The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
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The Dispute Over the Annexation of Texas and Opposition to the Mexican War Prior to Texas's Independence, the Nueces River Was R
American Studies Mr. Carlson The Dispute over the Annexation of Texas and opposition to the Mexican War Prior to Texas's independence, the Nueces River was recognized as the northern boundary of Mexico. Spain had fixed the Nueces as a border in 1816, and the United States ratified it in the 1819 treaty by which the United States had purchased Florida and renounced claims to Texas. Even following Mexico's independence from Spain, American and European cartographers fixed the Texas border at the Nueces. When Texas declared its independence, however, it claimed as its territory an additional 150 miles of land, to the Rio Grande. With the annexation of Texas in 1845, the United States adopted Texas's position and claimed the Rio Grande as the border. Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States and refused to recognize either the Texas annexation or the Rio Grande border. President James Polk sent a special envoy, John L. Slidell, to propose cancellation of Mexico's debt to United States citizens who had incurred damages during the Mexican Revolution, provided Mexico would formally recognize the Rio Grande boundary. Slidell was also authorized to offer the Mexican government up to $30 million for California and New Mexico. Between Slidell's arrival on December 6, 1845, and his departure in March 1846, the regime of President Jose Herrara was overthrown and a fervently nationalistic government under General Mariano Paredes seized power. Neither leader would speak to Slidell. When Paredes publicly reaffirmed Mexico's claim to all of Texas, Slidell left in a temper, convinced that Mexico should be "chastised." American Studies Mr. -
Mount Rushmore U.S
National Park Service Mount Rushmore U.S. Department of the Interior Mount Rushmore National Memorial Keystone, South Dakota Sculptor Gutzon Borglum The path which led Sculptor John Gutzon de la The Artist Matures Mothe Borglum to Mount Rushmore began on a Borglum’s two years in Paris were spent studying homestead near Bear Lake, Idaho, where he was art at the Julien Academy and the Ecole des born in march of 1867. his father, James Borglum, Beaux-Arts. He had successful showings at had immigrated to this country from Denmark a major Paris salons and developed some valuable few years earlier. Shortly after Gutzon’s birth his friendships, including a close relationship with the family moved to Utah. By the time Borglum was great French sculptor, Auguste Rodin, who carved seven they were living in Fremont, Nebraska. The Thinker. After leaving France, Borglum spent a year in Spain and then returned to California. Three years later in 1896, he once again left for Europe; this time settling in England. Here he achieved some success. Some of his works were displayed at Windsor Castle for Queen Victoria. He returned to the United States in 1901. Back in this country, Borglum led a life marked by artistic success, public service, and occasional controversy. During this period he created many of his finest works. His Mares of Diomedes was accepted by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. He did a large equestrian bronze of General Phil Sheridan which Theodore Roosevelt unveiled in Washington. He also created a memorial to Pickett’s Charge on the Gettysburg Battlefield. -
Image Credits
the exclusive roster of conferees points to the fact that the honor remains one of the few ways the United States gov- NOTES ernment can acknowledge a foreigner’s contribution to the nation and/or to mankind. The congressional joint resolu- 1. T. Lawrence Larkin, “A ‘Gift’ Strategically tion clearly enumerated Gálvez’s contributions: he led a truly Solicited and Magnanimously Conferred: The multi-national military force to strategically significant American Congress, the French Monarchy, and the victories against Great Britain during the Revolutionary State Portraits of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette,” War; he later served the cause of science as viceroy of New Winterthur Portfolio 44, no. 1 (2010): 31–75; Larkin, Spain by sponsoring hydrographic expeditions of the Gulf “Final Report for Research Undertaken with the Aid of Mexico; his name has been given to several localities in of the U.S. Capitol Historical Society, April–June Texas and Louisiana; and the state of Florida named him a 2000,” Research Files, USCHS. “Great Floridian” in 2012. 2.James Alton James, “Oliver Pollock, Financier of In the spring of 2014, Representative Jeff Miller (FL) the Revolution in the West,” Mississippi Valley His- introduced H.J. Res. 105 in the House, and Senator Marco torical Review, 16, no. 1(June 1929): 67–80; Robert Rubio (FL) introduced S.J. Res. 38 in the Senate, to confer Morris to Bernardo de Gálvez, 21 Nov. 1781, in honorary United States citizenship on Gálvez. As president E. James Ferguson and John Catanzariti, eds., The general of the Sons of the American Revolution, I wrote a Papers of Robert Morris, 1781-1784 (9 vols., Pitts- letter to every member of the House Foreign Affairs Com- burgh, PA, 1980–99), 2:221–22. -
Lincoln the Lawyer1
Remembering Lincoln The Lawyer1 By Kelly Andersen As a child I was taught to respect and admire our 16th president, yet I really did not comprehend why he was considered so great a man. I suspected it had something to do with the Gettysburg Address, or in general that he had been president during the Civil War, yet beyond that vague feeling I really knew very little about him. Not long ago, while visiting a bookstore, I noticed a one-volume edition of Carl Sandburg’s monumental six-volume epic biography of Lincoln,2 and decided that while I could not afford the time to read six volumes, I most certainly could read one. Besides, I reasoned, Sandburg was unquestionably an excellent writer and deserved to be read, even if the study of Lincoln was inconsequential. I was not disappointed in the book. It not only inspired a great respect for Lincoln, but bathed me with desire to know more and more about this most admired of all U.S. presidents. I soon returned to the bookstore and bought Lincoln biographies written by William H. Herndon3 (Lincoln’s law partner for more than 16 years), by Ward Hill Lamon4 (Lincoln’s law associate in Danville, Ill., where Lincoln traveled on the Illinois 8th Circuit) and by Isaac N. Arnold5 (an attorney who practiced before the same bar as Lincoln and who served in Congress during Lincoln’s administration). After reading these well written biographies, I also read—for good measure— comprehensive biographies by Stephen B. Oates6 and David Herbert Donald.7 These—written more recently—drew upon hundreds of sources not available to biographers who lived during Lincoln’s lifetime, and not even available to Sandburg. -
Gordon Bond All Were Created by Sculptors Who Also Have Celebrated Works in Newark, New Jersey
Sitting in Military Park, at the heart of Newark’s downtown revival, Gutzon Borglum’s 1926 “Wars of America” monumental bronze is far more subtle than its massive size suggests, and possessing of a fascinating and complicated history few who pass by it each day are aware of. hat does Mount Rushmore, the Washington quarter, W and New York's famed Trinity Church Astor Doors all have in common? Gordon Bond All were created by sculptors who also have celebrated works in Newark, New Jersey. When people hear "Newark," they almost gardenstatelegacy.com/Monumental_Newark.html certainly don't think of a city full of monuments, memorials, and statuary by world renowned sculptors. Yet it is home to some forty-five public monuments reflecting a surprising artistic and cultural heritage—and an underappreciated resource for improving the City's image. With recent investment in Newark's revitalization, public spaces and the art within them take on an important role in creating a desirable environment. These memorials link the present City with a past when Newark was among the great American metropolises, a thriving center of commerce and culture standing its ground against the lure of Manhattan. They are a Newark’s “Wars of America” | Gordon Bond | www.GardenStateLegacy.com Issue 42 December 2018 chance for resident Newarkers to reconnect with their city's heritage anew and foster a sense of pride. After moving to Newark five years ago, I decided to undertake the creation of a new guidebook that will update and expand on that idea. Titled "Monumental Newark," the proposed work will go deeper into the fascinating back-stories of whom or what the monuments depict and how they came to be. -
Didn't Sleep Here. Abraham Lincoln Passed Through New Jersey Just
Abraham Lincoln passed through New Jersey just three times, but... Lincolndidn’t sleep here. by Gordon Bond t is ironic perhaps that the majority of those who have held the highest office in the land are, by and large, forgotten in popular I American culture. Administrations tend to have a shelf-life roughly limited to a generation. Times change and the immediacy of new events naturally shove what was once important into the realm of historians. It is, of course, true that a few have managed to survive the fate of a James K. Polk or a Franklin Pierce. John F. Kennedy, cut down in his prime by an assassin’s bullet, remains strong in the collective national memory. Richard M. Nixon will be remembered, for better or worse, for the Watergate scandal that drove him from office. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s tenure during the latter days of the Great Depression and most of the Second World War secure him popular recognition. Some conservatives today regard Ronald Reagan with similar reverence, and Barrack Obama will forever be known as the nation’s first African- Abraham American president. The passage of time, of course, will be the final arbiter in how embedded these men remain or become in the national Lincoln has a sense of self. Presidential historians can well-argue their cases as to why this lot going for president was more significant than that. But two in particular reign above all the rest as secular gods in the popular pantheon of the Republic—George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. It’s easy to him in terms understand Washington’s preeminence. -
Abraham Lincoln, Kentucky African Americans and the Constitution
Abraham Lincoln, Kentucky African Americans and the Constitution Kentucky African American Heritage Commission Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Collection of Essays Abraham Lincoln, Kentucky African Americans and the Constitution Kentucky African American Heritage Commission Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Collection of Essays Kentucky Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Kentucky Heritage Council © Essays compiled by Alicestyne Turley, Director Underground Railroad Research Institute University of Louisville, Department of Pan African Studies for the Kentucky African American Heritage Commission, Frankfort, KY February 2010 Series Sponsors: Kentucky African American Heritage Commission Kentucky Historical Society Kentucky Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Kentucky Heritage Council Underground Railroad Research Institute Kentucky State Parks Centre College Georgetown College Lincoln Memorial University University of Louisville Department of Pan African Studies Kentucky Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission The Kentucky Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (KALBC) was established by executive order in 2004 to organize and coordinate the state's commemorative activities in celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of President Abraham Lincoln. Its mission is to ensure that Lincoln's Kentucky story is an essential part of the national celebration, emphasizing Kentucky's contribution to his thoughts and ideals. The Commission also serves as coordinator of statewide efforts to convey Lincoln's Kentucky story and his legacy of freedom, democracy, and equal opportunity for all. Kentucky African American Heritage Commission [Enabling legislation KRS. 171.800] It is the mission of the Kentucky African American Heritage Commission to identify and promote awareness of significant African American history and influence upon the history and culture of Kentucky and to support and encourage the preservation of Kentucky African American heritage and historic sites. -
For the People
AFF Neoowslerrtte r ottf thhe Aeebra h aPmP Lieencoooln Appssoclliaeteion V ol ume 7, Numb er 4 Wi n ter 2005 Spr i n g f i el d, I l l i n oi s The Abraham Lincoln-Stephen Douglas Joint Debates and the Communication of the Newspaper By Philip Silberman * the first debate at Ottawa, twelve thou - and Douglas in Ottawa, Twelve Thou - n the modern day, television and sand people gathered in the public park sand Persons Present, The Dred Scott 3 the Internet are the main sources of where it was held. In the second debate Champion Pulverized.” It followed information to people throughout at Freeport, fifteen thousand people with a short synopsis of the debate as Ithe United States. However, in 1858, attended, this in a town with a popula - well as verbatim speeches from both during the famous Lincoln-Douglas tion of about five thousand at the time. Douglas and Lincoln. The reason Dou - Debates, the newspaper was the only In Jonesboro, the smallest crowd came glas was said to have lost was because engine of mass communication. The at two thousand people. Twelve thou - of Chicago’s large number of Republi - debates were covered by many national sand attended at Charleston, sixteen can and generally abolitionist popula - and local newspapers and propelled thousand at Galesburg, twelve thou - tion. The publishing of the speeches Abraham Lincoln into the national sand at Quincy, and six thousand at was an important aspect of the article, 2 spotlight. Lincoln, although losing the Alton. The Alton crowd, however, however. -
Abraham Lincoln and the Rule of Law Books Mark E
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Marquette University Law School Marquette Law Review Volume 93 Article 33 Issue 4 Summer 2010 Abraham Lincoln and the Rule of Law Books Mark E. Steiner Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr Part of the Law Commons Repository Citation Mark E. Steiner, Abraham Lincoln and the Rule of Law Books, 93 Marq. L. Rev. 1283 (2010). Available at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol93/iss4/33 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marquette Law Review by an authorized administrator of Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND THE RULE OF LAW BOOKS MARK E. STEINER* We associate Abraham Lincoln with books more than any other president except, perhaps, Thomas Jefferson.1 But Jefferson’s association with books creates more distance, while Lincoln’s draws us closer.2 Lincoln’s reading is linked to self-betterment and personal growth.3 Lincoln is also seen as reader as a boy and a young man, not as an adult. Yet reading would pervade his life. I. THE FATHER OF THE MAN AND LINCOLN IN NEW SALEM The most popular cultural images of Lincoln as reader are his reading as a boy in Indiana and as a young man in New Salem. The image of Lincoln reading by fireside was popularized by Eastman 4 Johnson’s 1868 painting, Boyhood of Lincoln. -
Lincoln, Abraham— Miscellaneous Publications Collection
McLean County Museum of History Lincoln, Abraham— Miscellaneous Publications Collection Collection Information VOLUME OF COLLECTION: 2 boxes COLLECTION DATES: 1860-2009 RESTRICTIONS: None REPRODUCTION RIGHTS: Permission to reproduce or publish material in this collection must be obtained in writing from the McLean County Museum of History ALTERNATIVE FORMATS: None OTHER FINDING AIDS: None LOCATION: Archives NOTES: None Box and Folder Inventory Box 1 Folder 1: Lincoln Autobiographies 1.1.1 Appleman, Roy Edgar, ed. Abraham Lincoln From His Own Words and Contemporary Accounts. National Park Service. Source Book Series. Number Two. GPO, Washington, D.C., 1942 (revised 1956).C. & A. Athletes, Balle’s Orchestra, March 14, 1905 1.1.2 Sage, Harold K. Jesse W. Fell and the Lincoln Autobiography. Bloomington: The Original Smith Printing Co, 1971. Folder 2: Lincoln Comic Books 1.2.1 Classics Illustrated. Abraham Lincoln. No.142. New York: Gilberton Company Inc, 1967. 1.2.2 “All Aboard Mr. Lincoln” Washington: Association of American Railroad, 1959. Folder 3: Biographies 1.3.1 Cameron, W.J. Lincoln. Chicago Historical Society, 1911. 1.3.2 Neis, Anna Marie. Lincoln. Boston: George H. Ellis Company, 1915. 1.3.3 Newman, Ralph G. Lincoln. Lincoln: George W. Stewart Publisher Inc, 1958. 1.3.4 Pierson, A.V. Lincoln and Grant. n.p., n.d. 1.3.5 Young, James C. “Lincoln and His Pictures.” The New York Times Book Review and Magazine (New York, NY), February 12, 1922. 1.3.6 The Board of Temperance of the Methodist Church. “Abraham Lincoln” The Voice, February 1949. 1.3.7 “The Wanamaker Primer on Abraham Lincoln” Lincoln Centenary, 1909. -
Greenberg – a Wicked
POLK, CLAY, LINCOLN, AND THE 1846 U.S. INVASION OF MEXICO WICKED WAR AMY S. GREENBERG I do not think there was ever a more wicked war than that waged by the United States on Mexico. I thought so at the time, when I was a youngster, only I had not moral courage enough to resign. —ULYSSES S. GRANT, 1879 Introduction THIS is THE STORY of five men, four years, and one foreign war. Henry Clay, James K. Polk, Abraham Lincoln, John J. Hardin, and Nicholas Trist were bound together in unexpected political and personal battle during the years 1844-48 as AmericaVwar against Mexico unfolded, then stumbled to an end. That conflict, which breached George Washington's injunction to avoid entanglements abroad, was an act of expansionist aggression against a neighboring country. It reshaped the United States into lord of the continent and announced the arrival of a new world power. TheJJ.S.-Mexican conflict also tipped an internecine struggle over slaveryjnto civil war. Though both Its justification and its consequences are dim now, this, America's first wgr against another republic, decisively broke with the past, shaped the future, and to this day affects how the United States acts in the world. This is also a story about politics, slavery, Manifest Destiny, Indian kill- ing, and what it meant to prove one's manhood in the nineteenth century. It explores the meaning of moral courage injVmerica, the importance of legacies passed between generations, and the imperatives that turn politi- cians into leaders. And it attempts to explain why the United States invaded a neighboring country and how it came to pass that a substantial number of Americans determined to stop the ensuing war. -
Abraham Lincoln: Preserving the Union and the Constitution
ABRAHAM LINCOLN: PRESERVING THE UNION AND THE CONSTITUTION Louis Fisher* I. THE MEXICAN WAR ..................................................................505 A. Polk Charges Treason ...................................................507 B. The Spot Resolutions ....................................................508 C. Scope of Presidential Power .........................................510 II. DRED SCOTT DECISION ...........................................................512 III. THE CIVIL WAR .....................................................................513 A. The Inaugural Address.................................................515 B. Resupplying Fort Sumter .............................................518 C. War Begins ...................................................................520 D. Lincoln’s Message to Congress .....................................521 E. Constitutionality of Lincoln’s Actions .......................... 523 F. Suspending the Writ .....................................................524 G. Statutory Endorsement ................................................527 H. Lincoln’s Blockade .......................................................528 IV. COMPARING POLK AND LINCOLN ...........................................531 * Specialist in constitutional law, Law Library, Library of Congress. This paper was presented at the Albany Government Law Review’s symposium, “Lincoln’s Legacy: Enduring Lessons of Executive Power,” held on September 30 and October 1, 2009. My appreciation to David Gray Adler, Richard