BIO 208 Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Topics covered: • Introduction, growth of global aquaculture • Aquaculture systems • Direct and indirect organic pollution (nutrient enrichment) • Chemical pollution • Competition for resources - water and coastal • Loss of coastal zone habitats (mangroves) in developing countries • Interaction between aquaculture and wild fisheries - transfer of disease and parasites - impact of escapees on wild fish • Capture-based aquaculture (CBA) • Threats and benefits of GM fish (transgenic technologies) • Environmental impact of industrial fishing and fishmeal production • Impact of new feed technologies • Alternative production systems to reduce risks (offshore, recirculating, multi- trophic) BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? BIO208 Lecture 1.1 What is Aquaculture? A general overview of the issues, based on these topics: Growth of global aquaculture Aquaculture systems: ponds, raceways, tanks & cages Aquaculture Impacts: general, by system water use & shrimp farming cage systems: physical structure, nutrient enrichment Technology development in response to problems BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? The real Global picture BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Global increase in aquaculture Year 1950 - 2011 © Rapid growth in global aquaculture production since the 1980s © Global aquaculture production dominated by Asia, especially China © Europe contributes 3.5%, with Norway contributing about 1.5% of global aquaculture production . BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Growth of Aquaculture in Different Regions 60000000 Tonnes 50000000 40000000 30000000 World Asia China Excl China 20000000 Oceania Near East Non-EU EU 10000000 Europe North America Latin America Caribbean Americas 0 North sub-Saharan Africa Year BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? 1.1 What is Aquaculture? How varied is our fish and seafood diet? BIO 208 – 2016 Aquaculture Production How much can be supplied through aquaculture? BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? 2012 Production (t) 100000000 10000000 around statisticsFAO claim 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 0.1 10 BIO 208 – 208 BIO 2016 1 Abalones, winkles, conchs Amberjacks nei Areolate grouper Atlantic bluefin tuna Ayu sweetfish Bastard halibut the world Blackhead seabream Brown seaweeds Brown-marbled grouper Clams, cockles, arkshells Clearhead icefish Cobia Coho(=Silver) salmon Crabs, sea-spiders Eastern pomfred European seabass Filefishes, leatherjackets nei Flathead grey mullet Fourfinger threadfin Freshwater crustaceans Freshwater fishes Freshwater molluscs Gilthead seabream – 80%fromlower trophic levels Gobies nei Golden trevally Goldlined seabream aquatic567 speciesare cultured Greasy grouper Green seaweeds Groupers nei Groupers, seabasses nei 1.1 What 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Humpback grouper Jacks, crevalles nei Japanese amberjack Japanese jack mackerel Japanese seabass Asia Japanese seabream John's snapper Korean rockfish Large yellow croaker Lefteye flounders nei Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters Mackerels nei Malabar grouper Mangrove red snapper Marine fishes nei Meagre Mi-iuy (brown) croaker Mullets nei Mussels Obscure pufferfish Orange-spotted grouper Oysters Pacific bluefin tuna Pompanos nei Pond smelt Porgies, seabreams nei Rainbow trout Red drum Red seaweeds Rice-paddy eel Righteye flounders nei River eels Russell's snapper Salmonoids nei Scallops, pectens Sciaenas nei Scorpionfishes nei Sevan trout Shads Shrimps, prawns Silver seabream Snappers nei Snappers, jobfishes nei Snubnose pompano Sobaity seabream Spinefeet(=Rabbitfishes) nei Spotted coralgrouper Sturgeons, paddlefishes Tiger pufferfish Trouts nei Trumpet emperor Turbot White trevally Whitefishes nei FAO statistics claim 567 aquatic species are cultured around the world – 80% from lower trophic levels Americas 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 2012 Production (t) 10 1 0.1 0.01 BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? We culture 58 species, in Europe - 10% of those available WHY SO FEW? Number of Species cultured, by Region 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Africa Americas Asia 0 BIOAfrica 208 – 2016 Americas Asia Europe1.1 What is OceaniaAquaculture? Europe Oceania We culture Europe species, in- 58 of 10% those available 2012 Production (t) 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 BIO 208 – 208 BIO 2016 1000 100 0.1 10 1 Abalones, winkles, conchs Arctic char Atlantic bluefin tuna Atlantic cod Atlantic halibut Atlantic salmon Big-scale sand smelt Blackspot(=red) seabream Brook trout Brown seaweeds Chars nei Clams, cockles, arkshells Common dentex Common sole Croakers, drums nei European seabass European whitefish Finfishes nei SOFEW? WHY 1.1 What 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Flathead grey mullet Freshwater crustaceans Freshwater fishes Gilthead seabream Gobies nei Huchen Marine fishes nei Meagre Miscellaneous marine molluscs Mullets nei Mussels Oysters Peled Porgies, seabreams nei Rainbow trout Red porgy Red seaweeds River eels Salmonids nei Salmonoids nei Sargo breams nei Scallops, pectens Sciaenas nei Sea trout Seabasses nei Senegalese sole Sharpsnout seabream Shi drum Shrimps, prawns Silversides(=Sand smelts) nei So-iuy mullet Sole Soles nei Spotted seabass Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses Sturgeons, paddlefishes Trouts nei Turbot White seabream Whitefishes nei What species are important globally? 25 million tonnes 12 million tonnes 8 million tonnes 3, 2 million tonnes How much is 1 million tonnes? 2013 Landings for NSSH = 500 000 t 2013 Landings for NEA cod = 500 000 t BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? What species are important locally? 25 million tonnes 12 million tonnes 8 million tonnes 3, 2 million tonnes How much is 1 million tonnes? 2010 Quota for NSSH = 1.5 million tonnes BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Quick glimpse of the modern fish farm Cobia farming BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Aquaculture systems What do you think of when you hear “Fish Farm”? BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Aquaculture impacts The most common negative environmental impacts: Discharge of aquaculture effluent leading to degraded water quality Alteration or destruction of natural habitats Competing demands for the use of the finite fishmeal and fish oil resources Introduction and transmission of aquatic animal diseases Negative impact of escaped farmed fish (predation, genetic diversity) The most common positive environmental benefits: Recovery of depleted wild stocks Preservation of wetlands Desalinization of sodic lands Pest and weed control Agricultural and human waste treatment BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Environmental impacts 1. Effect of net pen structures - sites and physical presence 2. Organic enrichment - solid wastes - nitrogen and phosphorus (nutrient enrichment) - biological oxygen demand (BOD) 3. Chemicals - chemicals used in medication (antibiotics/pesticides) - antifoulants 4. Disease and parasites 5. Interactions with wild fish 6. Interactions with other wildlife BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture? Effects of cage culture Main impact pathways associated with cage culture. BIO 208 – 2016 1.1 What is Aquaculture?.