BIO 208 Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Topics covered:
• Introduction, growth of global aquaculture • Aquaculture systems • Direct and indirect organic pollution (nutrient enrichment) • Chemical pollution • Competition for resources - water and coastal • Loss of coastal zone habitats (mangroves) in developing countries • Interaction between aquaculture and wild fisheries - transfer of disease and parasites - impact of escapees on wild fish • Capture-based aquaculture (CBA) • Threats and benefits of GM fish (transgenic technologies) • Environmental impact of industrial fishing and fishmeal production • Impact of new feed technologies • Alternative production systems to reduce risks (offshore, recirculating, multi- trophic)
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? BIO208 Lecture 1.1 What is Aquaculture?
A general overview of the issues, based on these topics: Growth of global aquaculture Aquaculture systems: ponds, raceways, tanks & cages Aquaculture Impacts: general, by system water use & shrimp farming cage systems: physical structure, nutrient enrichment Technology development in response to problems
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? The real Global picture
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Global increase in aquaculture
Year 1950 - 2011
© Rapid growth in global aquaculture production since the 1980s © Global aquaculture production dominated by Asia, especially China © Europe contributes 3.5%, with Norway contributing about 1.5% of global aquaculture production . BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Growth of Aquaculture in Different Regions
60000000
Tonnes 50000000
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30000000 World Asia China Excl China 20000000 Oceania Near East Non-EU EU 10000000 Europe North America Latin America Caribbean Americas 0 North sub-Saharan Africa
Year BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? 1.1 What is Aquaculture? How varied is our fish and seafood diet?
BIO 208 – 2016 Aquaculture Production How much can be supplied through aquaculture?
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? FAO statistics claim 567 aquatic species are cultured around the world – 80% from lower trophic levels Asia 100000000
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0.1 Shads Turbot Cobia Oysters Mussels Meagre Trouts nei River eels Red drum Mullets nei Gobies nei Pond smelt Sevan trout Sciaenas nei Groupers nei Snappers nei White trevally Ayu sweetfish Mackerels nei Rainbow trout Tiger pufferfish Pompanos nei Whitefishes nei Red seaweeds John's snapper Bastard halibut Salmonoids nei Korean rockfish Golden trevally Amberjacks nei Rice-paddy eel Greasy grouper Silver seabream Shrimps, prawns Russell's snapper Marine fishes nei Eastern pomfred Freshwater fishes Brown seaweeds Green seaweeds Malabar grouper Areolate grouper Trumpet emperor Scallops, pectens Scorpionfishes nei Clearhead icefish Crabs, sea-spiders Obscure pufferfish Sobaity seabream European seabass Japanese seabass Jacks, crevalles nei Pacific bluefin tuna Fourfinger threadfin Gilthead seabream Freshwater molluscs Humpback grouper Atlantic bluefin tuna Snubnose pompano Flathead grey mullet Goldlined seabream Lefteye flounders nei Japanese seabream Large yellow croaker Coho(=Silver) salmon Japanese amberjack Spotted coralgrouper Blackhead seabream Righteye flounders nei Snappers,jobfishes nei Mi-iuy (brown) croaker Porgies, seabreams nei Mangrove red snapper Sturgeons, paddlefishes Freshwater crustaceans Brown-marbled grouper Groupers, seabasses nei Clams, cockles, arkshells Japanesejack mackerel Orange-spotted grouper Abalones, winkles, conchs Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters Filefishes, leatherjackets nei BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Spinefeet(=Rabbitfishes) nei FAO statistics claim 567 aquatic species are cultured around the world – 80% from lower trophic levels
Americas 10000000
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BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? We culture 58 species, in Europe - 10% of those available WHY SO FEW?
Number of Species cultured, by Region 90
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10 Africa Americas Asia 0 BIOAfrica 208 – 2016 Americas Asia Europe1.1 What is OceaniaAquaculture? Europe Oceania We culture 58 species, in Europe - 10% of those available WHY SO FEW? 10000000
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2012 2012 Production (t) 10
1 Sole Peled Turbot Oysters 0.1 Mussels Huchen Meagre Shi drum Shi nei Soles Sea trout Sea Trouts nei Trouts River eels River Chars nei Chars Mullets nei Mullets Red porgy Red Gobies nei Gobies Brook trout Brook Arctic char Arctic Finfishes nei Finfishes Atlantic cod Atlantic So-iuy mullet So-iuy Sciaenas nei Sciaenas Salmonids nei Salmonids Seabasses nei Seabasses Common sole Common Rainbow trout Rainbow Whitefishes nei Whitefishes Red seaweeds Red Salmonoids nei Salmonoids Atlantic halibut Atlantic Atlantic salmon Atlantic Shrimps, prawns Shrimps, Senegalese sole Senegalese Marine fishes nei fishes Marine Spotted seabass Spotted White seabream White Freshwater fishes Freshwater Brown seaweeds Brown Common dentex Common Sargo breams nei breams Sargo pectens Scallops, European seabass European European whitefish European Gilthead seabream Gilthead Croakers, drums nei drums Croakers, Big-scale sand smelt sand Big-scale Atlantic bluefin tuna bluefin Atlantic Flathead grey mullet grey Flathead Sharpsnout seabream Sharpsnout Porgies, seabreams nei seabreams Porgies, Sturgeons, paddlefishes Sturgeons, Freshwater crustaceans Freshwater Clams, cockles, arkshells cockles, Clams, Abalones, winkles, conchs winkles, Abalones, Blackspot(=red) seabream Blackspot(=red) Silversides(=Sand smelts) nei smelts) Silversides(=Sand
1.1 What is Aquaculture? octopuses cuttlefishes, Squids,
BIO 208 – 2016 molluscs marine Miscellaneous What species are important globally?
25 million tonnes 12 million tonnes 8 million tonnes 3, 2 million tonnes
How much is 1 million tonnes? 2013 Landings for NSSH = 500 000 t 2013 Landings for NEA cod = 500 000 t
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? What species are important locally?
25 million tonnes 12 million tonnes 8 million tonnes 3, 2 million tonnes
How much is 1 million tonnes? 2010 Quota for NSSH = 1.5 million tonnes
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Quick glimpse of the modern fish farm
Cobia farming
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Aquaculture systems
What do you think of when you hear “Fish Farm”?
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Aquaculture impacts
The most common negative environmental impacts: Discharge of aquaculture effluent leading to degraded water quality Alteration or destruction of natural habitats Competing demands for the use of the finite fishmeal and fish oil resources Introduction and transmission of aquatic animal diseases Negative impact of escaped farmed fish (predation, genetic diversity)
The most common positive environmental benefits: Recovery of depleted wild stocks Preservation of wetlands Desalinization of sodic lands Pest and weed control Agricultural and human waste treatment
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Environmental impacts
1. Effect of net pen structures - sites and physical presence 2. Organic enrichment - solid wastes - nitrogen and phosphorus (nutrient enrichment) - biological oxygen demand (BOD) 3. Chemicals - chemicals used in medication (antibiotics/pesticides) - antifoulants 4. Disease and parasites 5. Interactions with wild fish 6. Interactions with other wildlife
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Effects of cage culture
Main impact pathways associated with cage culture.
BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture?