :reduce poverty in the country, do you favo.r: ------b. A nonvoting delegate in the House of Representa- a. A guaranteed minimum annual income?____ _ tives? .... __ .. __ .• __ .. __ .. ___ .. ------•••• b. Government employmentof reflel recipients on~------.c. -Representatives in both the House and Senate simi- lar to the States? ...... •.. ------·------.....••.•••.••• -c. T~C:~~~~OJ::lsfnessestbathlrean"a"tnlin-uJi:·------12. Should persons convlcted of Federal crimes be givea addj employed7 ______t ional mandatory "Sentences if .a firnun was .used in the d. Federal welfare prog.rams be retained as they are7 ------commission of the.erime7 ___ .. ------.. ------.. ------February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3071 MIRACLES: OLD AND NEW hams. Hello C.Q., hello C.Q.!! The Hertzlan MR. SCULPTOR: MOLD ME AN radio waves "travel through space touching AMERICAN the doors of every heart. HON. THOMAS P. O'NEILL, JR. In Boston beats a generous heart, With OF MASSACHUSJITTS capital "H", which belongs to James M. Ja HON. ODIN LANGEN cobs. Deep down in his heart the cry of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dominican mother was heard. Toward that OF llriiNNESOTA Thursday, February 6, 1969 generous heart, towards that saving shelter IN THE HOUSE OF .REPRESENTATIVES in Boston the mother runs. C.Q., C.Q.! Mr. Thursday, February 6, 1969 Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Mr. Jacobs calls Dr. Robert Gross, a world re Speaker, I would like to include in the nowned cardiologist. Mr. LANGEN. Mr. Speaker, it was my REcoRD a translation of an article that Everything is arranged. The Dominican privil~ge last fall to meet an outstand appeared on September 30, 1968, in La child will be operated on in Boston. ing young lady in Warren, Minn., by the Informacion, a newspaper published in The first operation is a success, but not a name of Sondra Maruska. She is a stu Santiago, the Dominican Republic. complete success. Another operation, or may be more operations Will be necessary for the dent at the Warren High School, and I The article is about the saving of a child to lead a normal life. At a glance the am happy to report, is a Teenage Re boy's life. That in itself is somewhat mi child looks better, he plays and runs down publican in a new group formed under raculous. But the chain of events that led Santiatog Rodriguez Street in his native city. the direction of Mrs. H. G. Myhre. to that happy occurrence is the miracle But on the other hand, his sickness has not Young Sondra took pen in hand and of modern technology combined with the been conquered; it ls waiting. Mr. Jacobs wrote a very searching poem in honor of aged-old miracle of people. does not give up. Mr. Copmann has a memory. Veteran's Day last year. Her words are People who care enough about others Even if the years go by, nothing will change; the child is not all right and the generous so moving and pertinent that I would like to help them, to take care of them. There heart is always ready to help ( oh; if those to share them with my colleagues in the are a number of people who cared about generous hearts were ambassadors!) Congress. Entitled "Mr. Sculptor: Mold this little boy: His mother, of course, The sound of the jet is heard in the dis Me An American," Miss Maruska's poem who wrote a letter to President Johnson, tance. It is June of 1968. It is on its way to is hereby included at this point in the asking him to help save her son from an Boston. Now the mother and the child do RECORD as it appeared in the Warren early death: President Johnson who read not fear the height anymore. They are vet Sheaf: the letter and took action; the attache erans in their hours of flight as they look through the port holes. Boston, at last .•. ! MR. ScULPTOR, MoLD ME AN AMERICAN of Public Affairs at the American Em There is the miracle of generosity. Both (By Miss Sondra Maruska, Warren High bassy who implemented that action; and represent the zenith of humanity. School Senior, Veteran's Day, 1968} the ham operators who relayed informa Doctors dressed in white-not everyone The sculptor looked down at me With ap tion about the case. dressed in white belongs to the KKK in the prehensive eyes. "I've never done much of One of these operators is James Jacobs United States-stand among the lights; With this kind of work," he said. "But go ahead, of Brookline, Mass. He heard the raised hands they represent a complete pu describe what you want, I'll do the best I mother's cry and contacted Dr. Robert rity. Noise of instruments. Instruments that can." Gross, a world famous cardiologist, who move needles and show the vital rhythms. Mr. Sculptor, I want you to mold me-an They open his chest. The heart can be seen. American.- operated on the boy. ·Hours. Surgery hours . . . and the mother All of these people, worked together, prays the most profound prayer to the son Mold me a man so strong, so brave That to selfish desires he'll not be a slave. for a boy they did not know. All that of man, to him who gave up his life on a cross mattered was that he was in danger and Shape me a son of liberty's bell for all humanity. That will toll a song so that hearts Will swell. that they might be able to help. Waiting rooms as the elastic time goes by. Form me a fighter, afraid not to stand The article really speaks for itself. Whispers in the distance. Everything is con In defense of his people, in defense of his The translation reflects the emotion and fusing when supreme anxiety oppresses rea land. the wonder of the acts of all these men. I son. Only faith is left. Stretchers in move A man who'll be proud of his right to dissent, include it here, not only to tell a wonder ment. Nervousness. News. Waiting. Always But who knows when his rights become dis ful tale, but to remind my colleagues of waiting. torted and bent. the importance of each single act. This Convalescence. Happiness. Health that re Make me a man who thinks and who cares, stores life. Thankfulness. Gratitude to the And make me a man who can prove that he story reaffirms the obligations of every generous heart who gave a good heart to the dares man to be his brother's keeper. It is sick child. A real sense of gratitude which To stand up when others are burning our uplifting, and encouraging that so many makes the chest that holds that heart, hurt flag people feel so obliged. with happiness. Tears of joy and gratitude, And act to prevent this purposeless plague. The article follows: many of them, which are shed inside that Mold me a man who is young in his heart, mother's heart. DoN'T LET MY SoN Dm, PREsmENT JoHNsoN I Not warped by age and too old to start Return to the country, which is now more Down the road that will help, the way that As the hot summer days of 1965 went by beautiful, that can be seen through healthy Will save, and among a tragedy of tragedies a Domini eyes. Next to her son. Austria Espinal, the Our land of the free, our home of the brave. can mother ran With anxiety away from happy mother, symbolizes happiness and Shape me a citizen who's proud of the !act. death, trying to hide in some charitable cor gratitude. And there, farther than the small Who'll not deny anyone white or black, ner of this life the piece of her womb that beaches which submerge towards the land of The same rights and freedoms he dally em- death was trying to snatch away. Franklin, inventor of the lighting rod, and ploys, Through the streets of misery her cry got science, her heart goes to embrace a nation! The privileges and liberties he loves and en- entangled, slipping in the impotence of Mr. Copmann, Mr. James M. Jacobs, and Dr. joys. empty hands and of the "desiring is not ob Robert Gross and an anonymous legion of Make him a mixture of races and creeds, taining". radio ha.ns, real North Americans, who carry Able to understand all wants and needs Anxiety is the mother of despair and even out non-military occupations. Of those living with him who constantly say, of madness. Don't let my son die! Don't let There: The real people of Uncle Sam. "We want our rights, we want them today." my son die! The cry resounds like a whiplash Time wrinkles calendars, but not memories, Paint him a patriot, so true to his cause, on the hearts of those who are unable to help. today Mr. Jacobs is in the Dominican Repub Proud of his country, ashamed of its flaws. "I Will write to Johnson even 1! he won't lic, land which he loves, because he learned Ready to do what he knows must be done listen to me.,. Don't let my son die! Don't let to know her. He came to visit the child, al my son die! The cry exploded on her ears at To erase its mistakes till success it has won. most like his own son, Eduardo Espinal, who Rear him a rebel, for rebels are right, the same rhythm of her heart beat. revealed to the world a message of faith, faith But President Lyndon B. Johnson, first dig When their motives are clearly and wisely in on mankind. To many this has answered the sight. nitary of the most powerful nation in the question of whether man can today practice universe, received the letter, and forwarded philanthropy, and to enrich 1n happiness a Our nation was built on the dreams of a it to hls ambassador 1n the Domlnlcan Re poor mother, a very poor mother. And the few public, asking him to find a solution for this child today, 1n the dream that became real Who dared to rebel and search !or the new. extremely urgent case. ity, thanks to tremendous amount of dollars Mold me a man who's aware of the ones Mr. Copmann, Attache of Public Affairs o.f that were sent on him, smiles 1n gratitude Who died 1n defense of their land and its the embassy, received the letter and hurried next to his mother. And, Mr. Jacobs also came sons. to find a solution. The writer of the letter of to deliver a very modern medical equipment Carve him With courage to do the same the Dominican mother is a radio ham. a sort to a hospital in the Olympic clty o! La Vega. deeds of a modern nomadic knighthood order which Welcome to Santo Domingo, Mr. Jacobs and When called by his country to answer her allows them to send a S.O.S. among other !amlly •••! needs. CXV--195---Part 3 3078 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 Shape him with dignity, wisdom and pride, ence in this field-while at the same time writes Neal R. Pierce in "The People's Too bold to give up, before he has tried. making the compulsory warning more President." Make him ambitious, with work as his means Why a direct popular vote instead of one Of attaining his goals, of fulfilling his dreams. visible. of the other plans advanced to end the evils Give him two eyes so that he can see of the electoral system? The hunger and poverty of those who aren't It is the only plan that would assure the free. ELECT PRESIDENT BY POPULAR election of the man most voters wanted to Two ears that can hear the pitiful pleas VOTE be president. (Three tim.es in our history, That ask him to help, the pains to ease. the Electoral College has given the office to Fill him with faith in a God that's above the man who lost in the national popular Who's price of freedom is nothing but love. HON. MICHAEL A. FEIGHAN vote). Help him to know that in strength he'll sur- OF OHIO It is the plan that has the greatest pop vhe · IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ular support. (Pollsters say it is favored by If our love for liberty remains alive. up to 79 % of the voters) . And when you have finished this sculpture of Thursday, February 6, 1969 It is the only plan that would eliminate all mine, the evils of the Electoral College system. With values so perfect, with habits so fine Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Speaker, on Feb It is the only plan that would give each Set him within the heart of our land ruary 4, 1969, I introduced House Joint vote equal weight. Where he'll be an example for every man. Resolution 364, which provides for elec It has a chance to be adopted, because it Now, Mr. Sculptor- tion of the President and Vice President is picked up support in Congress and in state Show me an American just like I've de- of the United States by direct popular legislatures around the nation. scribed vote. It is my belief that the people It should be adopted and it will be if the And I'll show you an America built on pride should elect the President. The Judiciary citizens who believe in it push their legis Of her people who believe from their birth lators hard enough. That their land is greatest of all lands on Committee began hearings yesterday Now is the time to push, with the 1968 earth. on electoral college reform. As ranking election fresh in memory. member of the Committee on the Judi ciary, I will push for the adoption of my proposal rather than one of the many CIGARETTE ADVERTISING proposals pending before the committee that would only slightly alter the pres BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA: REPORT HON. LIONEL VAN DEERLIN ent law. The only system that is entirely TO THE NATION OF CALIFORNIA acceptable is one that will assure equal IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES weight to every citizen's vote. HON. FRED B. ROONEY The following is an editorial in the Thursday, February 6, 1969 Plain Dealer of February 2, 1969, which OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. VAN DEERLIN. Mr. Speaker, there emphasizes the importance of accepting is a distinctly offensive quality about my proposal. Thursday, February 6, 1969 much of the cigarette advertising car ELECT PRESIDENT BY POPULAR VOTE Mr. ROONEY of Pennsylvania. Mr. ried on television. The time has come for the United States Speaker. this moming, February 6, Smokers are depicted as young and to discard its unfair, undemocratic and dan 1969, 15 Eagle Scouts who are in the beautiful people, cavorting with their gerous system of electing a president. Nation's Capital to make the annual re weeds on beaches. fields, and other play This jerry-built, roundly condemned, dou ble-election system should be replaced with port of the Boy Scouts of America to grounds. a simple direct popular election. the President of the United States were The implication is clear: Instead of (We are not referring here to the manner honored at breakfast by Members of the being detrimental to health, smoking in which candidates are selected by their House and Senate. must be positively beneficial. If you puff political parties but only to the way in which Among the distinguished guests was away a lot, on a certain brand, presum one of them officially is elected president.) National Boy Scout Council Treasurer ably you. the viewer, can anticipate be If ever there was a reason for Americans who is also chairman of the board and ing beautiful and vibrant yourself. to trust the selection of the chief executive to a handful of electors, it has long since president of Mack Trucks, Inc., of Allen It is difficult to defend the brand of disappeared. town, Pa .• Zenon C. R. Hansen, who in nonsense concerning cigarettes that The injustice of the elector system was ex troduced his special guest. Vince Lom gluts our airwaves. posed as long ago as 1796 when the first bardi, at his first formal appearance as And now the Federal Communications faithless elector, a Pennsylvania Federalist, a Washington citizen. Also with Mr. Commissum has rushed in, and is at cast his ballot for Thomas Jefferson, the Hansen were Bart Starr. Green Bay tempting to outlaw all cigarette ads on Republican candidate. "What!" complained quarterback, and Clarence "Biggie" radio and television. an outraged Federalist, "Do I choose Samuel Munn, athletic director of Michigan my Miles to determine for me whether John In view. the commission has al Adams or Thomas Jefferson shall be presi State University. ready stepped out of bounds in this mat dent? No, I choose him to act, not to think!" Tomorrow more than 5,500,000 mem ter. Distasteful as the ads may be, the But the idea persists, among some electors bers of the Boy Scouts of America and manufacturers have every right to put at least, that they enjoy superior judgment 1,500,000 adult volunteer scouters will them on the air. If a product is legally than the "uninformed" masses; and consti begin Boy Scout Week observances. The marketable, it also is--or should be tutionally, the electors may vote for whom Scouts• slogan for this week of activities legal to advertise it. And any attempt to ever they please. is, "America's manpower begins with limit the right of the industry to try to Last year's faithless elector, Dr. Lloyd W. Bailey of Rocky Mount, N.C., knew better boypower." sell its product would appear to contra than the voters. Though pledged to Nixon, Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to bring vene free speech guarantees of the first he voted for George Wallace. He would retain to the attention of my colleagues a amendment. the archaic electoral system because "we are speech delivered this moming by the dis I have supported and will continue to dangerously close to becoming" a democracy. tinguished president of the National support the requirement for the warning That we are. And is that bad? Council, Boy Scouts of America, Irving label on cigarette packages. In fact, I Bailey's vote did not make any difference in the outcome. But it could have. Feist: will urge this year, as I have in the past. BOYPOWER, 1976: A LOOK TO THE FUTURE that the warning label be placed on the In a closer electoral contest, it could have thrown the election into the House of Repre (Report to the Nation: Congressional Break front of the pack, rather than on a rela sentatives, which could still be trying to elect fast, February 6, 1969, Washington, D.C., tively inconspicuous side panel. The haz a president and making dark deals. Like the Irving J. Feist, President, Boy Scouts of ardous-to-health notice helps the cus deal in the 1876 election which in effect gave America) tomer know what he is getting, and the Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency on his Honored guests who are giving of your chances he may be taking-without in agreement to withdraw federal troops from time to be at this breakfast, ladies and gen fringing on the basic right of the seller the old Confederacy. When the troops were tlemen of Congress, I am-like many of to promote his product. withdrawn, violent forces seized power in the you-one who volunteers his time because South and deprived Negroes of their right to I believe that Scouting is important in its Congress should extend the Cigarette vote. "It would be almost a century until the influence on boys. Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965, nation began to rectify the injustices to the Many of you have indicated to me that we which is due to expire June 30. We should southern Negro which stemmed from the must do more. F'or we believe that, perhaps, retain the prohibition on FCC interfer- price that was paid for peace in the land," if we had reached more boys and influenced February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3079
them more deeply, great segments of our But, it is true. that those high-school-age The redeeming quality of man lies in his youth would no~ be tn turmoil today. boys to whom we offer Exploring-and even ability to sense his kinship with all m.en. 1968 was our year to set a challenge that some of those who are younger-want to de There ·are people in our country whos_e will be reached in 197~the 200th anniver velop themselves for later life. They want to moral sensitivity suffers a black-out when sary of the !ounding of our Nation. And as I learn useful things that will help in a Job. confronted with the black man's predica have worked in literally hundreds of meet They want to show what they can do on ment. ings. I know that we will succeed in our their own. And. as you've heard, they want Whenever one person is offended, we are all effort to build boypower for the Nation's to be with girls. hurt. What begins as inequality of some !n future. So, Scouting during the period of Boypower evi tably ends as inequality of all. Even as early as last May, our record '76 will keep to its purpose, but it will keep One hundred years ago the emancipation breaking attendance at our annual meeting in tune with the times. of the Negro was proclaimed. It is time for accepted the mandate from the 90th Con This bold, new venture-this crusade, if the white man to strive for self emancipation, gress in its Joint Resolution which said, in you please-has clear and measurable goals to set himself free of bigotry and contempt. part, that the Boy Scouts of America should that will unite our team and focus its efforts. By negligence and silence we have all be furth~r advance its services to youth so that I have met with our Scout leaders across the come accessory before the God of mercy to "more boys in every segment of our country Nation, and these goals of Boypower '76 are the injustice committed against the Negroes will be involved in its program and that serious commitments to all adults related to by men of our nation. future generations of Americans will be bet Scouting. There have even been meetings When blood is shed, human eyes see red; ter prepared." with hundreds of representatives from when a heart is crushed, it is only God who Boypower '76, this long-range plan to meet America's news media, and they, too, are shares the pain. the needs of the future, is really based on excited about the impact that Scouting can The crime of murder is tangible and pun the purpose of Scouting as it was defined at make on our Nation through the attainment ishable by law. The sin of insult is imponder our beginning in 1910 and in the Federal of the goals of Boypower '76. able, invisible. Charter which was granted in 1916. We report to you, then-as these Reports In the Hebrew language one word denotes We have looked at this purpose carefully to the Nation Scouts will report to President both crimes. "Bloodshed" in Hebrew, is in the past year, and we have not changed it, Nixon tomorrow-that Scouting has launched the word that denotes both murder and but we have keyed it to the present day. a program that will rekindle the spirit of '76. humiliation. Our goal, then, for the next seven years is We report to you that Scouting is moving Racial tension and strife 1.s both sin and to provide boys with an effective program into an exciting new era with an ambitious punishment. The Negro's plight, the blighted. designed to build desirable qualities of char and courageous program to achieve the great areas in the large cities, are they not the acter, to train in the responsibilities of par destiny that is ours if we but have the will fruit of our sins? ticipating citizenship, and to develop in boys to reach for it. The shotgun blasts tha.t have killed those personal fitness. Ladies and gentlemen, America needs the leaders who sought justice and the innocent If the boys of today are to be good citi old-fashioned patriotism which built our people who were victims of injustice make zens of tomorrow, they must have personal heritage. With the help of hundreds of thou us cry for shame wherever we are. and stable values firmly based on religious sands of volunteer leaders, Scouting will Seen in the light of our religious tradition, concepts. They must understand the princi deliver. the Negro problem is the test of our integrity, ples of the American social, economic, and America needs support for attitudes of re a magnificent spiritual opportunity. governmental systems. They must be knowl spect. And Scouting is pledged to deliver. edgeable about their American heritage and America needs young men motivated to Our concern must be expressed not sym take pride in it. They must understand self-reliance. And our challenge is that bolically, but literally; not only publicly, but America's role in the world. They must have Scouting can deliver. also privately; not only occasionally, but a keen respect for the basic rights of all peo This is the great opportunity that lies regularly. ple. They must be prepared to fulfill the ahead for us. We call it Boypower '76. And we Whlllt we need is the involvement of every varied responsibilities of participating-giv say Scouting is one of the few ways a boy can one of us as individuals. What we need is the ing leadership-in American society and in have a good time while he build$ himself constant awarenes of the monstrosity of in the forums of the world. into the kind of citizen his community-and Justice. History has made us all neighbors. The year of 1968 was a memorable year in his Nation~an be proud of. We say, America The age of moral mediocrity and complacency the lives of all Americans. For many it was gets its great strength and drive from its has run out. a time of doubt and despair. But for most it manpower. But, it is true, too, that America's This is a time for commitment, for deed, became a time of hope and renewed faith. manpower begins with Boypower. And Boy for action. Amid unrest and widespread poverty, the power '76 is the name of our game. people sought answers to many difficult problems. UNFAIR TAX TREATMENT OF PER When we reach the 200th anniversary of our Nation, Scouting will have moved forward THE EVTI.. OF RACISM SONS WHO ARE REALLY IN FACT with eight years of intensive effort on the HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS prime premise that "America's Manpower Begins with Boypower." HON. THOMAS M. REES If Scouting has favorably affected the lives OF CALIFORNIA HON. CHARLES A. VANIK of one-fourth of America's boys in the past, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF OHIO there is no reason it cannot more effectively Thursday, February 6, 1969 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES infiuence a more representative one-third of them in the immediate future. And this Mr. REES. Mr. Speaker, a very distin Thursday, February 6, 1969 means that in 1976, we shall have two mil guished constituent of mine, Mr. John Mr. VANIK. Mr. Speaker, present tax lion more boys in Scouting than we have Factor, is disturbed, as so many of us are, provisions discriminate against widows, today. over the inherent evils of racial prejudice. widowers, and single persons, treating Our research studies show that Scouting is He recently purchased space in the highly regarded as part of the American them as single persons even though they scene. They also show that there is still one major newspapers in Los Angeles to may genuinely be heads of their house fourth o! all boys who want to be Scouts bring to the readers his own thoughts on holds. Most single persons today operate buir-for various reasons-haven't had the the evil of racism. their own households meeting the full opportunity. Boypower '76 calls for us to I would like to have the text of his burden of household expense. The tax reach into every area where boys are-inner message printed in the RECORD SO his laws should recognize the special prob city, rural America, the suburbs. words might be available to all Ameri- lem of the 4,500,000 single wage earners American boys today reach out eagerly cans: 1n the United States. toward adulthood and have an increasing THE Evn. OF RACISM Therefore, I am today introducing need to challenge themselves against others Race prejudice, a universal human ailment. legislation, as I did in the 90th Congress. in preparation for coping and succeeding is the most recalcitrant aspect of the evil in an adult world which stresses practical inman. to remedy this unfair treatment of per accomplishment, money, success, and self Few of us seem to realize how insidious. sons who are really in fact heads of their improvement. Many of Scouting's values fit how universal an evil is racism. Racism is households. into this framework. But we are now working man's gravest threat to man. the maximum The following table compares the pres through dozens of national committees of of hatred for a minimum of reason. the maxi ent tax liability of a single person with dedicated volunteers so that Scouting will mum of cruelty for a minimum of thinking. what it would be 1f his income is taxed have the best methods to point the way for God created different kinds of man. men boys toward contemporary American adult at the rate applied to married taxpayers of different colors and races. From one single tax hood. man all men are descended. The image of filing returns as heads of households. Camping is still the most popular feature God is either in every man or 1n no man. This head-of-household rate would apply of Scouting for most boy~specially the To think of man 1n terms of white. black to unremarried widows, widowers, and younger ones--and we shall continue to em or yellow is more than an error. It ls an eye single persons over 30 years of age under phasize the values that come from camping. disease, a cancer of the soul. the legislation which I have introduced. 3080 "EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 turned a way. They are back now helping Total income_.------__ ------. __ ------$7,500 $10,~ $15,000 $25,000 Personal exemption ___ ------__ _------600 600 600 to clean up the destruction. 10-percent deduction ______----_-_------750 1,000 1,500 2,500 In a time of trouble and conflict these citizens have proved that in our country Taxable income _____ ------_---_------6,150 8,400 12,900 21,900 concern is still alive and "involvement" is not a quality of the past. Tax $1,285 $1,916 $7,680 ~:riMr~g~~"~!~~~~~~~~~~-Percent to total income ______------_ 17.1 19. 1 $32~~~ 30.7 I am proud to be their Representative (b) Head-of-household rates ______------$1,203 $1,760 $2,819 $6,578 in Congress. Percent to total income ______16.0 17.6 18.8 26.3 Tax saving under Vanik bil'------$82 $156 $335 $1,102 Each of the citizens and all of the organizations who came forward to as sist the afilicted residents are worthy of As you can see from this table, a single of Flatbush is an exercise and a rein commendation, and, at the very least, person would save $82 under my bill if forcement of that right and is, in a very deserve our sincere thanks and gratitude. he made $7,500 per year; $156 if he made real sense, a contribution to American $10,000 per year; $335 per year at $15,- education. This is part of the legacy 000; and $1,102 per year if he earned which Joel Braverman has left us. $25,000. But we will remember him most, I be LET WOMEN DOCTORS RELIEVE It is my hope that the Ways and lieve, for his warmth, for his great con SHORTAGE Means Committee will be able to con cern for the feelings of others, and of sider this bill during its up-coming hear course for his intense love of children. ings on tax reform and revision. He was the kind of man and friend who HON. MARTHA W. GRIFFITHS makes life more meaningful. Henry OF MICHIGAN Adams once wrote: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell Thursday, February 6, 1969 A TEACHER AFFECTS ETERNITY where his influence stops. Mrs. GRIFFITHS. Mr. Speaker, I wish It consoles me somewhat to think that to congratulate Sydney J. Harris for his HON. BERTRAM L. PODELL Joel Braverman will live on in all the article entitled, "Let Women Doctors Re OF NEW YORK children he influenced and in all their lieve Shortage." Anyone who reads this IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES achievements. article will realize that Mr. Harris is Thursday, February 6, 1969 worthy of the Congressional Medal of Honor. Mr. PODELL. Mr. Speaker, it is my sad Mr. Speaker, I include the text of the duty to call to the attention of my col CITIZENS LAUDED FOR ASSISTANCE article in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: leagues the passing last Tuesday evening RENDERED DURING CALIFORNIA LET WOMEN DOCTORS RELIEVE SHORTAGE of a most remarkable gentleman, Mr. DISASTER (By Sydney J. Harris) Joel Braverman. This sensitive man, con sumed by his great love of children dedi I have written about this before, a dozen years ago, but the situation is now worse cated nearly his entire life to their edu HON. ALPHONZO BELL than it was then, and still nothing much cation. He was founder and for years OF CALIFORNIA has been done. I refer to the shortage of principal of Yeshiva of Flatbush Elemen IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES doctors in the U.S., and our provincial prej tary and Secondary School in Brooklyn. Thursday, February 6, 1969 udice against women in the medical profes Under his watchful, fatherly eye the sion. fledgling school grew. Nourished by his Mr. BELL. Mr. Speaker, recently Our country could use another quarter dedication, strengthened by his vision the Los Angeles area which I rep mlllion doctors, but many young men are and tireless energy, the school matured resent was struck by disastrous rains not able to go through the lengthy and ex which released tons of mud on many pensive period of medical education; on the into one of the finest institutes of He other hand, hundreds of thousands of college brew learning in the United States. homes in the 28th District. Had it not trained women could take up the profession I knew Joel Braverman for many been for the generous and tireless efforts if they were encouraged to do so. years. It was my privilege to have at of our city's professional agencies, vol The majority of doctors are women in tended the Yeshiva of Flatbush and to unteer organizations, and untold hun Russia, and in the Scandinavian countries have been exposed to this unusual man. dreds of citizen volunteers, this disaster and throughout Europe generally, there are I can truthfully say that he played a pro from which we are still recovering would many times more women doctors than we found role in my life. He was more than have been greatly magnified. have in the U.S. Male Chauvinism does not run nearly as a principal, more than a teacher. He was I would like to commend those people high in those countries as it does here. Even a friend, a confidant, a guide, a man who gave so willingly of their time and female lawyers are frowned upon in the U.S. loved and emulated by the children he energy to assist their neighbors in a time (both inside and outside the legal profes loved. He was the kind of man who in of crisis. Unfortunately, it is impossible sion), are paid less, given more menial as fluenced and shaped the characters of to name individually each of those fine signments, and rarely elevated to positions all who came into contact with him. His citizens. They came when there was a of any real responsibility in public service, interest in each child was genuine and he need and left quietly when the battle as their male counterparts are. recognized each of us as an indvidual. was over-satisfied only with a job well It may be a plausible (though not, to Children were his whole interest, his me, persuasive) argument that women lack done. The groups involved and repre the toughness of fibre to make first-rate whole life. His dedication to them and sented in assisting the 28th District, lawyers; but surely no similar argument ap to their education was uncompromising. however, included the Law Enforcement plies to their potential abilities as doctors. Those of us who knew him feel his loss Explorer Scouts, the Civil Air Patrol, In the first place, women tend to be na intensely and personally. stuqent groups from UCLA, a contingent tively more sympathetic to physical ailments The loss of Joel Braverman is too from Loyola University, and individuals than men; women are more aware of their great for the cause of education. He was from other colleges and universities in bodies, more sensitive to biological processes; a giant and a leader in the field of He the Los Angeles area. Teenagers from all more emotionally engaged in the arts of brew education. He was a planner and nursing and nutrition and conservation of over the city came forward to assist in health. an architect. He designed and brought to bagging more than 2,500 tons of sand. Secondly, and just as important, women !ife an educational program of the finest Citizen band groups such as REACT and have a naturally deeper understanding of quality. It is because of his efforts that FORE also assisted the National Guard, psychosomatic ailments-which are at the Yeshiva of Flatbush has achieved the the Red Cross, and our own Los Angeles bottom of more than 50 percent of all cases outstanding reputation which it has. Police and Fire Departments. seen by doctors-because their own minds Private education in this country is a The generation gap was closed as and bodies are so intimately related, so deli tradition. It testifies to our freedom of young and old alike worked shoulder to cately interpenetrated by one another. religion and of conscience, and our right And, so far as the technical skills of med shoulder for 2 days in torrential rains icine are concerned, these can be learned by to direct the upbringing and education to save lives and property. Between 400 any competent and ordinarily intelligent per of our children. The establishment and and 500 citizens were actively involved son of either sex. What chiefly distinguishes operatJon of an institution like Yeshiva in this effort and another 400 had to be a good doctor from a mediocre one is pre- ·February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF':REMARKS 3081
clsely the area In which women excel: the few decades-indeed, the last few years I poses new problems In public rules govern ability to identify with the patient, to com have also witnessed the emergence of what ing health, safety and fraud. The mechan municate and interact on a level beneath the we may call the testmakers, i.e., agencies en ization of retailing has meant a rapid struc merely verbal and intellectual and clinical. gaged in labeling or comparative testing of tural decline in the role of personal selling It is one of the scandals of our society products on an economy-wide basis (or at as a channel of consumer information. that we fail to extract the vast potential least without reference to a special industry In this changed environment the consumer from our women, and still condemn them or group of products) . The term organized :finds himself with a multi-leveled set of buy to second-class citizenship in the profession consumer information is used here, some ing criteria, a diversified group of buying that needs them most. what arbitrarily, to refer to the output of decisions brought abruptly to focus by the these bodies. It should be observed that many striking growth in both discretionary income of these organizations also engage in activi and leisure time. As he is drawn into new ties other than comparative testing or label and rapidly changing spending areas the ing, such as lobbying on behalf of consumers, consumer often :finds that he and, indeed, his CONSUMER INFORMATION IN operating complaint bureaus, conducting peers, have little prior experience to draw on. EUROPE home economics research of a general nature. It is no accident that the prime movers be These other activities fall outside the scope hind organized consumer information have of the study. been middle class and professional groups in HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL The use of the term consumer informa Western Societies of relative abundance.2 OF NEW YORK tion to denote the business of testing and The joining of forces to ensure corrective IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES labeling agencies is deliberate, as the gen or compensatory action on the part of con eration, analysis, and dissemination of con sumers was at :first limited to the traditional Thursday, February 6, 1969 sumer-relevant product information is the consumer cooperatives, whose interest in this common denominator in their activities. It area has been moderate. In the late forties Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, those should be remembered, however, that several and :fifties a new kind of consumer associa of us who are working for a Federal De of the organizations go beyond the presenta tion was founded in European countries, partment of Consumer Affairs are aware tion of basic facts into the realm of con sometimes at the instigation of governmental how far behind the European countries sumer "guidance" or "protection.'' authorities and often with the support of we are. Most of the world's industrial This paper may be viewed as a progress other groups with social aims-family fed ized countries, in fact, have already report, at least in the sense that it is im erations, women's associations, trade unions. established strong, effective consumer pressionistic and exploratory. While based The common purpose: to promote consump on data from all Western Europe, comprising tion in the sense of the consumer interest programs with appropriate cabinet rep some forty different organizations, the report and to put it on an equal basis with produc resentation. almost surely has omitted a few bodies of tion and distribution. Prof. Hans B. Thorelli, of Indiana Uni significance and some factual mistakes have The European Productivity Agency con versity, has described the various ways likely been included. (Being dealers in in vened a meeting in 1960 to discuss consumer European consumer organizations, both formation about products not all testmakers information systems. The specific objective public and private, are providing con excel in giving information about them was to study three methods of informing sumer information in the following selves.) Also, while it is fashionable to call consumers: comparative testing, quality article: any research comprising more than one ob markings, and informative labeling. Each servation comparative, we shall be content category corresponds to a specific aim, and THE TESTMAKERS-A NONCOMPARATIVE STUDY with the adjective non-comparative. We have, the various systems employ different ways of OF ORGANIZED CONSUMER INFORMATION IN however, devoted a section to a synopsis of compiling and disseminating information. EUROPE* what we consider a truly comparative study. One of the most striking is the difference in (By Hans B. Thorelli * * ) TERMS OF REFERENCE the attitude to the producer: the advocates of comparative tests generally refuse to co Europe is rapidly becoming consumer Whatever the degrees of government plan oriented. This development is naturally re operate actively with the producer, whereas ning and regulation, all West European econ the supporters of the other two methods re lated to the spread of modern marketing omies are based on private enterprise. In management concepts. To no small part the quire such collaboration to achieve their such a competitive enterprise system there ends. Despite these differences, however, consumer emphasis is also due to the current can only be one ultimate testing place: the rise of interest groups, governmental bodies these various methods of information share market. To the extent that organized con certain aims, as well as difficulties. and other institutions exclusively concerned sumer information facilitates rational be with consumer problems. This paper is Today, though the individual organiza h avior by the consumer, it will strengthen tions persist in following a chosen method, focused on organized consumer information the economic system. To the extent that agencies engaged in labeling or in compara due to the multiplication or re-combination these programs, by being overly solicitous, of groups, many countries in Europe, taken tive testing of products. A variety of forms, make the consumer a passive rather than an from profit-making journals via consumer as a whole, are gradually tending toward the active participant in the marketplace they use of all methods to achieve their goal. Still subscriber organizations to state-run insti will weaken the system. While it would carry tutes are discussed. While some standard organizational preferences can be discerned. this survey too far to take up these problems, The year 1964 saw a tremendous change in ization of practices is underway, continued it is clear that different consumer informa experimentation is likely to accompany the European orientation toward consumer prob tion systems will tend to have different types lems-a change in both pace and in the further rapid growth of this movement which of impact on consumers. may be predicted with great confidence. placement of concern. Some of these quick Special interest, and special problems attach Of the need for improved consumer infor enings were set in motion earlier, but 1964 to increasing international cooperation in mation there can be no doubt. Information was a year of a. new emphasis on the con the :field. about the market has always been to varying sumer as such and this at the cabinet level, The most essential aspect of the market degrees imperfect. It would also seem fairly as one country after another moved to cre ing process-whether viewed from a producer clear that the increase in availab111ty of rele ate new agencies, appoint investigations, or or a consumer viewpoint--is that it is a vant information has not equalled the in grant new monies to private or public bodies communications system. Looking at the spec creased need for such information in the last in the field. trum of information flowing in the direction few decades. The acceleration and diversifi A further outgrowth of the convergence of of the consumer we :find, among other things, cation of technical progress, the cornucopia goals among consumer organizations has advertising, personal selling, user's manuals, of new products, the intricate complexity of been the formation of international bodies. homemaker and hobby journals, editorial many of them, and the proliferation of prod These as yet serve mainly a clearing-house uct brands, these have resulted in a pheno function. When they have taken independent and critical copy in the newspapers, general menal increase in the "functional distance" education in so far as it upgrades consumer initiatives, execution in the past has largely between the producer and the consumer. The been the responsibility of national members. ship, some specialized consumer education "geographical distance" and the "temporal programs, opinion leaders, coffee klatsches, International organizations of special inter distance" between them has grown apace est in the testing and labeling context are legislated information labels, and a great with the nationalization and international primarily the following: number of quality seals, marks, and labels ization of local markets. The "legal distance" International Organization of Consumers issued by standardization bodies and trade Unions (The Hague, 1960). 25+ member or associations in various industries. The last 1 It is worth noting that one-third of the ganizations from some twenty countries, in organizations surveyed here were not even cluding Consumers Union (U.S.). Broad in •This study was carried out with active born when the :field was last inventoried, i.e., terest, but focused on comparative testing. support of the International Management in an OEEC study based on 1960 data. Among Development Institute (IMEDE), Lausanne, the new organizations are also a great pro 2 This certainly does not mean that there at which the author was Professor of Mar portion of the most important ones in terms is no need for consumer information pro keting in 1964-65. Mrs. Sarah V. Thorelli of innovation and impact in the field. Cf. grams in the underdeveloped countries. Only contributed heavily to the project. Jean Meynaud, Better Buying Through Con that the need there is not likely to be met • •Professor of Marketing, Indiana Uni sumer Information, Paris, Organization for spontaneously by local voluntary organiza versity. European Economic Cooperation, 1961. tions. 3082 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 Bureau Europeen des Unions de Consom attacbing the quality seal to the product. uct rating (category 1A). The first European m.ateurs (Brussels, 1962). Hitherto primarily Organizations engaging in information label organization of this character, where brand a contact organ for certain consumer groups ing per se (category 2B) prefer to let the named products were compared, ranked with in the EEC. Will be the sponsor of so-called facts on the label speak for themselves. All prices, and results made public, was Neyten Eurotests. economy-wide labeling schemes in existence dasamtokin, the Consumers Union of Ice Nordiska Kom.mitten for Konsum.entfragor are voluntary, i.e., dependent on producer land, formed in 1953. This spunky organiza (Inter-Scandinavian Committee on Con cooperation. Routine compliance testing is tion, with under 10,000 members, was quickly sumer Matters, Copenhagen, 1958). Denmark, often entrusted to the producers themselves; embroiled in litigation due to a warning on Finland, Norway, Sweden. Inter-governmen all organizations retain the right to under a harmful detergent, issued as a result of its tal. Promotes common approaches, methods, take control tests ex officio. This decentrali published findings. As plaintiff prevailed in criteria~ regards testing. zation makes for economy in operation. lower instances, activities of the organization Centre International pour la Promotion de The great advantage of quality seals and were hampered, but after N. was vindicated la Qualite (The Hague, 1962). Austria, Bel information labels is that they provide point in the high court in 1960 the road is clear for gium, France, 'Germany, Holland, Spain, of-purchase data. On the other hand, the organized consumer information in Iceland. U.K. Thus far has promoted informative number of labeled brands available in a given Not concerned wholly with comparative test labeling as well as quality labellng. London retail outlet may be small. There are often ing, Neytendasamtokin receives a government conference 1965 discussed harmonization of unlabeled brands among those available; it grant comprising about 20 per cent of its national efforts, especially testing methods. is not always easy to decide for what reason $5,000 plus budget. International Organization for Standar.d the producers of unlabeled brands are not The year 1953 also saw the establishment ization (ISO, Geneva, 1946). In 1964 became in the labeling scheme and what, if any of the Nederlandse Consumenten Bond in interested in SMMP-standard methods of thing, this has to do with the quality or Holland, a non-profit organization with 63,000 measuring performance of consumer goods. characteristics of their products. Due to the individual members and 18 organizational Will work with international and national relatively lower cost of operation, labeling members, whose total membership, in turn, testing and standardization bodies on this schemes often embrace a much greater num reached the 200,000 level in 1964. This orga problem. ber of different products than comparative nization is totally independent of producers International Electrotechnical Commission testing systems. as well as the government. Organizational (Geneva). Autonomous affiliate of ISO for Common to the procedures of all these con members are civil service groups, teachers standardization of electrical goods. In 1964 sumer information organizations is that at and pensioners. Its annual budget of $70,000 initiated work on SMMP for household ap some stage of events they all involve product comes from its membership exclusively. By pliances; hopes to have first recommenda testing. Though patterns are changing rap far its most important function is compara tions published in 1966. idly it may be convenient to correlate these tive testing. It has on occasion received For the further discussion four categories categories with geographical areas: compara financial help from labor unions and coop of activity are distinguished: tive testing with overall ratings with the eratives in running tests, and at least once 1. Comparative Testing U. K., quality certification with the con a test was performed by the Consumers' A. Counseling (with overall product tinent and information labeling with Scan Association in England, financed by Consu ratings) dinavia. Among the Scandinavian countries mers' Union in the United States, for both B. Non-counseling (without overall prod- Sweden is the classic representative not only the Nederlandse Consumenten Bond and uct ratings) of labeling but also of comparative testing !'Association des Consommateurs in Belgium. 2. Labeling of the non-counseling variety. Another gen The list of items tested through 1964 includes A. Quality certification eralization: comparative testing in various some 22 appliances, from refrigerators and B. Information labeling forms seems to focus on the market-con washing machines to batteries and exposure Comparative testing denotes a special kind sumer relationship, quality marking on the meters, and 34 other items, including such of market survey carried out by an inde manufacturer-consumer relationship, and in things as glue, can openers, cigarettes, tooth pendent body. This organization selects the formative labeling on a product-consumer paste, tennis balls. Its periodical, Consu individual samples of the brands of a given relationship. mentengids, appears eleven times a year. product (or products, if the focus is on Before proceeding to the cross-country Another Dutch organization, Consumenten substitute products) to be tested, and also overview we may note the striking variety of Contact Orgaan (CCO) was set up in 1957 by prescribes the characteristics to be tested, sponsorship among testing and labeling or the cooperatives, the Consumenten Bond and and the test methods to be used. The results ganizations. These are organizations based three labor groups, with a family organiza obtained for each brand are reported (fre on broad individual membership, such as the tion joining in 1963. A government grant of quently cross-tabulated). A generalized Consumer's Association in the U.K.; there $28,000 in 1963 was intended to cover 70 per judgement about the whole product--usually are private profit-making ventures such as cent of the costs of their comparative testing including a consideration of price and of the German DM and Italian Quattrosoldi activities. In its 1964 budget CCO claimed to non-testable but relevant features-may be journals; there are private federated orga have about $60,000 for testing; in 1965 about added, in the form of an overall rating, or a nizations, such as Switzerland's Fondation $85,000. A fascinating development here is categorization in terms of relative recom pour la Protection des Consommateurs. that this organization actually has made mendability ("best buy", "not acceptable" There are government-subsidized but pri an attempt to cooperate with the producer. etc.) as a consumer counseling device (cate vately administered organizations, such as He is contacted usually before and after the gory 1A). Other organizations prefer to let Union Federale de la Consommation in tests for comments. He receives the general the tests of individual characteristics and France; there are quasi-government bodies, report in draft, and also the technical data products speak for themselves, hence gen such as Varudeklarationsforbundet in Fin concerning his product. ceo publishes an in erally do not include any overall product land; there are all-government agencies, such formation bulletin ten times a year. ratings (category 1B). as the Consumer Council in U.K. Frequently The Norweigan Forbrukerradet also per While the use of brand names complicates organizations with different types of sponsor forms its compartive testings in some cooper the work of the testing bodies by multiply ship exist side by side within a single coun ation with the producer. Of the total budget ing the number of items to be tested, by try, sometimes engaged in dUierent, some of this largely governmental body of around facilitating the identification of the product times in similar activities. $175,000 a year, some 70 per cent comes from for the consumer, branding makes the sys ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS: CROSS-COUNTRY public funds. What part of the budget is de tem workable. Comparative testing is by far OVERVIEW voted to comparative tests is unknown. Since the most difficult and the most expensive In some countries, such as Denmark, all their establishment in 1953 they have en scheme to administer. It has the advantage three systems under discussion here are used. gaged in informative labeling and quality of typically (although not necessarily) giving In others, the combinations are not as well markings as well. Their popular publication, greater depth of information than labeling, developed, although in most countries there Forbrukerrapporten, with a circulation of in terms of number of product characteristics is quite a flora of interested groups. This 100,000 to 10 per cent of Norway's households, embraced. The consumer is also given a great pluralistic approach has resulted in many appears ten times a year. range of information, in that the tests gen organizations seemingly performing the same There are two comparative testing orga erally comprise a great number, if not all, function and in many countries comprising nizations in France, Union Federale de la. of the brands available. the same persons or groups. Unfortunately, Consommation (UFC), established in 1951 Labeling here denotes an activity in which the data concerning these organizations are and Organisation Generale des Consomma an organization, after establishing certain not complete. Several groups are yet to be teurs (ORGECO), established in 1959. UFC minimal criteria as to product quality and/or heard from; undoubtedly many, especially is composed of 36 organizational members, range and depth of information about prod local gro-ups, are as yet not uncovered. These with a group of officers including a member uct characteristics, will permit interested gaps may even distort the picture as a whole, of the Ministry of Finance and Economics, producers to attach the quallty seal and/or especially on the continent where diverse the President of Qualite-France, and a num informative label of the organization to their organizations, some in existence for a long ber of consumers and economists. Though products, as long as these comply with cri time, have been interested in consumer in not primarily a comparative testing organi teria. Quality certification (category 2A) formation systems only in recent years. zation, it publishes its results in Que Choi based on the agency's notion as to what con sir?, a periodical appearing bi-monthly, and stitutes product ".fitness"-tends to include Comparative testing .a quarterly bulletin. About 60 per cent of information labeling as well. At times, how We will discuss first comparative testing its budget comes from the government. The ever, producers content themselves with only organizations which do give an overall prod- other, ORGECO, has already appointed an February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3083 officer in charge of its participation in the Established in 1961 this magazine had pub with strictly factual reporting. The products Eurotests, even though this is thus far a lished the results of more than 250 com are not ranked; nor are they generally given purely experimental development. It pub parative tests by January 1965. 11; claims a any rating such as recommended or not rec lishes bi-monthly the Information Consom circulation of 000,000, and its fame might ommended. Prices may not be stated. Kon mation, with a top circulation of 25,000 suggest the figure were even larger. The year sumentinstitutet also conducts tests on re copies. Thirty per cent of its annual budget of book, which carried the results of 91 tests in quest of industry. It publishes a popular about $40,000 is supplied by the government. 1964, was given an initial imprint of 250,000. periodical, Rad ocn Ron, ten times a year Great Britain's Consumers' Association, DM maintains its own laboratory near Stutt and at least two other series dealing spe established in 1957, with a present member gart, with 22 engineers and technicians. Un cifically with different product groupings or ship of about 450,000, is perhaps the most abashed in style, it passes judgment in a household functions, such as its famed home active of these comparative testing organi flurry of publicity. It has been involved in laundry and vacuum cleaner studies. zations. Its publication Which? has been a great deal of litigation, the most notorious Schweizerisches Institut fur Hauswirt well received indeed, and its research and concerned the Volkswagen 1500. To date schaft (Slli), established in 1948 by the editorial staff of 50 is vigorous and has many matters, including the VW contro Women's Third National Congress in Zurich, proven to be an effective advocate of this versy, have been settled, if not amicably, at unites 43 member organizations and others system. It is a dedicated group. Non-profit least finally, out of court. Others are still to test products, publishing results in SIH making in form, it staunchly holds to its pol pending. DM also carries other reports, such fur Sie quarterly and Elektrisc.ne Haushalt icy of no other relationship to producers as services of charwomen, garages, and the geriite monthly. It also conducts research than that they are invited to comment on waywardness of watchmakers' repair service. and studies in many areas of household man CA's results as to technical specifications of Quattrosoldi (Fourpence) is the other agement. Its funds, about $60,000, come from products, before these results are published. European privately-owned magazine, which subscriptions and sale of publications. Two CA's pre-test data collection covers such publishes results of comparative tests on a organizations loosely federated in the Com topics as market share, availability, and ad monthly basis. Begun in 1961 in Milan, it mission Suisse des Consommatrices (1963), vertising expenditures. They use panels of currently claims a circulation of 200,000. DM the Federation Romande des Consommatrices consumers and panels of scientists and tech and Quattrosoldi have little in common. DM (1959) and Konsumentinnenforum der nicians to help determine which brands to is aggressive, very doggedly certain; Quattro Deutschen Schweiz und des Kantons Tessin test, sampling procedures and what tests t:o soldi is philosophical, with moral uplift tone. (1963), claim to do testing. As yet, as far make. As with all comparative testers, shop DM is terse; Quattrosoldi is florid. Both ac as is known, not much has been published. ping is done anonymously. cept advertising; perhaps as much as 25 per France's Association Pour la Diffusion des With an annual budget of around $1.7 cent of the pages in Quattrosoldi and about Techniques Menageres, a non-profit private million, this organization is financially 10 per cent of DM are devoted to advertising. organization set up in 1952, is composed pri equipped to show results. From 1957 to June Quattrosoldi is a glossy, slick, eye-appealing marily of some one thousand schools of home 1965 the CA tested and reported on over 400 monthly costing 50 cents a copy, with only economics and nine other organizations with products, some few more than once as newer about 15 per cent of its space devoted to broad appeal. It maintains its own testing models appeared or changes occurred, or as comparative test results; DM is a function house, where it also permits producers to different aspects of products became im ally oriented, technically-worded weekly with have their products tested. Looking at qual almost 40 per cent devoted to test results. ity, function and price it publishes brochures portant. In addition CA has reported on such on many different products, such as water diverse consumer problems as installment ~ne of the purposes of Quattrosoldi is to pro buying, funerals, resale price maintenance, VIde a means for persons with little savings heaters, sewing machines, freezers, and re (fourpence) to invest their money in stocks, frigerators. It also publishes -a bulletin quar and trading stamps. terly. The government contributes 18 per L'Association des Consommateurs (former and the journal carries regular consumer information reports on leading Italian and cent of its annual budget of $40,000. ly Union Belge des Consommateurs) was The Laboratoire Cooperatif d'Analyses et formed in 1957 as a non-profit independent international securities. Outside the normal channels of investment, ways have been es de Recherches affiliated to the cooperative organization of private consumers. With a movement, is at the disposal of consumer membership of only 11,000 and a budget of tablished through Quattrosoldi for the indi vidual to buy as little as one share. groups for analyses and tests. With a budget $50,000 annually, this organization publishes of $100,000 including government subsidies, in both French and Flemish an eleven-issues Akin to the testing organizations just de scribed are those comparative testmakers who this 1955 organization conducts tests itself a-year periodical, (Test Achats and Test on such items as cheese, ham, and frozen Aankoop, respectively) carrying results of its generally do not include overall product rat ings (category 1B) . Many of these function fish. It has several publications, such as Je comparative tests. A member of both IOCU voudrais savoir and a Bulletin d' Information. and the BEUC, this organization participates as sections of home economics institutes or are connected with standards associations Bundesforschungsanstalt fti.r Hauswirts in Eurotest and other jointly sponsored tests, chaft, sponsored in 1951 by the German Min several in cooperation with NCB in Holland. or set up as quasi-independent agencies fi~ nanced by the government. Their work varies istry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry and In 1961 Verein fti.r Konsumenteninforma the Board of Home Economics Research, is tion was established in Vienna. Sponsored by from testing many branded products and reporting on each individually according to composed of representatives from home eco labor, agriculture and producer groups (some nomics schools and the government. Its test of which are semi-governmental in nature), specific points to reporting detailed test re sults run on one specific product or brand. ing is for fundamental research only, devel it presents a different composition than oping test methods and testing types of prod many of the other consumer associations. . Some develop or set up test methods, such as Germany's Ausschuss ftlr Gebrauchstauglich ucts such as refrigerators, freezers, and Multi-purpose, it has not hesitated, however, mixers. to undertake some comparative testings and keit (AGt), some experiment with alterna tive methods of performing household func Germany's Arbeitsgemeischaft der Ver to issue reports, both intermittent market tions. braucherverbande (AGV), a 1953 non-profit surveys and a bi-monthly periodical, Kon The Danish Statens Husholdningsrad, set federation of twenty member organizations ~ument. Early in its operation it, too, was comprising a total of seven million individual 1nvolved in litigation due to a warning on a up in 1935 but reorganized in 1960 within the province of the Ministry of Interior conducts members, tests products itself and also uses dangerous stove. A special feature of this other testing laboratories, gdving out pur group is the maintenance of a permanent group testings on household items ~nd appli exhibit of recommended products in Vienna. ances, publishing results bi-monthly in both chase guides and other studies. Its electric Subscribers account for about 10 per cent of a popular periodical, Rad og Resultater, and iron study gave a complete outline of the its budget, non-commercial grants for almost a technical journal, Tekniske Meddelelser. market situation: 140 irons with specifica 90 per cent. The testing of small utensils, such as can tions of their most important characteristics openers or paring knives, may result in the and their price. On request single tests are La Fondation pour la Protection des Con improved utensils bearing the label "Made in made on behalf of producers. It also develops sommateurs set up only in September, 1964, Collaboration with the Government Home test methods and elaborates test conditions in Switzerland by three labor unions and the for other organizations. Of its total income, cooperatives, hopes to perform one test a Economics Council," or in informative label ing stating characteristics of the article con $75,000 annually, 55 per cent comes from month. Their tests, as far as is known, have cerned. Husholdningsrad has had its own the sale of its publications, two of which are so far dealt with soaps, stockings, and differ Verbraucher Politische Korrespondenz, 36 ent brands in regular and premium gasoline, laboratories since 1956. With a budget of around $200,000 a year this institution has isues a year, and Verbraucher Rundschau, a professional-type standing hair dryers, and other aspects which border into the quality monthly. The former publication is a broad watch repair and service. Not unreasonably, marking area. consumer-policy interest, while the latter the name of their publication is Test. Sweden's Statens Institut for Konsument focuses on testing. None of these organizations has its own fragor, financed by the government with a The new German Stiftung Warentest, not testing laboratories. Consumers' Association budget of around $300,000 has roots as far a year old yet, will commission tests from in England does maintain its own facilities back as 1940, though its present form dates existing scientific and technical institutions. for automobile testing. These agencies rely from 1957. Primarily engaged in consumer Results will be published in a bi-monthly on university and private laboratories. education broadly, household studies and periodical, but there will be no system of Dramatic in its appeal is the German research, it does a good deal of comparative rankings. Funds will come from the Eco DM-Verleger Waldemar Schweitzer, a pri testing, Viking style. That is, branded prod nomics Ministry, $100,000 to equip headquar vate :firm publishing a weekly magazine DM ucts, such as washing machines, are individ ters, and an operating budget this yeM", 1965, selling at a price of one Deutsche Mar~ ually tested in many areas of performance, of $500,000, and $1 million for each of 1966 3084 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 'Feoruary-6, 196!1 and 1967. They hope -to do about 70 tests a specifications which must, of course, meet for the product. After scrutiny, the factory 1:s year. the minimum but can give a higher range on visited wb.ere samples are taken and the The Warentest foundation is a compromise any characteristic on which the product ex equipment and quality control methods ex result of several years of sometimes vioient ceeds the quality threshold. At one time amined. Laboratory tests are performed. The debate concerning the role of the federal gov Qualite-France reported that out of two or staff and manufacturer agree on the infor ernment in consumer information. While three hundred cases submitted every month, mation needed and wording of the quality given sizeable resources the agency at least all but about twenty were withdrawn as soon label. National newspaper advertising is used initially leaves no one fully satisfied. Inter as the applicants realized what was involved, to circulate the names of the articles tested estingly, the AGV has gotten together with and only about ten of these were actually with favorable results. At least forty pro industry and trade to form an Aktionsgemeis approved. Five of the ten largest firms in ducers have such markings. chaft fiir Warentestfragen, with the aim to France are reported to have had products re The Danske Husmodres Forbrugerrad dat strengthen the cooperation between consum jected. Moreover, ten to twenty are elimi ing from 1947 has recently gained added life ers, trade and industry as regards compara nated every year due to their lowering their by introducing last year a new bi-monthly tive testing and to support the Stiftung quality or modifications made in the tech periodical, Taenk. This organization consists Warentest "by proposals and constructive nical specifications. Complaints are handled of representatives from twelve associations criticism." As its first contribution this joint judiciously. Of the two thousand complaints representing half a million housewives. It venture has published a memorandum to the a year one-half are unjustified; the product is independent of the government. It seems foundation of considerations which should was used improperly or was completely worn especially concerned with work dealing with be taken into account in the selection of out. Whenever the firm is at fault it is standardization and quality-marking of commodities for testing. obliged, under its agreement with Qualite articles, having established its own quality Two organizations in Belgium test goods, France, to repair or replace the product. certification. The manufacturer binds him Union Femine Pour !'Information et la De Qualite-France thus far aas given seals only self by contract to keep certain specifically fense du Consommateurs, and Raad Van to French producers. agreed quality standards and to subject him Huisvrouwen, both in Brussels. The former, Qualite-Belgique, Office Pour le Controle self to the control of Forbrugerrad. a 1959 non-profit organization, does a more de la Qualite, maintains a permanent com Belgium's CENATRA, Centre National basic type of test: determine composition mittee to draw up technical specifications. It d'Assistance Technique et de Recherche or properties of products, using results for is composed of twenty-one members taken Appliquee, founded in 1958 at the suggestion broader educational work. They do not auto from diverse sectors-textiles, chemicals, food of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, has cre matically publish results. The latter organi service. There are 81 such specifications. This ated a number of association marks of ap zation was set up in 1958 by a labor group technical committee sets up criteria of ap proval, primarily washability and laundering to inform itself through testing. These tests proval, selects laboratories, organizes use tests marks. In the field of standardized qualifica may result in recommendations to manufac and analyses data collected. If it refuses to tions Germany's AGV has worked out the turers and also to awarding "quality labels." gram; a label, a detailed report goes to the labeling in the textiles field. applicant. Quality certification As of October 1964 Qualite-Belgique had Information labeling First in issuing quality marks of the sort outstanding quality marks for 135 firms in In Europe today it is the Scandinavian described here (category 2A) was Association textiles, metal manufacturing, clothing, fur countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway and National Pour la Defense de la Qualite Fran niture, cleaning materials and household Sweden, which have taken the far lead in caise, better known as Qualite-France. Es equipment. No permits had been revoked dur information labeling (category 2B). The tablished in 1947 it was followed by similar ing the period from January to October 1964, Molony Committee (Great Britain's Commit organizations in Belgium in 1952 and subse but during 1963 four firms who did not fulfill tee on Consumer Protection) reporting in quently in Holland, Germany and Spain. In their obligations were excluded. Laboratory 1962 suggested that, "in any system of con 1959-1962 Italy also had a similar organiza analyses reached the 160 mark during the sumer protection adequate information is tion, Instituto Qualita Italia, and for a while nine-months period. Qualite-Belgique uses the first line of defence." As a result of their it seemed as though Austria's Wirtschafts local Clubs de Consommateurs (as does recommendation the Consumer Council will forderungsinstitut der Bundeswirtschafts Qualite-France to some extent), but their launch in late 1965 or early 1966 a labeling kammer would institute such a system, al thirty clubs are part of La Ligue des Familles scheme which will have much in common though this organization now seems more In Nombreuses de Belgique, which also circu with the Swedish scheme. terested in labeling. Austria is still a member lates (450,000 copies) information on Sweden's Varudeklarationsnamnden of the Centre International Pour la Promo Qualite-Belgique in their weeklies in French (VDN) was established in 1951 as an inde tion de la Qualite which held a meeting in and Flemish. Qualite-Belgique's current pendent affiliate of the Swedish Standards London in May of this year (seep. 54 above). operations are financed by annual fees and Association. The chairman is appointed by Great Britain's Consumer Council is also a charges to producers for costs of tests and the Government on nomination of the Stand full member of this intern a tional agency, controls. However, it has also issued 3,523 ards Association. The cooperatives, labor, the though it has no quality-marking arrange shares of which 2,653 are held by consumer government Consumer Council, the govern ment nor is it planning to institute one. groups. At least as far as finances are con ment testing laboratories, distributors, pro Other organizations not engaged in quality cerned, Qualite-Belgique is independent of ducers, agriculture and private consumer marking in the strict sense also participated the government. groups and the association of home econom in the London conference, that is, from Den The Dutch quality marking organization, ics teachers, all have representatives on the mark, Sweden and Switzerland. Instituut Tot Voorlichting Bij Huishoude board of fourteen members. Except in cases Qualite-France is governned by a 25 man lijke Arbeid (IVHA), originally sponsored where health and safety might be affected board with representatives from consumer by the Nederlandse Vereniging van Huisvrou (life vests), VDN like other labeling institu groups and trade associations, producers, dis wen, tests and issues quality marks theo tions does not call for minimum standards, tributors and the government. It is financed retically for all products, except foods, but issues a list of characteristics about by annual fees, user fees and testing charges textiles and furniture. By the end of 1964 which information has to appear on the label. imposed on participating producers and by it had outstanding 517 quality marks. Its It also specifies the standard method of government subsidies. The Director-General monthly Denken en Doen gives detailed de measuring performance, as well as the scale, insists that the agency is administered inde scriptions of approved goods. IVHA awards to be used by the producer in evaluating the pendently of the government. Encompassing quality marks for a two-year period only. performance of his product on each charac manufactured products in a wide array from After this interval products must be retested teristic. The label will give all characteristics foods and textiles to domstic appliances and before the marks are re-issued. Annual fees and the guaranteed performance on each. furniture, Qualite-France had by the end of charged for the use of the label are set on Through July 1964, 118 technical specifica 1964 issued quality markings to 600 firms a sliding scale based on retail price of the tions were compiled and available, 791 li manufacturing some 3,000 products. In addi commodity. censes issued to 503 licensees. In many areas, tion to seven technicians employed full time RAL beim DNA (Ausschuss fiir Leifer foods, household items and appliances, and by Qualite-France, the institution has ac bedingungen und Giitesicherung beim wea.ring apparel, specifications are available. cess to forty outside professional laboratories. Deutschen Normenausschuss) is both a qual Yet to be established are rules for most con Use tests are run by home management orga ity-marking and an informative-labeling sumer durables and luxury goods-areas into nizations or Qualite-France's Consumer organization. Set up within the framework which VDN is now moving fast. Panel of 300 members. Questionnaires are of the ~925 German Standards Commission, The government contributed 55 per cent of also used to assess the acceptance of their this agency also belongs to CIPQ. Adequate VDN's more than $100,000 budget for 1963- threshold standards. Information concern instructions on use and handling care neces 64. Eighty-five per cent of the other funds ing quality marks is circulated by bulletins sary to maintain the tested properties of the resulted from license fees. VDN also received and through an annual catalogue, but as goods are included on the marking label. outside its regular budget some $40,000 from with all labeling organizations consumer Calitax, the Spanish Ca1itax Quality Pro the government Consumer Council to develop awareness is created primarily by the label motion Foundation, located in Barcelona, is test methods. One reason for the relatively - itself at the point of purchase. also a member of CIPQ and has adopted sim low cost of the VDN operation is the decen Quallte-France uses a descriptive label, in ilar procedures. Minimum threshold specifi tralization of the system, which mainly relies many ways similar to the information label cations are supplied to the manufacturer in on producers themselves to check that their ing device used in Sweden. The manufacturer advance. He submits his technical specifi products meet the specifications they place is required to use the whole label, giving his cations or a list of characteristics claimed on the labels. In adidtion, VDN naturally February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3085 uses consumer complaints to police manu the Consumer Council, in tne contract made often be such as to permit intervening events facturers when necesasey. with each manufacturer, will lay down the from interrupting the cause-effect relation Norway's Hoved.k.omiteen for Va.redeklaras proportion of output of any given class of ships which might have been expected. There Joner og Kvalltetsmerking is primarily en goods he must check for performance in ac are many wholly or partly accidental factors, gaged. in informative labeling, although the cordance with the British Standard methods such as the emergence of weak or strong, name suggests quality marking as well. It for that class of label. In addition sample single-minded or open-minded leaders of was sponsored by the government Forburker purchases will be made in the open market these organiza-tions, and so on. It is main radet in late 1954, but with representatives for independent checking, and the manufac tained, however, that cross-cultural study of from Bixteen member organizations. Of a turer's works will be visited at least once a the type advocated here would represent a budget of about $17,000, seventy per cent year to ensure that production testing and major step towards understanding and comes from industry and trade, the remain quality control are satisfactory. BSI will be predictability in this field. der from the government. in charge of these checkings and visits. The The data at hand were not sufficient to DVN-Dansk Varedeklarations-Naevnd, dat system will be open to foreign importers undertake such a study here. Given more ing from 1957, has a broad representation wherever they are situated. In contrast with time it should not be too difficult to get a from ten natlonal organizations, including the Swedish system products in Britain (as significant body of data for a comparative the Danish Standards Association, with the in Denmark) will be tested before labeling is analysis of stimulus-response relations of the chairman the director of the Research Labo allowed. Moreover, while the British are A type. On the other hand, organizational ratory of the Ministry of Fisheries. Their planning factory control visits, a procedure output data (stimulus type B) is amazingly budget of about .$15,000 is financed by con also used in the quality-marking systems, troublesome to obtain, and impact informa tributions from organizations and yearly fees such visits are not a regular part of the tion suitable for quantitative comparlson by firms who want gOOds labeled. By the end Swedish scheme. (how many consumers were guided in how of their iiscal year 1963-64 they had 15 spec many buying decisions, how many manufac AN ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR A turers improved their product, to what de ifications, 21 licensees and 126 licenses. COMPARATIVE STUDY As with other labelers theirs is not a guar gree were consumer-producer relations im antee of quality, but in Denmark, there is It was stated by way of introduction that, proved or damaged) is next to unobtainable more often a requirement that the goods because of resource limitations, this explora in most countries. Initially, therefore, we must be "fit" for use to be labeled, ln which tory study was not comparative in any strin would recommend research focused on case there is a lower llmlt to the quality. gent sense of the word. On the basis of the stimulus-response relations of the A type. DVN also circulates to the other Scandina spadework done it should be possible, how Figure 2 shows an illustrative inventory of vian institutes their drafts of specifications ever, to outline the contours of meaningful environmental and organizational varl.P.bles before they are adopted. The Danes prefer to future research focused on cross-cultural of presumed special interest and relevance. comparison. have the goods independently tested before FIGURE 2 Institutions do not grow in a vacuum. To manufacturers are permitted to affix the Environmental variables label. fully understand a given consumer informa Outside Scandinavia, interest is picking up tion organization one must study it in rela Population size. for informative labeling. In the Netherlands, tion to its environment. Such an environ Extent of middle class. for instance, a 1950 organization, Nederlandse mentalist, or ecological approach seems Standard of living. Huishoudraad (NHR), composed of sixteen particularly fruitful in the comparative study Prollieration of products and brands. women's groups, has been engaged, among of organized consumer information. It would Standard of education in general, of con- other things, in textile labeling since 1957. seem, further~ that the individual country sumer education in particular. Together with other organizations, especially provides a logical starting point. At least at Degree of government intervention in con Consumenten Contact Orgaan, NHR spon present, organized consumer information is sumer matters. sored in 1964 a brand new agency Stitching not nearly as significant a phenomenon at Polarization of potentially interested Voor Informatieve Etikettering, which has as the local or the international level as at the groups (propensity for voluntary organiza its aim "to promote informative labeling ln national. Most organizations view the na tions, heterogeneity in language, religion, the Netherlands" on the Swedish plan. tional territories and cultures of their -re regional values, intensity of political cleav RAL beim DNA has recently moved into the spective countries as their natural task en ages). information labeling area, publishing its first vironments, and take their cues from that Social radicalism, notably extent of debate RAL-TESTAT label in May 1965, on a camel environment. At a later stage we may well of marketing ethics, advertising. hair blanket. The system adopted by this find it possible to cluster the nations (in Faith in private enterprise in general, de- German organization is closely parallel to the cluding their consumer information systems) gree of buyer-seller trust in particular. Swedish one. into various internationally similar groups. Quality-consciousness. Liberality in international trade policies. Especially exciting this fall is the antic An elementary model of such a framework is ipated English system of informative label given in Fig. 1. Faith in wisdom of experts. Country X Quantity and quality of advertising. ing, the so-called Tel-Tags. The British will Degree of mechanization of distribution, probably apply minimum performance stand Response B Stimulus B ,J.. and such related variables as height of sales ards lJomewhat more frequently than their t and service salaries relative to other salaries, Swedish inspirators. There will be another Environmental Consumer conditions information quantity and quality of packaging materials. di1ference in orientation between the two. (Givens and variables as organization or Functional, spatial and temporal separa In Sweden all groups--producers, consumers, viewed by cons. inf. org.) organizations tion between buyer and seller.3 distributors--are included directly in the for t mation of the specifications and what the Stimulu~ A Response A Organizational variables labels are to include. In Great Britain, the Stimulus A=environmental factors requiring consumer infor Number and diversity of consumer infor Consumer Council plans to draft the label mation organization(s). Response A=structural and behavioral characteristics of the mation organizations. in its own labeling section, then to circulate consum~r information organization(s). Dominating type (comparative testing, it to consumer bodies. After an outline speci Stimulus B=outputs of the organization(s), in terms of test quality marking, informative 1abeling). fication is prepared by the Council, which resulh:, quality mar.ks, informative labels, pub Age of organization(s). defines the items included 1n the label and licity, etc. Response B=impact on the environment and concomitant Resources. indicates methods of measuring perform changes therein. Sponsors. ance, it is sent to the British Standards In Fig.1 Framework for Ecological Comparison of Consumer Proft and/or non-profit organization(s). stitution (BSI), to trade associations in Information Systems. Extent of unrelated activity carried on by volved, and to other interested parties with the organization(s). expert knowledge. The Labeling Advisory While the action presumably begins with Committee of Consumer Council and BSI Types of goods and services involved. a set of environmental stimuli (A) provoking Quantity and quality of inter-organiza representatives, assisted by a Panel of Ad the creation of organized consumer informa visors who represent appropriate manufac tion, we are really postulating a reiterative tiona1 relations. turing interests are to meet under the Coun interaction process. The "second time Clearly, many of these variables are inter cil's chairmanship to consider the technical around"-indeed every cycle--will see some dependent. In the environment, for instance, aspects of the labels and specifications. Fi change in the composition and relative in quality-consciousness is probably related to nally the label with outlined performance tensity of stimuli as well as responses, due .liberAlity in international trade policies (with specifications is discussed by a regular BSI to the dialectic of the interaction process it concomitant intensity of competition in do Technical Committee. The task of this Com self, influences from cultures outside of mestic and overseas markets). On the orga mittee is to lay down the standard methods country X, and so on. Please note that no nizational .side, strong government influence of measuring performance. These will then pretense is made that an ecological approach is like1y to make improbable the co-existence be published as a British Standard. will explain everything about these organiza of profit-making organizations (although DM in Germany may still survive the Waren- ~elieving that the »alidity of the infor tions. Due to "slack" and other factors, the mation given on tne label depends on the coupling between organizations and their manufactur~r·s having a proper production environments is sufficiently loose to permit a Inclusion of the .separation variables was quality control system and that the manu the survival of mutually fairly different orga inspired by Robert Bartels, Comparative facturer may need a bit of needling to test nizations in a given environment. The effect Marketing-Wholesaling in Fifteen Coun an adequate proportion of the goods labeled, of time lags in the interaction process will tries, HomewOOd, .Ill.• Irwin, 1963, p. 302. 3086 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 test foundation). Too, some of the vari the "top qualified person" to whom Post for one feel that these professional ables--the general level o! education comes master General Blount referred may demonstrators get enough attention from to mind-while quite relevant for purposes come from within as well as without the the national news media as it is, and I of comparison between, say, Nigeria and do not feel that the American taxpayer Belgium, may exhibit too little variation Department, and that due consideration within Western Europe to be of much inter of the status of veterans of military should have to foot the bill for their est in research confined to that area. service will be continued. "happenings" before the committee. A system of hypotheses for the proposed Perhaps because of the excesses of comparative study is created by relating en HUAC in the past there are some who vironmental to organizational variables. Size feel that the name of Committee on of population may be positively correlated STATEMENT SUBMITTED TO THE Internal Security will enhance the com with presence of profitmaking consumer in HOUSE COMMITTEE ON RULES mittee's public image. Unfortunately, formation organizations.6 A sizable middle class, as well as a strongly polarized set of BY REPRESENTATIVE SHIRLEY only the name has been changed. The interested groups, is likely to result in a CHISHOLM procedures by which the committee oper relatively great number, and a considerable ates have not been changed one iota. diversity, of consumer information organiza We already have several agencies tions. Low quality consciousness among con HON. SHIRLEY CHISHOLM which perform the function of protecting sumers and/ or producers may set up a pref OF NEW YORK our internal security. Our local and State / erence for quality marking schemes. These IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES are a few illustrations of some of the possi police forces, the FBI and the CIA have bilities which would seem to grow out of this Thursday, February 6, 1969 been performing in that capacity for type of research. For some purposes it may Mrs. CHISHOLM. Mr. Speaker, today many years. also be fruitful simply to relate various or the Committee on Rules must make a It is my firm belief that the interests of ganizational variables to each other. This is this legislative body and this country tantamount to a comparative study of con decision on a very important matter. I can best be served not by adopting House sumer information organizations per se, refer to your decision on whether or not Resolution 89 but by adopting House without special reference to their operating to report Chairman !cHORD's resolution, Resolution 134, of which I am a cospon environment. House Resolution 89, to the flo6r of the House. sor. The latter resolution would amend The !chord resolution would change the rules of the House so as to eliminate the name of the House Un-American the House Un-American Activities Com Activities Committee to the Committee mittee and affirm the Committee on the MERIT PROMOTIONS IN THE Judiciary's responsibility in this area by POSTAL SERVICE on Internal Security and would greatly expand the committee's mandate to further defining the Judiciary Commit make mischief. tee's responsibilities to include "counter HON. WALTER FLOWERS As you know, HUAC has a history of feiting, sabotage, and other overt acts OF ALABAMA ~xpensive printing and staff bills and a affecting internal security." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fuckluster record of legislative achieve House Resolution 134 would also pro vide that "all property and records cf Thursday, February 6, 1969 ments. Despite the Supreme Court's ruling the former Committee on Un-American Mr. FLOWERS. Mr. Speaker, I am that a committee may not conduct hear Activities are hereby transferred to the pleased and delighted at the remarks ings solely for the purpose of exposure, Archives, not to be open to official or made by the Postmaster General, Win HUAC has continued to conduct hear public inspection." ton M. Blount, yesterday in announcing ings which have rivaled only the "hap The final provision is very important a new postal policy removing all post penings" staged by the hippies, yippies, because in the past HUAC's "uneval master and rural letter carrier appoint and flower children for their color and uated files" have been utilized to smear ments from politics. This is a courageous chaos. some of our most respected national step forward, and is hopefully the first The "clarifying language"-as Mr. figures. The reputations of such promi of a series of reassessments of traditional !cHORD's office prefers to call the lan nent Americans as Dr. Martin Luther Post Office Department operating proce guage expanding the committee's man King, Jr.. and Eleanor Roosevelt have dures which will result in providing the date-provides: been besmirched in this manner. All citi American public with the best possible The Committee on Internal Security, aet zens notable and unknown ought to be postal service. ing as a whole or by subcommittee, is au protected from this sort of ugliness in I am, however, concerned about some thorized to make investigations from time the future. aspects of Postmaster General Blount's to time of ( 1) the extent, character, objec announcement. The wording of yester tives, and activities within the United States day's statement could indicate that of organizations or groups, whether of for merit promotions of career Department eign or domestic origin, their members, JOHN COTTON INSTALLED AS PRES employees to postmasterships will no agents, and affiliates, which seek to establish, IDENT OF NATIONAL ASSOCIA or assist in the establishment of, a. totalitar TION OF REAL ESTATE BOARDS longer be possible. If this is the case, ian dictatorship within the United States, then I am hopeful that further consid or to overthrow or alter, or assist in the over eration will be given to this matter by throw or alteration of, the form of govern HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON the Post Office Department. I am con ment of the United States or any State vinced that proper consideration must thereof, by force, violence, treachery, espio OF ILLINOIS be given to civil service rated postal em nage, sabotage, insurrection, or any unlawful IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ployees in order that they may be moti means, (2) the extent, character, objectives, Thursday, February 6, 1969 and activities within the United States of vated to seek advancement from within organizations or groups, their members, Mr. ANDERSON of Dlinois. Mr. the ranks. Indeed, promotion of experi agents, and affiliates, which incite or employ Speaker, it has come to my attention enced, qualified employees would seem to acts of force, violence, terrorism, or any un that Realtor John Cotton was inaugu go hand in hand with the elimination lawful means to obstruct or oppose the law rated as the National Association of Real of outside influences on Post Office per ful authority of the Government of the Estate Board's 1969 president in Wash sonnel policies. I am certain that the United States in the execution of any law or policy affecting the internal security of ington on January 28. It was my priv Congress will follow the actions of the the United States, and (3) all other ques ilege to meet with Mr. Cotton a few days Post Office Department and the Civil tions, including the administration and ex following his inauguration. His enthusi Service Commission with interest and ecution of any law of the United States, or asm together with his great talent should concern, in order to make certain that any portion of law, relating to the foregoing make him an exemplary leader for the that would aid the Congress or any commit Nation's more than 87,000 realtors. • Cf. DM and Quattrosoldi. In Sweden a tee of the House in any necessary remedial John Cotton has spent a lifetime in corresponding journal, Test, was published legislation. in 1962-63, but was not able to remain in the real estate profession. He has served business. Neue Zurcher Zeitung on Jan. 20, Under this "clarifying language," I NAREB both as a director and as a vice 1965, expressed the view that perhaps Swit expect that the committee would feel free president, and is a member of several zerland, too, was too small to permit a to haul any number of the contemporary professional affiliates of the national profl.tmaking venture of this kind. protest groups before the committee. I association. February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3087 His inaugural address stressed the seri All this was a. product of American indus is to be safe from personal assault. Our Light ous crisis facing our cities and he urged try and education. It was the product of the the Night program and other action ideas·in members of the association to undertake Establishment, if you please, not o~ the Make America Better are ready ~or Realtors yippies, the Nevr Left, the self-serving mill to push in their co.mmunitles. Let's pursue projects that will lead to the solution of tants or misguided sympathizers shouting them even more vigorously. these problems. He reiterated the aims obscenities in Chicago or at San Francisco Incentives for vocational training tie in and objectives of NAREB's make America State College. Disciplined imagination and with the problem of juvenile delinquency. better program. and saluted tnose several know-how produced this spectacular feat. Take mechanics as an example. According to boards of realtors throughout the coun What does all this portend for America? U.S. News and World Report, in 1950 there try that are already sponsoring local Apollo 8 has an additional meaning for us. was one mechanic for every '73 cars and projects in furtherance of the program. I see it as a challenge to achieve new heights trucks in America. Now there is one me of precision, of teamwork, of the mastery of chanic for every 130 vehicles; a shortage. He pleaded with realtors to "become in techniques. I see in it a message that any Wouldn't we do better to encourage some volved" in the solutions ·to the problems thing is possible if we set our hearts and of the dropouts from academic classes to which plague the urban community; and minds to it. enter this field in vocational school? Or car he cites forming a limited-profit com Now that we are back to earth; now that pentry--or masonry? You can help at home pany to. build low-cost housing, and hir .Lyn and his crew have splashed down, let's in directing emphasis toward vocational edu ing a Negro as examples of involvement take a look at our objectives for 1969. What cation. in finding these solutions. are our obligations to the people of America Our principal responsibility in the great Mr. Speaker, under unanimous consent and to the preservation of property owner housing industry is that of the marketing ship? medium. We sell and rent housing in the I include John Cotton's inaugural ad I have been asked, "Cotton, what is your market. One of our MAB objectives is to dress in the RECORD at the conclusion of program going to be in 1969 ?" Our Associa "further appropriate programs to assist prop my remarks: tion already, through its delegate body, has erty owners in marketing housing on a non INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF JOHN COTTON adopted a definitive Statement of Policy. To discriminatory basis." Chairman Davis, honorable and distin those of you who have not read it, I urge you I have been asked, in view of the 1968 law guished guests, fellow Realtors and friends; to do so. There is some latitude of activities and court interpretations of a 100-year old I can neve:r fully express my appreciation within the framework of our stated policy law, "Do Realtors have an obligation to edu for the honor you have bestowed upon me room for emphasis and even specialization cate the public in the morality of racial dis in electing me to the presidency of the Na which will allow a president's program to un crimination?" No, that is not our responsi tional Association of Real Estate Boards. Let fold, which I may call my program. bility. But we should impress upon the own me assure you that I approach this under A major portion of our community service ers the effect of federal law in determining taking with humility and a realization of the and public relations activities will continue certain aspects of an owner's rights in dis obligation which I have assumed. May God to be embraced within the framework of our posing of his property. The 1968 Act set up a give me the strength and the courage to dis Make America Better Program, with six major stage-by-stage program to eliminate color or charge this responsibility in the fine tradi objectives and 43 suggested activities which religion as a factor in the sale or rental of tion of the 59 presidents who have preceded was reaffirmed by our directors and endorsed housing. One effect of this law was to punish me. I pray for, and believe that I will have, by the delegate body in convention. MAE is the broker, since it permitted freedom of the cooperation of a great team of Realtors, designed to be an action vehicle. Literally choice for the owner who tries to handle the today more than 87,000 strong; and I thank hundreds of Realtors and boards have been transaction himself, but after this yea:r God that I will be able to rely upon the getting a piece of this action already. I want would deny this right if he employed a counsel of the great men of past years, men the emphasis for the other 87,000 of us to be broker. such as our immediate past president Lyn "Become Involved." Do something--don't just Then the Supreme Court interpretation in Davis who represented us so well during talk about it-do it. In selling we have always the Jones vs. Mayer case changed all that. We the year just closed. learned, "Nothing happens until somebody must take positive steps to inform our clients This ceremony is taking place at a sig sells something." In MAB we emphasize that and the general public, that this decision pro nificant time in history and, certainly, a nothing happens until somebody does some hibits-not next year-but now-any dis significant place. What greater honor could thing. Don't wait to accomplish the gigantic, crimination against racial groups in the sale come to any Realtor from California than to but take a page from our President Nixon's or rental of property. In other words, all assume this office here in our beautiful na message and involve ourselves in "those Americans are under a law now, and the tional capital almost concurrently with the small, splendid efforts that make headlines owners' exemptions of the Civil Rights Act inauguration of that distinguished Califor in the neighborhood newspapers instead of are, in general, negated. riian, Richard Nixon, as the President of the the national journal." You may be sure this is an area which our United States? And in your name I have What do I mean "Become Involved"? I National Association will watch closley in offered our President the full cooperation mean do something that will lead to the 1969, cooperating with government, in bring of this Association and its membership in solution of the problems of our cities. I mean ing this information to the attention of our 1969. There are other events that set it this is not the time for dialogue or confronta membership and the public-and working apart as a new era in human history. tion or just talking about someone else with the government to make certain tha't Those of you in the residential field know doing it. inequities do not develop in the administra the term "caravan." For the benefit of others, Have you ever created a part-time job for tion of this law. a caravan is a parade of Realtors and sales a boy or girl? Have you personally ever Just a word about business in 1969. It has men on a periodical inspection of new list llelped a disadvantaged family get a house? been more than 20 years since we saw a peak ings, sometimes with coffee or breakfast as Have you yourself personally ever given a de of real estate activity measured by transfers an early-bird inducement. Often the inspec serving youngster a scholarship? Formed a per capita. Now it seems, another is at hand. tions are detailed-sometimes only cursory limited profit company to build housing? From 20 to 24 yearsls the age at which many from the bus. Participated in construction of rent supple young people marry, enter the work force, Well, now it would appear the government ment units? Have you ever appeared before and set up households. This age bracket may be going into competition with us in your city council with a plan to participate numbered about 12 million in 1948, then de promoting the most extravagant caravan in in the leased housing program? Have you clined as babies born during the depression the history of the universe. Imagine spend ever hired a Negro in your office, or if you years reached maturity. Now, since 1962, the ing $2 billion or more to send out a three didn't have a minority applicant, gone out number has increased by four million, and man caravan just to make a windshield in to find one? the trend continues up. spection of a piece of real estate; and they By becoming involved, I mean stop talking In light of developments during the past didn't even come back with a listing because about what others should do. I mean go out few weeks, with interest rates at an all-time they don't have any comparable sales. As they and do it yourself. high for this century, it is not easy to see made their first turn between the moon and Two of the six objectives in MAB relate an early way out of the cyclical changes in the sun, one of the men said to another, "Oh directly to housing, but its whole concept is financing that have hit the housing industry look, it's nearly a full earth tonight." It this based upon the realization that housing alone with force during the past three years. had been discussed 35 years ago when I en is neither the cause nor the cure for the Realtors will have to continue their in tered the real estate field., it would have had deep-rooted economic and sociological crises genuity in finding substitutes for usual fi an air of lunacy. Now we call it the Lunar of our cities. nancing. Era, a new era of achievement. You can't solve traffic congestion just by At our national level we have a responsibil Yes, Apollo 8 was a breathtaking adventure, building more cars; and just building more ity to provide leadership in this field. The boldly planned and courageously executed. houses is not the Bolutlon to the urban prob housing industry is too important to the Man's mastery of nature, his Bkillful use of lem. nation's economy to be treated as a flnancia1 new techniques, and superlative command of An important objective in MAB has to do step-child as it was in 1966. Last year, the mind over matter brought about the world's with law enforcement and reduction of outstanding home mortgage debt rose to a greatest achievement in teamwork. Thou crime, vandalism, and juvenile delinquency. quarter trillion-an indication of the magni sands of scientists :and tetohnlctarul worked When I was a youngster, it never occurred -tude of the Industry. New sources o! money millions of ma.n days to mark that J,ndelible to me to be afraid on the street alone, day or mUBt be developed. It 1s time now to take a time on history's calendar. night. The first civil right for all Ametlcans long-range look at housing and 1lnancing 3088 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 problems and abandon the habit of waiting J: often .think it should be the other way project to convert Sodus port, considered by for a crlsls before taking action. around-that the smugness of the urbanite many to be the finest natural harbor on In closing-a little shop talk. We often should be tempered with a little "We who are Lake Ontario, into a Rochester gateway for discuss our public interest and our public about to die salute you" sentiment. commercial freight and a major coho salmon service, but let's not forget we have busi Both cities and hinterlands have their fishing area to boot. nesses to run. Let's remember that it ls the unique problems, and, as a corollary, their The New York State Job Development Au profit and loss system that made America unique opportunities. To write off compara thority in business for less tha.n seven years, what it is today-yes, the Establishment. tively undeveloped rural counties is like has already provided assistance for 852 proj Many of you contribute a day a week to going through life feasting continuously on ects amounting to $48 million, creating 88,- ward community activities, city, state, or As half-plums. 000 direct and peripheraJ. jobs. sociation projects, and I think you should, Today's real estate investor has to develop Not only JDA, but also the Small Business but don't be embarrassed to look toward the regional insight. Anyone who doubts the vi Administration, bends over backwards to as profit motive in our businesses and to as tality that is being evidenced in converting sist in rural area development. There 502 sociate with the profit motive when we par agricultural areas into industrial environ loan program is one of the most soundly con ticipate in a rent supplement housing pro ments should have attended the all day ses ceived and best implemented concepts that gram or other activity. Check first to see how sion, a few weeks back, of the workshop has appeared on the national scene. And, of we could do it with a limited profit corpora sponsored jointly by Wayne Economic Devel course, many of the new FHA programs lend tion. In leased housing, check to see how we opment Corp. and New York State Assn. of themselves very well to projects in rural can fit in as leasing agents, or property man Industrial Development Agencies. counties. agers, or brokers selling to investors and re Now I'll admit to having more than an I came away from that Wayne County ceiving fair remuneration for our services. academic interest in Wayne County. I'm al workshop convinced that there are many Private incentive must be kept in the picture ready involved in several projects there. The more people waking to the fact of opportu if we are to Make America Better. perspective, however, transcended the specific nity galore in rural counties adjoining met As we go forward in our public service and county and was applicable to almost every ropolitan areas. in our business activities, let's keep in mind area in the northeast core, which, although The businessmen and real estate investors the importance of continuing specialized constituting only 7% of the country's area, in those counties are no longer willing to education through the Realtor Institute has 43% of the population, 70% of the in take a back seat until the city folk come courses of our state associations, which we dustrial base, and 53% of the gross national bobbin ~. long. But there's such unlimited po have approved; through the educational income. tential, real estate-wise, that it's possible for programs of our specialized Institutes, So There are profit opportunities in rural both city and rural investors to share size cieties, and Councils, and through the uni county projects, a fact which seems to escape able pieces of the profit pie. versities and colleges with real estate so many city real estate people. In this space courses which we support. age, many seem to have lost sight of the fact [From the Sodus (N.Y.) Record, Let's keep in mind, in implementing our that thriving residential, industrial, and Nov. 28, 1968] Make America Better Program, that you don't commercial areas in suburbia were rural not help a man permanently by doing for him ONE HUNDRED TWELVE ATTEND COUNTY IN -too long ago. DUSTRIAL MEETING HERE LAST WEEK what he could and should be doing for him The three upstate musketeers known as self. Realizing that we must build a better Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo are now In economic and industrial development, man before we can build a better society, let bursting at the seams, with expansion into "by just standing still, you fall behind," us concentrate on building a better oppor adjoining counties inevitable in the very Larry Sweetland, vice president of the New tunity for the disadvantaged. near future. I think that Genesee and Wayne York State Association of Industrial Devel Let us have less talk, more action, and all counties will receive the main thrust. opment Agencies, told 112 Wayne County become personally involved. In addition to the spillover from Erie, Mon business and governmental leaders at a work roe and Onondaga counties, there's another shop held in Sodus last week Wednesday. factor that so many in the cities lose sight The all-day industrial development work UNDERSTANDING RURAL of. shop held at the Normandy Inn was co PROBLEMS There are now more than 20,000 local in sponsored by the NYSAIDA and the Wayne dustrial development corporations in the Economic Development Corp. country, and almost every one is vying ag Sweetland, keynote speaker for the affair, HON. FRANK HORTON gressively to attract new industry to the re told the group, "Small counties do have a spective community. (Incidentally, industry problem. They haven't kept up with the eco OF NEW YORK nomic growth of New York State as a whole. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES no longer means belching smokestacks. It means any business enterprise which creates The have become complacent and haven't Thursday, February 6, 1969 payroll be it retail establishment, nursing taken advantage of the programs that would home, amusement parks, manufacturing help them grow and prosper. Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, as a Rep plants, etc.) "Small communities can't sit back and resentative of an urban-rural area I have The thing is, though, that the community watch the world go by. By doing so, they lose heard the complaint many times that their greatest resource-their young people." salesmen employed or voluntarily donating The workshop was divided into three sec- people in the city just do not understand their time to attracting new industry realize tions: the problems of the rural areas. It is true full well that they cannot do the job alone. "What does Wayne County have to sell?" that each area has its own problems. They therefore welcome, with open arms, "How do we sell it?" I would like to take this opportunity to profit-minded private groups intent on im "How do we finance it?" share with my colleagues the ideas of plementing specific projects, and stand ready On the first point, Dr. Steward Denslow, one city man who does understand what to assist to the limits. director of the Genesee Finger Lakes Re Many of the local development corpora gional Planning Board, presented the re is happening in the rural communities tions have instituted projects of their own, around him. gional viewpoint. and although they are not to well known in He told the group that general government Norman J. Baratt, a Rochester, N.Y., the city areas, the results have been, or will is very important to an industry coming in. attorney, took the time to attend a meet be Horatio Algerish. It must be up to the expectations of the ing of persons concerned with the eco People like George Maloy, past president of modern day industrial climate which could nomic development of Wayne County the Clyde Industrial Development Corp. Ca be a lot different from what is adequate to a rural county to the east of Rochester. tastrophy threatened their single industry Wayne County's rural population today. His understanding is demonstrated in an town a few years ago when General Electric Wayne must also be receptive to new ideas article he prepared for the Daily Record, announced a pullout. They had the gumption "be willing to risk failure in order to estab to ask and get the plant from GE, and then lish a firm industrial base," he said. a Rochester law journal. they systematically solicited 150 prime pros As to resources, he pointed to adequate I am sure, Mr. Speaker, that you and pects until they convinced Parker-Hannifin underground water and closeness to the lake my colleagues will find Mr. Baratt's that Clyde could be a home away from home as two of Wayne's assets. In transportation, article enlightening. I am also including for several hundred employees. After that he foresaw the need for drastic changes, "ad an article on the meeting he attended: triumph, other industry was lured, and now ditional and higher grade roads integrating (From the Rochester (N.Y.) Daily Record, the local development corporation is as ac the present road system to the county, and Dec. 5, 1968] tive as any. building an airport," were some of the People like John Mancuso of the Batavia changes he called for. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE RURAL Industrial Center. He's helped mobillze com Robert Peterson, Wayne County planner, COUNTIES munity morale and convinced more than one spoke on the county viewpoint. He pointed (By Norman J. Baratt) firm that hls neck of the woods is their sort to the county's location ·as an asset, with The patronizing litany of so many real of town. Lake Ontario on the ·north, the Thruway on estate oriented city dwellers, when referring People like David Woods oi WID (centered the south and "two of the boomingest towns to the rural counties, seems to be "Let the in SOdus and the northern tier of the coun in the country, Rochester and Syracuse on cows inherit that earth!" ty) . He's currently spearheading a mammoth the west and east." - Februa?"'Y 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3089
"There is a gOOd possibility for growth," rapid transit system between Rochester and director, would be no ordinary common bond. he said. "In fact, we've predicted great Wayne County. "It's not more costly than But would it work? growth. At present there are 75,000 persons building expressway-type highways." In Riley's words, "These men are the losers in the county. We expect there will be an Rep. Frank Horton, Rochester Republican, of society. They include the undereducated added 50,000 in the next 20 years and an called the Wayne County story "one of the who for the most part lack a saleable skill. added 10,000 in the next 50 years. Some of great success stores." He told the group they Many have been institutionalized from time the western towns in the county will increase were on the verge of "building a better to time since they were teen-agers." from 3,000 to 30,000." Wayne County." As a whole, 70 per cent of Massachusetts' "We'll need housing to accommodate this ex-convicts return to prison after release, growth-all the way from low cost public most of them within six months. These are housing to expensive, deluxe areas." He said the men Brooke House--the sole half-way tha t most of the towns and the county are EX-CONS FIND HELPING HAND AT house yet established by the corporation "starting to gear up for this growth." exposes to "reality therapy," which confronts Most of the towns and villages are under CREDIT UNION the men with vivid illustrations of the con taking extensive water and sewer projects. sequences of their behavior. The county is preparing a general develop HON. WRIGHT PATMAN Residence in Brooke House, which lasts ment plan and working with other counties from three to six months, involves a lot of in the region. It is also working with the OF TEXAS person-to-person relationships, as well as state to improve Routes 104 and 31. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES group meetings. Whether ex-convict or Ph. D. "The county and towns are starting to rec Thursday, February 6, 1969 candidate, a staff member makes an issue of ognize the need for progress," he concluded. questionable thinking or behavior among George Maloy, past president of Clyde In Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, the credit the 17 to 20 occupants. dustrial Corp., traced the Clyde story from nnions of this conntry have a slogan Said Riley: "If a guy should complain the "bleak day" of May 4, 1965, when General "Not for profit, not for charity, but for about the food by throwing it on the wall or Electric announced it was going to close its service." Perhaps there is no more fitting hitting the cook on the head, we would con Clyde plant, throwing 500 persons out of trol him and then talk to him about the work, to the present. example of the truth of this slogan than consequences of his behavior, its causes, and He told of asking GE for the plant free and a recently established credit nnion for some more acceptable reactions. He may getting it. And then of sending out 3,000 ex-convicts in the Boston area. have plenty of excuses. His mother was mean, :flyers and putting ads in all major papers in The Boston credit nnion does not offer or nobody ever gave him a chance. But we hopes of attracting an industry to the com a handout to the ex-convicts but, rather, don't accept excuses. He must take full re munity. This brought in 130 prospects and offers them an opportunity to better their sponsibility for his behavior and take the of these only one really panned out--Parker consequences." Hannifin. lives and also to rehabilitate the men into A half-way house does, in fact, fill an He said, "Economic adversity can be con useful citizens. enormous void among criminal institutions. verted to economic success" if everyone will This past weekend I was in Boston to Most prisons, said Riley, spend 90 per cent work together for that success. "This can't address the Massachusetts CUNA Credit of their budget on security and confine be reduced to any precise formula. All com Union Association, and met one of the ment--protecting and avenging society. Yet munities are different. But all must have organizers of the credit union, Mr. Earl 97 per cent of all prisoners eventually return community desire. Find out your faults and to society, and prisons do relatively little to then have the courage to correct them." R. Eriksen, who is an employee of the help them adjust. Speaking on how to sell the community to Massachusetts CUNA Credit Union As Brooke House's responses are multiple. Its a new industry, Joseph Mancuso, president sociation. I was particularly impressed program includes occupational testing and of the Batavia Industrial Center, advised, with Mr. Eriksen's outlook for the future evaluation. It shares with ex-convicts in "I'd live off Rochester and Syracuse. I'd spend of the credit unions and the benefits to sights on where to look for education or my whole day going to firms in those com the credit union movement in general training, how to find jobs, how to solve leg&l munities and trying to get branches for my that have been received from the estab difficulties, and so on. town." lishment of the credit unon for ex-con One problem it has not been able to solve He laid down five attribute6 for the "ideal is money, a universal problem among ex community.•• victs. convicts. "A nice place to live. The January issue of the Credit Union Massachusetts' county jails provide prison "Enough help for a small industry. magazine carries an excellent story on ers up to $2.50 upon their release, after as "Old buildings at low rates-an industrial the Boston ex-convict credit nnion. The much as two-and-a-half years of detention. incubator. article is extremely valuable because it The Commonwealth's state prisons provide "An industrial park for expansion. shows that if a group of ex-convicts, with convicts $50 upon release, including the sav "And an industrial group to help with the ings of half the 25 to 50 cents a day earned the help of professional credit union or by prisoners who work in state prison indus financing." ganizers, can operate a credit union there But most of all, he explained, "you must tries. have the desire--not just you, but the whole is no reason why any group of people While a few emerge with more than $50, community must want new industry. And cannot make a success of a credit union. because of accrued savings, what does $50 you don't even have to worry about getting Mr. Speaker, I am enclosing a copy of buy these days? new industry if you can't keep the old ones the credit union article in my remarks Imagine for a moment that you are an ex happy. Treat industry fairly-don't try to so that it can be enjoyed by credit union convict, resolved to make good upon your soak them with taxes." release from a prison in the Boston area, members across the country. I hope its Riley invited. You would likely behave as He also pointed out that the conception publication will encourage others to form of what is an industry must change--"In most do. dustry is not factories alone. We have to con new credit unions. Leaving the prison gate, you would head sider everything-anything that employs The article referred to follows: for the bus station to buy a $2.50 ticket to people. We're interested in payrolls." CREDIT UNIONS FOR Ex-CONS Boston. You hit town and want a good steak dinner for a change. It's been a long time. But, he explained, desire alone cannot Credit unions have some unusual common There goes $4.50. Institutional clothing pro bring industry to a community. "The com bonds. These are credit unions for members vides a bare minimum, and you can't wait to munity must be ready. Industry isn't inter of a Chinese-American family and for Holly buy underwear, socks and other items. You ested in what you will do in 10 or 20 years wood movie stars; there are others for mem also need a haircut, shaving cream, a new it wants to know what you have now." bers of symphony orchestras and for dish razor-goodbye to $10. He summed up his advice: "Economic de washers. But who has ever heard of a credit Now it's time to visit your parole officer, velopment is preceded by industrial devel union for ex-convicts? who will suggest where you can find a room. opment and industrial development is pre Eyebrows were raised when J. Bryan Riley You don't know the subways and decide that ceded by community development." and Earl R. Eriksen of Boston began to ex just this once, you'll take a cab---$5. The Michael Vadala, State Commerce Depart plore the feasibility of this common bond. room will cost $15 for the first week-and ment regional manager, speaking on keeping Eriksen, who is director of public relations it's only a rooming house, which means you'll present industries, said the big problem is and organization for the Massachusetts have to eat out. And that reminds you, it's in communications. CUNA Credit Union Association, admitted dinnertime: $1.25. "It is too late to fix a problem when the that "six years ago we would have been You've been out of circulation for a long industry announces it is going to leave a locked up in an institution for even thinking time and become selfconscious about the community. We must know about the prob such a thing was possible." feel of your institutional clothing. Besides, lem beforehand. We need a pipeline and the "Today, people listen," he added. "These you have to look for a job tomorrow, and Wayne Economic Development Corp. can be are changing times, and people seem to be you're convinced that you'll never make the that pipeline." learning that nothing is impossible." grade in prison clothes. But you have to buy At the luncheon, Assemblyman Joseph Eriksen and Riley know that Massachusetts smokes, and you wanted to see a cheap movie Finley asked the group to think about a Half-Way Houses, Inc., of which Riley is tonight. Suddenly, you realize you're already 309() EXTENSIONS OF-REMARKS February 6, 196ft down to $10, and it's your fl..rst day out! By October 11, the credit union's S'T mem the basic question tha~ confronts us at Those clothes will have to wait. bers had e.ccum.ulated savtngy:; of $1,213.76 this time, and that is. how can we make Suppose you could start a job your parole and had approved :four loans totalling $500. Government more responsive to the will officer lined up for you on your first night The :fl.rst loan gave a federal ex-convict. and need of the people? out, an extra streak of luck. Pay day is twa rust released, $80 to buy clothing to attend Because of its length, I have divided weeks away. Could you make it on $50? In his sister's wedding and buy her a gift. The today's jargon. you'd be "up tight" at the end 24-year-old borrower, training for his first job 1t into several insertions, of which this is of the second day. in life as a window washer, was earning $2.50 the first: Of course you could pick up a $5 or $10' an hour, with an earning potential of $4.50 [Fr-om the Washington Post, ·Feb. 2, 1969} bill from the Salvation Ariny, the Massa an hour. RX FOR A SICK, FLABBY GoVERNMENT chusetts Aid to Discharged Prisoners or St Two subsequent loans enabled one member Vincent de Paul Society, but you've got to make a down-payment on furniture and (By Peter F. Drucker) pride, too. There's always a loan shark who another to buy drafting tools !or night study (NoTE.-Drucker is on the graduate faculty will help out--at a price. If you couldn't at the Boston Architectural Center. of New York University. The following article get a job, of course, you could go on welfare A cold question remains. The whole idea is excerpted by permission from his book for $28 a week. renews faith in the potential goodness of "The Age of Discontinuity," published last What would you do? man. But can it succeed? week by Harper & Row.) Sounds like a big enough need for a credit "Who knows?" admitted Frank Franzen, Government surely has never been more union! the Bureau's associate regional representative prominent than today. The most despotic But could it work? in Boston. "It's a pilot project, and you have government of 1900 would not have dared Said Eriksen: "You've probably heard that to start somewhere." probe into the private affairs of its citizens 'an ex-con will steal you blind.' Maybe you've Jones, Half-Way House director, recalled as income tax collectors now do routinely in also heard 'There is honor among thieves.' "Nobody believed the halfway house would the freest society. During our meetings with these men, we work, but it has." Even the czar's secret pollee did not go in heard more than once, 'This is our last chance Nor has it been many years that mental for the security investigations we now take to establish our credit. rt's our chance of hospitals have operated on open ward prin for granted. Nor could any bureaucrat of a life-time to really make it.'" ciples, allowing their residents freedom to 1900 have imagined the questionnaires that For the ex-cons of Brooke House, it is come and go, Riley added. governments now expect businesses, univer their last chance. First of all, it was their "Credit unions in slums are working, too, sities or cit.izens to fill out in ever-mounting idea to come to Brooke House, where they aren't they?" he asked. number and ever-increasing detail. At the knew they would have what in prison was Lawrence Albert, part-time psychologist same time, government has everywhere be unthinkable-the opportunity to make hon with Brooke House, added: "Many of these come the largest employer in the society. est mistakes and to learn from them, instead people are driven back to crime by their pro Government is certainly all-pervasive. But of being punished for them. found need for money. If forced to take a is it truly strong? Or is it only big? If they should continually fail to use this handout, their old feelings of inferiority There is mounting evidence that govern new freedom responsibly, there is just one return. ment is big rather than strong; that it is fat alternative: return to prison. "My experience has taught me that hand and :flabby rather than powerful; that it costs In fact, about 40 per cent of the House's outs only perpetuate feelings of worthlessness a great deal but does not achieve much. There occupants do return to prison, compared to and dependency, the feelings already foster is mounting evidence also that the citizen 70 per cent of the ex-prisoner population as ed in a correctional institution, but not in less and less believes in governm.ent and is a whole. the community. If a man had the oppor increasingly disenchanted with it. Indeed, Potential membership in the credit unions tunity to borrow money, this would be a government is sick~and just at the time extends beyond the 17 to 20 occupants of significant sign to him that he was being when we need a strong, healthy, and vigorous the House at any time. All who went through treated as a responsible, mature person whWorld War I, when government, using taxation and the printing press, mobi presented Hugh Jones Jr., a director of Half article is entitled "Rx for a Sick, Flabby Way Houses, by Walter W. Mode, regional Government." I was much impressed by lized social resources way beyond what any director of the Bureau of Federal Credit one earlier would have thought possible. a number of the points Mr. Drucker made When the Great Depression hit, a decade Unions. and he certainly raises serious questions Ex-convicts account for two of the five later, everyone immediately turned to gov member board. All are bonded. The vice as to the direction that we should take ernment as the savior. pl:esident, too, 1s an ex-convict, nat to men in our legislative programs. It is pathetic to recall the naive beliefs that tion one of the three. members on each the The article points to the inadequacies prevailed in the late 1930s-such, for in supervisory and credit committees. of bureaucracy and seems to me to raise stance, as was preached in one of the best- February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3091 sellers of the depression years, "To Plan or been eliminated, a decision as to the right much better (whether in Communist Czech Not to Plan," by the British Labor economist course of action would be rational and auto oslovakia or in de Gaulle's capitalist France). Barbara Wooton. The book's author, honored matic. There would be neither selfishness But the greatest disappointtnent, the great by the British government with a life peerage nor political passion. Belief in government letdown, is the fiasco of the welfare state. as Lady Wooton, is still alive and active, but was thus largely a romantic escape from poli Not many people would want to do without nothing is more remote from us today, or less tics and from responsibility. the social services and welfare benefits of an appealing, than the messianic innocence of One root of this argument was a hatred afHuent, modern industrial society. But the this fervent love letter to government. of business, of profit and, above all, of welfare state promised to do far more than All it says, and it says it on every page, is: wealth. That motives other than the desire to provide social services. It promised to "Utopia is here-all that's needed is to take for monetary gain could underlie self-inter create a new and happy society. It promised everything away from the wicked, selfish in est and that values other than financial val to release creative energies. It promised to terests and to turn it over to government." ues could underlie conflict did not occur to do away with ugliness and envy and strife. World War II reinforced this belief. Again, the generation of tee 1930s. Theirs was a No matter how well it is doing its jobs government proved itself incredibly effective world in which economics seemed to be the and in some areas, in some countries, some in organizing the energies of society for war one obstacle to the millennium. jobs are being done very well-the welfare fare. Power did not appear in their vision state turns out at best to be just another But now our attitudes are in transition. though this blindness in the decade of Hit big insurance company, as exciting, as crea We are rapidly moving to doubt and distrust ler and Stalin is hard to imagine, let alone tive and as inspiring as insurance com of government and, in the case of the young, to understand. C. P. Snow's description in pa~es tend to be. This explains why Presi even to rebellion against it. We still, if only "The Masters" (1951) of the conflict for dent Johnson's spectacular performance in out of habit, turn social tasks over to govern power within the "selfless" and "disinter enacting the unfinished welfare tasks of the ment. We still revise unsuccessful programs ested" small community of an Oxbridge col New Deal failed to make him a hero with over and over again, and assert that nothing lege profoundly shocked the sensibilities of the public. is wrong with them that a change in pro a generation that had grown up believing The best we get from government in the cedures or a "competent administrator" will that conflicts were always motivated by eco welfare state is competent mediocrity. More not cure. But we no longer really believe nomic self-interest and could be avoided by often, we do not even get that; we get in these promises when we reform a bungled eliminating gain; that is, by nationalizing competence such as we would not tolerate in program for the third time. the economy. an insurance company. In every country, Who, for instance, any longer believes that One need not be in favor of free enter there are big areas of government administra administrative changes in the foreign aid prise-let alone a friend of wealth-to see tion where there is no performance what program of the United States (or of the the fallacy in this argument. But reason ever-only costs. United Nations) will really produce rapid had little to do with the belief in government This is true not only of the mess of the worldwide development? Who really believes ownership as the panacea. The argument was big cities, which no government--United that the War on Poverty will vanquish pover simply: "Private busiliess and profits are States, British, Japanese or Russian-has ty in the cities? Who in France believes that bad--ergo government ownership must be been able to handle. It is true in education. one more commission on administrative re good." We may still believe in the premise, It is true in transportation. And the more form will really ohange the system? Or who but we no longer accept the "ergo." we expand the welfare state, the less capable in Russia really believes that a new program Thus the Labor government felt committed even of routine mediocrity does it seem to of incentives will make the collective farm in 1967 to renationalize the British steel in become. prOductive? dustry (just at the time when, ironically, A PAPER HARVEST We still repeat the slogans of yesteryear. the industry was on the verge of long-term I do not know whether Americans are par Indeed, we still act on them. But we no decline and when, therefore, takeover by gov ticularly inept at public administration longer believe in them. We no longer expect ernment meant the highest possible windfall though they are hardly particularly gifted for results from government. What was torrid profit for the shareholders). But it immedi it. Perhaps we are only more sensitive than romance between the people and government ately declared that the industry would have other people to the incompetence and arro for so very long has now become a tired, to be run for profit. It put in as chief execu gance of bureaucracy because we have had, middle-aged liaison which we do not quite tive the purest of archcapitalists, Lord Mel until recently, co:nparatively so much less know how to break off but which only be chett, heir to one of the world's greatest in of it than other people. comes exacerbated by being dragged out. dustrial fortunes (his grandfather and father In any case, we are now appalled to realize What explains this disenchantment with founded and built Imperial Chemical Indus that, during the past three decades, Federal government? tries) , a hereditary peer and a top-flight payments to the big cities have increased We expected miracles-and that always investment banker in addition to being a life almost a hundredfold for all kinds of pro produces disillusionment. Government, it was long Tory! grams whereas results from this incredible widely believed (though only subconscious By contrast, less than 20 years earlier, when dollar-flood are singularly unimpressive. ly), would produce a great many things for steel was first nationalized in Britain by an What is impressive is the administrative nothing. Cost was thought to be a function earlier Labor government, an ideologically incompetence. of who did something rather than of what "pure" trade union stalwart had been the We now have ten times as many govern was being attempted. There is little doubt, chief executive-designate. ment agencies concerned with city problems for instance, that the British, in adopting There is still a good deal of resistance to as we had in 1939. We have increased by a the "free health service," believed that medi the responsibility of politics and resentment factor of 1000 or so the number of reports cal care would cost nothing. of the burden of political decision. Indeed, and papers that have to be filled out before All that such a health service can be, of the young today want to "drop out" alto anything can be done in the city. Social course, is a form of "prepaid" medical care. gether-in a frightening revival of the hos workers in New York City spend some 70 or Nurses, doctors, hospitals, drugs and so on tility to responsibility that made an earlier 80 per cent of their time filling out papers have to be paid for by somebody. But every young generation, 40 years ago, so receptive for Washington, for the state government in body expected this "somebody" to be some to totalitarian promises and slogans. But no Albany and for New York City. No more than body else. one, least of all the young, believes any longer 20 or 30 per cent of their time, that is, almost At the least, everyone expected that under that the conflicts, the decisions, the prob an hour and a half a day, is available for a "free" health service, the taxes of the rich lems would be eliminated by turning things their clients, the poor. would pay for the health care of the poor. over to government. Government, on the As James Reston reported in the New York But there never are enough rich people contrary, has itself become one of the wicked Times (Nov. 23, 1966), there were then 170 around to carry the burden of any general "vested interests" for the young. different Federal aid programs on the books, service. TWO "ACCOMPLISHMENTS" financed by over 400 separate appropriations All such plans are, in effect, taxation and The greatest factor in the disenchantment and administered by 21 Federal departments compulsory saving that force the individual with government is that government has not and agencies aided by 150 Washington bu to pay for something whether he wants it performed. The record over these last 30 or reaus and over 400 regional ofHces. One con or not. This is their whole rationale, and it 40 years has been dismal. Government has gressional session alone passed 20 health pro is not necessarily a bad rationale. But the proven itself capable of doing only two things grams, 17 new educational programs, 15 new illusion persisted that government could with great effectiveness. It can wage war. economic development programs, 12 new pro somehow make costs go away and produce And it can inflate the currency. Other things grams for the cities, 17 new resources devel a great deal for nothing-or at the expense it can promise, but only rarely accomplish. opment programs and four new manpower of only an afHuent minority. Its record as an industrial manager, in the training programs, each with its own admin satellite countries of Eastern Europe as well istrative machinery. AUTOMATICALLY CORRECT as in the nationalized industries of Great This is not perhaps a fair example-even This belief has been, in effect, only one Britain, has been unimpressive. Whether of American administrative incompetence. facet of a much more general illusion from private enterprise would have done worse is That we speak of "urban crisis" when we which the educated and the intellectuals in not even relevant. For we expected near face a problem of race explains a lot of our particular have suffered; that by turning perfection from government as industrial troubles. But in other areas, the welfare state tasks over to government, conflict and deci manager. Instead, we only rarely obtained has not performed much better. Nor is the sion would be made to go away. even below-average mediocrity. administrative mess a peculiarly American Once the "wicked private interests" had Government as a planner has hardly done phenomenon. 3092 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 The daily press in Great Britain, in Ger the greatest crisis of government. We are very DOUBLE JEOPARDY: BLACK AND many, in Japan, in France, in Scandinavia good at creating administrative agencies. But POOR and increasingly in the Communist countries no sooner are they called into being than as well-reports the same confusion, the they become ends in themselves, acquire their same lack of performance, the same prolif own constituency as well as a. "vested right" HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER eration of agencies, of programs, of forms to grants from the Treasury, continuing sup OF JIEW YORK and the same triumph of accounting rules port by the taxpayer and immunity to politi over results. Everywhere, rivalry between cal direction. No sooner, in other words, are IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES various agencies is replacing concern with they born than they defy public will and Thursday, February 6, 1969 results and with responsibility. public policy. ENDS IN THEMSELVES Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, during COLLAPSE INTO BARONIES the early days of the Peace Corps I was Modern government has become ungovern The crisis Of government domestically is able. There is no government today that can nothing compared to the crisis of government privileged to meet and work with Frank still claim control of its bureaucracy and of as an effective organ in international life. In lin H. Williams, a dynamic person who its various agencies. Government agencies the international arena, government has all came to the Corps from an outstanding are all becoming autonomous, ends in them but disintegrated. The "sovereign state" no career as special counsel and west coast selves, and directed by their own desire for longer functions as the effective organ for director of the NAACP and assistant power, their own narrow vision rather than political tasks. California attomey general. Since 1964, by national policy. This is not happening, as the liberals had Frank Williams has served with distinc This is a threat to the basic capacity of always hoped, because a political world com government to give direction and leadership. munity has transcended the narrow, petty tion as the U.S. Representative to the Increasingly, policy is fragmented and execu boundaries of national states. On the con U.N. Economic and Social Council and as tion is governed by the inertia of the large trary, the national state is everywhere in the U.S. Ambassador to Ghana. bureaucratic empires rather than by policy. danger of collapsing into petty parochial Currently the director of Columbia Bureaucrats keep on doing what their pro baronies-whether French Canada or an in University's Urban Center, Mr. Williams cedures describe. Their tendency, as is only dependent Flanders, Biafra in West Africa recently presented an incisive and well human, is to identify what is in the best in or self-governing Scotland. terest of the agency with what is right, and documented paper, at a Syracuse Uni To our grandparents, around 1900, it was versity conference on crime, on capital what fits administrative convenience with ef clear that the trend ran toward larger gov fectiveness. As a result, the welfare state ernment units. It was clear to them that the punishment and the discriminatory prac cannot set priorities. It cannot concentrate national state created political organisms tices which are frequently followed. The its tremendous resources-and therefore does capable of effecive cooperation in interna issues he has raised in this paper are not get anything done. oonal society. This had been the lesson of well taken and deserve sober reflection The President of the United States may 19th century history. Indeed, the century and careful consideration by us all. still be the most powerful ruler-more pow closed with the last "unification," though an erful than eithe:: the prime ministers of I commend this paper to the attention imposed one: the taking over of the Boer re of our colleagues and am pleased to in parliamentary regimes dependent upon a publics of South Africa by the British and majority in parliament, or the dictators who their incorporation into the British Empire. sert it, herewith, for inclusion in the can be overthrown by conspiracies against Since then, the process has been one of RECORD: them among the powerful factions within steady fission. It began in the Balkan wars, Public opinion favoring the death penalty their totalitarian apparatus. And yet even which, undertaken to create larger unified decreased from 68% in 1953 to 38 % last year, the President of the United States cannot countries, ended by creating more small ones. according to the latest Gallup polL direct national policy any more. It has accelerated ever since. Even Czechoslo This is a striking statistic, in and of itself. The various bureaucracies do much what vakia, the most successful of the new coun Far from being encouraged, however, I !l"!ld they want to do. The Antitrust Division of tries created in World War I, proved incapable it dismaying on two counts. First, it is to the Department of Justice, for instance, has of becoming the effective agent of unification me incredible that over a third of the coun been making its own policies and pursuing but was torn apart by the strife of the na try supports what I consider to be a cruel, its own course these last 20 years, with little tional minorities-German, Hungarian and barbarous and archaic method of punish concern for what the incumbent President Slovak-that refused to be "unified." ment. Second, there is increasing evidence believes or orders. The Soil Conservation Not one of the new countries established that the trend is being reversed: That with Service and the Bureau of Reclamation, the since World War ll has so far created the the current hue and cry for law and order, Forestry Service and the Weather Bureau, unified nation that, to the 19th century, was people are beginning to push for more severe the Federal Trade Commission and the Army so obviously the end point of history. In punishment for crimes up to and including Engineers have similarly become "independ stead, we are getting tribal splinters pre the death penalty. ent" rather than "autonomous." tending to be national states, imposing on Not so long ago, policy control by the An ominous example of this is occurring their citizens all the costs of a national state, right here in New York State. In November, political organs of government could be driven by all the jealousies, resentments and taken for granted. Of course, there were State Senator Edward Speno released the pride of a national state-but incapable of results of a survey showing that 84 out of "strong" and "weak" Presidents as there were being an effective organ either of domestic "strong" and "weak" prime ministers. A 118 New York State judges favored reinstate government or of the international com ment of the death penalty for those crimes Franklin Roosevelt or a Winston Churchill munity. Increasingly, we are fragmenting the could get things done that weaker men could to which it had previously been applied. In world into governmental pygmies, each en October, he conducted hearings on restora not have accomplished. But this was, people dowed with tremendous power vis-a.-vis its generally believed, because they had the cour tion of the death penalty. Spectators were citizens, each perfectly capable of tyranny angry and vociferous in their demands for age of strong convictions, the willingness to but incapable of governing. lay down bold and effective policies, the abil harsher sentences-including death----and ap In 1900, there were fewer than 50 sover plauded every police demand for a return to ity to mobilize public vision. Today, a eignties in the whole world-20 in Europe "strong" President or a "strong" prime min executions. The change from the hearings and 20 in the Americas, with the rest of the in 1965--when the death penalty was abol ister is not a man of strong policies; he is world having fewer than a dozen. World War the man who knows how to make the lions ished in New York in all but a. few cases I increased the number to about 60. Now was frightening-and to me far more striking of the bureaucracy do his biding. we have more than 160, with new "mini John Kennedy had all the strength of than the Gallop poll. All the evidence points states" joining the ranks almost every to a determined effort to return the death conviction and all the boldness of a "strong" month. Only on the American continents President; this is why he captured the imagi penalty for felony murder in New York in has there been no splintering of sover 1969. nation, especially of the young. He had, how eignties. ever, no impact whatever on the bureaucracy. There are 20-odd sovereignties of 1900 that We are all aware of what lies behind this He was a "strong" President in the tradi are still, by and large, the political reality new stridency. Americans have been inun tional sense. But he was a singularly in of today (except in the rapidly fragmenting dated with scare headlines about riots and effectual one. His contemporary, Nikita Caribbean area) . Some of the new sover increased crime rates. The President's Com Khrushchev in Russia, similarly failed to be eignties are very large countries: India, Pak mission on Law Enforcement and Adminis effective despite his apparent boldness and istan, Indonesia. But most of them are tration of Justice recently reported that "The his popular appeal. smaller than the Central American countries existence of crime, the talk about crime, By contrast, bureaucratic men who have an earlier generation contemptuously dis and the fear of crime have eroded the basic no policies and no leadership qualities missed as "banana republics" and much too quality of life of many Americans." emerge as effective-they somehow know how small to discharge the minimum responsi A climate of near-hysteria has polarized to make red tape do their bidding. But then, bilities of sovereignty. the country. On one side are the advocates of course, they use it for the one thing red Today we have scores of "independent na of law and order. An extreme example ot tape is good for, i.e., bundling up yesterday tions" whose population is well below a mil this position is Anthony Imperiale, who in neat packages. lion people. Indeed, we have some whose stated: "You got law and order, you don't This growing disparity between apparent population is hardly as large as that of a power and actual lack of control is perhaps good-sized village. Footnotes at end of speech. February· 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS UF REMARKS 3093 need justice, because you got law and The experience of other countries bears otit verslty of Oklahoma psychiatrist that he was order." 1 On the other end o! the spectrum . this thesis. Seventy-two countries have now angered that his first conviction did not re are-those o! us who believe that justice is a abolished the death penalty,' and studies in sult in a death sentence. His basic motive basic pre-requisite of ·a democratic society Austria, Germany, Australia and the Nether in the second murder, he stated, was to force and the maintenance of law and order must lands, among others, indicate that there is the state to execute him. be subject to the guarantees of justice. no relationship between executions and hom Chaplain Byron Eshelman of San Quentin There is no escaping the racial overtones icide rates. described a similar case, that of a prisoner of this dichotomy. The fear and guilt of Sir Ernest Gowers, Chairman of the British who committed murder because ·"He decided White America, and the anger and frustra Royal Commisison on Capital Punishment, he did not want to live, but knew he did not tion of Black America, have been amply 1949-53, states: "Before serving on the Royal have the courage to kill himself. The thought documented. The Kerner Report simply made Commission, I, like most people, had given no came to him, after reading about an execu that official. It is racial fears and tensions, great thought to this problem. If I had been tion, that if he killed someone else, the state above all, that are responsible for the Im asked for my opinion, I should probably have would take his life in return." 3 periales and the harsher legislation now be- said that I was in favour of the death pen Numerous other cases of this n ature have ing advocated. · alty, and disposed to regard abolitionists as been documented. As Professor Henry Wei The battle over capital punishment is a people whose hearts were bigger than their hofen put it, "Capital punishment may serve microcosm of this larger Black-White, rich heads. Four years of close study of the sub as an incitement to crime in three cases: poor confrontation tearing at our society. ject gradually dispelled that feeling. In the First, the suicidal group, . . . second, those Consequently, it is in this framework that I end I became convinced that the abolition to whom the lure of danger has a great ap would like to view the issue of death penalty. ists were right in their conclusions-although peal-possibly a large group-(for whom) Clarence Darrow once wrote that "Ques I could not agree with all their arguments the danger of capital punishment may act as tions of this sort . . ., are not settled by and that so far from the sentimental ap actual incentive to acts like robbery with reason: They are settled by prejudices and proach leading into their camp and the ra violence, and third, the exhibitionist group. sentiments or by emotion. When they are tional one into that of the supporters, it was The exhibitionist wishes for a time suc settled they do not stay settled, for the emo the other way about." Significantly, he con cessfully . to pit his wits against the po t ions change as new stimuli are applied to cludes his book-"A life for a life?"-by re lice ..., but sooner or later he would arrange the machine." turning to the question · of deterrence: things so that he was found out and had The abolition versus retention debate has 'There remains the argument", he wrote, the satisfaction of a spectacular trial." • changed little since the time when Caesar "That without the uniquely deterrent value Similarly, Dr. Stuart Palmer wrote, in his debated Cato on what to do with the Catiline of capital punishment more murders would book a Study of Murder, "Capital punish Conspirators. be committed. This is the only serious utili ment probably does not lead to a decrease in Ever since the single argument most con tarian argument in favour of capital punish known murder because it is not based on sistently advanced in favor of capital punish ment, and the one on which thoughtful sup psychologically sound principles. People ment has been that it deters crime. This porters of it almost wholly rely. It is also about to commit murder do not rationally argument is tenaciously--one might say ir the argument that can be put most readily to weigh the act against the penalty. On the rationally-upheld in the face of numerous the test of evidence in the proper sense of other hand, some individuals have uncon statist ics, all of which point to the opposite the word: And, as we have seen, such evi scious drives to place themselves in posi conclusion and show that the presence or dence as there is goes to show that the aboli tions where they will be punished with ut absence of the death penalty makes no par tion of capital punishment does not in fact most severity." ticular difference in the amount of murder have this result." Unfortunately, whether they desire it or in any given state. Its murder rate will closely Supporters of capital punishment also not, murders do have spectacular trials. For parallel that of adjoining states, where con make the case that it protects policemen obvious reasons, murder and rape-which ditions of life and social-culture attitudes are and prison guards-which is why New York accounted for over 98% of all executions in similar. A leading midwestern advocate of State retains it for murders of law enforce the United States between 1930 and 1967, abolition put it quite succinctly: "The death ment officers and prison guards. Once again, are the crimes which receive the most lurid penalt y is related to the homicide rate in the the evidence shows no relationship between press coverage. We are all familiar with this same way an Indian rain dance is related to the death penalty and murders of policemen phenomenon and for a case in point I re the production of rain. When the rains come, or prison personnel. Sellin studied police fer you to Stroble versus California. The they come." homicide rates over a 25 year period in 11 point to remember, whether or not the ac Clearly the homicide rate is the product of capital punishment states and 6 abolition cused are actually guilty in such cases, is larger forces than the punishment for mur states: The rate in death penalty states was that court procedures cannot be impartial der. For example, the homicide rate in the 1.3 per hundred thousand persons, and 1.2 in let alone infallible-under such conditions. United States moved upward from 1900 until abolition states. We know for a fact that juries are not in the middle of the thirties, dropped sharply Logically, if the death penalty is designed fallible, because numerous cases of innocent during the next ten year period, and then to be a real deterrent, we should let the men being executed have been documented. started an upward swing after the second public witness an execution. As Evelle J. Palmer in the same book, estimated that of World War. The trend does not coincide with Younger, writing in the American Bar Asso the people in several groups studied who the application of the death penalty. To be ciation Journal, pointed out, "The spectacle were executed or imprisoned for life, ten per more specific: A study of the death penalty might save someone from a crime he might cent--ten per cent!-were later found to in Oregon, which was abolished in 1914, re otherwise commit .. • by making our execu have been innocent. stored in 1920, and reabolished in 1964, reveals tions as private and as humane as possible, Unfortunately, when individuals are ex that the homicide rate was totally independ we admit that if any influence at all is ex ecuted, it almost invariably puts an end to ent of the death penalty. erted, it must be debasing or positively harm efforts to establish their innocence. Neverthe Thorsten Sellin, President of the Interna ful." Douglas Lyons, Leonard Lyons' son, less, errors are more likely to occur in death tional Society of Criminology, has made an who has been active in the movement to sentence cases because the fact-finding proc exhaustive study of the effect of the death abolish capital punishment in California, ess is muddied by many factors: undue po penalty on homicide rates. In his report for now has a case pending against the warden lice coercion, newspaper publicity, the low the Model Penal Code Project of the Ameri of San Quentin to show cause why the next mental state of the accused, the unequal fi can Law Institute, he examined in detail the execution should not be televised-and he nancial resources of the state and the de homicide rates in abolition and retention has the consent of the condemned man next fendant, and the difficulty of obtaining an states, and found no correlation between the in line. It is a brilliant idea, because it helps impartial death-case jury. two. In comparing the homicide rates of expose the sham of deterrence for what it is. You are all familiar with cases of last Michigan, Indiana and Ohio, for example, he As Camus put it, "Indeed, one must kill minute reprieves. There are a number of points out that although Michigan is an abo publicly or confess that one does not feel cases here in New York where the death lition state, its homicide rate has remained authorized to kill. If society justifies the penalty was narrowly averted-and the men below that of its two neighboring death pen death penalty by the necessity of the ex subsequently freed or their murder convic alty states throughout the last forty years. ample, it must . . • show the executioner's tions reversed. One such is Isidore Zimmer Similarly, a comparison of Maine, Vermont hands each time and force everyone to look man, sentenced to death in 1938 for the and New Hampshire shows the homicide rates at them-the over-delicate citizens and all killing of a detective. His sentence was com moving along similar lines even though' those who had any responsibility ... or else muted by the Governor at the last minute, Maine has been an abolition state since it -admits that such revolting ceremonies can and he was therefore able to press his claim 1887, and Vermont only partially abolished only incite orime or completely upset of innocence-which he had always main the death penalty in 1965. opinion." tained. However, it took him 24 years to suc Sellin's data also makes it clear that the There are in fact indications that capital ceed. He bad been so close to execution that abolition or imposition of the death penalty punishment may actually be an incentive his head was shaven and he was asked what has no bearing on the homicide rate within to murder. James French, the last man to he wanted for his last meal. He finally won a particular state. Seven American states have be executed in the United States, on June 2, completely or partially abolished it and then 1967, refused council. He was electrocuted his freedom when the court of appeals found reintroduced it--usually after a particularly in the Oklahoma State Prison for strangling that a prosecution witness had lied, ai_?.d the heinous and much-publicized crime. There h,is cellmate. Before -he died, he told a Uni- prosecutor had conceale~ the fact. is no evidence that restoration affected the Zimmerman's case typifies one of the murder rate in these states. Footnotes ·at .end of speech. cruelest aspects o! the death penalty: the CXV--196-Part 3 3094 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Febr_uary 6, 1969. senseless and irrational manner of its appli The story has not changed much since _ Together with Anthony Amf?terdam and cation. Less than one per ce-nt o! those con Myrdal wrote his classic study. He described Marvin Wolfgang of the University of Penn victed for non-negligent homicide are the atmosphere thus: "One has only to visit sylvania the fund devised a questionnaire actually executed. The rest spend years of a southern community at a time when some which inquired into every possible factor a uncertainty in death row. There are nearly Negro is on trial for the rape or murder of jury might take into account in deciding 500 pe-ople in condemned cells throughout a White person to obtain a vivid picture of whether to impose life or death, such as the country today. Median elapsed time is the hate and passion and desire for venge the viciousness of the crime, the prior rela now almost 4 years and some of them have ance which is often aroused in the hearts tionship of defendant and victim, the time been there as long as 13 years. It can be fair of the southern Whites ... under circum of the attack, the place, the number of at ly argued, I think, that this delay con stances of this kind it is rather difficult for tackers, whether, a simultaneous crime oc stitutes the "cruel and unusual punishment" the jury or even the judge to escape being curred, whether the defendant testified at forbidden by the constitution. inftuenced by the feeling which permeates trial, and an exhaustive array of every other Now let's probe deeper into the question the throng." conceivable factor which might influence of the less than 1% who are actually ex He further reported that, for the period sentencing. ecuted. Who are they? Out of the thousands 1920 to 1930, out of 479 Blacks killed by A team of law students searched the rec convicted of capital crimes, why are they, White persons in the south, over half were ords in 2,500 cases, and the results were speclftcally, chosen for the electric chair, slain by White policemen. subjected to rigorous statistical analysis. the gas chamber, the firing squad or hang A study of homicides in 10 counties of The one constant factor in distinguishing ing? North Carolina between 1930 and 1940, showed between cases receiving the death penalty Some misguided people still assume that that 94% of the indictments were made when and those which did not, was race. If the the death penalty is supposed to punish the Blacks killed Whites. Of those charged with defendant was Black and the victim most heinous offenders, who constitute the first degree murder 28% of the Whites who White, the chance of a death penalty was handful out of thousands of killers whose killed Blacks, but only 15% of the Blacks high. With any other racial combination execution would most protect society. They who killed Whites, were acquitted. Of those it was remote. are living under a dangerous illusion. convicted, none of the Whites who killed Armed with these statistics, the fund In the first place, the death penalty dis Blacks was sentenced to death, contrasted mounted an all-out attack on the death pen criminates quite blatantly against the poor. with 37% of the Blacks who killed Whites. alty, on four grounds: Due process; equal The middle-class or well-to-do murderer is Such statistics bear out the old southern protection; lack of standards, and cruel and virtually always eliminated from the ranks saying amusing to many Whites, but not unusual punishment. As. a result of their of the condemned. particularly humorous to Blacks-that if a class actions, all executions in the United Anyone who can afford a goOd criminal Black kills a White, it is murder; if a White States have been stayed. Consequently, death lawyer obtains better counsel than a de kills a Black, it is unfortunate. But if a White house populations are soaring. In late April, fendant who must rely on assigned counsel. man kills a White man it is probably in self San Quentin prison opened 13 new death A popular myth has developed concerning defense, unless the fight was over a woman, cells to help accommodate the overflow of our system of assigned counsel which would in which case death was caused by apoplexy. prisoners. As the warden put it, "If we can't have us believe that the indigent defendant There are many such studies, all pointing carry out the sentence, we should get the in a capital case received the benefit of the to the same conclusion. Let me cite one more. men off the row and into a program to help very best legal talent. Unfortunately, this is A study of over 550 homicide cases in Rich them." simply not true. Nor can such a defendant mond, Virginia, and part of North Carolina On October 15th, the Supreme Court agreed afford the extensive costs involved in prepar disclosed not a single conviction when Whites to consider cases from Arkansas and New ing an adequate defense-and the state cer killed Blacks. When Blacks killed Whites, Jersey that raise all four of the claims made tainly doesn't provide it. As Father Daniel over 90 % were convicted. It was also noted by the legal defense fund. Conceivably, the McAlister, former Catholic chaplain at San that of the 141 Negro-Negro homicides, not court's decision may end the question of Quentin points out, in Duffy and Hershberg's one resulted in the death penalty and only 8 capital punishment once and for all. 88 Men and 2 Women, "The death penalty in life imprisonment; but of the 22 cases Whether or not this occurs, there remains seems to be meant for the poor, uneducated, with Black offenders and White victims, six a terrifying large bOdy of people to whom and legally impotent offender." concluded with a death sentence and seven increased crime statistics operate like a red In the second place, the death penalty with life imprisonment.e flag. Their response is a totally irrational one, discriminates against Blacks to an extent Not only are Blacks more likely to be con because it refuses to even consider the causes that is only beginning to be fully clear. Let victed of crimes: They are also likely to re or cures Of violence. Nor does it recognize me illustrate. ceive more severe and longer sentences. A the facts themselves. For example, it is a First: Of the 3,859 persons executed since review of national prisoner statistics shows fact that police safety is not increased by 1930, 53.1% were Blacks. If we relate this that in most states Blacks are committed to increased penalties. A recent legislative study figure to poverty, the percentage is closer to prison longer than Whites for the same types in California showed that assaults with 100%. of offenses. deadly weapons on police rose 90 % over a Second: Of the 455 men executed for rape Furthermore, about 10 to 14 per cent more five year periOd of steady increase in penalties since 1930, 405, or 89 %, were Black men Whites than Blacks proportionately are an for such assaults.8 convicted of raping White women, 398 of nually granted some form of parole. The I think all of us would be naive to assume these were convicted in the south, as com increasing number of Blacks in our prisons that the Black Power Movement has not pared to only 43 Whites. In that same time stems partly from this discriminatory pat triggered much of this fear and desire for no White man was executed for this crime tern of release. repressive measures. Let me quote former by the District of Columbia, Virginia., West The trend extends to the commutation of Police Chief Wagner, speaking before the Virginia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, or death sentences as well. A 1962 study showed Ohio State Legislature in May, 1965: "We Oklahoma. that between 10 and 20 per cent more Blacks need capital punishment to keep the Negro Third: forty of the fifty people sent to Sing than Whites have had their sentence of in line." Sing under sentence of death from New York execution carried out.7 Wagner, and many, many others like him, City between November, 1957 and November, are still living in the nineteenth century. 1962, were Black or Puerto Rican. Twelve of Fortunately, a concentrated attack has fi They cannot understand that delinquency the 50 were executed: One White, one Puerto nally been mounted against the death pen and crime are, in a sense, normal responses Rican-and ten Blacks.5 alty. The case which triggered its opening to a society that shuts most Black people In commenting on similar statistics, Wil campaign was Hamilton versus Alabama, in out. The Black man suffers more prejudices, liam Reichert wrote in the Kentucky Law which a Negro was charged with burglary with discrimination and segregation than the re Journal: "While this might seem to imply intent to rape. According to the state's evi turning White criminal. Grier and Cobbs, in that Negroes are basically more violent in dence-and they contend there is consider their book, Black Rage, document in stark temperament or nature than are Whites, the able doubt as to what actually happened and moving language the unbearable psycho facts do not bear out this conclusion. Obvi Hamilton entered the apartment of an old logical burden of being Black in America. ously the law has been brought to bear more woman near Birmingham, Alabama, and was They conclude, quite simply, that the Black heavily on Negroes than Whites." found there looking at her. No one even man cannot put up with much more. It is unfortunately true that "When crime claims he touched her. Yet he was sentenced I submit, therefore, that we must attack and color converge, the individual is in dou to death for burglary with intent to commit crime both before and after the fact. We ble jeopardy," as Marvin Wolfgang has rape. The case went to the Supreme Court must first concern ourselves with the condi pointed out in his excellent study, C1·ime and the conviction was reversed. tions that deny Blacks even the minimal and Race. The number of the poor and the At about the same time, Justice Goldberg promises of the American dream, and lead uneducated within the White majority is wrote a brief opinion in a case questioning many to despair and frustration. We must tripled within the Black minority. . Thus, whether capital punishment in rape cases also develop a truly workable system · of even if there were no race bias in the admin was not cruel and unusual punishment, in rehabilitation. istration. of justice, the social and economic view· of the fact that no life had been taken. Most penal institutions offer the worst pos system would itself carry a burden of blame Hamilton had not even injured anyone. The sible preparation for re-entry into society. for the lack of equal protection and uni NAACP Legal Defense Fund then began Nor is much being done to · improve the sit formity of treatment. gathering statistics which might isolate t he uation, as is shown by ~e fact that less than racial factor and began pushing the cruel 1 % of the United States crime budget is Footnotes at end of speech. and unusual punishment·claim. spent on research.0 The 1962 White House February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3095. Conference on Chlldren and Youth revealed 1f the Nixon Mtntnfstration w1ll only re Southern National Bank of Atlanta. Repub that 100,000 children' were held 1n Jall each V:e8J. its·readine8s to furp.ish the required lic National Bank of Dallas, First National year, because of the lack of detention facil increment of· Government ·support. ·The City Bank of Cleveland, ·First National Bank ities. Furthermore, 6 out of 10 juvenile proba of St. LoUis, First National State Bank of tion officers had no social work training; 3 desire o:i milllons of AID.eric_ans now liv New Jersey 1n Newark and the Riggs Na ou t of 10 state training inBtltutions for de;. Ing in substandard housing to improve tional Bank of Washington, lin quents had no staff social workers; ahd their lot is self-evident. In summary, In addition, more than 300 inquiries have 4 out of 10 state training institutions for everyone is anxious to see action: Your come into corporation headquarters from delinquents lacked staff psychologists.10 move, Mr. President. such diverse potential local investors as the How can we possibly expect these children The article referred to follows: Columbia Gas System Service Corp. of New to be "rehabilitated"? And why should we be York City, Formica Corp. of Los Angeles, the surprised when we hear that in 1967 ·the HOUSING THE POOR: PLAN AIMED AT SPURRING International Association of Holiday Inns, single age producing the most arrests of the PRIVATE LOW RENT UNITS AWAITS . NIXON based in Memphis, Coggans Realty Co: of greatest violence was fifteen. ACTION-NEW CORPORATION SET To SEEK Eufaula, Ala., C. Looney Realty of Twin Falls, INVESTORS IF ADMINISTRATION BACKS NEW These are appalling sta,tistics. In my judg Am FOR TENANTs-THE PROMISE oF HIGH Idaho, and the Imperial Development Co. of ment police "crackdowns" tend, if anything, RETURNS Meadville, Pa. to increase crime. Our only possible hope will It's the purpose of the National Corpora come through offering Black people--and all (By Monroe W. Karmin) tion for Housing Partnerships (NCHP) to disadvantaged groups-a chance to partici WASHINGTON-The "engine of private en mobilize private industry to help meet the pate fully in our society, by il:nproving the terprise" that Richard Nixon has promised the goal, set in last year's housing act, of conditions that drive them to frustration, to use for social goals is ready to roll toward producing six million subsidized housing despair, and crime. They must be made to the goal of housing the poor. units for low and moderate-income groups believe that they have something to gain The National Corporation for Housing over the next decade. (Low incomes are de or lose-in American society. And they cer Partnerships, created by the Johnson Admin fined as $2,400 to $4,500 per family, moder tainly are never going to believe it unless a istration and now awaiting a go-ahead from ate incomes as $4,500 to $8,000.) lot of private-and public-attitudes change the Nixon Administration, is confident it can This means raising total U.S. output of radically. According to the Kerner Report, raise $50 million from private industry for such housing from the present level of about close to half the White policemen in pre "seed money" investment in low-rent hous 50,000 units yearly to 600,000 units yearly. dominately Black districts in one city showed ing projects. The planners figure this starter The NCHP hopes that perhaps within three extreme racial prejudice against Blacks. The could generate $1.9 billion of financing later years it will be producing 10 % of this total, wit ness, a professor at the University of on. or 60,000 units annually. Michigan, went on to say this: "What do I But there's a catch. In order to start up SCATTERED PROJECTS mean by extreme racial prejudice? I mean the private-enterprise corporation, President that they describe Negroes in the terms of the Nixon apparently must commit himself to As a starter, the NCHP would like to see animal kingdom." spending more Federal funds-at a time work begin on 10,000 units in its first year, You can't realistically expect a Black man when his aides are searching for budget distributed among 35 to 50 projects. This to believe in--or even aspire to--the so-called economies. would be equal to what the very largest American dream when he confronts such at "Unless there is a substantial increase in private homebuilder now produces in a year. tit udes. It is bad enough to be poor today the appropriations requested for rent subsi NCHP officials hope to distribute their proto but to be poor and. Black is to be in double dies, declares Edgar F. Kaiser, the indus type projects widely around the .country, us jeopardy. If we are to move forward toward trialist who heads the corporation, "there's ing different types of technology to provide justice, it must be justice for all of us, rich great question whether the corporation is different types of units for different types of or poor, White or Black. America is going to needed or can be of service." In effect, Mr. tenants. h ave t o put it on the line, and root out the Kaiser wants the Government to guarantee "We hope to put our emphasis on provid racism permeating our society. Blacks will a supply of tenants through various pro ing housing for those who need housing." not wait much longer. The burden of blame grams to ease their rent burden. says Howard R. Mosko!, NCHP vice president, for the past--and the burden of proof for Will Mr. Nixon comply? "which means black people, white people, the f uture-belong to White America. Spanish-speaking people and Indians-in the ROMNEY'S ROLE city, in suburban areas and in rural areas." FOOTNOTES Mr. Kaiser is optimistic. Noting that the In addition, the NCHP has other goals in 1 N ew Yor k Times this Last November. President has rejected resignations offered mind. !! New York Committee to Abolish Capital by the corporation's directors, he says he be One is to serve as a catalyst, to stimulate Punishment. lieves "there will be a substantial (budget) other builders and investors to undertake 3 Death Row Chapl ai n , 1962. increase for low-income housing." low-cost housing by showing that it can be • T h e Urge to Punish. So far, Urban Secretary George Romney is done profitably. "We hope that once we dem 6 New York Committee to Abolish Capital noncommittal on this point. He simply says onstrate what we can do in local commu Punishment. that "the bulk of the money (needed for nities, our success will encourage others to 6 Guy Johnson, "The Negro and Crime", housing) must be stimulated from the pri do the same," says Mr. Mosko!. The Annals of the American Academy of vate sector." A Romney spokesman adds: "We Another aim is to encourage home owner Polit i cal and. Social Sci ence, ( 1941) . have a sympathetic concern for the corpo ship by the poor. Though the NCHP-spon 7 Marvin Wolfgang, Journal of Criminology ration's objectives, but we've reached no de sored housing would be built as rental units, Law, Criminology and Police Science, 1962. cision as to how far we can go." Mr. Moskof says, "The idea is to build, hold 8 New York Committee to Abolish Capital If the Nixon Administration is willing to for a reasonable length of time, and convert Punishment. go far enough (just asking Congress for in to condominium, cooperative or nonprofit 9 Report of the President's Commission on creased rent subsidies, without waiting for ownership by tenants." The NCHP has asked Law E nforcement, 1967. it to act, is deemed sufficient) , then the the Federal Housing Administration to 10 White House Conference on Children Kaiser-led corporation is ready to go about change its mortgage insurance regulations to an d You th, 1962. the business of formally lining up investors. ease the conversion. Mr. Kaiser believes he would have no trouble None of this can be accomplished, in the finding takers, beginning with his own com NCHP view, unless the Government comes pany, Kaiser Industries Corp., and those rep through with substantial aid so that low-in resented on the corporation's board of direc YOUR MOVE, MR. PRESIDENT come tenants can afford the housing-in ef tors. These include: fect, creating a guaranteed, Government Westinghouse Electric Corp., World Air supported market to attract profit-motivated ways, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., Deere private industry and investors. HON. RICHARDT. HANNA & Co., Llng-Temco-Vought Inc., Loeb "If you don't have subsidies of one kind OF CALIFORNIA Rhoades & Co., Lomas & Nettleton West Inc. or another for the tenants, then you don't 1N THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of Dallas, Lazard Freres & Co., Penn Central Co. and the Mechanics & Farmers Bank of have the market," declares Mr. Mosko!, "and Thursday, February 6, 1969 Durham, N.C. business can't produce housing for low-in come tenants without subsidies." Mr. HANNA. Mr. Speaker, yesterday's BACKING FROM BANKS In particular, the NCHP wants Mr. Nixon Wall Street Journal confronts the Nixon A_canvass of two dozen other major corpo to ask Congress to fully finance the program, administration with a critical challenge: rations found many interested parties, Mr. enacted last year, under which the Govern Will it supply the money needed to stim Kaiser reports, and investors are also expected ment pays a mortgage interest rate subsidy ulate a high level of private participation to come from among the 15 big banks that that keeps housing investors' interest costs in meeting our Nation's need for hous already have agreed to lend the corporation as low as 1% and thus holds rents down. ing? Congress has, in the Housing and $1.5 million for start-up expenses. They are: Congress granted the program $25 million Chase Manhattan Bank, First National City for the current fiscal year (ending June 30) Urban Development Act of 1968, demon Bank, Bank of America, First National Bank out of an authorized $75 million; the NCHP strated its commitment to this ap of Hotiston, First Pennsylvania Banking & would like the President to request the $50 proach. Corporations, as the Wall Street Trust Co., Philadelphia, Mellon Natio~al million difference for this year, plus $100 Journal article reveals, are ready to roll Bank & Trust Co. of Pittsburgh, Citizens million for the year that begins July 1. 3096 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS · February 6, 19·69 · Without committing himself to any in What is most alarming is that a small mi We are happy to have you as our new rep crease, Secretary Romney· has spoken highly nority is able to create this discord and dis.. resentative in Congress, and hope that one of of the interest subsidy idea; observing that sension in a city that has been in the fore the first jobs you perform will be to propose it originated with Republicans in Congress. front of every meaningful fight for civil a Constitutional amendment which would W·hen and if the Nixon Administration liberties in our history as a people. Because revise the Electoral College system. promises to seek increased subsidies from New York was the focal point of all immigra- · Our class has been studying Presidential Congress, the corporation will seek clear tlon and the city represented those of all election processes, and we have discussed ance from the Securities and Exchange Com races and creeds and colors, its sympathies weaknesses in the Electoral College system. mission for the stock it will issue to par and heart responded to the oppressed and the We have written a proposed amendment to ticipants. It's expected SEC approval could needy. Amendment 12, and we are enclosing a copy be obtained by spring. Today, when most Americans recognize for you to read. We suggested five changes in The NCHP hopes to line up 500 charter that the greatest unsolved domestic problem the Electoral College system. stockholders, mostly from the business and of our nation is to finally and at long last We are hoping that changes will be made financial world. Each would be asked to in insure to our black brothers the full rights before the next Presidential election. vest $100,000, for a total original investment that are theirs by nature and law, it is un Respectfully yours, of $50 million. The corporation would keep thinkable that we permit the development of Ricky Satterfield, Jimmy Isom, Donny $2.5 million of its original capital for op what is becoming an open and brazen anti Powell, Sally Nan Barber, Daniel erating expenses and create a national part semitism to infect our society by a small mi Weeks, Jim Burchfield, Randy Stroupe, nership (with the same membership of 500) nority, unbelievably encouraged by some civic Satires P. Kaleores, David J. Farmer, to invest the remaining $47.5 million. This and political leaders who seemingly are un Paula Hines, Mary Anne Burch, Lamer money would be invested in local partner conscious of the effect of their acts. It is Laney, Russell Jones, Merri Turner, ships, up to a maximum 25 % participation tragic that some black leaders adopt a tactic Gary Graham, Deede Williams, Faith in each; local investors would put up there used against their own people for untold Cox, Ricky Pennebaker, Steve Jobe, maining 75% or more to finance the low generations past. Fran Yoffe, Cathy Patton, Mark Smith, rent housing projects in their communities. Hearteningly, black leaders are increasingly Karen Cavin, Mary Pat Denham, Dale It's figured this "seed money," by pro speaking out against the prejudice and dema Petty, Ric Thomas. Tom Adams. viding 10% down payments with mortgages goguery used against them by those who op Kathie Bell, Steve PoolP. covering 90% of the cost, in time could gen pose the struggle of the Negro people to ob erate $1.9 billion of construction financing. tain their full civii rights. PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO AMENDMENT 12 OF That would be enough to build 130,000 units, The incredible reading of anti-semitic THE CONSTITUTION officials say. poems in classrooms and on the air, or the The attraction to the investors is a po All slates of electors shall meet in their re inclusion of such material in a catalog is spective states and vote for President and tentially handsome return. Not only is it sued by Mr. Hoving's Metropolitan Museum calculated that local housing projects will Vice President, casting the exact number of of Art, are not only shocking but inexcusable. votes received for their candidates in the return a basic 6 % profit (distributed among New Yorkers should be proud that so many the national and local partners in accord direct popular election held in their state. dedicated Jewish teachers have chosen what They shall sign these votes and transmit ance with their participations), but the ad is so often a troubled and d11ficult area and vantage of fast tax depreciation would be them, sealed, to the seat of the Government career. Since there is and has been a serious of the United States directed to the President available to both local and national in and growing shortage of teachers, and since vestors. of the Senate. The President of the Senate the rolls are open to all those qualified, we shall, in the presence of the Senate and Because of this tax advantage, it's cal should be thankful they have been willing culated that investors would receive an ac House of Representatives, open all certif to take up that torch on the road of educa icates, and the votes shall be counted. The tual return on their investments ranging tion so basic to the winning of a fruitful life from 24.4% in a project's second year to Presidential candidate and his Vice Pres for the students of our ctiy. idential running mate having the largest 16.8% in its lOth year. That return, says Before these incidents become a spreading Mr. Muskof, would be "comparable to the number of votes, if such number be at least canker that can poison our relations one to 40 per cent of the total votes cast, shall be yields sought by most industrial investors" another, let responsible people stand up and and is required, to attract private financing declared President and Vice President. If no be heard while time may still favor our hopes. candidates receive as much as 40 per cent to low-cost housing. Very truly yours, of the total vote, or if candidates receiving EUGENE P. CONNOLLY. 40 per cent have an equal number of votes, then, from the two candidates having the highest number of votes, Congress shall meet A TIME TO SPEAK OUT jointly and shall choose immediately, by ELECTORAL COLLEGE REFORM ballot, the President and Vice President. The votes shall be taken by states, with each state HON. LEONARD FARBSTEIN casting as many votes as there are members OF NEW YORK HON. JAMES R. MANN from that state in Congress. A quorum for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF SOUTH CAROLINA this purpose shall consist of two-thirds of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the whole number of Senators and members Thursday, February 6, 1969 of the House of Representatives. Mr. FARBSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, I bring Thursday, February 6, 1969 FRAN YOFFE, to the attention of my colleagues a letter Mr. MANN. Mr. Speaker, there are MARK SMITH, to MARY PAT DENHAM, written the editor of the New York many proposals being put forward to RIC THOMAS, Times by Mr. Eugene P. Connolly, a change the electoral college system for KATHIE BELL, prominent citizen of New York City. The. electing the President and Vice Presi Committee Members. letter is particularly worthy of our con dent. One of the more interesting I have sideration at the present time in view of encountered is that of the seventh-grade the Wtfortunate challenges of the blacks history class at Evans Junior High School THE NEW PUTNAM, CONN. in the city of New York: in Spartanburg, S.C., taught by Mrs. NEW YORK, N.Y., Lucy Stroup. I recommend that my fel January 24, 1969. low Members take a look at their pro HON. WILLIAM L. ST. ONGE The EDITOR, posal, which shows that intelligent in OF CONNECTICUT The New York Times. terest in public affairs is not limited by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DEAR Sm: There is a time to be silent and age. This class is to be commended for there is a time to speak out. Now is the time Thursday, February 6, 1969 for many voices, black and white, to cry out their initiative in coming up with a so if we are to save our city from the limitless lution to this complex problem. I include Mr. ST. ONGE. Mr. Speaker, a very horrors of an urban society where neighbor their amendment in the RECORD at this interesting article about my hometown hates neighbor and people hate people. To point, along with its letter of transmittal: of Putnam, Conn., was published recently hate is to fear and to fear is to rot. EVANS JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, in the Worcester, Mass., Evening Ga As one who has lived almost his entire Spartanburg, S.C., November 21, 1968. zette. The article, entitled "The New adult life in New York City, no counterpart Hon. JAMES R. MANN, Putnam, From Disaster to a Blossoming to what is taking place today has existed in House Office Building, Community,'' is written by Albert B. our midst. The feeble, purlle efforts of the Washington, D.C. Southwick, the very able chief editorial Nazi Bund just prior to World War II earned DEAR MR. MANN: We are members of a them only the contempt of the people and seventh grade history class at Evans Junior writer of the Gazette. the attempt to win converts to the anti High School, and have followed the elections Under leave to extend my remarks, I human cause of the "Master Race" foun this year with much interest and excite wish to insert this fine article into the dered in well-earned ridicule. ment. We have learned a lot, too. REcORD and to call it to the attention of February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3097
my colleagues, particularly those of our "Instant redevelopment," they stm call THEY WOULD LIKE TO KNOW neighboring New England States. It reads it. But it has definite advantages. It is in a as follows: CHARMING splendid location. It has plenty of land for It THE NEW PUTNAM, FROM DISASTER TO A might be more accurate to call it "in expansion (in the town, if not the city). And BLOSSOMING COMMUNITY stant demolition," for the center of the it has talented leaders who can see the need town was not completely rebuilt until 1964. of such things as art, recreation, and culture. (By Albert B. Southwick) Now, thanks to millions of dollars in federal And, of course, it has the big highway, Ask the man on the street in Marlboro and state funds, and the unfailing concern open south all the way to New York, and how to get to Putnam or Killingly, Conn., of Conn. Gov. John Dempsey (he was Put scheduled to open north to Worcester, Marl and he might scr.atch his head in puzzlement. nam's mayor for eight years), and competent boro, Fitchburg and Boston in a very few The same might apply to the average per leadership at the local level, Putnam is per years. son in Shrewsbury-or Worcester-or Au haps the most charming little mill town Will those cars and trailer trucks roll right burn-or Fitchburg. around. The devastated core of downtown through Putnam, north and south, or will But in two short years, all those communi along the river is now a lovely park, where the community become a productive magnet ties Will have something in common and t h ey people walk and band concerts are he~d for enterprise and wealth? Will the road will know the quickest way to get to each against the backdrop of the waterfalls. bring people in or take people away? other. The city is protected from future floods by Putnam would like to know. By the end of 1972, according to current the West Thompson Dam upstream, com predictions, they will be strung together like pleted by the Army Engineers a few years daisies in a chain by superhighways Route ago. 52 and Route 290. By the end of 1974, Leomin In addition, the city has built a number of FASCELL JOINS COLLEAGUES IN ster and Fitchburg will be linked up _to the attractive public housing projects. Except for URGING U.N. TO CONSIDER ffiAQI northern extension of Route 52. small areas of blight, like the famous "Bal The big road has already pushed up from lou's Village," there are no sluxns at all. CRISIS IN SECURITY COUNCIL New York, New London and New Haven, Putnam has also been helped in its reha through Killingly, Putnam, and Thompson bilitation by a couple of spectacular fires HON. DANTE B. FASCELL to the Connecticut line at Webster. that eliminated some less-than-elegant It is finished . from Gold Star Boulevard buildings. Plans are afoot for more civic OF FLORIDA here in Worcester to Route 20 in Auburn. projects. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES When the gaps are filled in, travel time will Compared to othe? cities of its size, Put Thursday, February 6, 1969 be cut dramatically. The winding drive from nam is miles ahead in the redevelopment Worcester to Putnam, which now takes an race. Its future looks rosy. But is it all Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, all Mem hour, will be slashed to about 30 minutes of smooth sailing ahead? bers of Congress, as well as all other smooth freeway travel. A group of prominent citizens chewed Americans and, indeed, all of the civil that question over at lunch. Robert Bulger, BLOSSOMING COMMUNITY ized world, were shocked by the appalling long time head of the Putnam Redevelop All along the route, communities are ment Agency and Housing Authority, and persecution of Jews recently in Iraq. All pondering the implications of the big high the sparkplug of Putnam'S physical renais of us are determined to do everything way, much as the small towns in upper New sance, still thinks much more should be humanly possible to end this tragic epi York pondered the Erie Canal 140 years ago. done, especially in the field of housing. sode and see that it never resumes. The impact of Route 52 is already being Roger Kinne, former president of the Put As one Member of Congress, I have felt in Putnam. In the past few years, the nam Area Chamber of Commerce, feels that joined with many of my colleagues in city has blossomed forth as the retail center the tidy prosperous appearance of the city sponsoring legislation to end the mur of northeastern Connecticut. One shopping may be somewhat deceptive. center, With 17 businesses, is flourishing, a "We've got to find some way to keep our der and tyranny of Jewish alleged spies second is being developed in the city, while a young people here," he asserted, echoing a in this Arab nation. We have called on third is being planned for the town. cry heard in small communities across the the President to instruct our representa The city. The town. Persons from Massa land. "We don't have enough for them-no tive at the United Nations to seek a spe chusetts do a double take when they run up youth center, no art center, no YMCA. Put cial meeting of the U.N. Security Coun against the quaint relics of government that nam is just not an exciting place for young cil which would seek ways and means still hang on in Connecticut. Yes, Virginia, people." of preserving the human rights of the there is a town of Putnam. Also a city of But if youth does not think Putnam swings, people of Iraq. We reverently hope that Putnam. The city is only a small part of it appeals to others-the settled family peo the town in area, but it contains most of the ple, the old folks. Northeast Connecticut has this approach will stop the bloodbath. 8,500 people. The city has a mayor and a the highest percentage of persons over 65 in In the meantime, we are also calling on council. The town is run by a board of se the state. _ all appropriate international agencies lectmen. Everybody agrees that the arrange A drive through the lovely countryside ex and diplomatic channels to use their ment is ridiculous. It may be phased out plains why. The rolling fields, the stone infiuence in preventing the threatened within a few years. walls, the delightful town commons are like genocide of Jews in Iraq. But 1! that seexns complicated, travel something from the last century. Grandma If there is any possible other step that down the road to Danielson and-or-Killingly Moses would have loved Woodstock, and the Congress can take, I am sure that Danielson, an independent city for all intents Thompson and Pomfret. The area is a sort and purposes, is a borough of the town of of oasis from a turbulent world. No wonder we will spare no effort in doing so. We Killingly. Like the folks in the city of Put many people love it. cannot stand idly by while demagogs nam, the folks in the borough of Danielson launch what could be a chilling effort get taxed twice. . LABOR MARKET to systematically abolish the Jewish And also no wonder that eager youth finds community in Iraq. · ACT OF GOD it sedate and unexciting. Unlike Putnam, Danielson has not seemed What does Putnam want? Does it want to Mr. Speaker, a few decades ago the to profit from Route 52. Between 1961 and become an industrial center, all hustle and world watched silently as one demagog 1966, when Putnam was increasing its an bustle? Mayor R. Roger Brodeur looked pen prepared his master plan to rid his na nual retail sales from about $16 million to sive at the thought. In many ways, the peo tion of what he called enemies dangerous $25 million, Danielson's retail sales were ple of Putnam like it as it is. to the well-being of the State. In his falling in inverse proportion-from $21 mil But times change. It is getting harder all mind, the plan was so thorough that he lion to $15 million. the time to hire mill help for $2 or $2.50 an called it the "Final Solution," indicat The go-getter types in Putnam say that hour. Young people head for Hartford, New Danielson is too conservative, afraid to take Haven or New York and the higher wages. ing that after the completion of his work risks. But why should Putnam be so differ Low wage industries in larger cities have the problem would no longer exist. By ent? been saved by Puerto Ricans and Negroes. ignoring the demagog and his scheme, It was partly an act of God, as the insur would Putnam want to undertake that sort by feigning ignorance of its aims, and by ance companies put it. Putnam was a sleepy, of sociological transformation? pleading noninvolvement, because the shabby little mill town in the first weeks Even if it wanted to, could it attract wage "problem" and the "solution" were in of August, 1955. Then came Hurricane Diane. earners? ternal matters and not the business of The rushing waters of the French and Quin "If somebody wanted to come in here to outsiders, a complacent world allowed ebaug Rivers, which merge just above the morrow and build a new factory," said Kinne, the tyrant to begin his practice of gen city, came thundering through With the force "we wouldn't know what to do. We couldn't of 100 express trains. More than a hundred supply the help. If he brought his own help, ocide. homes were Wiped out, and another 400 we couldn't supply the housing." By the time men of good will were able devastated. Dozens of businesses were shat Putnam faces precisely the same dilemma and willing to assume the responsibility tered. The heart of Putnam was scooped out faced by hundreds of other small communi of stopping the tyrant, millions of Jews and shoved downstream. ties. and other imagined opponents were ex- 3098 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 terminated by the Nazis. The results of ple. Their objective is not peace, but They asked whether the President 's enun his insane acts are an historical monu doom and death. ciation last week of a policy of nuclear "suf ficiency" includes the proposed erection of a ment to the philosophy of noninvolve Maneuvering under the appealing label "thin" anti-ballistic missile system. ment. a condemnation so absolute that of "Clergy and Laymen Concerned About The peace group feels that as the Vietnam men have pledged themselves never to Vietnam," they serve only as Ho Chi conflict draws to a close, amnesty should be allow "Final Solutions" to happen again. Minh's little helpers. Their self-pro granted to imprisoned draft resisters and to On a recent Monday morning in Bagh claimed objective may be peace, but al persons who h ave gone to self-exile or into dad, the frightening pattern began ways on Communist terms. Their disloyal hiding t o avoid military service. anew, to the cheers and festive dancing expressions promote death to our loyal The organizat ion also believes that the current mutiny trial of 21 prisoners in the of a deluded populace. On 14-foot scaf sons who serve in South Vietnam, that Army's Presidio stockade in San Francisco folds in the city squares of Iraq, men they, the unfaithful, have freedom to be is unjust an d betays "a real note of panic were executed for crimes against the disloyal. on the part of the military." state, crimes undocumented and un That they were able to obtain a rendez proven. While there is much doubt con vous with Mr. Kissinger-security ad DECLINE COMMENT F ollowing the customary etiquette of cerning the validity of the indictments viser to our President-their mockery of meet ings with White House officials, Mr. Cof for espionage and spying, there can be no our people by dignifying deserters from fin and others in the group declined to say doubt that nine of these men were con the armed services, basking in safety in what Kissinger had said to them. victed and killed because of their reli Swedish sanctuaries. are outrages In addition to Mrs. King, the group also in gion. against all loyal Americans. These are cluded other familiar peace movement fig In the enlightened nations of the intelligent people who are accountable ures: Rabbi Abraham J. Heschel, a profes world, religious faith is not a crime, let for their acts and appreciate fully they sor at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York; the Rev. Richard John Neuhaus. pas alone one punishable by death. The serve to continue the war and prolong tor of St. John's Lutheran Church, Brooklyn. thought of religious persecution is ab any peace results in Paris. N.Y.; Gerhard Elston of the National Coun horrent, but to carry persecution to the Most Americans are convinced that the cil of Churches, and the Rev. Richard Fer extreme of death is nearly beyond human intentions of this bunch of rabble-rous n andez, national director of Clergy and Lay comprehension. ers is but to soften public opinion to a men Concerned. In the Arab States, there are many defeatist image in favor of Communist About 500 persons marched peacefully Jews being held against their will as North Vietnam's butchers and to from Metropolitan African MethOdist Epis hostages in the Arab campaign to destroy copal Church. 1518 M st. nw., along the 15- strengthen the Communists for addition block route to the Justice Department for the State of Israel. Once proud com al concessions at the peace table. the commissioning ceremony. munities of Jews in Iraq, Egypt, Yemen, One of their members, William Coffin, Mrs. King. who arrived in Washington in and Algeria have been decimated to a was granted the privilege, by force of the morning, led the marchers as far as 15t h few frightened people who again face Federal court order, to address the stu and I streets nw. and then covered the re the threat of extermination because of dents of the University of Auburn. The mainder of the route by car. She carried a their religious faith. Federal judge further aggravated this small bunch of violet chrysanthemums. Past attempts to save these survivors disgrace by forcing Auburn to provide Organizers of the march said a chronic leg ailment makes it difficult for her to walk long have been met with the same intran facilities and payment from school funds distances and that she also was still fatigued sigence and unreasonable hatred that to this convicted felon-a conspirator from her just-completed journey to India. has typified the Arab attitude toward against the draft laws of our country. In her talk outside the Justice Depart the peace offers of Israel. Just as the So that our colleagues might have cur ment, Mrs. King suggested the present era Arabs have avoided the conference table, rent information on the anti-American in America matches Charles Dickens• charac they have ignored the ancient plea, "Let activities of these prophets of doom, I in terization of the French Revolution: "The my people go." We ask now that the sert news releases from the local papers worst of times and the best of times." The Vietnam War-"Goliath's futility," she U.N. investigate the conditions of this following my remarks: called it---<:ontinues. but "there is an emer captive people and find ways to free the [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, gence of mOdesty for the first time among Jews of Iraq from the Iraqi generals and Feb.6,1969] tens of millions of Americans who have recog judges who mete out their sentence of MRs. KING, CLERICS TALK PEACE WITH nized we are not the world's policeman." death without the sanction of law or KISSINGER Echoes of the peace movement's jousts the benefit of reason. Six leaders of the Nation's religious move with President Johnson were recalled as Mrs. The other dangerous ramifications of ment for peace, including Mrs. Martin King spoke of "political leaders who have Luther King Jr.• spent 40 minutes at the the temerity to offer both guns and butter the Iraqi hangings are evident: the at as if they were equivalents." mosphere of crisis in the Middle East has White House yesterday outlining their views to President Nixon's national security ad She evoked cheers from the crowd, a group heightened and the cause of peace has viser. Henry A. Kissinger. that ranged from long-haired young men been handed a staggering setback. For President Johnson and his staff declined and women to elderly couples. as she de the cause of world peace, as well as for to grant similar White House appointment clared: "I do not want guns, with or without the cause of simple human mercy, the to representatives of the same group in 1967 butter." outrages of Baghdad must be ended at and 1968. The Rev. Thomas L. Hayes, who is cur The White House session followed an out rently the executive secretary of the Episco once. pal Peace Fellowship, has agreed to spend a We sincerely hope that the conscience door religious ceremony on the Constitution Avenue steps of the Justice Department at year In Stockholm as the emissary of Clergy and perseverance of free men every which the peace group. Clergy and Layman and Laymen Concerned to the American where will be enough to halt the acts Concerned About Vietnam, commissioned an deserters living in Sweden. which have brought us once again in Episcopal priest to serve as pastor-at-large Officials of the organization estimate that sight of the monster of the "Final Solu to American deserters in Sweden. deserters there now number about 300. Pos tion"-a monster which, if unleashed sibly another 50 are said to be living in Paris. The Rev. William Sloane Coffin, chaplain of At the edge of the group, about 50 coun again, could destroy us all. Yale University. who acted as spokesman for ter-demonstrators led by the Rev. Carl Mc the group when they left the White House, Intire displayed signs calling for victory in said Kissinger had given them "a very re Vietnam. Dr. Mcintire fu a fundamentalist spectful hearing for which we are very grate radio preacher. EXTREMISTS FOR PEACE OR ful." Caption under picture: Coretta King and PROPHETS OF DOOM? QUESTIONS ON WAR members of Clergy and Laymen Concerned Mr. Coffin was one of several anti-war fig About Vietnam commission an Episcopal ures convicted last year of conspiring to abet priest, the Rev. Thomas Hayes, as pastor-at HON. JOHN R. RARICK violations of draft law. An appeal is pending. large to American deserters in Sweden at the OF LOUISIANA Mr. Coffin said he and his colleagues raised Justice Department yesterday. From left, the following points with Kissinger: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Rev. Richard Neuhaus, a Lutheran minister, They questioned the purpose of continuing Rabbi Abraham Heschel and Mrs. King. In Thursday, February 6, 1969 fighting in Vietnam while the Paris negotia the background is Rev. Richard McSorley. tions are under way. Georgetown Univernity professor. Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, extremist They feel that U.S. peace aims are still Caption from picture. Washington Post. citizens masquerading in the cloth and unclear, and that the question of whether January 25. 1969: AccEPrs TRmUTE.-coretta parading as prophets of peace must be this country will accept a neutralist govern King receives from India's President Zakir placed in proper pergpective for our peo- ment in Vietnam is unanswered. Husain the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3099 Understanding, given posthumously to slain Last month, Philpott vetoed Coffin's ap freedom and warm friendship for our U.S. civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther pearance at Auburn and the sponsoring stu country: King Jr. Dr. King's widow said she accepted dent-faculty group sued in Federal court. the certificate and check for $13,300, "not as Recreation in Alabama to the court's ruling SAILORS OF THE WORLD an award for a job accomplished or a victory was swift. Gov. Albert Brewer called the order (B:· Sidney Fields) won," but "as a tribute to a well-fought "an insult ... to the people of Alabama. The journey covered 7,250 miles over wa fight and progress." "This decree not only undermines the ca ter, from Poland to Denmark to the Canar pable administration of Auburn University," ies and across the Atlantic in a 22-foot sail [From the Washington (D.C.) Evening S1ar, he said, "but even goes so far as to direct" boat. Feb. 2, 1969) the University to pay a "convicted felon who The Ejsmont brothers, identical twins, 28, MOBILIZATION AGAINST WAR To OPEN HERE has sought to infiuence young people to be ruddy-faced and bearded six-footers, made tray their country." The third national mobilization of Clergy the extraordinary voyage for an ordinary The court order said the State cannot reason: they love the sea and its freedom. and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam will "regulate the content of the ideas students be held Monday through Wednesday at But even the waters around Poland's pro may hear. letarian paradise is a prison. Metropolitan AME Church, 1518 M St. NW, "To so is illegal and thus unconstitutional and other Washington churches. "This is bad for boys who always dream censorship in its rawest form." of sailing around the world," said Piotr, pro Heading the list of scheduled speakers are While upholding Philpott's ultimate power Sen. George McGovern, D-S.D., and Rep. John nounced Pete. to determine whether a speaker is invited to "In Poland, even if you have government Oonyers, D-Mich. Both will address the open the campus, Johnson said, "This determina ing session Monday morning at Metropolitan orders, you cannot leave port without in tion may not be made for the wrong reasons spection by maritime security police," said Church. or for no reason at all." Hiber Con teris, a Uruguayan novelist, play Mieczyslaw, pronounced Mike. Philpott ruled that students could not in "They always come aboard," Pete added, wright and editor, will speak at an evening vite (1) a speaker who could reasonably be session Monday on the U.S. role in developing "and if there is more food than what is al expected to advocate breaking a law; (2) a lowed, it is confiscated, you are fined and nations. Other speakers at general sessions speaker who had been previously convicted and smaller lecture-discussions include Mar you can be put in jail." of a felony; and (3) a speaker of the type They were brought up on the rivers and cus Raskin, Arthur Waskow and Richard represented by Coffin because he said it would Barnet, all of the Institute for Policy Studies lakes around Grodno, northeast Poland, part be tantamount to University sanction of of the vast real estate the Russians gobbled here, and David Harris, now appealing a what the speaker advocated. three-year sentence as a draft-resister. up after World War II. Their parents; a sis Some of the laymen and clergymen who ter, Wanda; and a brother, Jan, are still will take part in the mobilization also were there. signers of a statement issued last week by The twins were trained for the Polish Clergy and Laymen Concerned demanding SAILORS OF THE WORLD Navy, served for three years and captained that the Army drop plans to court-martial six tourist boats going to Scandinavia and the soldiers charged with mutiny for taking part Baltic countries. Too confining. So, in 1959, in a sit-down at the Presidio Stockade in San HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI when they were 19, they decided to take a Francisco. The soldiers were protesting the OF NEW YORK little boat trip to Denmark. killing of a disturbed prisoner who was trying IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES RELEASED AFTER 6 MONTHS to escape. Thursday, February 6, 1969 A Polish patrol boat picked them up 10 Among at least 35 signers were the Rev. mile~! from Copenhagen. They were brought John Sheerin, editor of the Catholic World; Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, recently back and jailed. For the next three weeks Rabbi Abraham Hesche!, professor of Jewish many Members had the pleasure of they were in solitary confinement and inter ethics at Jewish Theological Seminary; meeting two Polish sailors who had just rogated every night. Methodist Bishop Francis E. Kearns of Ohio; "They did not believe that we only wanted Harvey Cox, author of "The Secular City," completed a voyage across the Atlantic in a 22-foot sailboat. They had sailed to sail around," Pete said. and the Rev. Jon L. Regier, associate general "No, they did not mistreat us," Mike said, secretary, National Council of Churches. from Denmark where they had been "but the food was terrible. We lost 20 Sheerin and Hesche! also will speak during granted asylum after a successful es the mobilization. pounds." cape from Poland. They reached Miami After six months their xenophobic cap [From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star, last Christmas Eve. tors agreed that the teenage twins were not Feb. 2, 1969] An interesting story of these two on the CIA payroll and released them. But brave sailors-Mieczyslaw and Piotr they were not allowed on the same ship to COMMUNISM TOPIC OF Two FRIDAY TALKS Ejsmont---has been written by Sidney gether. After each trip their passports were Two guest speakers will discuss ·commu Field in his popular colwnn "Only Hu taken away. For six years they were not per nism at different Catholic-sponsored events man," which appears daily in the New mitted to lea.ve Polish waters. on Friday. When they could, they carefully planned The Rev. Paul Oestreicher, a British York, N.Y., Daily News. a second split. In July, 1965, Pete took a journalist and ordained Anglican minister, The article is not only a tribute to these boatload of tourists to Copenhagen, told his will speak at 8:15p.m. Friday in Gaston Hall, young courageous Poles, however, its deep first mate he was very sick and had to see Georgetown University. His subject will be significance lies in the spirt which moti a doctor at once and ordered him to take "The Christian-Marxist Dialogue." vated their daring adventure. the ship back to Poland. When Mike arrived They named their boat John in hon in a second boat, he suddenly got sick, too, [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Feb. 6, or of President Kennedy. They were sail and ordered his boat back to Poland. The 1969] ing under a white and red Polish ban brothers asked the Danes for political asy U.S. COURT VOIDS BAN ON COFFIN ner with the inscription "FPS"-free lum. It was granted. (By J. M. McFadden) They then went to work, making beer bot Polish sailors. Their dream was to place tle caps, electric cables, textiles; learned MONTGOMERY, ALA. February 5.-A Federal a wreath on President Kennedy's grave. Danish and English; and when they saved judge overruled Auburn University's presi enough money proceeded to build a 20-foot dent here today and ordered that the Rev. By doing so they wanted to tell the William Sloane Coffin, Yale chaplain, be per world that Communist oppression did sailboat. It took them 10 months. They called mitted to speak at the Alabama school Friday. not extinguish the love of freedom and it John I, after John F. Kennedy. Auburn President Harry Philpott said he centuries old ties between Poland and "By then we decided to sail to America and would appeal to the Fifth Circuit Court of the West. lay a wreath on the grave of Kennedy," Pete Appeals in New Orleans and would ask a stay said. The Ejsmonts belong to the genera Mike caught my skeptical eye. "In Pola~d, of the court order. tion which has grown up under the post Calling Dr. Philpott's campus speaker rules Kennedy is more revered than here," he sa1d. "blatant political censorship," U.S. District war totalitarian system that has been "Especially by the young. People were still Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr. ordered Auburn imposed upon Poland. weeping in the streets three days after he to provide Coffin facilities and payment from Their deed speaks more eloquently was killed." school funds. than anything else of Poland's true spirit, They set sail in John I on June 11, 1967. On The ruling said Philpott's oral rules con and the bankruptcy of communism. the night of June 16 they were hit by a trolling speaker invitations are unconstitu Following is the text of Mr. Field's Danish freighter, which just kept going. For tional and called them a violation of the the next 30 hours the twins frantically bailed First Amendment. article in the January 27 edition of the wat er out of their boat with pails. It had no The Yale chaplain was convicted with Dr. News. I hope it will serve to remind all pump. They barely made it to Bremerhaven. Benjamin Spack last year of urging students of us of our continued concern for the "The boat was finished," Mike said. "A to resist the Vietnam draft. He is free on people of Poland who, depsite their pres wreck. We had to take a train back to Copen appeal. ent fate, retain a deep commitment to hagen." 3100 EX TENSIONS OF REMARKS February · 6, 1969 They simply began over again. Each held some Members that the case against ciga Mr. Speaker, I include the full text of down two jobs. On weekends they built John rette smoking as a health hazard had the article in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD II, 22 feet long. On May 4, 1968, they left not been proven. Yet, whatever doubts for the benefit of my colleagues: Copenhagen and reached the Canaries in late July. For the next three months they resup remai:n,ed in 1965 have surely been re TALK OF EARLY RETIREMENT W AS MERELY plied, repaired and refurbished their boat, solved by the Surgeon General's report CONVERSATION while outwaiting the hurricane season: They of 1968 with the results of thousands of (By Joseph Young) sailed from the Canaries on Oct. 20. Their additional research studies clearly show When I first started covering the govern first land fall was Antigua, 33 days later. ing that deaths attributable to cigarette ment beat in the good old days of 1945, one WREATH ON J. F. K. GRAVE smoking have reached truly epidemic of the first government career officials I met "Two days from Antigua we had no food proportions. The second reason. the was a chap named Farthington. left," Pete said. "But we met a Dutch promise of voluntary regulation by the Farthington was a trim, youthful 46, freighter and the captain gave us food, also tobacco industry, has likewise proved un bright-eyed, with black hair and a splendid oranges, and a case of beer and a bottle of successful. The FTC has twice indicated mustache. whiskey." that cigarette advertisements have con He was most helpful in furnishing us with "After Antigua," said Mike, "our course was good news leads and we remarked appre tinued to employ the same seductive lures ciatively that we hoped we would enjoy a long to St. Thomas, past Cuba, to the Bahamas in ever-increasing frequencies, and last and then Miami. But 50 miles off Cuba a and pleasant association with him. gale came. It washed our food away. So for year reported how the industry delib "I'm afraid not,'' he said. "As soon as I can two days we did not eat. But worse, we were erately planted a misleading prosmoking I'm going to retire." afraid the wind would blow us to CUba and article in True magazine and then We expressed surprise, since he was so they wouldn't let us out." meretriciously advertised and promoted young. They reached Miami on Christmas Eve and the article as though it were prepared by "Why shouldn't I retire?" he asked, warm to their delight discovered that a port officer ing up to what apparent ly was his favorite unbiased authority. subject. was of Polish extraction. He steered them to The FCC has now put Congress on no the Polish-American Immigration and Relief "I don't want to hang around until they Committee and they got more Christmas tice that unless Congress deliberately force me to retire at the mandatory age of dinner invitations than they could accept. acts to block it, the Commission will ban 70, feeble and no good to anyone," he said. With the committee's help they made their all cigarette ads from the public's air "No, sir! I want to get out and enjoy life way to Washington and went directly to ways. In so doing, it will follow a recom while I'm still young." Arlington National Cemetery. They laid a mendation the FTC made to Congress We wished him luck and asked when he wreath on JFK's grave, knelt and prayed, last June. If Congress contravenes such thought he might take the plunge. then moved over to Robert Kennedy's grave "Well, I'm angling for an involuntary a ban we will be flying in the face of the separation so I can get out and get my retire to say a prayer, too. recommendations of the two agencies "We were sad," Mike said, "but we were ment annuity at the age of 50," he replied. content in a way. We kept our pledge. most competent in this field and we will When he reached the age of 50 and still r e They were given tourist visas and are now be turning our back on the examples of mained on the job, we expressed mild su r visiting Polish groups around the country. countries such as Great Britain, Den prise that he was still there. When their visas expire next June, the twins mark. Italy, Norway, Sweden, and "Well, there's a government pay raise Will return to Denmark where they still have Switzerland, all of whom have long since coming up this year, and that will boost my an apartment. Will they ever return to banned such advertising. We will be vot high-five-year average salary on which my Poland? annuity will be based," Farthington said. "So ing to allow the public airways to be used I'll wait another year." "After this," said Peter, "even if we were to seduce over 4,000 children a day not jailed, Poland would still be a jail. We The next year and another five years came will try to come to America." over a million per year-to take up a and went and Farthington was still around, "Who doesn't want to come here?" Mike habit which kills more than 200,000 and we found the subject of his projected asked. Americans each year and according to retirement too delicate to mention. "But we still have a big voyage to make," one estimate may kill one-seventh of all But when Congress was considering the Pete said. Americans now living. Those who are bill to allow employees to retire on full an They both nodded, as if they were im encouraged to smoke are coking the nuities at age 55 after 30 years• service, Farth patient to start it at once. ington brought up the subject himself. ovens in their own bodies to produce "Once this bill becomes law, I'll get out "Around Cape Horn," Mike said. "All cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and around the world." of here so fast that it will make your head a host of other maladies. Those who swim," he said, rubbing his hands. "Ah, the would seduce the young and shorten life of leisure--Florida, fishing, swimming, FCC RULING ON CIGARETTE their lives cannot avoid our censure. afternoon naps." ADVERTISING The FCC's courageous decision has al Congress enacted the bill into law b u t ready been attacked by tobacco and Farthington remained at his desk. broadcasting interests and urgently "I understand Congress is going to liberal ize the computation of annuities, so I might HON.EDWARDI. KOCH needs additional support. I would move, as well stick around another year," he ex OF NEW YORK ·Mr. Speaker, that we in the House stand plained. "It won't hurt me and will be well IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ready to defend one of the most basic worth it." Thursday, February 6, 1969 interests of our Nation's people, good The computation factors were liberalized. health, from those who would subvert it. But--you guessed it--Farthington remained Mr. KOCH. Mr. Speaker, I rise on this on the job. occasion to stress certain important im Even the year when employes were given plications of yesterday's decision by the TALK OF EARLY RETIREMENT WAS an 8 percent bonus on retiring, Farthington Federal Communications Commission to MERELY CONVERSATION stayed on. ban cigarette advertisements from the "With the new pay comparability pay law, air and to solicit the support of the our pay raises the next few years will be fan Members of the House for the FCC's pro HON. MARTHA W. GRIFFITHS tastic and will raise my annuity tremendous posed ruling. ly when I retire," he rationalized. OF MICHIGAN As he spoke, we noticed for the first time In 1965 the Congress passed the Ciga IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that his once jet-black hair was gray and his rette Labeling Act which precludes the Thursday, February 6, 1969 mustache was straggly. Federal Trade Commission from requir And so it went year after year until last ing a health warning in the advertising Mrs. GRIFFITHS. Mr. Speaker, last week, when we received a call from him. of cigarettes. The FCC has likewise in week I read a most interesting article in "Can you come over and see me?" he asked terpreted this provision as precluding it the Washington Evening Star, entitled in a quavering voice. We said we'd be right from taking action against cigarette ad "Talk of Early Retirement Was Merely over, feeling rather guilty that we hadn't vertising on radio and television. Con Conversation," written by Joseph Young. called on him in several years. gress wisely provided that this provision Mr. Young was too kind to mention it On arriving at his office, our first impres b t to th d f th to I b li d sion was that a stranger was seated at his would last only until July 1, 1969, so that u • e en o e s ry, e eve desk. Certainly, this white-haired man with it could carefully reconsider the two fac Farthingto~ was a Congressman. ~e the palsied hands and wrinkled face was a tors upon which it based its decision to real truth lS that the pay ~nd pension :rar cry from our friend Farthington. But, stay the hand of the FTC. system for Congressmen aelays retire- , alas. it was he. The first reason was the fel}ling by ment. It should be corrected. "Help me, help me!" he cried. February 6, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 3101 "How?" we asked. uWhat ls the matter?" DffiECT ELECTION OF THE PRESI a man who actually received fewer popular "I turned 70 yesterday and they're forcing DENT votes than his major opponent. It is difficult me to retire,'' he shouted wildly. in a country that rightly claims world leader "But I don't want to go--I'm still in my ship in democratic government to justify or prime and there's another pay raise ooming HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND explain away the constitutional procedures up. Can't you use your influence to get me that made possible these results and could an exception from the 70-year mandatory re OF llot:ASSACHUSETTS easily do so again. tirement age?" IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES In three of the last six Presidential elec As we started to reply, two burly General tions, in 1948, 1960, and again in 1968, the Services Administration guards walked into Thursday, February 6, 1969 presence of strong third parties or slates of the office unannounced. Approaching Farth Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, I testified unpledged electors on the ballots of some ington, one of them said, "All right, Pop, yesterday before the Judiciary Commit States have threatened to frustrate the popu this is it. They need your office and you'll tee in support of House Joint Resolution lar will. That we managed to get through have to leave." these elections without serious trouble was "I won't go!" Farthington shouted. 12-a proposed constitutional amend more a matter of good fortune than good "Then you leave us no alternative," the ment I have introduced to abolish the sense. The campaign of last year is still fresh other guard said, hoisting Farthington over electoral college in favor of direct popu enough in our memories for all of us to recall his shoulder like a sack of flour and carry lar election of the President and Vice the veiled hints and suggestions of bargains ing him struggling from the room. President. and deals that might have been a part of From down the hall, we heard Farthing With permission, Mr. Speaker, I place the election if it had been thrown into the ton's piteous wail: "Help me, I'm too young my testimony in the RECORD at this House for a decision. Our electoral system to retire. Help me, I'm too young ..." point: ought to be a shield against this sort of busi ness rather than an invitation to it. DIRECT ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT, STATE Add to these shortcomings the unit elec MENT IN SUPPORT OF HOUSE RESOLUTION 12 toral vote of the States, the dangers inherent Mr. Chairman, I welcome this opportunity in the constitutional independence of the REPEAL URGED ON CENSUS to present to you and the other members of electors, and the other weaknesses of our PENALTIES this distinguished subcommittee my views on electoral college system, and it Is easy to what is in the opinion of many of us the most see why it has few defenders. important constitutional issue facing this What alternatives are there to the present HON. ANCHER NELSEN country-reform of the system by which we electoral system? Three basically different OF MINNESOTA elect the President. Presidential elections proposals have been developed and examined IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES have become increasingly a game of political in great detail as possible replacements. They brinkmanship as we choose the person who are: the district plan under which Presi Thursday, February 6, 1969 may very well be the most important public dential electors would be chosen by Congres Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, I am join official in the world. Few people have to be sional districts with two Statewide at-large ing a number of colleagues in sponsoring persuaded of this fact; almost everyone recog electoral votes going to the candidate who nizes the problem, is deeply concerned, and wins the popular vote in the State; the pro legislation to limit the categories of ques wants to do something about it. portional distribution plan under which a tions r~uired to be answered under pen Thus, the real difficulty is not whether we State's electoral vote would be divided among alty of law in the decennial censuses of should act, but what form this action should the candidates in proportion to each candi population. take. Our dilemma is hardly a new one; it is date's share of the popular vote; and the The measure would repeal the $100 fine in fact, as old as the Constitution itself. The direct election plan under which the winner and the 60-day jail sentence which can Founding Fathers at the Philadelphia Con of a majority or a substantial plurality of the vention in 1787 pondered and debated the popular vote would be elected President. be imposed on citizens who refuse tore matter of electing the President at great Under either the district or the pro veal highly personal information about length. The electoral college system which portional plan it would still be possible, as themselves and their households on the they finally settled upon probably did not it is now, for a candidate to win the popular 1970 census. fully satisfy anybody. Furthermore, indica vote and still lose the electoral vote and It would limit mandatory questions to tions are that dissatisfaction has been pretty therefore the Presidency. This is the funda six, leaving all others to be answered on general since that time; the more than 500 mental weakness of both of these plans, al proposed amendments concerning the elec though they have other serious shortcomings a voluntary basis. The census, of course, toral system that have been introduced in is which make me wonder if either of them required by the Constitution every 10 Congress are strong testimony to this fact. would represent very much of an improve years so that apportionment in the U.S. I suppose the immediate conclusion one ment over the system now in use. House of Representatives will be equita might jump to is that if we have survived This is not true of the direct election plan, ble. However, last year it developed that thus far with the present system, why is it and for this reason I have introduced House the Cenc;us Bureau is planning to send necessary to change it now? My response is Joint Resolution 12 to amend the Constitu out an extremely lengthy questionnaire, that we have been lucky, that we have re tion to provide for the direct election of the requiring answers to some 120 questions ceived plenty of warnings, that we may not President and the Vice President. I shall go involving 67 subjects. Many of us feel always continue to be lucky, and that there into my reasons for supporting direct elec this information at the very least should is no logic in relying on luck when we can tion in some detail in a few moments, but I turn to an alternative that is far more in should like right now, with the committee's be elicited voluntarily, without putting keeping with our democratic tradition and indulgence, to outline briefly the principal citizens under threat of harsh punish would be virtually foolproof in assuring the provisions of my resolution. ment. American people that the person they want This resolution does away with the elec At this time, I understand, the Census for President is the same as the one who toral college, electoral votes, and, of course, Bureau is proceeding with its plans to would take the oath of office on January 20. the electors themselves and provides quite send the long form to every household in We have been lucky because the conditions simply and straightforwardly that the people America. It does not take a genius to for a constitutional crisis that are built into of the States and the District of Columbia our electoral college system have never actu shall vote directly for the President and the realize that the printing bill for these 62 ally precipitated a crisis of really major pro Vice President. The people would cast one million complicated forms will be big, to portions. Surely we have come close to it. In ballot for the candidates of their choice, who say nothing of the costs of tallying and 1801 and in 1825 the House of Representa would be required to join their names and analyzing all the long, involved results. tives was required to choose the President run as a team so that there could be no con So, it seems sensible to assure that because no candidate had received a majority fusion about who was running for President citizens need only respond with the main of the electoral vote. The wholly undemo and who for Vice President. The State Legis facts required. These facts would involve cratic and unacceptable provision giving the latures would keep the powers they now have House the ultimate voice in the selection of to prescribe the places and manner of hold name, address, age, sex, head of house the President when there is no electoral ma ing the election, and all persons qualified to hold status, marital status, and persons jority is still a part of the Constitution. vote for Members of Congress would be en in the home at time of census. Using a This is not a proper function for the House, titled to vote for the President and his run voluntary basis for the remainder, it is and these procedures become all the more ning mate. A State could, if it wished, relax likely that the overwhelming majority of grotesque when we realize that this con its residence requirements for voting for Pres Americans would cooperate by supplying tingent election employs the unit system that ident, and Congress could, 1! the necessity the extra details. In fact, such a proce gives just one vote to each State, regardless arose, approve legislation requiring uniform dure might very well result in a more of size. residence and age requirements for the Pres On three occasions in our history, in 1824, idential vote. accurate census than would be had 1876, and 1888, the peculiarities of our elec Within 45 days following the general elec otherwise. tion system have placed in the White House tion, unless Congress by law sets a different 3102 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS February 6, 1969 date, the official responsible for election re would always be where it should be-with Indeed, some enthusiastic proponents turns in each State shall send certified lists the people in the general election and with of oil shale development have pictured to the President of the Senate of all persons the people in the unlikely event that a run who received votes as well as the number of off election is needed. the national debt dissolving in a fiood of vot es cast for each. Early in January, some Direct election is simple, uncomplicated, oil shale revenue. More recently, it was time between the fourth and the tenth of and easy to understand. The voters would suggested during the 1968 presidential the month, the President of the Senate, be know exactly for whom they are voting. The campaign that revenue from oil shale fore a joint meeting of the House of Rep temptation toward fraud would be greatly could be used to finance the necessary resentatives and the Senate, shall open these reduced, perhaps completely eliminated, in improvements in education. election certificates and count the votes. the large States where tampering with a few The hard fact, however, is that the first The pair of candidates with the greatest votes can, under the present system, mean commercial oil shale mine has yet to be number of votes shall be declared, respec the delivery of a large block of electoral votes. tively, President-elect and Vice President Adoption of direct election would in one dug, the first commercial retort has yet elect if they have received at least 40 percent clean sweep wipe out a system that is un to be built, and recovery processes for of the total number of votes cast. In case democratic, complicated, and potentially associated minerals imbedded in oil shale no team of candidates wins a majority or dangerous and replace it with a plan that have yet to be proved-all of which the 40 percent plurality, Congress must pro would in every election give to every voter means that the people of the United vide by law for a runoff election between the an equal voice in the selection of the person States have yet to realize any substantial two pairs of candidates who received the to fill the most important office in the Nation. revenue from these important resources. greatest number of votes. The need for action by Congress is urgent. It is my sin cere hope that this committee Moreover, the recent experience of the The unanswerable and overwhelming argu Department of the !I).terior, which re ment in favor of direct election is that it will favorably report H.J. Res. 12 and that is the only plan that would always guarantee Congress will promptly approve it so that it ceived only three bids for test oil shale that the choice of the people, as expressed can be sent to the States for their considera leases which it offered, and which had to in their votes, would be elected President. tion. I think it is of utmost importance that reject all three of them as too low, indi Every vote throughout the entire United a direct election plan be in operation in time cates that there is no immediate prospect St ates would carry exactly the same weight for t he election of 1972. that the public will derive substantial and have exactly the same value as every revenues from these resources in the other vote. This to me is democracy in action. There are other very practical and com short term future. pelling reasons which make the direct vote OIL SHALE LEGISLATION In my view, these facts and develop alternative so attractive. Words and phrases ments underscore the need for adoption like the big States, small States, and key now of a clearly defined, congressionally States that are now so important at election HON. JOHN V. TUNNEY initiated policy, looking toward the or t ime would no longer have any special sig OF CALIFORNIA derly management and profitable devel nificance. Carrying the States as such would IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES opment of federally owned oil shale and have no particular value because it would be the separate vote of every individual that Thursday, February 6, 1969 associated mineral resources for the would count. For this same reason the parties benefit of all the people of the United would no longer feel required to rely so Mr. TUNNEY. Mr. Speaker, I intro States. heavily on the big States for their candidates. duce, for appropriate reference, a bill to In the 90th Congress, proposals looking Opponents of direct elect ion have argued establish a Federal oil shale development toward this end were introduced by Sen that it could damage the two party system program designed to set forth a policy ator PROXMIRE